xref: /libCEED/backends/cuda-ref/ceed-cuda-ref-operator.c (revision 111870fe44216042e3619edd402b3642abc96e10)
1 // Copyright (c) 2017-2024, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
2 // All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
3 //
4 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
5 //
6 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
7 
8 #include <ceed.h>
9 #include <ceed/backend.h>
10 #include <ceed/jit-tools.h>
11 #include <assert.h>
12 #include <cuda.h>
13 #include <cuda_runtime.h>
14 #include <stdbool.h>
15 #include <string.h>
16 
17 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-common.h"
18 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-compile.h"
19 #include "ceed-cuda-ref.h"
20 
21 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22 // Destroy operator
23 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24 static int CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
25   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
26 
27   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
28 
29   // Apply data
30   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->num_points));
31   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->skip_rstr_in));
32   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->skip_rstr_out));
33   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->apply_add_basis_out));
34   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_inputs + impl->num_outputs; i++) {
35     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->e_vecs[i]));
36   }
37   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->e_vecs));
38   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->input_states));
39 
40   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_inputs; i++) {
41     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_in[i]));
42   }
43   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->q_vecs_in));
44 
45   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_outputs; i++) {
46     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_out[i]));
47   }
48   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->q_vecs_out));
49   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->point_coords_elem));
50 
51   // QFunction assembly data
52   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_active_in; i++) {
53     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->qf_active_in[i]));
54   }
55   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->qf_active_in));
56 
57   // Diag data
58   if (impl->diag) {
59     Ceed ceed;
60 
61     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
62     if (impl->diag->module) {
63       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->diag->module));
64     }
65     if (impl->diag->module_point_block) {
66       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->diag->module_point_block));
67     }
68     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_eval_modes_in));
69     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_eval_modes_out));
70     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_identity));
71     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_interp_in));
72     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_interp_out));
73     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_grad_in));
74     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_grad_out));
75     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_div_in));
76     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_div_out));
77     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_curl_in));
78     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_curl_out));
79     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&impl->diag->diag_rstr));
80     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&impl->diag->point_block_diag_rstr));
81     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->diag->elem_diag));
82     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->diag->point_block_elem_diag));
83   }
84   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->diag));
85 
86   if (impl->asmb) {
87     Ceed ceed;
88 
89     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
90     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->asmb->module));
91     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->asmb->d_B_in));
92     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->asmb->d_B_out));
93   }
94   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->asmb));
95 
96   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl));
97   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
98 }
99 
100 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 // Setup infields or outfields
102 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
103 static int CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(CeedQFunction qf, CeedOperator op, bool is_input, bool is_at_points, bool *skip_rstr, bool *apply_add_basis,
104                                         CeedVector *e_vecs, CeedVector *q_vecs, CeedInt start_e, CeedInt num_fields, CeedInt Q, CeedInt num_elem) {
105   Ceed                ceed;
106   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
107   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
108 
109   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
110   if (is_input) {
111     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
112     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
113   } else {
114     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
115     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
116   }
117 
118   // Loop over fields
119   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
120     bool         is_strided = false, skip_restriction = false;
121     CeedSize     q_size;
122     CeedInt      size;
123     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
124     CeedBasis    basis;
125 
126     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
127     if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
128       CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
129 
130       // Check whether this field can skip the element restriction:
131       // Must be passive input, with eval_mode NONE, and have a strided restriction with CEED_STRIDES_BACKEND.
132       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
133 
134       // First, check whether the field is input or output:
135       if (is_input) {
136         CeedVector vec;
137 
138         // Check for passive input
139         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
140         if (vec != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
141           // Check eval_mode
142           if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
143             // Check for strided restriction
144             CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionIsStrided(elem_rstr, &is_strided));
145             if (is_strided) {
146               // Check if vector is already in preferred backend ordering
147               CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionHasBackendStrides(elem_rstr, &skip_restriction));
148             }
149           }
150         }
151       }
152       if (skip_restriction) {
153         // We do not need an E-Vector, but will use the input field vector's data directly in the operator application.
154         e_vecs[i + start_e] = NULL;
155       } else {
156         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(elem_rstr, NULL, &e_vecs[i + start_e]));
157       }
158     }
159 
160     switch (eval_mode) {
161       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
162         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_fields[i], &size));
163         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q * size;
164         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
165         break;
166       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
167       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
168       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
169       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
170         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_fields[i], &size));
171         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q * size;
172         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
173         break;
174       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:  // Only on input fields
175         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
176         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q;
177         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
178         if (is_at_points) {
179           CeedInt num_points[num_elem];
180 
181           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_elem; i++) num_points[i] = Q;
182           CeedCallBackend(
183               CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_vecs[i]));
184         } else {
185           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_vecs[i]));
186         }
187         break;
188     }
189   }
190   // Drop duplicate restrictions
191   if (is_input) {
192     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
193       CeedVector          vec_i;
194       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
195 
196       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec_i));
197       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &rstr_i));
198       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_fields; j++) {
199         CeedVector          vec_j;
200         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
201 
202         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[j], &vec_j));
203         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[j], &rstr_j));
204         if (vec_i == vec_j && rstr_i == rstr_j) {
205           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(e_vecs[i + start_e], &e_vecs[j + start_e]));
206           skip_rstr[j] = true;
207         }
208       }
209     }
210   } else {
211     for (CeedInt i = num_fields - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
212       CeedVector          vec_i;
213       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
214 
215       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec_i));
216       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &rstr_i));
217       for (CeedInt j = i - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
218         CeedVector          vec_j;
219         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
220 
221         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[j], &vec_j));
222         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[j], &rstr_j));
223         if (vec_i == vec_j && rstr_i == rstr_j) {
224           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(e_vecs[i + start_e], &e_vecs[j + start_e]));
225           skip_rstr[j]       = true;
226           apply_add_basis[i] = true;
227         }
228       }
229     }
230   }
231   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
232 }
233 
234 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
235 // CeedOperator needs to connect all the named fields (be they active or passive) to the named inputs and outputs of its CeedQFunction.
