xref: /libCEED/backends/cuda-gen/ceed-cuda-gen-operator.c (revision 736f144a02fcdbcd732ee675ef7e42bf47b1eba5)
1 // Copyright (c) 2017-2026, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
2 // All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
3 //
4 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
5 //
6 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
7 
8 #include <ceed.h>
9 #include <ceed/backend.h>
10 #include <ceed/jit-source/cuda/cuda-types.h>
11 #include <cuda.h>
12 #include <cuda_runtime.h>
13 #include <stddef.h>
14 #include <string.h>
15 
16 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-common.h"
17 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-compile.h"
18 #include "ceed-cuda-gen-operator-build.h"
19 #include "ceed-cuda-gen.h"
20 
21 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22 // Destroy operator
23 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24 static int CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda_gen(CeedOperator op) {
25   Ceed                   ceed;
26   CeedOperator_Cuda_gen *impl;
27 
28   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
29   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
30   if (impl->module) CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->module));
31   if (impl->module_assemble_full) CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->module_assemble_full));
32   if (impl->module_assemble_diagonal) CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->module_assemble_diagonal));
33   if (impl->module_assemble_qfunction) CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->module_assemble_qfunction));
34   if (impl->points.num_per_elem) CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree((void **)impl->points.num_per_elem));
35   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl));
36   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
37   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
38 }
39 
40 static int Waste(int threads_per_sm, int warp_size, int threads_per_elem, int elems_per_block) {
41   int useful_threads_per_block = threads_per_elem * elems_per_block;
42   // round up to nearest multiple of warp_size
43   int block_size    = CeedDivUpInt(useful_threads_per_block, warp_size) * warp_size;
44   int blocks_per_sm = threads_per_sm / block_size;
45   return threads_per_sm - useful_threads_per_block * blocks_per_sm;
46 }
47 
48 // Choose the least wasteful block size constrained by blocks_per_sm of max_threads_per_block.
49 //
50 // The x and y part of block[] contains per-element sizes (specified on input) while the z part is number of elements.
51 //
52 // Problem setting: we'd like to make occupancy high with relatively few inactive threads. CUDA (cuOccupancyMaxPotentialBlockSize) can tell us how
53 // many threads can run.
54 //
55 // Note that full occupancy sometimes can't be achieved by one thread block.
56 // For example, an SM might support 1536 threads in total, but only 1024 within a single thread block.
57 // So cuOccupancyMaxPotentialBlockSize may suggest a block size of 768 so that two blocks can run, versus one block of 1024 will prevent a second
58 // block from running. The cuda-gen kernels are pretty heavy with lots of instruction-level parallelism (ILP) so we'll generally be okay with
59 // relatively low occupancy and smaller thread blocks, but we solve a reasonably general problem here. Empirically, we find that blocks bigger than
60 // about 256 have higher latency and worse load balancing when the number of elements is modest.
61 //
62 // cuda-gen can't choose block sizes arbitrarily; they need to be a multiple of the number of quadrature points (or number of basis functions).
63 // They also have a lot of __syncthreads(), which is another point against excessively large thread blocks.
64 // Suppose I have elements with 7x7x7 quadrature points.
65 // This will loop over the last dimension, so we have 7*7=49 threads per element.
66 // Suppose we have two elements = 2*49=98 useful threads.
67 // CUDA schedules in units of full warps (32 threads), so 128 CUDA hardware threads are effectively committed to that block.
68 // Now suppose cuOccupancyMaxPotentialBlockSize returned 352.
69 // We can schedule 2 blocks of size 98 (196 useful threads using 256 hardware threads), but not a third block (which would need a total of 384
70 // hardware threads).
71 //
72 // If instead, we had packed 3 elements, we'd have 3*49=147 useful threads occupying 160 slots, and could schedule two blocks.
73 // Alternatively, we could pack a single block of 7 elements (2*49=343 useful threads) into the 354 slots.
74 // The latter has the least "waste", but __syncthreads() over-synchronizes and it might not pay off relative to smaller blocks.
