1# Copyright (c) 2017-2018, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. 2# Produced at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. LLNL-CODE-734707. 3# All Rights reserved. See files LICENSE and NOTICE for details. 4# 5# This file is part of CEED, a collection of benchmarks, miniapps, software 6# libraries and APIs for efficient high-order finite element and spectral 7# element discretizations for exascale applications. For more information and 8# source code availability see http://github.com/ceed. 9# 10# The CEED research is supported by the Exascale Computing Project 17-SC-20-SC, 11# a collaborative effort of two U.S. Department of Energy organizations (Office 12# of Science and the National Nuclear Security Administration) responsible for 13# the planning and preparation of a capable exascale ecosystem, including 14# software, applications, hardware, advanced system engineering and early 15# testbed platforms, in support of the nation's exascale computing imperative. 16 17ifeq (,$(filter-out undefined default,$(origin CC))) 18 CC = gcc 19endif 20ifeq (,$(filter-out undefined default,$(origin FC))) 21 FC = gfortran 22endif 23NVCC = $(CUDA_DIR)/bin/nvcc 24 25# ASAN must be left empty if you don't want to use it 26ASAN ?= 27 28LDFLAGS ?= 29UNDERSCORE ?= 1 30 31# MFEM_DIR env variable should point to sibling directory 32ifneq ($(wildcard ../mfem/libmfem.*),) 33 MFEM_DIR ?= ../mfem 34endif 35 36# NEK5K_DIR env variable should point to sibling directory 37ifneq ($(wildcard ../Nek5000/*),) 38 NEK5K_DIR ?= ../Nek5000 39endif 40 41# XSMM_DIR env variable should point to XSMM master (github.com/hfp/libxsmm) 42XSMM_DIR ?= ../libxsmm 43 44# OCCA_DIR env variable should point to OCCA master (github.com/libocca/occa) 45OCCA_DIR ?= ../occa 46 47# env variable MAGMA_DIR can be used too 48MAGMA_DIR ?= ../magma 49# If CUDA_DIR is not set, check for nvcc, or resort to /usr/local/cuda 50CUDA_DIR ?= $(or $(patsubst %/,%,$(dir $(patsubst %/,%,$(dir \ 51 $(shell which nvcc 2> /dev/null))))),/usr/local/cuda) 52 53# Check for PETSc in ../petsc 54ifneq ($(wildcard ../petsc/lib/libpetsc.*),) 55 PETSC_DIR ?= ../petsc 56endif 57 58# Warning: SANTIZ options still don't run with /gpu/occa 59# export LSAN_OPTIONS=suppressions=.asanignore 60AFLAGS = -fsanitize=address #-fsanitize=undefined -fno-omit-frame-pointer 61 62OPT = -O -g -march=native -ffp-contract=fast -fopenmp-simd 63CFLAGS = -std=c99 $(OPT) -Wall -Wextra -Wno-unused-parameter -fPIC -MMD -MP 64NVCCFLAGS = -Xcompiler "$(OPT)" -Xcompiler -fPIC 65# If using the IBM XL Fortran (xlf) replace FFLAGS appropriately: 66ifneq ($(filter %xlf %xlf_r,$(FC)),) 67 FFLAGS = $(OPT) -ffree-form -qpreprocess -qextname -qpic -MMD 68else # gfortran/Intel-style options 69 FFLAGS = -cpp $(OPT) -Wall -Wextra -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-unused-dummy-argument -fPIC -MMD -MP 70endif 71 72ifeq ($(UNDERSCORE), 1) 73 CFLAGS += -DUNDERSCORE 74endif 75 76ifeq ($(COVERAGE), 1) 77 CFLAGS += --coverage 78 LDFLAGS += --coverage 79endif 80 81CFLAGS += $(if $(ASAN),$(AFLAGS)) 82FFLAGS += $(if $(ASAN),$(AFLAGS)) 83LDFLAGS += $(if $(ASAN),$(AFLAGS)) 84CPPFLAGS = -I./include 85LDLIBS = -lm 86OBJDIR := build 87LIBDIR := lib 88 89# Installation variables 90prefix ?