236 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
237 static int CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
238   Ceed                ceed;
239   bool                is_setup_done;
240   CeedInt             Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
241   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
242   CeedQFunction       qf;
243   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
244   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
245 
246   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorIsSetupDone(op, &is_setup_done));
247   if (is_setup_done) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
248 
249   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
250   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
251   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
252   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
253   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
254   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
255   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
256 
257   // Allocate
258   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields + num_output_fields, &impl->e_vecs));
259   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->skip_rstr_in));
260   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->skip_rstr_out));
261   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->apply_add_basis_out));
262   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->input_states));
263   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->q_vecs_in));
264   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->q_vecs_out));
265   impl->num_inputs  = num_input_fields;
266   impl->num_outputs = num_output_fields;
267 
268   // Set up infield and outfield e-vecs and q-vecs
269   // Infields
270   CeedCallBackend(
271       CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, true, false, impl->skip_rstr_in, NULL, impl->e_vecs, impl->q_vecs_in, 0, num_input_fields, Q, num_elem));
272   // Outfields
273   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, false, false, impl->skip_rstr_out, impl->apply_add_basis_out, impl->e_vecs, impl->q_vecs_out,
274                                                num_input_fields, num_output_fields, Q, num_elem));
275 
276   // Reuse active e-vecs where able
277   {
278     CeedInt              num_used  = 0;
279     CeedElemRestriction *rstr_used = NULL;
280 
281     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
282       bool                is_used = false;
283       CeedVector          vec_i;
284       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
285 
286       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec_i));
287       if (vec_i != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
288       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &rstr_i));
289       for (CeedInt j = 0; j < num_used; j++) {
290         if (rstr_i == rstr_used[i]) is_used = true;
291       }
292       if (is_used) continue;
293       num_used++;
294       if (num_used == 1) CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_used, &rstr_used));
295       else CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_used, &rstr_used));
296       rstr_used[num_used - 1] = rstr_i;
297       for (CeedInt j = num_output_fields - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
298         CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
299         CeedVector          vec_j;
300         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
301 
302         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[j], &vec_j));
303         if (vec_j != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
304         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[j], &eval_mode));
305         if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) continue;
306         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &rstr_j));
307         if (rstr_i == rstr_j) {
308           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(impl->e_vecs[i], &impl->e_vecs[j + impl->num_inputs]));
309         }
310       }
311     }
312     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&rstr_used));
313   }
314   impl->has_shared_e_vecs = true;
315   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetSetupDone(op));
316   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
317 }
318 
319 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
320 // Setup Operator Inputs
321 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
322 static inline int CeedOperatorSetupInputs_Cuda(CeedInt num_input_fields, CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, CeedOperatorField *op_input_fields,
323                                                CeedVector in_vec, const bool skip_active, CeedScalar *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX],
324                                                CeedOperator_Cuda *impl, CeedRequest *request) {
325   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
326     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
327     CeedVector          vec;
328     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
329 
330     // Get input vector
331     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
332     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
333       if (skip_active) continue;
334       else vec = in_vec;
335     }
336 
337     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
338     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
339     } else {
340       // Get input vector
341       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
342       // Get input element restriction
343       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
344       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) vec = in_vec;
345       // Restrict, if necessary
346       if (!impl->e_vecs[i]) {
347         // No restriction for this field; read data directly from vec.
348         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, (const CeedScalar **)&e_data[i]));
349       } else {
350         uint64_t state;
351 
352         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetState(vec, &state));
353         if ((state != impl->input_states[i] || vec == in_vec) && !impl->skip_rstr_in[i]) {
354           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, vec, impl->e_vecs[i], request));
355         }
356         impl->input_states[i] = state;
357         // Get evec
358         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(impl->e_vecs[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, (const CeedScalar **)&e_data[i]));
359       }
360     }
361   }
362   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
363 }
364 
365 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
366 // Input Basis Action
367 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
368 static inline int CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(CeedInt num_elem, CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, CeedOperatorField *op_input_fields,
369                                               CeedInt num_input_fields, const bool skip_active, CeedScalar *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX],
370                                               CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
371   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
372     CeedInt             elem_size, size;
373     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
374     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
375     CeedBasis           basis;
376 
377     // Skip active input
378     if (skip_active) {
379       CeedVector vec;
380 
381       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
382       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
383     }
384     // Get elem_size, eval_mode, size
385     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
386     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
387     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
388     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_input_fields[i], &size));
389     // Basis action
390     switch (eval_mode) {
391       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
392         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i]));
393         break;
394       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
395       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
396       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
397       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
398         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_fields[i], &basis));
399         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->e_vecs[i], impl->q_vecs_in[i]));
400         break;
401       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
402         break;  // No action
403     }
404   }
405   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
406 }
407 
408 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
409 // Restore Input Vectors
410 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
411 static inline int CeedOperatorRestoreInputs_Cuda(CeedInt num_input_fields, CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, CeedOperatorField *op_input_fields,
412                                                  const bool skip_active, CeedScalar *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX], CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
413   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
414     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
415     CeedVector   vec;
416 
417     // Skip active input
418     if (skip_active) {
419       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
420       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
421     }
422     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
423     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
424     } else {
425       if (!impl->e_vecs[i]) {  // This was a skip_restriction case
426         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
427         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(vec, (const CeedScalar **)&e_data[i]));
428       } else {
429         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(impl->e_vecs[i], (const CeedScalar **)&e_data[i]));
430       }
431     }
432   }
433   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
434 }
435 
436 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
437 // Apply and add to output
438 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
439 static int CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector out_vec, CeedRequest *request) {
440   CeedInt             Q, num_elem, elem_size, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, size;
441   CeedScalar         *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX] = {NULL};
442   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
443   CeedQFunction       qf;
444   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
445   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
446 
447   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
448   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
449   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
450   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
451   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
452   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
453 
454   // Setup
455   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(op));
456 
457   // Input Evecs and Restriction
458   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, in_vec, false, e_data, impl, request));
459 
460   // Input basis apply if needed
461   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(num_elem, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, num_input_fields, false, e_data, impl));
462 
463   // Output pointers, as necessary
464   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
465     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
466 
467     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
468     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
469       // Set the output Q-Vector to use the E-Vector data directly.
470       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
471       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
472     }
473   }
474 
475   // Q function
476   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * Q, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
477 
478   // Restore input arrays
479   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorRestoreInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, false, e_data, impl));
480 
481   // Output basis apply if needed
482   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
483     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
484     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
485     CeedBasis           basis;
486 
487     // Get elem_size, eval_mode, size
488     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
489     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
490     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
491     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[i], &size));
492     // Basis action
493     switch (eval_mode) {
494       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
495         break;  // No action
496       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
497       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
498       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
499       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
500         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[i], &basis));
501         if (impl->apply_add_basis_out[i]) {
502           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAdd(basis, num_elem, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->q_vecs_out[i], impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs]));
503         } else {
504           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->q_vecs_out[i], impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs]));
505         }
506         break;
507       // LCOV_EXCL_START
508       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
509         return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
510         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
511       }
512     }
513   }
514 
515   // Output restriction
516   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
517     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
518     CeedVector          vec;
519     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
520 
521     // Restore evec
522     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
523     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
524       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
525     }
526     if (impl->skip_rstr_out[i]) continue;
527     // Get output vector
528     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec));
529     // Restrict
530     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
531     // Active
532     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) vec = out_vec;
533 
534     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], vec, request));
535   }
536   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
537 }
538 
539 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
540 // CeedOperator needs to connect all the named fields (be they active or passive) to the named inputs and outputs of its CeedQFunction.
