xref: /libCEED/backends/cuda-ref/ceed-cuda-ref-operator.c (revision 57c38b115ba38ad3c80943a5d59a80b386d4c706)
1 // Copyright (c) 2017-2024, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
2 // All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
3 //
4 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
5 //
6 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
7 
8 #include <ceed.h>
9 #include <ceed/backend.h>
10 #include <ceed/jit-tools.h>
11 #include <assert.h>
12 #include <cuda.h>
13 #include <cuda_runtime.h>
14 #include <stdbool.h>
15 #include <string.h>
16 
17 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-common.h"
18 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-compile.h"
19 #include "ceed-cuda-ref.h"
20 
21 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22 // Destroy operator
23 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24 static int CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
25   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
26 
27   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
28 
29   // Apply data
30   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_inputs + impl->num_outputs; i++) {
31     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->e_vecs[i]));
32   }
33   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->e_vecs));
34   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->input_states));
35 
36   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_inputs; i++) {
37     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_in[i]));
38   }
39   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->q_vecs_in));
40 
41   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_outputs; i++) {
42     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_out[i]));
43   }
44   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->q_vecs_out));
45   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->point_coords_elem));
46 
47   // QFunction assembly data
48   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_active_in; i++) {
49     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->qf_active_in[i]));
50   }
51   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->qf_active_in));
52 
53   // Diag data
54   if (impl->diag) {
55     Ceed ceed;
56 
57     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
58     if (impl->diag->module) {
59       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->diag->module));
60     }
61     if (impl->diag->module_point_block) {
62       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->diag->module_point_block));
63     }
64     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_eval_modes_in));
65     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_eval_modes_out));
66     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_identity));
67     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_interp_in));
68     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_interp_out));
69     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_grad_in));
70     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_grad_out));
71     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_div_in));
72     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_div_out));
73     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_curl_in));
74     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_curl_out));
75     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&impl->diag->diag_rstr));
76     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&impl->diag->point_block_diag_rstr));
77     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->diag->elem_diag));
78     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->diag->point_block_elem_diag));
79   }
80   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->diag));
81 
82   if (impl->asmb) {
83     Ceed ceed;
84 
85     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
86     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->asmb->module));
87     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->asmb->d_B_in));
88     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->asmb->d_B_out));
89   }
90   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->asmb));
91 
92   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl));
93   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
94 }
95 
96 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
97 // Setup infields or outfields
98 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
99 static int CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(CeedQFunction qf, CeedOperator op, bool is_input, bool is_at_points, CeedVector *e_vecs, CeedVector *q_vecs,
100                                         CeedInt start_e, CeedInt num_fields, CeedInt Q, CeedInt num_elem) {
101   Ceed                ceed;
102   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
103   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
104 
105   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
106   if (is_input) {
107     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
108     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
109   } else {
110     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
111     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
112   }
113 
114   // Loop over fields
115   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
116     bool         is_strided = false, skip_restriction = false;
117     CeedSize     q_size;
118     CeedInt      size;
119     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
120     CeedBasis    basis;
121 
122     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
123     if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
124       CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
125 
126       // Check whether this field can skip the element restriction:
127       // Must be passive input, with eval_mode NONE, and have a strided restriction with CEED_STRIDES_BACKEND.
128       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
129 
130       // First, check whether the field is input or output:
131       if (is_input) {
132         CeedVector vec;
133 
134         // Check for passive input
135         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
136         if (vec != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
137           // Check eval_mode
138           if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
139             // Check for strided restriction
140             CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionIsStrided(elem_rstr, &is_strided));
141             if (is_strided) {
142               // Check if vector is already in preferred backend ordering
143               CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionHasBackendStrides(elem_rstr, &skip_restriction));
144             }
145           }
146         }
147       }
148       if (skip_restriction) {
149         // We do not need an E-Vector, but will use the input field vector's data directly in the operator application.
150         e_vecs[i + start_e] = NULL;
151       } else {
152         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(elem_rstr, NULL, &e_vecs[i + start_e]));
153       }
154     }
155 
156     switch (eval_mode) {
157       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
158         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_fields[i], &size));
159         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q * size;
160         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
161         break;
162       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
163       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
164       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
165       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
166         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_fields[i], &size));
167         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q * size;
168         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
169         break;
170       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:  // Only on input fields
171         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
172         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q;
173         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
174         if (is_at_points) {
175           CeedInt num_points[num_elem];
176 
177           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_elem; i++) num_points[i] = Q;
178           CeedCallBackend(
179               CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_vecs[i]));
180         } else {
181           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_vecs[i]));
182         }
183         break;
184     }
185   }
186   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
187 }
188 
189 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
190 // CeedOperator needs to connect all the named fields (be they active or passive) to the named inputs and outputs of its CeedQFunction.