= /usr/local 91bindir = $(prefix)/bin 92libdir = $(prefix)/lib 93okldir = $(libdir)/okl 94includedir = $(prefix)/include 95pkgconfigdir = $(libdir)/pkgconfig 96INSTALL = install 97INSTALL_PROGRAM = $(INSTALL) 98INSTALL_DATA = $(INSTALL) -m644 99 100# Get number of processors of the machine 101NPROCS := $(shell getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) 102# prepare make options to run in parallel 103MFLAGS := -j $(NPROCS) --warn-undefined-variables \ 104 --no-print-directory --no-keep-going 105 106PYTHON ?= python3 107PROVE ?= prove 108PROVE_OPTS ?= -j $(NPROCS) 109DARWIN := $(filter Darwin,$(shell uname -s)) 110SO_EXT := $(if $(DARWIN),dylib,so) 111 112ceed.pc := $(LIBDIR)/pkgconfig/ceed.pc 113libceed := $(LIBDIR)/libceed.$(SO_EXT) 114libceed.c := $(wildcard interface/ceed*.c) 115BACKENDS_BUILTIN := /cpu/self/ref/serial /cpu/self/ref/blocked /cpu/self/tmpl 116BACKENDS := $(BACKENDS_BUILTIN) 117 118# Tests 119tests.c := $(sort $(wildcard tests/t[0-9][0-9][0-9]-*.c)) 120tests.f := $(sort $(wildcard tests/t[0-9][0-9][0-9]-*.f90)) 121tests := $(tests.c:tests/%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%) 122ctests := $(tests) 123tests += $(tests.f:tests/%.f90=$(OBJDIR)/%) 124#examples 125examples.c := $(sort $(wildcard examples/ceed/*.c)) 126examples.f := $(sort $(wildcard examples/ceed/*.f)) 127examples := $(examples.c:examples/ceed/%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%) 128examples += $(examples.f:examples/ceed/%.f=$(OBJDIR)/%) 129#mfemexamples 130mfemexamples.cpp := $(sort $(wildcard examples/mfem/*.cpp)) 131mfemexamples := $(mfemexamples.cpp:examples/mfem/%.cpp=$(OBJDIR)/mfem-%) 132#nekexamples 133nekexamples.usr := $(sort $(wildcard examples/nek5000/*.usr)) 134nekexamples := $(nekexamples.usr:examples/nek5000/%.usr=nek-%) 135#petscexamples 136petscexamples.c := $(sort $(wildcard examples/petsc/*.c)) 137petscexamples := $(petscexamples.c:examples/petsc/%.c=$(OBJDIR)/petsc-%) 138#navierstokesexample 139navierstokesexample.c := $(sort $(wildcard examples/navier-stokes/*.c)) 140navierstokesexample := $(navierstokesexample.c:examples/navier-stokes/%.c=$(OBJDIR)/navier-stokes-%) 141 142# backends/[ref, template, blocked, avx, occa, magma] 143ref.c := $(sort $(wildcard backends/ref/*.c)) 144template.c := $(sort $(wildcard backends/template/*.c)) 145cuda.c := $(sort $(wildcard backends/cuda/*.c)) 146cuda.cu := $(sort $(wildcard backends/cuda/*.cu)) 147cuda-reg.c := $(sort $(wildcard backends/cuda-reg/*.c)) 148cuda-reg.cu:= $(sort $(wildcard backends/cuda-reg/*.cu)) 149blocked.c := $(sort $(wildcard backends/blocked/*.c)) 150avx.c := $(sort $(wildcard