75 static int BlockGridCalculate(CeedInt num_elem, int blocks_per_sm, int max_threads_per_block, int max_threads_z, int warp_size, int block[3],
76                               int *grid) {
77   const int threads_per_sm   = blocks_per_sm * max_threads_per_block;
78   const int threads_per_elem = block[0] * block[1];
79   int       elems_per_block  = 1;
80   int       waste            = Waste(threads_per_sm, warp_size, threads_per_elem, 1);
81 
82   for (int i = 2; i <= CeedIntMin(max_threads_per_block / threads_per_elem, num_elem); i++) {
83     int i_waste = Waste(threads_per_sm, warp_size, threads_per_elem, i);
84 
85     // We want to minimize waste, but smaller kernels have lower latency and less __syncthreads() overhead so when a larger block size has the same
86     // waste as a smaller one, go ahead and prefer the smaller block.
87     if (i_waste < waste || (i_waste == waste && threads_per_elem * i <= 128)) {
88       elems_per_block = i;
89       waste           = i_waste;
90     }
91   }
92   // In low-order elements, threads_per_elem may be sufficiently low to give an elems_per_block greater than allowable for the device, so we must
93   // check before setting the z-dimension size of the block.
94   block[2] = CeedIntMin(elems_per_block, max_threads_z);
95   *grid    = CeedDivUpInt(num_elem, elems_per_block);
96   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
97 }
98 
99 // callback for cuOccupancyMaxPotentialBlockSize, providing the amount of dynamic shared memory required for a thread block of size threads.
100 static size_t dynamicSMemSize(int threads) { return threads * sizeof(CeedScalar); }
101 
102 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
103 // Apply and add to output
104 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
105 static int CeedOperatorApplyAddCore_Cuda_gen(CeedOperator op, CUstream stream, const CeedScalar *input_arr, CeedScalar *output_arr, bool *is_run_good,
106                                              CeedRequest *request) {
107   bool                    is_at_points, is_tensor;
108   Ceed                    ceed;
109   Ceed_Cuda              *cuda_data;
110   CeedInt                 num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
111   CeedEvalMode            eval_mode;
112   CeedQFunctionField     *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
113   CeedQFunction_Cuda_gen *qf_data;
114   CeedQFunction           qf;
115   CeedOperatorField      *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
116   CeedOperator_Cuda_gen  *data;
117 
118   // Build the operator kernel
119   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorBuildKernel_Cuda_gen(op, is_run_good));
120   if (!(*is_run_good)) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
121 
122   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
123   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &cuda_data));
124   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &data));
125   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
126   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetData(qf, &qf_data));
127   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
128   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
129   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
130 
131   // Input vectors
132   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
133     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
134     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
135       data->fields.inputs[i] = NULL;
136     } else {
137       bool       is_active;
138       CeedVector vec;
139 
140       // Get input vector
141       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
142       is_active = vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
143       if (is_active) data->fields.inputs[i] = input_arr;
144       else CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &data->fields.inputs[i]));
145       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
146     }
147   }
148 
149   // Output vectors
150   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
151     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
152     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
153       data->fields.outputs[i] = NULL;
154     } else {
155       bool       is_active;
156       CeedVector vec;
157 
158       // Get output vector
159       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec));
160       is_active = vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
161       if (is_active) data->fields.outputs[i] = output_arr;
162       else CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &data->fields.outputs[i]));
163       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
164     }
165   }
166 
167   // Point coordinates, if needed
168   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorIsAtPoints(op, &is_at_points));
169   if (is_at_points) {
170     // Coords
171     CeedVector vec;
172 
173     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, NULL, &vec));
174     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &data->points.coords));
175     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
176 
177     // Points per elem
178     if (num_elem != data->points.num_elem) {
179       CeedInt            *points_per_elem;
180       const CeedInt       num_bytes   = num_elem * sizeof(CeedInt);
181       CeedElemRestriction rstr_points = NULL;
182 
183       data->points.num_elem = num_elem;
184       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, NULL));
185       CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_elem, &points_per_elem));
186       for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
187         CeedInt num_points_elem;
188 
189         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumPointsInElement(rstr_points, e, &num_points_elem));
190         points_per_elem[e] = num_points_elem;
191       }
192       if (data->points.num_per_elem) CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree((void **)data->points.num_per_elem));
193       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&data->points.num_per_elem, num_bytes));