541 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
542 static int CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
543   Ceed                ceed;
544   bool                is_setup_done;
545   CeedInt             max_num_points = -1, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
546   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
547   CeedQFunction       qf;
548   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
549   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
550 
551   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorIsSetupDone(op, &is_setup_done));
552   if (is_setup_done) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
553 
554   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
555   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
556   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
557   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
558   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
559   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
560   {
561     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points = NULL;
562 
563     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, NULL));
564     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetMaxPointsInElement(rstr_points, &max_num_points));
565     CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_elem, &impl->num_points));
566     for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
567       CeedInt num_points_elem;
568 
569       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumPointsInElement(rstr_points, e, &num_points_elem));
570       impl->num_points[e] = num_points_elem;
571     }
572   }
573   impl->max_num_points = max_num_points;
574 
575   // Allocate
576   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields + num_output_fields, &impl->e_vecs));
577   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->skip_rstr_in));
578   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->skip_rstr_out));
579   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->apply_add_basis_out));
580   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->input_states));
581   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->q_vecs_in));
582   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->q_vecs_out));
583   impl->num_inputs  = num_input_fields;
584   impl->num_outputs = num_output_fields;
585 
586   // Set up infield and outfield e-vecs and q-vecs
587   // Infields
588   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, true, true, impl->skip_rstr_in, NULL, impl->e_vecs, impl->q_vecs_in, 0, num_input_fields,
589                                                max_num_points, num_elem));
590   // Outfields
591   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, false, true, impl->skip_rstr_out, impl->apply_add_basis_out, impl->e_vecs, impl->q_vecs_out,
592                                                num_input_fields, num_output_fields, max_num_points, num_elem));
593 
594   // Reuse active e-vecs where able
595   {
596     CeedInt              num_used  = 0;
597     CeedElemRestriction *rstr_used = NULL;
598 
599     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
600       bool                is_used = false;
601       CeedVector          vec_i;
602       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
603 
604       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec_i));
605       if (vec_i != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
606       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &rstr_i));
607       for (CeedInt j = 0; j < num_used; j++) {
608         if (rstr_i == rstr_used[i]) is_used = true;
609       }
610       if (is_used) continue;
611       num_used++;
612       if (num_used == 1) CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_used, &rstr_used));
613       else CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_used, &rstr_used));
614       rstr_used[num_used - 1] = rstr_i;
615       for (CeedInt j = num_output_fields - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
616         CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
617         CeedVector          vec_j;
618         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
619 
620         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[j], &vec_j));
621         if (vec_j != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
622         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[j], &eval_mode));
623         if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) continue;
624         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &rstr_j));
625         if (rstr_i == rstr_j) {
626           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(impl->e_vecs[i], &impl->e_vecs[j + impl->num_inputs]));
627         }
628       }
629     }
630     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&rstr_used));
631   }
632   impl->has_shared_e_vecs = true;
633   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetSetupDone(op));
634   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
635 }
636 
637 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
638 // Input Basis Action AtPoints
639 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
640 static inline int CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(CeedInt num_elem, const CeedInt *num_points, CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields,
641                                                       CeedOperatorField *op_input_fields, CeedInt num_input_fields, const bool skip_active,
642                                                       CeedScalar *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX], CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
643   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
644     CeedInt             elem_size, size;
645     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
646     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
647     CeedBasis           basis;
648 
649     // Skip active input
650     if (skip_active) {
651       CeedVector vec;
652 
653       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
654       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
655     }
656     // Get elem_size, eval_mode, size
657     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
658     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
659     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
660     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_input_fields[i], &size));
661     // Basis action
662     switch (eval_mode) {
663       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
664         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i]));
665         break;
666       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
667       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
668       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
669       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
670         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_fields[i], &basis));
671         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, impl->e_vecs[i],
672                                                impl->q_vecs_in[i]));
673         break;
674       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
675         break;  // No action
676     }
677   }
678   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
679 }
680 
681 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
682 // Apply and add to output AtPoints
683 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
684 static int CeedOperatorApplyAddAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector out_vec, CeedRequest *request) {
685   CeedInt             max_num_points, *num_points, num_elem, elem_size, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, size;
686   CeedScalar         *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX] = {NULL};
687   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
688   CeedQFunction       qf;
689   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
690   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
691 
692   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
693   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
694   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
695   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
696   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
697 
698   // Setup
699   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(op));
700   num_points     = impl->num_points;
701   max_num_points = impl->max_num_points;
702 
703   // Input Evecs and Restriction
704   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, in_vec, false, e_data, impl, request));
705 
706   // Get point coordinates
707   if (!impl->point_coords_elem) {
708     CeedVector          point_coords = NULL;
709     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points  = NULL;
710 
711     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, &point_coords));
712     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_points, NULL, &impl->point_coords_elem));
713     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, point_coords, impl->point_coords_elem, request));
714   }
715 
716   // Input basis apply if needed
717   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(num_elem, num_points, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, num_input_fields, false, e_data, impl));
718 
719   // Output pointers, as necessary
720   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
721     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
722 
723     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
724     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
725       // Set the output Q-Vector to use the E-Vector data directly.