191 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
192 static int CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
193   Ceed                ceed;
194   bool                is_setup_done;
195   CeedInt             Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
196   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
197   CeedQFunction       qf;
198   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
199   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
200 
201   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorIsSetupDone(op, &is_setup_done));
202   if (is_setup_done) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
203 
204   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
205   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
206   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
207   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
208   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
209   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
210   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
211 
212   // Allocate
213   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields + num_output_fields, &impl->e_vecs));
214   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->input_states));
215   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->q_vecs_in));
216   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->q_vecs_out));
217   impl->num_inputs  = num_input_fields;
218   impl->num_outputs = num_output_fields;
219 
220   // Set up infield and outfield e_vecs and q_vecs
221   // Infields
222   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, true, false, impl->e_vecs, impl->q_vecs_in, 0, num_input_fields, Q, num_elem));
223   // Outfields
224   CeedCallBackend(
225       CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, false, false, impl->e_vecs, impl->q_vecs_out, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, Q, num_elem));
226 
227   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetSetupDone(op));
228   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
229 }
230 
231 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
232 // Setup Operator Inputs
233 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
234 static inline int CeedOperatorSetupInputs_Cuda(CeedInt num_input_fields, CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, CeedOperatorField *op_input_fields,
235                                                CeedVector in_vec, const bool skip_active, CeedScalar *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX],
236                                                CeedOperator_Cuda *impl, CeedRequest *request) {
237   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
238     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
239     CeedVector          vec;
240     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
241 
242     // Get input vector
243     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
244     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
245       if (skip_active) continue;
246       else vec = in_vec;
247     }
248 
249     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
250     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
251     } else {
252       // Get input vector
253       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
254       // Get input element restriction
255       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
256       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) vec = in_vec;
257       // Restrict, if necessary
258       if (!impl->e_vecs[i]) {
259         // No restriction for this field; read data directly from vec.
260         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, (const CeedScalar **)&e_data[i]));
261       } else {
262         uint64_t state;
263 
264         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetState(vec, &state));
265         if (state != impl->input_states[i]) {
266           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, vec, impl->e_vecs[i], request));
267           impl->input_states[i] = state;
268         }
269         // Get evec
270         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(impl->e_vecs[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, (const CeedScalar **)&e_data[i]));
271       }
272     }
273   }
274   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
275 }
276 
277 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
278 // Input Basis Action
279 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
280 static inline int CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(CeedInt num_elem, CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, CeedOperatorField *op_input_fields,
281                                               CeedInt num_input_fields, const bool skip_active, CeedScalar *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX],
282                                               CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
283   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
284     CeedInt             elem_size, size;
285     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
286     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
287     CeedBasis           basis;
288 
289     // Skip active input
290     if (skip_active) {
291       CeedVector vec;
292 
293       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
294       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
295     }
296     // Get elem_size, eval_mode, size
297     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
298     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
299     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
300     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_input_fields[i], &size));
301     // Basis action
302     switch (eval_mode) {
303       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
304         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i]));
305         break;
306       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
307       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
308       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
309       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
310         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_fields[i], &basis));
311         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->e_vecs[i], impl->q_vecs_in[i]));
312         break;
313       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
314         break;  // No action
315     }
316   }
317   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
318 }
319 
320 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
321 // Restore Input Vectors
322 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
323 static inline int CeedOperatorRestoreInputs_Cuda(CeedInt num_input_fields, CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, CeedOperatorField *op_input_fields,
324                                                  const bool skip_active, CeedScalar *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX], CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
325   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
326     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
327     CeedVector   vec;
328 
329     // Skip active input
330     if (skip_active) {
331       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
332       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
333     }
334     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
335     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
336     } else {
337       if (!impl->e_vecs[i]) {  // This was a skip_restriction case
338         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
339         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(vec, (const CeedScalar **)&e_data[i]));
340       } else {
341         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(impl->e_vecs[i], (const CeedScalar **)&e_data[i]));
342       }
343     }
344   }
345   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
346 }
347 
348 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
349 // Apply and add to output
350 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
351 static int CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector out_vec, CeedRequest *request) {
352   CeedInt             Q, num_elem, elem_size, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, size;
353   CeedScalar         *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX] = {NULL};
354   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
355   CeedQFunction       qf;
356   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
357   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
358 
359   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
360   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
361   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
362   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
363   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
364   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
365 
366   // Setup
367   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(op));
368 
369   // Input Evecs and Restriction
370   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, in_vec, false, e_data, impl, request));
371 
372   // Input basis apply if needed
373   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(num_elem, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, num_input_fields, false, e_data, impl));
374 
375   // Output pointers, as necessary
376   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
377     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
378 
379     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
380     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
381       // Set the output Q-Vector to use the E-Vector data directly.