194       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy((void *)data->points.num_per_elem, points_per_elem, num_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
195       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_points));
196       CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&points_per_elem));
197     }
198   }
199 
200   // Get context data
201   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetInnerContextData(qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &qf_data->d_c));
202 
203   // Apply operator
204   void *opargs[] = {(void *)&num_elem, &qf_data->d_c, &data->indices, &data->fields, &data->B, &data->G, &data->W, &data->points};
205   int   max_threads_per_block, min_grid_size, grid;
206 
207   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorHasTensorBases(op, &is_tensor));
208   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuOccupancyMaxPotentialBlockSize(&min_grid_size, &max_threads_per_block, data->op, dynamicSMemSize, 0, 0x10000));
209   int block[3] = {data->thread_1d, ((!is_tensor || data->dim == 1) ? 1 : data->thread_1d), -1};
210 
211   if (is_tensor) {
212     CeedCallBackend(BlockGridCalculate(num_elem, min_grid_size / cuda_data->device_prop.multiProcessorCount, max_threads_per_block,
213                                        cuda_data->device_prop.maxThreadsDim[2], cuda_data->device_prop.warpSize, block, &grid));
214   } else {
215     CeedInt elems_per_block = CeedIntMin(cuda_data->device_prop.maxThreadsDim[2], CeedIntMax(512 / data->thread_1d, 1));
216 
217     grid     = num_elem / elems_per_block + (num_elem % elems_per_block > 0);
218     block[2] = elems_per_block;
219   }
220   CeedInt shared_mem = block[0] * block[1] * block[2] * sizeof(CeedScalar);
221 
222   CeedCallBackend(CeedTryRunKernelDimShared_Cuda(ceed, data->op, stream, grid, block[0], block[1], block[2], shared_mem, is_run_good, opargs));
223 
224   // Restore input arrays
225   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
226     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
227     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
228     } else {
229       bool       is_active;
230       CeedVector vec;
231 
232       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
233       is_active = vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
234       if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(vec, &data->fields.inputs[i]));
235       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
236     }
237   }
238 
239   // Restore output arrays
240   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
241     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
242     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
243     } else {
244       bool       is_active;
245       CeedVector vec;
246 
247       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec));
248       is_active = vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
249       if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(vec, &data->fields.outputs[i]));
250       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
251     }
252   }
253 
254   // Restore point coordinates, if needed
255   if (is_at_points) {
256     CeedVector vec;
257 
258     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, NULL, &vec));
259     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(vec, &data->points.coords));
260     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
261   }
262 
263   // Restore context data
264   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionRestoreInnerContextData(qf, &qf_data->d_c));
265 
266   // Cleanup
267   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
268   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
269   if (!(*is_run_good)) data->use_fallback = true;
270   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
271 }
272 
273 static int CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda_gen(CeedOperator op, CeedVector input_vec, CeedVector output_vec, CeedRequest *request) {
274   bool              is_run_good = false;
275   const CeedScalar *input_arr   = NULL;
276   CeedScalar       *output_arr  = NULL;
277 
278   // Try to run kernel
279   if (input_vec != CEED_VECTOR_NONE) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(input_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &input_arr));
280   if (output_vec != CEED_VECTOR_NONE) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(output_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &output_arr));
281   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorApplyAddCore_Cuda_gen(op, NULL, input_arr, output_arr, &is_run_good, request));
282   if (input_vec != CEED_VECTOR_NONE) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(input_vec, &input_arr));
283   if (output_vec != CEED_VECTOR_NONE) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(output_vec, &output_arr));
284 
285   // Fallback on unsuccessful run
286   if (!is_run_good) {
287     CeedOperator op_fallback;
288 
289     CeedDebug(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), "\nFalling back to /gpu/cuda/ref CeedOperator for ApplyAdd\n");
290     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
291     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorApplyAdd(op_fallback, input_vec, output_vec, request));
292   }
293   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
294 }
295 
296 static int CeedOperatorApplyAddComposite_Cuda_gen(CeedOperator op, CeedVector input_vec, CeedVector output_vec, CeedRequest *request) {
297   bool              is_run_good[CEED_COMPOSITE_MAX] = {false}, is_sequential;
298   CeedInt           num_suboperators;
299   const CeedScalar *input_arr  = NULL;
300   CeedScalar       *output_arr = NULL;
301   Ceed              ceed;
302   CeedOperator     *sub_operators;
303   cudaStream_t      stream = NULL;
304 
305   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
306   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCompositeGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
307   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCompositeGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
308   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCompositeIsSequential(op, &is_sequential));