backends/avx/*.c)) 151xsmm.c := $(sort $(wildcard backends/xsmm/*.c)) 152occa.c := $(sort $(wildcard backends/occa/*.c)) 153magma_preprocessor := python backends/magma/gccm.py 154magma_pre_src := $(filter-out %_tmp.c, $(wildcard backends/magma/ceed-*.c)) 155magma_dsrc := $(wildcard backends/magma/magma_d*.c) 156magma_tmp.c := $(magma_pre_src:%.c=%_tmp.c) 157magma_tmp.cu := $(magma_pre_src:%.c=%_cuda.cu) 158magma_allsrc.c := $(magma_dsrc) $(magma_tmp.c) 159magma_allsrc.cu:= $(magma_tmp.cu) 160 161# Output using the 216-color rules mode 162rule_file = $(notdir $(1)) 163rule_path = $(patsubst %/,%,$(dir $(1))) 164last_path = $(notdir $(patsubst %/,%,$(dir $(1)))) 165ansicolor = $(shell echo $(call last_path,$(1)) | cksum | cut -b1-2 | xargs -IS expr 2 \* S + 17) 166emacs_out = @printf " %10s %s/%s\n" $(1) $(call rule_path,$(2)) $(call rule_file,$(2)) 167color_out = @if [ -t 1 ]; then \ 168 printf " %10s \033[38;5;%d;1m%s\033[m/%s\n" \ 169 $(1) $(call ansicolor,$(2)) \ 170 $(call rule_path,$(2)) $(call rule_file,$(2)); else \ 171 printf " %10s %s\n" $(1) $(2); fi 172# if TERM=dumb, use it, otherwise switch to the term one 173output = $(if $(TERM:dumb=),$(call color_out,$1,$2),$(call emacs_out,$1,$2)) 174 175# if V is set to non-nil, turn the verbose mode 176quiet = $(if $(V),$($(1)),$(call output,$1,$@);$($(1))) 177 178# Cancel built-in and old-fashioned implicit rules which we don't use 179.SUFFIXES: 180 181.SECONDEXPANSION: # to expand $$(@D)/.DIR 182 183.SECONDARY: $(magma_tmp.c) $(magma_tmp.cu) 184 185%/.DIR : 186 @mkdir -p $(@D) 187 @touch $@ 188 189.PRECIOUS: %/.DIR 190 191lib: $(libceed) $(ceed.pc) 192# run 'lib' target in parallel 193par:;@$(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) V=$(V) lib 194backend_status = $(if $(filter $1,$(BACKENDS)), [backends: $1], [not found]) 195info: 196 $(info ------------------------------------) 197 $(info CC = $(CC)) 198 $(info FC = $(FC)) 199 $(info CPPFLAGS = $(CPPFLAGS)) 200 $(info CFLAGS = $(value CFLAGS)) 201 $(info FFLAGS = $(value FFLAGS)) 202 $(info NVCCFLAGS = $(value NVCCFLAGS)) 203 $(info LDFLAGS = $(value LDFLAGS)) 204 $(info LDLIBS = $(LDLIBS)) 205 $(info OPT = $(OPT)) 206 $(info AFLAGS = $(AFLAGS)) 207 $(info ASAN = $(or $(ASAN),(empty))) 208 $(info V = $(or $(V),(empty)) [verbose=$(if $(V),on,off)]) 209 $(info ------------------------------------) 210 $(info AVX_STATUS = $(AVX_STATUS)$(call backend_status,/cpu/self/avx/serial /cpu/self/avx/blocked)) 211 $(info XSMM_DIR = $(XSMM_DIR)$(call backend_status,/cpu/self/xsmm/serial /cpu/self/xsmm/blocked)) 212 $(info OCCA_DIR = $(OCCA_DIR)$(call backend_status,/cpu/occa /gpu/occa /omp/occa)) 213 $(info MAGMA_DIR = $(MAGMA_DIR)$(call backend_status,/gpu/magma)) 214 $(info CUDA_DIR = $(CUDA_DIR)$(call backend_status,/gpu/magma)) 215 $(info ------------------------------------) 216 $(info MFEM_DIR = $(MFEM_DIR)) 217 $(info NEK5K_DIR = $(NEK5K_DIR)) 218 $(info PETSC_DIR = $(PETSC_DIR)) 