726       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
727       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
728     }
729   }
730 
731   // Q function
732   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * max_num_points, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
733 
734   // Restore input arrays
735   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorRestoreInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, false, e_data, impl));
736 
737   // Output basis apply if needed
738   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
739     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
740     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
741     CeedBasis           basis;
742 
743     // Get elem_size, eval_mode, size
744     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
745     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
746     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
747     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[i], &size));
748     // Basis action
749     switch (eval_mode) {
750       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
751         break;  // No action
752       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
753       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
754       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
755       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
756         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[i], &basis));
757         if (impl->apply_add_basis_out[i]) {
758           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAddAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem,
759                                                     impl->q_vecs_out[i], impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs]));
760         } else {
761           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, impl->q_vecs_out[i],
762                                                  impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs]));
763         }
764         break;
765       // LCOV_EXCL_START
766       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
767         return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
768         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
769       }
770     }
771   }
772 
773   // Output restriction
774   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
775     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
776     CeedVector          vec;
777     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
778 
779     // Restore evec
780     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
781     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
782       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
783     }
784     if (impl->skip_rstr_out[i]) continue;
785     // Get output vector
786     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec));
787     // Restrict
788     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
789     // Active
790     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) vec = out_vec;
791 
792     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], vec, request));
793   }
794   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
795 }
796 
797 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
798 // Linear QFunction Assembly Core
799 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
800 static inline int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(CeedOperator op, bool build_objects, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr,
801                                                                CeedRequest *request) {
802   Ceed                ceed, ceed_parent;
803   CeedInt             num_active_in, num_active_out, Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, size;
804   CeedScalar         *assembled_array, *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX] = {NULL};
805   CeedVector         *active_inputs;
806   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
807   CeedQFunction       qf;
808   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
809   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
810 
811   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
812   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(op, &ceed_parent));
813   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
814   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
815   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
816   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
817   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
818   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
819   active_inputs = impl->qf_active_in;
820   num_active_in = impl->num_active_in, num_active_out = impl->num_active_out;
821 
822   // Setup
823   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(op));
824 
825   // Input Evecs and Restriction
826   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, NULL, true, e_data, impl, request));
827 
828   // Count number of active input fields
829   if (!num_active_in) {
830     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
831       CeedScalar *q_vec_array;
832       CeedVector  vec;
833 
834       // Get input vector
835       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
836       // Check if active input
837       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
838         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_input_fields[i], &size));
839         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(impl->q_vecs_in[i], 0.0));
840         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &q_vec_array));
841         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_active_in + size, &active_inputs));
842         for (CeedInt field = 0; field < size; field++) {
843           CeedSize q_size = (CeedSize)Q * num_elem;
844 
845           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &active_inputs[num_active_in + field]));
846           CeedCallBackend(
847               CeedVectorSetArray(active_inputs[num_active_in + field], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, &q_vec_array[field * Q * num_elem]));
848         }
849         num_active_in += size;
850         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], &q_vec_array));
851       }
852     }
853     impl->num_active_in = num_active_in;
854     impl->qf_active_in  = active_inputs;
855   }
856 
857   // Count number of active output fields
858   if (!num_active_out) {
859     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
860       CeedVector vec;
861 
862       // Get output vector
863       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec));
864       // Check if active output
865       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
866         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[i], &size));
867         num_active_out += size;
868       }
869     }
870     impl->num_active_out = num_active_out;
871   }
872 
873   // Check sizes
874   CeedCheck(num_active_in > 0 && num_active_out > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Cannot assemble QFunction without active inputs and outputs");
875 
876   // Build objects if needed
877   if (build_objects) {
878     CeedSize l_size     = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q * num_active_in * num_active_out;
879     CeedInt  strides[3] = {1, num_elem * Q, Q}; /* *NOPAD* */
880 
881     // Create output restriction
882     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided(ceed_parent, num_elem, Q, num_active_in * num_active_out,
883                                                      (CeedSize)num_active_in * (CeedSize)num_active_out * (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)Q, strides,
884                                                      rstr));
885     // Create assembled vector
886     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, l_size, assembled));
887   }
888   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(*assembled, 0.0));
889   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(*assembled, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_array));
890 
891   // Input basis apply
892   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(num_elem, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, num_input_fields, true, e_data, impl));
893 
894   // Assemble QFunction
895   for (CeedInt in = 0; in < num_active_in; in++) {
896     // Set Inputs
897     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_inputs[in], 1.0));
898     if (num_active_in > 1) {
899       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_inputs[(in + num_active_in - 1) % num_active_in], 0.0));
900     }
901     // Set Outputs
902     for (CeedInt out = 0; out < num_output_fields; out++) {
903       CeedVector vec;
904 
905       // Get output vector
906       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[out], &vec));
907       // Check if active output
908       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
909         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[out], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, assembled_array));
910         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[out], &size));
911         assembled_array += size * Q * num_elem;  // Advance the pointer by the size of the output
912       }
913     }
914     // Apply QFunction
915     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, Q * num_elem, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
916   }
917 
918   // Un-set output q-vecs to prevent accidental overwrite of Assembled
919   for (CeedInt out = 0; out < num_output_fields; out++) {
920     CeedVector vec;
921 
922     // Get output vector
923     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[out], &vec));
924     // Check if active output
925     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
926       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_out[out], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, NULL));
927     }
928   }
929 
930   // Restore input arrays
931   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorRestoreInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, true, e_data, impl));
932 
933   // Restore output
934   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(*assembled, &assembled_array));
935   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
936 }
937 
938 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
939 // Assemble Linear QFunction
940 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
941 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
942   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(op, true, assembled, rstr, request);
943 }
944 
945 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
946 // Update Assembled Linear QFunction
947 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
948 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedElemRestriction rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
949   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(op, false, &assembled, &rstr, request);
950 }
951 
952 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
953 // Assemble Diagonal Setup
954 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
955 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
956   Ceed                ceed;
957   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
958   CeedInt             q_comp, num_nodes, num_qpts;
959   CeedEvalMode       *eval_modes_in = NULL, *eval_modes_out = NULL;
960   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
961   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
962   CeedQFunction       qf;
963   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
964   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
965 
966   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
967   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
968   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetNumArgs(qf, &num_input_fields, &num_output_fields));
969 
970   // Determine active input basis
971   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
972   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
973   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
974     CeedVector vec;
975 
976     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
977     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
978       CeedBasis    basis;
979       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
980 
981       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
982       CeedCheck(!basis_in || basis_in == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
983                 "Backend does not implement operator diagonal assembly with multiple active bases");
984       basis_in = basis;
985       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
986       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
987       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