309   if (input_vec != CEED_VECTOR_NONE) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(input_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &input_arr));
310   if (output_vec != CEED_VECTOR_NONE) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(output_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &output_arr));
311   if (is_sequential) CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaStreamCreate(&stream));
312   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_suboperators; i++) {
313     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
314 
315     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(sub_operators[i], &num_elem));
316     if (num_elem > 0) {
317       if (!is_sequential) CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaStreamCreate(&stream));
318       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorApplyAddCore_Cuda_gen(sub_operators[i], stream, input_arr, output_arr, &is_run_good[i], request));
319       if (!is_sequential) CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaStreamDestroy(stream));
320     }
321   }
322   if (is_sequential) CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaStreamDestroy(stream));
323   if (input_vec != CEED_VECTOR_NONE) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(input_vec, &input_arr));
324   if (output_vec != CEED_VECTOR_NONE) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(output_vec, &output_arr));
325   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaDeviceSynchronize());
326 
327   // Fallback on unsuccessful run
328   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_suboperators; i++) {
329     if (!is_run_good[i]) {
330       CeedOperator op_fallback;
331 
332       CeedDebug(ceed, "\nFalling back to /gpu/cuda/ref CeedOperator for ApplyAdd\n");
333       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFallback(sub_operators[i], &op_fallback));
334       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorApplyAdd(op_fallback, input_vec, output_vec, request));
335     }
336   }
337   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
338   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
339 }
340 
341 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
342 // QFunction assembly
343 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
344 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda_gen(CeedOperator op, bool build_objects, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr,
345                                                             CeedRequest *request) {
346   Ceed                   ceed;
347   CeedOperator_Cuda_gen *data;
348 
349   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
350   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &data));
351 
352   // Build the assembly kernel
353   if (!data->assemble_qfunction && !data->use_assembly_fallback) {
354     bool is_build_good = false;
355 
356     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorBuildKernel_Cuda_gen(op, &is_build_good));
357     if (is_build_good) CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorBuildKernelLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda_gen(op, &is_build_good));
358     if (!is_build_good) data->use_assembly_fallback = true;
359   }
360 
361   // Try assembly
362   if (!data->use_assembly_fallback) {
363     bool                    is_run_good = true;
364     Ceed_Cuda              *cuda_data;
365     CeedInt                 num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
366     CeedEvalMode            eval_mode;
367     CeedScalar             *assembled_array;
368     CeedQFunctionField     *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
369     CeedQFunction_Cuda_gen *qf_data;
370     CeedQFunction           qf;
371     CeedOperatorField      *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
372 
373     CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &cuda_data));
374     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
375     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetData(qf, &qf_data));
376     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
377     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
378     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
379 
380     // Input vectors
381     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
382       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
383       if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
384         data->fields.inputs[i] = NULL;
385       } else {
386         bool       is_active;
387         CeedVector vec;
388 
389         // Get input vector
390         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
391         is_active = vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
392         if (is_active) data->fields.inputs[i] = NULL;
393         else CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &data->fields.inputs[i]));
394         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
395       }
396     }
397 
398     // Get context data
399     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetInnerContextData(qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &qf_data->d_c));
400 
401     // Build objects if needed
402     if (build_objects) {
403       CeedInt qf_size_in = 0, qf_size_out = 0, Q;
404 
405       // Count number of active input fields
406       {
407         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
408           CeedInt    field_size;
409           CeedVector vec;
410 
411           // Get input vector
412           CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
413           // Check if active input
414           if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
415             CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_input_fields[i], &field_size));
416             qf_size_in += field_size;
417           }
418           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
419         }
420         CeedCheck(qf_size_in > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Cannot assemble QFunction without active inputs and outputs");
421       }
422 