219 $(info ------------------------------------) 220 $(info prefix = $(prefix)) 221 $(info includedir = $(value includedir)) 222 $(info libdir = $(value libdir)) 223 $(info okldir = $(value okldir)) 224 $(info pkgconfigdir = $(value pkgconfigdir)) 225 $(info ------------------------------------) 226 @true 227info-backends: 228 $(info make: 'lib' with optional backends: $(filter-out $(BACKENDS_BUILTIN),$(BACKENDS))) 229.PHONY: lib all par info info-backends 230 231$(libceed) : LDFLAGS += $(if $(DARWIN), -install_name @rpath/$(notdir $(libceed))) 232 233# Standard Backends 234libceed.c += $(ref.c) 235libceed.c += $(template.c) 236libceed.c += $(blocked.c) 237 238# AVX Backed 239AVX_STATUS = Disabled 240AVX := $(shell $(CC) $(OPT) -v -E - < /dev/null 2>&1 | grep -c avx) 241ifeq ($(AVX),1) 242 AVX_STATUS = Enabled 243 libceed.c += $(avx.c) 244 BACKENDS += /cpu/self/avx/serial /cpu/self/avx/blocked 245endif 246 247# libXSMM Backends 248ifneq ($(wildcard $(XSMM_DIR)/lib/libxsmm.*),) 249 $(libceed) : LDFLAGS += -L$(XSMM_DIR)/lib -Wl,-rpath,$(abspath $(XSMM_DIR)/lib) 250 $(libceed) : LDLIBS += -lxsmm -ldl 251 MKL ?= 0 252 ifneq (0,$(MKL)) 253 $(libceed) : LDLIBS += -mkl 254 else 255 $(libceed) : LDLIBS += -lblas 256 endif 257 libceed.c += $(xsmm.c) 258 $(xsmm.c:%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%.o) : CFLAGS += -I$(XSMM_DIR)/include 259 BACKENDS += /cpu/self/xsmm/serial /cpu/self/xsmm/blocked 260endif 261 262# OCCA Backends 263ifneq ($(wildcard $(OCCA_DIR)/lib/libocca.*),) 264 $(libceed) : LDFLAGS += -L$(OCCA_DIR)/lib -Wl,-rpath,$(abspath $(OCCA_DIR)/lib) 265 $(libceed) : LDLIBS += -locca 266 libceed.c += $(occa.c) 267 $(occa.c:%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%.o) : CFLAGS += -I$(OCCA_DIR)/include 268 BACKENDS += /cpu/occa /gpu/occa /omp/occa 269endif 270 271# Cuda Backend 272CUDA_LIB_DIR := $(wildcard $(foreach d,lib lib64,$(CUDA_DIR)/$d/libcudart.${SO_EXT})) 273CUDA_LIB_DIR := $(patsubst %/,%,$(dir $(firstword $(CUDA_LIB_DIR)))) 274ifneq ($(CUDA_LIB_DIR),) 275 $(libceed) : CFLAGS += -I$(CUDA_DIR)/include 276 $(libceed) : LDFLAGS += -L$(CUDA_LIB_DIR) -Wl,-rpath,$(abspath $(CUDA_LIB_DIR)) 277 $(libceed) : LDLIBS += -lcudart -lnvrtc -lcuda 278 libceed.c += $(cuda.c) $(cuda-reg.c) 279 libceed.cu += $(cuda.cu) $(cuda-reg.cu) 280 BACKENDS += /gpu/cuda/ref /gpu/cuda/reg 281endif 282 283# MAGMA Backend 284ifneq ($(wildcard $(MAGMA_DIR)/lib/libmagma.*),) 285 ifneq ($(CUDA_LIB_DIR),) 286 cuda_link = -Wl,-rpath,$(CUDA_LIB_DIR) -L$(CUDA_LIB_DIR) -lcublas -lcusparse -lcudart 287 omp_link = -fopenmp 288 magma_link_static = -L$(MAGMA_DIR)/lib -lmagma $(cuda_link) $(omp_link) 289 magma_link_shared = -L$(MAGMA_DIR)/lib -Wl,-rpath,$(abspath $(MAGMA_DIR)/lib) -lmagma 290 magma_link := $(if $(wildcard $(MAGMA_DIR)/lib/libmagma.