988         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF assembly
989         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in + q_comp, &eval_modes_in));
990         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) eval_modes_in[num_eval_modes_in + d] = eval_mode;
991         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
992       }
993     }
994   }
995 
996   // Determine active output basis
997   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
998   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
999   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1000     CeedVector vec;
1001 
1002     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1003     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1004       CeedBasis    basis;
1005       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1006 
1007       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
1008       CeedCheck(!basis_out || basis_out == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1009                 "Backend does not implement operator diagonal assembly with multiple active bases");
1010       basis_out = basis;
1011       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1012       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1013       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1014         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF assembly
1015         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out + q_comp, &eval_modes_out));
1016         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) eval_modes_out[num_eval_modes_out + d] = eval_mode;
1017         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1018       }
1019     }
1020   }
1021 
1022   // Operator data struct
1023   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1024   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl->diag));
1025   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1026 
1027   // Basis matrices
1028   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_in, &num_nodes));
1029   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
1030   else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts));
1031   const CeedInt interp_bytes     = num_nodes * num_qpts * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1032   const CeedInt eval_modes_bytes = sizeof(CeedEvalMode);
1033   bool          has_eval_none    = false;
1034 
1035   // CEED_EVAL_NONE
1036   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1037   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1038   if (has_eval_none) {
1039     CeedScalar *identity = NULL;
1040 
1041     CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_nodes * num_qpts, &identity));
1042     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
1043     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_identity, interp_bytes));
1044     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_identity, identity, interp_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1045     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1046   }
1047 
1048   // CEED_EVAL_INTERP, CEED_EVAL_GRAD, CEED_EVAL_DIV, and CEED_EVAL_CURL
1049   for (CeedInt in = 0; in < 2; in++) {
1050     CeedFESpace fespace;
1051     CeedBasis   basis = in ? basis_in : basis_out;
1052 
1053     CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetFESpace(basis, &fespace));
1054     switch (fespace) {
1055       case CEED_FE_SPACE_H1: {
1056         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_grad;
1057         const CeedScalar *interp, *grad;
1058         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_grad;
1059 
1060         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1061         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_GRAD, &q_comp_grad));
1062 
1063         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1064         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1065         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1066         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetGrad(basis, &grad));
1067         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_grad, interp_bytes * q_comp_grad));
1068         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_grad, grad, interp_bytes * q_comp_grad, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1069         if (in) {
1070           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1071           diag->d_grad_in   = d_grad;
1072         } else {
1073           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1074           diag->d_grad_out   = d_grad;
1075         }
1076       } break;
1077       case CEED_FE_SPACE_HDIV: {
1078         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_div;
1079         const CeedScalar *interp, *div;
1080         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_div;
1081 
1082         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1083         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_DIV, &q_comp_div));
1084 
1085         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1086         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1087         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1088         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetDiv(basis, &div));
1089         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_div, interp_bytes * q_comp_div));
1090         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_div, div, interp_bytes * q_comp_div, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1091         if (in) {
1092           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1093           diag->d_div_in    = d_div;
1094         } else {
1095           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1096           diag->d_div_out    = d_div;
1097         }
1098       } break;
1099       case CEED_FE_SPACE_HCURL: {
1100         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_curl;
1101         const CeedScalar *interp, *curl;
1102         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_curl;
1103 
1104         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1105         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_CURL, &q_comp_curl));
1106 
1107         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1108         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1109         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1110         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCurl(basis, &curl));
1111         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_curl, interp_bytes * q_comp_curl));
1112         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_curl, curl, interp_bytes * q_comp_curl, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1113         if (in) {
1114           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1115           diag->d_curl_in   = d_curl;
1116         } else {
1117           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1118           diag->d_curl_out   = d_curl;
1119         }
1120       } break;
1121     }
1122   }
1123 
1124   // Arrays of eval_modes
1125   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_eval_modes_in, num_eval_modes_in * eval_modes_bytes));
1126   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_eval_modes_in, eval_modes_in, num_eval_modes_in * eval_modes_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1127   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_eval_modes_out, num_eval_modes_out * eval_modes_bytes));
1128   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_eval_modes_out, eval_modes_out, num_eval_modes_out * eval_modes_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1129   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_in));
1130   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_out));
1131   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1132 }
1133 
1134 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1135 // Assemble Diagonal Setup (Compilation)
1136 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1137 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetupCompile_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt use_ceedsize_idx, const bool is_point_block) {
1138   Ceed                ceed;
1139   char               *diagonal_kernel_source;
1140   const char         *diagonal_kernel_path;
1141   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
1142   CeedInt             num_comp, q_comp, num_nodes, num_qpts;
1143   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
1144   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1145   CeedQFunction       qf;
1146   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
1147   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1148 
1149   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1150   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1151   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetNumArgs(qf, &num_input_fields, &num_output_fields));
1152 
1153   // Determine active input basis
1154   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
1155   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1156   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1157     CeedVector vec;
1158 
1159     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1160     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1161       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1162 
1163       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_in));
1164       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1165       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1166       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1167         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1168       }
1169     }
1170   }
1171 
1172   // Determine active output basis
1173   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
1174   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1175   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1176     CeedVector vec;
1177 
1178     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1179     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1180       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1181 
1182       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_out));
1183       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1184       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1185       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1186         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1187       }
1188     }
1189   }
1190 
1191   // Operator data struct
1192   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1193   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1194 
1195   // Assemble kernel
1196   CUmodule *module          = is_point_block ? &diag->module_point_block : &diag->module;
1197   CeedInt   elems_per_block = 1;
1198   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_in, &num_nodes));
1199   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_in, &num_comp));
1200   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
1201   else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts));
1202   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetJitAbsolutePath(ceed, "ceed/jit-source/cuda/cuda-ref-operator-assemble-diagonal.h", &diagonal_kernel_path));
1203   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Diagonal Assembly Kernel Source -----\n");
1204   CeedCallBackend(CeedLoadSourceToBuffer(ceed, diagonal_kernel_path, &diagonal_kernel_source));
1205   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Diagonal Assembly Source Complete! -----\n");
1206   CeedCallCuda(ceed, CeedCompile_Cuda(ceed, diagonal_kernel_source, module, 8, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_IN", num_eval_modes_in, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_OUT",
1207                                       num_eval_modes_out, "NUM_COMP", num_comp, "NUM_NODES", num_nodes, "NUM_QPTS", num_qpts, "USE_CEEDSIZE",
1208                                       use_ceedsize_idx, "USE_POINT_BLOCK", is_point_block ? 1 : 0, "BLOCK_SIZE", num_nodes * elems_per_block));
1209   CeedCallCuda(ceed, CeedGetKernel_Cuda(ceed, *module, "LinearDiagonal", is_point_block ? &diag->LinearPointBlock : &diag->LinearDiagonal));
1210   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&diagonal_kernel_path));
1211   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&diagonal_kernel_source));
1212   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1213 }
1214 
1215 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1216 // Assemble Diagonal Core
1217 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1218 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block) {
1219   Ceed                ceed;
1220   CeedInt             num_elem, num_nodes;
1221   CeedScalar         *elem_diag_array;
1222   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