423       // Count number of active output fields
424       {
425         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
426           CeedInt    field_size;
427           CeedVector vec;
428 
429           // Get output vector
430           CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec));
431           // Check if active output
432           if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
433             CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[i], &field_size));
434             qf_size_out += field_size;
435           }
436           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
437         }
438         CeedCheck(qf_size_out > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Cannot assemble QFunction without active inputs and outputs");
439       }
440       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
441 
442       // Actually build objects now
443       const CeedSize l_size     = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q * qf_size_in * qf_size_out;
444       CeedInt        strides[3] = {1, num_elem * Q, Q}; /* *NOPAD* */
445 
446       // Create output restriction
447       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided(ceed, num_elem, Q, qf_size_in * qf_size_out,
448                                                        (CeedSize)qf_size_in * (CeedSize)qf_size_out * (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)Q, strides,
449                                                        rstr));
450       // Create assembled vector
451       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, l_size, assembled));
452     }
453 
454     // Assembly array
455     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(*assembled, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_array));
456 
457     // Assemble QFunction
458     void *opargs[] = {(void *)&num_elem, &qf_data->d_c, &data->indices, &data->fields, &data->B, &data->G, &data->W, &data->points, &assembled_array};
459     bool  is_tensor = false;
460     int   max_threads_per_block, min_grid_size, grid;
461 
462     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorHasTensorBases(op, &is_tensor));
463     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuOccupancyMaxPotentialBlockSize(&min_grid_size, &max_threads_per_block, data->op, dynamicSMemSize, 0, 0x10000));
464     int block[3] = {data->thread_1d, ((!is_tensor || data->dim == 1) ? 1 : data->thread_1d), -1};
465 
466     if (is_tensor) {
467       CeedCallBackend(BlockGridCalculate(num_elem, min_grid_size / cuda_data->device_prop.multiProcessorCount, max_threads_per_block,
468                                          cuda_data->device_prop.maxThreadsDim[2], cuda_data->device_prop.warpSize, block, &grid));
469     } else {
470       CeedInt elems_per_block = CeedIntMin(cuda_data->device_prop.maxThreadsDim[2], CeedIntMax(512 / data->thread_1d, 1));
471 
472       grid     = num_elem / elems_per_block + (num_elem % elems_per_block > 0);
473       block[2] = elems_per_block;
474     }
475     CeedInt shared_mem = block[0] * block[1] * block[2] * sizeof(CeedScalar);
476 
477     CeedCallBackend(CeedTryRunKernelDimShared_Cuda(ceed, data->assemble_qfunction, NULL, grid, block[0], block[1], block[2], shared_mem, &is_run_good,
478                                                    opargs));
479     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaDeviceSynchronize());
480 
481     // Restore input arrays
482     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
483       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
484       if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
485       } else {
486         bool       is_active;
487         CeedVector vec;
488 
489         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
490         is_active = vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
491         if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(vec, &data->fields.inputs[i]));
492         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
493       }
494     }
495 
496     // Restore context data
497     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionRestoreInnerContextData(qf, &qf_data->d_c));
498 
499     // Restore assembly array
500     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(*assembled, &assembled_array));
501 
502     // Cleanup
503     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
504     if (!is_run_good) {
505       data->use_assembly_fallback = true;
506       if (build_objects) {
507         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(assembled));
508         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(rstr));
509       }
510     }
511   }
512   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
513 
514   // Fallback, if needed
515   if (data->use_assembly_fallback) {
516     CeedOperator op_fallback;
517 
518     CeedDebug(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), "\nFalling back to /gpu/cuda/ref CeedOperator for LinearAssemblyQFunction\n");
519     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
520     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdateFallback(op_fallback, assembled, rstr, request));
521     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
522   }
523   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
524 }
525 
526 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda_gen(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
527   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda_gen(op, true, assembled, rstr, request);
528 }
529 
530 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda_gen(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedElemRestriction rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
531   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda_gen(op, false, &assembled, &rstr, request);
532 }
533 
534 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
535 // AtPoints diagonal assembly
536 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
537 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonalAtPoints_Cuda_gen(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
538   Ceed                   ceed;
539   CeedOperator_Cuda_gen *data;