${SO_EXT}),$(magma_link_shared),$(magma_link_static)) 291 $(libceed) : LDLIBS += $(magma_link) 292 $(tests) $(examples) : LDLIBS += $(magma_link) 293 libceed.c += $(magma_allsrc.c) 294 libceed.cu += $(magma_allsrc.cu) 295 $(magma_allsrc.c:%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%.o) : CFLAGS += -DADD_ -I$(MAGMA_DIR)/include -I$(CUDA_DIR)/include 296 $(magma_allsrc.cu:%.cu=$(OBJDIR)/%.o) : NVCCFLAGS += --compiler-options=-fPIC -DADD_ -I$(MAGMA_DIR)/include -I$(MAGMA_DIR)/magmablas -I$(MAGMA_DIR)/control -I$(CUDA_DIR)/include 297 BACKENDS += /gpu/magma 298 endif 299endif 300 301export BACKENDS 302 303# generate magma_tmp.c and magma_cuda.cu from magma.c 304%_tmp.c %_cuda.cu : %.c 305 $(magma_preprocessor) $< 306 307libceed.o = $(libceed.c:%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%.o) $(libceed.cu:%.cu=$(OBJDIR)/%.o) 308$(libceed.o): | info-backends 309$(libceed) : $(libceed.o) | $$(@D)/.DIR 310 $(call quiet,CC) $(LDFLAGS) -shared -o $@ $^ $(LDLIBS) 311 312$(OBJDIR)/%.o : $(CURDIR)/%.c | $$(@D)/.DIR 313 $(call quiet,CC) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $(abspath $<) 314 315$(OBJDIR)/%.o : $(CURDIR)/%.cu | $$(@D)/.DIR 316 $(call quiet,NVCC) $(CPPFLAGS) $(NVCCFLAGS) -c -o $@ $(abspath $<) 317 318$(OBJDIR)/% : tests/%.c | $$(@D)/.DIR 319 $(call quiet,LINK.c) -o $@ $(abspath $<) -lceed $(LDLIBS) 320 321$(OBJDIR)/% : tests/%.f90 | $$(@D)/.DIR 322 $(call quiet,LINK.F) -o $@ $(abspath $<) -lceed $(LDLIBS) 323 324$(OBJDIR)/% : examples/ceed/%.c | $$(@D)/.DIR 325 $(call quiet,LINK.c) -o $@ $(abspath $<) -lceed $(LDLIBS) 326 327$(OBJDIR)/% : examples/ceed/%.f | $$(@D)/.DIR 328 $(call quiet,LINK.F) -o $@ $(abspath $<) -lceed $(LDLIBS) 329 330$(OBJDIR)/mfem-% : examples/mfem/%.cpp $(libceed) | $$(@D)/.DIR 331 $(MAKE) -C examples/mfem CEED_DIR=`pwd` \ 332 MFEM_DIR="$(abspath $(MFEM_DIR))" $* 333 mv examples/mfem/$* $@ 334 335$(OBJDIR)/petsc-% : examples/petsc/%.c $(libceed) $(ceed.pc) | $$(@D)/.DIR 336 $(MAKE) -C examples/petsc CEED_DIR=`pwd` \ 337 PETSC_DIR="$(abspath $(PETSC_DIR))" $* 338 mv examples/petsc/$* $@ 339 340$(OBJDIR)/navier-stokes-% : examples/navier-stokes/%.c $(libceed) $(ceed.pc) | $$(@D)/.DIR 341 $(MAKE) -C examples/navier-stokes CEED_DIR=`pwd` \ 342 PETSC_DIR="$(abspath $(PETSC_DIR))" $* 343 mv examples/navier-stokes/$* $@ 344 345$(tests) $(examples) : $(libceed) 346$(tests) $(examples) : LDFLAGS += -Wl,-rpath,$(abspath $(LIBDIR)) -L$(LIBDIR) 347 348run-% : $(OBJDIR)/% 349 @tests/tap.sh $(<:$(OBJDIR)/%=%) 350# Test core libCEED 351test : $(tests:$(OBJDIR)/%=run-%) $(examples:$(OBJDIR)/%=run-%) 352 353# run test target in parallel 354tst : ;@$(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) V=$(V) test 355# CPU C tests only for backend % 356ctc-% : $(ctests);@$(foreach tst,$(ctests),$(tst) /cpu/$*;) 357 358prove : $(tests) $(examples) 359 $(info Testing backends: $(BACKENDS)) 360 $(PROVE) $(PROVE_OPTS) --exec 'tests/tap.sh' $(tests:$(OBJDIR)/%=%) $(examples:$(OBJDIR)/%=%) 361# run prove target in parallel 362prv : ;@$(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) V=$(V) prove 363 