1223   CeedVector          assembled_qf   = NULL, elem_diag;
1224   CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL, rstr_in, rstr_out, diag_rstr;
1225   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1226 
1227   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1228   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1229 
1230   // Assemble QFunction
1231   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_rstr, request));
1232   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1233   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_qf_array));
1234 
1235   // Setup
1236   if (!impl->diag) CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetup_Cuda(op));
1237   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1238 
1239   assert(diag != NULL);
1240 
1241   // Assemble kernel if needed
1242   if ((!is_point_block && !diag->LinearDiagonal) || (is_point_block && !diag->LinearPointBlock)) {
1243     CeedSize assembled_length, assembled_qf_length;
1244     CeedInt  use_ceedsize_idx = 0;
1245     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled, &assembled_length));
1246     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_length));
1247     if ((assembled_length > INT_MAX) || (assembled_qf_length > INT_MAX)) use_ceedsize_idx = 1;
1248 
1249     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetupCompile_Cuda(op, use_ceedsize_idx, is_point_block));
1250   }
1251 
1252   // Restriction and diagonal vector
1253   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
1254   CeedCheck(rstr_in == rstr_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1255             "Cannot assemble operator diagonal with different input and output active element restrictions");
1256   if (!is_point_block && !diag->diag_rstr) {
1257     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(rstr_out, &diag->diag_rstr));
1258     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag->diag_rstr, NULL, &diag->elem_diag));
1259   } else if (is_point_block && !diag->point_block_diag_rstr) {
1260     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(rstr_out, &diag->point_block_diag_rstr));
1261     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag->point_block_diag_rstr, NULL, &diag->point_block_elem_diag));
1262   }
1263   diag_rstr = is_point_block ? diag->point_block_diag_rstr : diag->diag_rstr;
1264   elem_diag = is_point_block ? diag->point_block_elem_diag : diag->elem_diag;
1265   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_diag, 0.0));
1266 
1267   // Only assemble diagonal if the basis has nodes, otherwise inputs are null pointers
1268   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(diag_rstr, &num_nodes));
1269   if (num_nodes > 0) {
1270     // Assemble element operator diagonals
1271     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(diag_rstr, &num_elem));
1272     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(elem_diag, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &elem_diag_array));
1273 
1274     // Compute the diagonal of B^T D B
1275     CeedInt elems_per_block = 1;
1276     CeedInt grid            = CeedDivUpInt(num_elem, elems_per_block);
1277     void   *args[]          = {(void *)&num_elem,      &diag->d_identity,       &diag->d_interp_in,  &diag->d_grad_in, &diag->d_div_in,
1278                                &diag->d_curl_in,       &diag->d_interp_out,     &diag->d_grad_out,   &diag->d_div_out, &diag->d_curl_out,
1279                                &diag->d_eval_modes_in, &diag->d_eval_modes_out, &assembled_qf_array, &elem_diag_array};
1280 
1281     if (is_point_block) {
1282       CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDim_Cuda(ceed, diag->LinearPointBlock, grid, num_nodes, 1, elems_per_block, args));
1283     } else {
1284       CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDim_Cuda(ceed, diag->LinearDiagonal, grid, num_nodes, 1, elems_per_block, args));
1285     }
1286 
1287     // Restore arrays
1288     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(elem_diag, &elem_diag_array));
1289     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
1290   }
1291 
1292   // Assemble local operator diagonal
1293   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(diag_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, elem_diag, assembled, request));
1294 
1295   // Cleanup
1296   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
1297   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1298 }
1299 
1300 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1301 // Assemble Linear Diagonal
1302 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1303 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1304   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(op, assembled, request, false));
1305   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1306 }
1307 
1308 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1309 // Assemble Linear Point Block Diagonal
1310 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1311 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1312   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(op, assembled, request, true));
1313   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1314 }
1315 
1316 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1317 // Single Operator Assembly Setup
1318 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1319 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt use_ceedsize_idx) {
1320   Ceed                ceed;
1321   Ceed_Cuda          *cuda_data;
1322   char               *assembly_kernel_source;
1323   const char         *assembly_kernel_path;
1324   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
1325   CeedInt             elem_size_in, num_qpts_in = 0, num_comp_in, elem_size_out, num_qpts_out, num_comp_out, q_comp;
1326   CeedEvalMode       *eval_modes_in = NULL, *eval_modes_out = NULL;
1327   CeedElemRestriction rstr_in = NULL, rstr_out = NULL;
1328   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
1329   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1330   CeedQFunction       qf;
1331   CeedOperatorField  *input_fields, *output_fields;
1332   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1333 
1334   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1335   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1336 
1337   // Get intput and output fields
1338   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
1339 
1340   // Determine active input basis eval mode
1341   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1342   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1343   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1344     CeedVector vec;
1345 
1346     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(input_fields[i], &vec));
1347     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1348       CeedBasis    basis;
1349       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1350 
1351       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(input_fields[i], &basis));
1352       CeedCheck(!basis_in || basis_in == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Backend does not implement operator assembly with multiple active bases");
1353       basis_in = basis;
1354       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &rstr_in));
1355       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
1356       if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_in = elem_size_in;
1357       else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts_in));
1358       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1359       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1360       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1361         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1362         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in + q_comp, &eval_modes_in));
1363         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1364           eval_modes_in[num_eval_modes_in + d] = eval_mode;
1365         }
1366         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1367       }
1368     }
1369   }
1370 
1371   // Determine active output basis; basis_out and rstr_out only used if same as input, TODO
1372   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1373   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1374     CeedVector vec;
1375 
1376     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(output_fields[i], &vec));
1377     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1378       CeedBasis    basis;
1379       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1380 
1381       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(output_fields[i], &basis));
1382       CeedCheck(!basis_out || basis_out == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1383                 "Backend does not implement operator assembly with multiple active bases");
1384       basis_out = basis;
1385       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &rstr_out));
1386       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
1387       if (basis_out == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_out = elem_size_out;
1388       else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_out, &num_qpts_out));
1389       CeedCheck(num_qpts_in == num_qpts_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
1390                 "Active input and output bases must have the same number of quadrature points");
1391       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1392       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1393       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1394         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1395         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out + q_comp, &eval_modes_out));
1396         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1397           eval_modes_out[num_eval_modes_out + d] = eval_mode;
1398         }
1399         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1400       }
1401     }
1402   }
1403   CeedCheck(num_eval_modes_in > 0 && num_eval_modes_out > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Cannot assemble operator without inputs/outputs");
1404 
1405   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl->asmb));
1406   CeedOperatorAssemble_Cuda *asmb = impl->asmb;
1407   asmb->elems_per_block           = 1;
1408   asmb->block_size_x              = elem_size_in;
1409   asmb->block_size_y              = elem_size_out;
1410 
1411   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &cuda_data));
1412   bool fallback = asmb->block_size_x * asmb->block_size_y * asmb->elems_per_block > cuda_data->device_prop.maxThreadsPerBlock;
1413 
1414   if (fallback) {
1415     // Use fallback kernel with 1D threadblock
1416     asmb->block_size_y = 1;
1417   }
1418 
1419   // Compile kernels
1420   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
1421   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
1422   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetJitAbsolutePath(ceed, "ceed/jit-source/cuda/cuda-ref-operator-assemble.h", &assembly_kernel_path));
1423   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Assembly Kernel Source -----\n");
1424   CeedCallBackend(CeedLoadSourceToBuffer(ceed, assembly_kernel_path, &assembly_kernel_source));
1425   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Assembly Source Complete! -----\n");
1426   CeedCallBackend(CeedCompile_Cuda(ceed, assembly_kernel_source, &asmb->module, 10, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_IN", num_eval_modes_in, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_OUT",
1427                                    num_eval_modes_out, "NUM_COMP_IN", num_comp_in, "NUM_COMP_OUT", num_comp_out, "NUM_NODES_IN", elem_size_in,
1428                                    "NUM_NODES_OUT", elem_size_out, "NUM_QPTS", num_qpts_in, "BLOCK_SIZE",
1429                                    asmb->block_size_x * asmb->block_size_y * asmb->elems_per_block, "BLOCK_SIZE_Y", asmb->block_size_y,
1430                                    "USE_CEEDSIZE", use_ceedsize_idx));
1431   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetKernel_Cuda(ceed, asmb->module, "LinearAssemble", &asmb->LinearAssemble));
1432   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&assembly_kernel_path));
1433   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&assembly_kernel_source));
1434 
1435   // Load into B_in, in order that they will be used in eval_modes_in
1436   {
1437     const CeedInt in_bytes           = elem_size_in * num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1438     CeedInt       d_in               = 0;
1439     CeedEvalMode  eval_modes_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1440     bool          has_eval_none      = false;
1441     CeedScalar   *identity           = NULL;
1442 
1443     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) {
1444       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1445     }
1446     if (has_eval_none) {