540 
541   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
542   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &data));
543 
544   // Build the assembly kernel
545   if (!data->assemble_diagonal && !data->use_assembly_fallback) {
546     bool                     is_build_good = false;
547     CeedInt                  num_active_bases_in, num_active_bases_out;
548     CeedOperatorAssemblyData assembly_data;
549 
550     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(op, &assembly_data));
551     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetEvalModes(assembly_data, &num_active_bases_in, NULL, NULL, NULL, &num_active_bases_out, NULL, NULL,
552                                                          NULL, NULL));
553     if (num_active_bases_in == num_active_bases_out) {
554       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorBuildKernel_Cuda_gen(op, &is_build_good));
555       if (is_build_good) CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorBuildKernelDiagonalAssemblyAtPoints_Cuda_gen(op, &is_build_good));
556     }
557     if (!is_build_good) data->use_assembly_fallback = true;
558   }
559 
560   // Try assembly
561   if (!data->use_assembly_fallback) {
562     bool                    is_run_good = true;
563     Ceed_Cuda              *cuda_data;
564     CeedInt                 num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
565     CeedEvalMode            eval_mode;
566     CeedScalar             *assembled_array;
567     CeedQFunctionField     *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
568     CeedQFunction_Cuda_gen *qf_data;
569     CeedQFunction           qf;
570     CeedOperatorField      *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
571 
572     CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &cuda_data));
573     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
574     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetData(qf, &qf_data));
575     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
576     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
577     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
578 
579     // Input vectors
580     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
581       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
582       if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
583         data->fields.inputs[i] = NULL;
584       } else {
585         bool       is_active;
586         CeedVector vec;
587 
588         // Get input vector
589         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
590         is_active = vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
591         if (is_active) data->fields.inputs[i] = NULL;
592         else CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &data->fields.inputs[i]));
593         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
594       }
595     }
596 
597     // Point coordinates
598     {
599       CeedVector vec;
600 
601       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, NULL, &vec));
602       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &data->points.coords));
603       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
604 
605       // Points per elem
606       if (num_elem != data->points.num_elem) {
607         CeedInt            *points_per_elem;
608         const CeedInt       num_bytes   = num_elem * sizeof(CeedInt);
609         CeedElemRestriction rstr_points = NULL;
610 
611         data->points.num_elem = num_elem;
612         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, NULL));
613         CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_elem, &points_per_elem));
614         for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
615           CeedInt num_points_elem;
616 
617           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumPointsInElement(rstr_points, e, &num_points_elem));
618           points_per_elem[e] = num_points_elem;
619         }
620         if (data->points.num_per_elem) CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree((void **)data->points.num_per_elem));
621         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&data->points.num_per_elem, num_bytes));
622         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy((void *)data->points.num_per_elem, points_per_elem, num_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
623         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_points));
624         CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&points_per_elem));
625       }
626     }
627 
628     // Get context data
629     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetInnerContextData(qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &qf_data->d_c));
630 
631     // Assembly array
632     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(assembled, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_array));
633 
634     // Assemble diagonal
635     void *opargs[] = {(void *)&num_elem, &qf_data->d_c, &data->indices, &data->fields, &data->B, &data->G, &data->W, &data->points, &assembled_array};
636     int   max_threads_per_block, min_grid_size, grid;
637 
638     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuOccupancyMaxPotentialBlockSize(&min_grid_size, &max_threads_per_block, data->op, dynamicSMemSize, 0, 0x10000));
639     int block[3] = {data->thread_1d, (data->dim == 1 ? 1 : data->thread_1d), -1};
640 
641     CeedCallBackend(BlockGridCalculate(num_elem, min_grid_size / cuda_data->device_prop.multiProcessorCount, 1,
642                                        cuda_data->device_prop.maxThreadsDim[2], cuda_data->device_prop.warpSize, block, &grid));
643     CeedInt shared_mem = block[0] * block[1] * block[2] * sizeof(CeedScalar);
644 
645     CeedCallBackend(CeedTryRunKernelDimShared_Cuda(ceed, data->assemble_diagonal, NULL, grid, block[0], block[1], block[2], shared_mem, &is_run_good,
646                                                    opargs));
647     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaDeviceSynchronize());
648 
649     // Restore input arrays
650     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
651       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