364allexamples := $(examples) $(if $(MFEM_DIR),$(mfemexamples)) $(if $(PETSC_DIR),$(petscexamples)) 365alltests := $(tests) $(allexamples) 366fulltestlist = $(alltests) $(if $(NEK5K_DIR), $(nekexamples)) 367prepnektests: 368 (export CC FC && cd examples && make prepnektests) 369prove-all : $(alltests) $(if $(NEK5K_DIR), prepnektests) 370 $(info Testing backends: $(BACKENDS)) 371 $(PROVE) $(PROVE_OPTS) --exec 'tests/tap.sh' $(fulltestlist:$(OBJDIR)/%=%) 372 373junit-% : $(OBJDIR)/% 374 @printf " %10s %s\n" TEST $(<:$(OBJDIR)/%=%); $(PYTHON) tests/junit.py $(<:$(OBJDIR)/%=%) 375 376junit : $(alltests:$(OBJDIR)/%=junit-%) 377 378all: $(alltests) 379 380examples : $(allexamples) 381 382# Benchmarks 383allbenchmarks = petsc-bp1 petsc-bp3 384bench_targets = $(addprefix bench-,$(allbenchmarks)) 385.PHONY: $(bench_targets) benchmarks 386$(bench_targets): bench-%: $(OBJDIR)/% 387 cd benchmarks && ./benchmark.sh --ceed "$(BACKENDS)" -r $(*).sh 388benchmarks: $(bench_targets) 389 390$(ceed.pc) : pkgconfig-prefix = $(abspath .) 391$(OBJDIR)/ceed.pc : pkgconfig-prefix = $(prefix) 392.INTERMEDIATE : $(OBJDIR)/ceed.pc 393%/ceed.pc : ceed.pc.template | $$(@D)/.DIR 394 @sed "s:%prefix%:$(pkgconfig-prefix):" $< > $@ 395 396OCCA := $(OCCA_DIR)/bin/occa 397OKL_KERNELS := $(wildcard backends/occa/*.okl) 398 399okl-cache : 400 $(OCCA) cache ceed $(OKL_KERNELS) 401 402okl-clear: 403 $(OCCA) clear -y -l ceed 404 405install : $(libceed) $(OBJDIR)/ceed.pc 406 $(INSTALL) -d $(addprefix $(if $(DESTDIR),"$(DESTDIR)"),"$(includedir)"\ 407 "$(libdir)" "$(pkgconfigdir)" $(if $(OCCA_ON),"$(okldir)")) 408 $(INSTALL_DATA) include/ceed.h "$(DESTDIR)$(includedir)/" 409 $(INSTALL_DATA) include/ceedf.h "$(DESTDIR)$(includedir)/" 410 $(INSTALL_DATA) $(libceed) "$(DESTDIR)$(libdir)/" 411 $(INSTALL_DATA) $(OBJDIR)/ceed.pc "$(DESTDIR)$(pkgconfigdir)/" 412 $(if $(OCCA_ON),$(INSTALL_DATA) $(OKL_KERNELS) "$(DESTDIR)$(okldir)/") 413 414.PHONY : cln clean doc lib install all print test tst prove prv prove-all junit examples style okl-cache okl-clear info info-backends 415 416cln clean : 417 $(RM) -r $(OBJDIR) $(LIBDIR) 418 $(MAKE) -C examples clean 419 $(RM) $(magma_tmp.c) $(magma_tmp.cu) backends/magma/*~ backends/magma/*.o 420 $(RM) -rf benchmarks/*output.txt 421 422distclean : clean 423 $(RM) -r doc/html 424 425doc : 426 doxygen Doxyfile 427 428style : 429 @astyle --options=.astylerc \ 430 $(filter-out include/ceedf.h tests/t310-basis-f.h, \ 431 $(wildcard include/*.h interface/*.[ch] tests/*.[ch] backends/*/*.[ch] \ 432 examples/*/*.[ch] examples/*/*.[ch]pp)) 433 434print : 435 @echo $(VAR)=$($(VAR)) 436 437print-% : 438 $(info [ variable name]: $*) 439 $(info [ origin]: $(origin $*)) 440 $(info [ value]: $(value $*)) 441 $(info [expanded value]: $($*)) 442 $(info ) 443 @true 444 445-include $(libceed.c:%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%.d) $(tests.c:tests/%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%.d) 446