1447       CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(elem_size_in * num_qpts_in, &identity));
1448       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (elem_size_in < num_qpts_in ? elem_size_in : num_qpts_in); i++) identity[i * elem_size_in + i] = 1.0;
1449     }
1450 
1451     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&asmb->d_B_in, in_bytes));
1452     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) {
1453       const CeedScalar *h_B_in;
1454 
1455       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(basis_in, eval_modes_in[i], identity, &h_B_in));
1456       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_modes_in[i], &q_comp));
1457       if (q_comp > 1) {
1458         if (i == 0 || eval_modes_in[i] != eval_modes_in_prev) d_in = 0;
1459         else h_B_in = &h_B_in[(++d_in) * elem_size_in * num_qpts_in];
1460       }
1461       eval_modes_in_prev = eval_modes_in[i];
1462 
1463       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(&asmb->d_B_in[i * elem_size_in * num_qpts_in], h_B_in, elem_size_in * num_qpts_in * sizeof(CeedScalar),
1464                                     cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1465     }
1466 
1467     if (identity) {
1468       CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1469     }
1470   }
1471 
1472   // Load into B_out, in order that they will be used in eval_modes_out
1473   {
1474     const CeedInt out_bytes           = elem_size_out * num_qpts_out * num_eval_modes_out * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1475     CeedInt       d_out               = 0;
1476     CeedEvalMode  eval_modes_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1477     bool          has_eval_none       = false;
1478     CeedScalar   *identity            = NULL;
1479 
1480     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) {
1481       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1482     }
1483     if (has_eval_none) {
1484       CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * num_qpts_out, &identity));
1485       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (elem_size_out < num_qpts_out ? elem_size_out : num_qpts_out); i++) identity[i * elem_size_out + i] = 1.0;
1486     }
1487 
1488     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&asmb->d_B_out, out_bytes));
1489     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) {
1490       const CeedScalar *h_B_out;
1491 
1492       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(basis_out, eval_modes_out[i], identity, &h_B_out));
1493       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_modes_out[i], &q_comp));
1494       if (q_comp > 1) {
1495         if (i == 0 || eval_modes_out[i] != eval_modes_out_prev) d_out = 0;
1496         else h_B_out = &h_B_out[(++d_out) * elem_size_out * num_qpts_out];
1497       }
1498       eval_modes_out_prev = eval_modes_out[i];
1499 
1500       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(&asmb->d_B_out[i * elem_size_out * num_qpts_out], h_B_out, elem_size_out * num_qpts_out * sizeof(CeedScalar),
1501                                     cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1502     }
1503 
1504     if (identity) {
1505       CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1506     }
1507   }
1508   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1509 }
1510 
1511 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1512 // Assemble matrix data for COO matrix of assembled operator.
1513 // The sparsity pattern is set by CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic.
1514 //
1515 // Note that this (and other assembly routines) currently assume only one active input restriction/basis per operator (could have multiple basis eval
1516 // modes).
1517 // TODO: allow multiple active input restrictions/basis objects
1518 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1519 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssemble_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedVector values) {
1520   Ceed                ceed;
1521   CeedSize            values_length = 0, assembled_qf_length = 0;
1522   CeedInt             use_ceedsize_idx = 0, num_elem_in, num_elem_out, elem_size_in, elem_size_out;
1523   CeedScalar         *values_array;
1524   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
1525   CeedVector          assembled_qf   = NULL;
1526   CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL, rstr_in, rstr_out;
1527   CeedRestrictionType rstr_type_in, rstr_type_out;
1528   const bool         *orients_in = NULL, *orients_out = NULL;
1529   const CeedInt8     *curl_orients_in = NULL, *curl_orients_out = NULL;
1530   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1531 
1532   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1533   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1534 
1535   // Assemble QFunction
1536   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_rstr, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
1537   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1538   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_qf_array));
1539 
1540   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(values, &values_length));
1541   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_length));
1542   if ((values_length > INT_MAX) || (assembled_qf_length > INT_MAX)) use_ceedsize_idx = 1;
1543 
1544   // Setup
1545   if (!impl->asmb) CeedCallBackend(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSetup_Cuda(op, use_ceedsize_idx));
1546   CeedOperatorAssemble_Cuda *asmb = impl->asmb;
1547 
1548   assert(asmb != NULL);
1549 
1550   // Assemble element operator
1551   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(values, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &values_array));
1552   values_array += offset;
1553 
1554   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
1555   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
1556   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
1557 
1558   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_in, &rstr_type_in));
1559   if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1560     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(rstr_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &orients_in));
1561   } else if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1562     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(rstr_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &curl_orients_in));
1563   }
1564 
1565   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
1566     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
1567     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
1568               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements");
1569     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
1570 
1571     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_out, &rstr_type_out));
1572     if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1573       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(rstr_out, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &orients_out));
1574     } else if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1575       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(rstr_out, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &curl_orients_out));
1576     }
1577   } else {
1578     elem_size_out    = elem_size_in;
1579     orients_out      = orients_in;
1580     curl_orients_out = curl_orients_in;
1581   }
1582 
1583   // Compute B^T D B
1584   CeedInt shared_mem =
1585       ((curl_orients_in || curl_orients_out ? elem_size_in * elem_size_out : 0) + (curl_orients_in ? elem_size_in * asmb->block_size_y : 0)) *
1586       sizeof(CeedScalar);
1587   CeedInt grid   = CeedDivUpInt(num_elem_in, asmb->elems_per_block);
1588   void   *args[] = {(void *)&num_elem_in, &asmb->d_B_in,     &asmb->d_B_out,      &orients_in,  &curl_orients_in,
1589                     &orients_out,         &curl_orients_out, &assembled_qf_array, &values_array};
1590 
1591   CeedCallBackend(
1592       CeedRunKernelDimShared_Cuda(ceed, asmb->LinearAssemble, grid, asmb->block_size_x, asmb->block_size_y, asmb->elems_per_block, shared_mem, args));
1593 
1594   // Restore arrays
1595   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(values, &values_array));
1596   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
1597 
1598   // Cleanup
1599   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
1600   if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1601     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(rstr_in, &orients_in));
1602   } else if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1603     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(rstr_in, &curl_orients_in));
1604   }
1605   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
1606     if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1607       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(rstr_out, &orients_out));
1608     } else if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1609       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(rstr_out, &curl_orients_out));
1610     }
1611   }
1612   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1613 }
1614 
1615 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1616 // Assemble Linear QFunction AtPoints
1617 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1618 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1619   return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Backend does not implement CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction");
1620 }
1621 
1622 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1623 // Assemble Linear Diagonal AtPoints
1624 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1625 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonalAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1626   CeedInt             max_num_points, *num_points, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
1627   CeedScalar         *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX] = {NULL};
1628   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
1629   CeedQFunction       qf;
1630   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
1631   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1632 
1633   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1634   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1635   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
1636   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
1637   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
1638 
1639   // Setup
1640   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(op));
1641   num_points     = impl->num_points;
1642   max_num_points = impl->max_num_points;
1643 
1644   // Create separate output e-vecs
1645   if (impl->has_shared_e_vecs) {
1646     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_outputs; i++) {
1647       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_out[i]));
1648       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->e_vecs[impl->num_inputs + i]));
1649     }
1650     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, false, true, impl->skip_rstr_out, impl->apply_add_basis_out, impl->e_vecs, impl->q_vecs_out,
1651                                                  num_input_fields, num_output_fields, max_num_points, num_elem));
1652   }
1653   impl->has_shared_e_vecs = false;
1654 
1655   // Input Evecs and Restriction
1656   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, NULL, true, e_data, impl, request));
1657 
1658   // Get point coordinates
1659   if (!impl->point_coords_elem) {
1660     CeedVector          point_coords = NULL;
1661     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points  = NULL;
1662 
1663     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, &point_coords));
1664     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_points, NULL, &impl->point_coords_elem));
1665     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, point_coords, impl->point_coords_elem, request));
1666   }
1667 
1668   // Clear active input Qvecs
1669   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1670     CeedVector vec;
1671 
1672     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
1673     if (vec != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
1674     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(impl->q_vecs_in[i], 0.0));
1675   }
1676 
1677   // Input basis apply if needed
1678   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(num_elem, num_points, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, num_input_fields, true, e_data, impl));
1679 
1680   // Output pointers, as necessary
1681   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1682     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1683 
1684     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1685     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
1686       // Set the output Q-Vector to use the E-Vector data directly.