652       if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
653       } else {
654         bool       is_active;
655         CeedVector vec;
656 
657         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
658         is_active = vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
659         if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(vec, &data->fields.inputs[i]));
660         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
661       }
662     }
663 
664     // Restore point coordinates
665     {
666       CeedVector vec;
667 
668       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, NULL, &vec));
669       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(vec, &data->points.coords));
670       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
671     }
672 
673     // Restore context data
674     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionRestoreInnerContextData(qf, &qf_data->d_c));
675 
676     // Restore assembly array
677     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(assembled, &assembled_array));
678 
679     // Cleanup
680     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
681     if (!is_run_good) data->use_assembly_fallback = true;
682   }
683   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
684 
685   // Fallback, if needed
686   if (data->use_assembly_fallback) {
687     CeedOperator op_fallback;
688 
689     CeedDebug(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), "\nFalling back to /gpu/cuda/ref CeedOperator for AtPoints LinearAssembleAddDiagonal\n");
690     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
691     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
692     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
693   }
694   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
695 }
696 
697 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
698 // AtPoints full assembly
699 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
700 static int CeedOperatorAssembleSingleAtPoints_Cuda_gen(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedVector assembled) {
701   Ceed                   ceed;
702   CeedOperator_Cuda_gen *data;
703 
704   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
705   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &data));
706 
707   // Build the assembly kernel
708   if (!data->assemble_full && !data->use_assembly_fallback) {
709     bool                     is_build_good = false;
710     CeedInt                  num_active_bases_in, num_active_bases_out;
711     CeedOperatorAssemblyData assembly_data;
712 
713     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(op, &assembly_data));
714     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetEvalModes(assembly_data, &num_active_bases_in, NULL, NULL, NULL, &num_active_bases_out, NULL, NULL,
715                                                          NULL, NULL));
716     if (num_active_bases_in == num_active_bases_out) {
717       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorBuildKernel_Cuda_gen(op, &is_build_good));
718       if (is_build_good) CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorBuildKernelFullAssemblyAtPoints_Cuda_gen(op, &is_build_good));
719     }
720     if (!is_build_good) data->use_assembly_fallback = true;
721   }
722 
723   // Try assembly
724   if (!data->use_assembly_fallback) {
725     bool                    is_run_good = true;
726     Ceed_Cuda              *cuda_data;
727     CeedInt                 num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
728     CeedEvalMode            eval_mode;
729     CeedScalar             *assembled_array;
730     CeedQFunctionField     *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
731     CeedQFunction_Cuda_gen *qf_data;
732     CeedQFunction           qf;
733     CeedOperatorField      *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
734 
735     CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &cuda_data));
736     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
737     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetData(qf, &qf_data));
738     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
739     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
740     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
741 
742     // Input vectors
743     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
744       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
745       if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
746         data->fields.inputs[i] = NULL;
747       } else {
748         bool       is_active;
749         CeedVector vec;
750 
751         // Get input vector
752         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
753         is_active = vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
754         if (is_active) data->fields.inputs[i] = NULL;
755         else CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &data->fields.inputs[i]));
756         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
757       }
758     }
759 
760     // Point coordinates
761     {
762       CeedVector vec;
763 
764       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, NULL, &vec));
765       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &data->points.coords));
766       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
767 
768       // Points per elem
769       if (num_elem != data->points.num_elem) {
770         CeedInt            *points_per_elem;
771         const CeedInt       num_bytes   = num_elem * sizeof(CeedInt);
772         CeedElemRestriction rstr_points = NULL;
773 
774         data->points.num_elem = num_elem;
775         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, NULL));
776         CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_elem, &points_per_elem));
777         for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
778           CeedInt num_points_elem;
779 
780           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumPointsInElement(rstr_points, e, &num_points_elem));
781           points_per_elem[e] = num_points_elem;
782         }
783         if (data->points.num_per_elem) CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree((void **)data->points.num_per_elem));
784         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&data->points.num_per_elem, num_bytes));
785         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy((void *)data->points.num_per_elem, points_per_elem, num_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
786         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_points));
787         CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&points_per_elem));
788       }
789     }
790 
791     // Get context data
792     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetInnerContextData(qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &qf_data->d_c));
793 
794     // Assembly array
795     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(assembled, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_array));
796     CeedScalar *assembled_offset_array = &assembled_array[offset];
797 
798     // Assemble diagonal
799     void *opargs[] = {(void *)&num_elem, &qf_data->d_c, &data->indices, &data->fields,          &data->B,
800                       &data->G,          &data->W,      &data->points,  &assembled_offset_array};
801     int   max_threads_per_block, min_grid_size, grid;
802 
803     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuOccupancyMaxPotentialBlockSize(&min_grid_size, &max_threads_per_block, data->op, dynamicSMemSize, 0, 0x10000));
804     int block[3] = {data->thread_1d, (data->dim == 1 ? 1 : data->thread_1d), -1};
805 
806     CeedCallBackend(BlockGridCalculate(num_elem, min_grid_size / cuda_data->device_prop.multiProcessorCount, 1,
807                                        cuda_data->device_prop.maxThreadsDim[2], cuda_data->device_prop.warpSize, block, &grid));
808     CeedInt shared_mem = block[0] * block[1] * block[2] * sizeof(CeedScalar);
809 
810     CeedCallBackend(CeedTryRunKernelDimShared_Cuda(ceed, data->assemble_full, NULL, grid, block[0], block[1], block[2], shared_mem, &is_run_good,
811                                                    opargs));
812     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaDeviceSynchronize());
813 
814     // Restore input arrays
815     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
816       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
817       if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
818       } else {
819         bool       is_active;
820         CeedVector vec;
821 
822         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
823         is_active = vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
824         if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(vec, &data->fields.inputs[i]));
825         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
826       }
827     }
828 
829     // Restore point coordinates
830     {
831       CeedVector vec;
832 
833       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, NULL, &vec));
834       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(vec, &data->points.coords));
835       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
836     }
837 
838     // Restore context data
839     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionRestoreInnerContextData(qf, &qf_data->d_c));
840 
841     // Restore assembly array
842     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(assembled, &assembled_array));
843 
844     // Cleanup
845     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
846     if (!is_run_good) data->use_assembly_fallback = true;
847   }
848   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
849 
850   // Fallback, if needed
851   if (data->use_assembly_fallback) {
852     CeedOperator op_fallback;
853 
854     CeedDebug(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), "\nFalling back to /gpu/cuda/ref CeedOperator for AtPoints SingleOperatorAssemble\n");
855     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
856     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleSingle(op_fallback, offset, assembled));
857     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
858   }
859   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
860 }
861 
862 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
863 // Create operator
864 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
865 int CeedOperatorCreate_Cuda_gen(CeedOperator op) {
866   bool                   is_composite, is_at_points;
867   Ceed                   ceed;
868   CeedOperator_Cuda_gen *impl;
869 
870   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
871   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
872   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetData(op, impl));
873   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
874   if (is_composite) {
875     CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "ApplyAddComposite", CeedOperatorApplyAddComposite_Cuda_gen));
876   } else {
877     CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "ApplyAdd", CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda_gen));
878   }
879   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsAtPoints(op, &is_at_points));
880   if (is_at_points) {
881     CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddDiagonal",
882                                            CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonalAtPoints_Cuda_gen));
883     CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleSingle", CeedOperatorAssembleSingleAtPoints_Cuda_gen));
884   }
885   if (!is_at_points) {
886     CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunction", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda_gen));
887     CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate",
888                                            CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda_gen));
889   }
890   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "Destroy", CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda_gen));
891   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
892   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
893 }
894 
895 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
896