1687       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
1688       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
1689     }
1690   }
1691 
1692   // Loop over active fields
1693   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1694     bool                is_active_at_points = true;
1695     CeedInt             elem_size = 1, num_comp_active = 1, e_vec_size = 0;
1696     CeedRestrictionType rstr_type;
1697     CeedVector          vec;
1698     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1699 
1700     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
1701     // -- Skip non-active input
1702     if (vec != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
1703 
1704     // -- Get active restriction type
1705     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
1706     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr, &rstr_type));
1707     is_active_at_points = rstr_type == CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS;
1708     if (!is_active_at_points) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1709     else elem_size = max_num_points;
1710     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr, &num_comp_active));
1711 
1712     e_vec_size = elem_size * num_comp_active;
1713     for (CeedInt s = 0; s < e_vec_size; s++) {
1714       bool         is_active_input = false;
1715       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1716       CeedVector   vec;
1717       CeedBasis    basis;
1718 
1719       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
1720       // Skip non-active input
1721       is_active_input = vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
1722       if (!is_active_input) continue;
1723 
1724       // Update unit vector
1725       if (s == 0) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(impl->e_vecs[i], 0.0));
1726       else CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValueStrided(impl->e_vecs[i], s - 1, e_vec_size, 0.0));
1727       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValueStrided(impl->e_vecs[i], s, e_vec_size, 1.0));
1728 
1729       // Basis action
1730       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1731       switch (eval_mode) {
1732         case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
1733           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i]));
1734           break;
1735         case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
1736         case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
1737         case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
1738         case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
1739           CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_fields[i], &basis));
1740           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, impl->e_vecs[i],
1741                                                  impl->q_vecs_in[i]));
1742           break;
1743         case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
1744           break;  // No action
1745       }
1746 
1747       // Q function
1748       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * max_num_points, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
1749 
1750       // Output basis apply if needed
1751       for (CeedInt j = 0; j < num_output_fields; j++) {
1752         bool                is_active_output = false;
1753         CeedInt             elem_size        = 0;
1754         CeedRestrictionType rstr_type;
1755         CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
1756         CeedVector          vec;
1757         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1758         CeedBasis           basis;
1759 
1760         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[j], &vec));
1761         // ---- Skip non-active output
1762         is_active_output = vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
1763         if (!is_active_output) continue;
1764 
1765         // ---- Check if elem size matches
1766         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &elem_rstr));
1767         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr, &rstr_type));
1768         if (is_active_at_points && rstr_type != CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS) continue;
1769         if (rstr_type == CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS) {
1770           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetMaxPointsInElement(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1771         } else {
1772           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1773         }
1774         {
1775           CeedInt num_comp = 0;
1776 
1777           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr, &num_comp));
1778           if (e_vec_size != num_comp * elem_size) continue;
1779         }
1780 
1781         // Basis action
1782         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[j], &eval_mode));
1783         switch (eval_mode) {
1784           case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
1785             CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->e_vecs[j + impl->num_inputs], &e_data[j + num_input_fields]));
1786             break;
1787           case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
1788           case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
1789           case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
1790           case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
1791             CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[j], &basis));
1792             CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem,
1793                                                    impl->q_vecs_out[j], impl->e_vecs[j + impl->num_inputs]));
1794             break;
1795           // LCOV_EXCL_START
1796           case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
1797             return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
1798             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
1799           }
1800         }
1801 
1802         // Mask output e-vec
1803         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorPointwiseMult(impl->e_vecs[j + impl->num_inputs], impl->e_vecs[i], impl->e_vecs[j + impl->num_inputs]));
1804 
1805         // Restrict
1806         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &elem_rstr));
1807         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, impl->e_vecs[j + impl->num_inputs], assembled, request));
1808 
1809         // Reset q_vec for
1810         if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
1811           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs[j + impl->num_inputs], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_data[j + num_input_fields]));
1812           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[j], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[j + num_input_fields]));
1813         }
1814       }
1815 
1816       // Reset vec
1817       if (s == e_vec_size - 1 && i != num_input_fields - 1) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(impl->q_vecs_in[i], 0.0));
1818     }
1819   }
1820 
1821   // Restore CEED_EVAL_NONE
1822   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1823     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1824 
1825     // Get eval_mode
1826     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1827 
1828     // Restore evec
1829     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1830     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
1831       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
1832     }
1833   }
1834 
1835   // Restore input arrays
1836   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorRestoreInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, true, e_data, impl));
1837   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1838 }
1839 
1840 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1841 // Create operator
1842 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1843 int CeedOperatorCreate_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
1844   Ceed               ceed;
1845   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
1846 
1847   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1848   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
1849   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetData(op, impl));
1850 
1851   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunction", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda));
1852   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda));
1853   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Cuda));
1854   CeedCallBackend(
1855       CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal_Cuda));
1856   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleSingle", CeedSingleOperatorAssemble_Cuda));
1857   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "ApplyAdd", CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda));
1858   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "Destroy", CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda));
1859   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1860 }
1861 
1862 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1863 // Create operator AtPoints
1864 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1865 int CeedOperatorCreateAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
1866   Ceed               ceed;
1867   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
1868 
1869   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1870   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
1871   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetData(op, impl));
1872 
1873   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunction", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionAtPoints_Cuda));
1874   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonalAtPoints_Cuda));
1875   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "ApplyAdd", CeedOperatorApplyAddAtPoints_Cuda));
1876   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "Destroy", CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda));
1877   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1878 }
1879 
1880 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1881