382       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
383       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
384     }
385   }
386 
387   // Q function
388   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * Q, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
389 
390   // Output basis apply if needed
391   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
392     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
393     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
394     CeedBasis           basis;
395 
396     // Get elem_size, eval_mode, size
397     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
398     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
399     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
400     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[i], &size));
401     // Basis action
402     switch (eval_mode) {
403       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
404         break;  // No action
405       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
406       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
407       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
408       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
409         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[i], &basis));
410         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->q_vecs_out[i], impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs]));
411         break;
412       // LCOV_EXCL_START
413       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
414         return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
415         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
416       }
417     }
418   }
419 
420   // Output restriction
421   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
422     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
423     CeedVector          vec;
424     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
425 
426     // Restore evec
427     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
428     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
429       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
430     }
431     // Get output vector
432     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec));
433     // Restrict
434     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
435     // Active
436     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) vec = out_vec;
437 
438     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], vec, request));
439   }
440 
441   // Restore input arrays
442   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorRestoreInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, false, e_data, impl));
443   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
444 }
445 
446 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
447 // CeedOperator needs to connect all the named fields (be they active or passive) to the named inputs and outputs of its CeedQFunction.
448 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
449 static int CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
450   Ceed                ceed;
451   bool                is_setup_done;
452   CeedInt             max_num_points = -1, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
453   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
454   CeedQFunction       qf;
455   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
456   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
457 
458   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorIsSetupDone(op, &is_setup_done));
459   if (is_setup_done) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
460 
461   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
462   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
463   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
464   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
465   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
466   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
467   {
468     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr = NULL;
469 
470     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &elem_rstr, NULL));
471     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetMaxPointsInElement(elem_rstr, &max_num_points));
472   }
473   impl->max_num_points = max_num_points;
474 
475   // Allocate
476   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields + num_output_fields, &impl->e_vecs));
477   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->input_states));
478   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->q_vecs_in));
479   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->q_vecs_out));
480   impl->num_inputs  = num_input_fields;
481   impl->num_outputs = num_output_fields;
482 
483   // Set up infield and outfield e_vecs and q_vecs
484   // Infields
485   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, true, true, impl->e_vecs, impl->q_vecs_in, 0, num_input_fields, max_num_points, num_elem));
486   // Outfields
487   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, false, true, impl->e_vecs, impl->q_vecs_out, num_input_fields, num_output_fields,
488                                                max_num_points, num_elem));
489 
490   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetSetupDone(op));
491   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
492 }
493 
494 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
495 // Input Basis Action
496 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
497 static inline int CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(CeedInt num_elem, const CeedInt *num_points, CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields,
498                                                       CeedOperatorField *op_input_fields, CeedInt num_input_fields, const bool skip_active,
499                                                       CeedScalar *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX], CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
500   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
501     CeedInt             elem_size, size;
502     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
503     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
504     CeedBasis           basis;
505 
506     // Skip active input
507     if (skip_active) {
508       CeedVector vec;
509 
510       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
511       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
512     }
513     // Get elem_size, eval_mode, size
514     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
515     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
516     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
517     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_input_fields[i], &size));
518     // Basis action
519     switch (eval_mode) {
520       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
521         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i]));
522         break;
523       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
524       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
525       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
526       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
527         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_fields[i], &basis));
528         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, impl->e_vecs[i],
529                                                impl->q_vecs_in[i]));
530         break;
531       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
532         break;  // No action
533     }
534   }
535   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
536 }
537 
538 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
539 // Apply and add to output
540 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
541 static int CeedOperatorApplyAddAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector out_vec, CeedRequest *request) {
542   CeedInt             max_num_points, num_elem, elem_size, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, size;
543   CeedScalar         *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX] = {NULL};
544   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
545   CeedQFunction       qf;
546   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
547   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
548 
549   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
550   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
551   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
552   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
553   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
554   CeedInt num_points[num_elem];
555 
556   // Setup
557   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(op));
558   max_num_points = impl->max_num_points;
559   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_elem; i++) num_points[i] = max_num_points;
560 
561   // Input Evecs and Restriction
562   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, in_vec, false, e_data, impl, request));
563 
564   // Get point coordinates
565   if (!impl->point_coords_elem) {
566     CeedVector          point_coords = NULL;
567     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points  = NULL;
568 
569     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, &point_coords));
570     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_points, NULL, &impl->point_coords_elem));
571     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, point_coords, impl->point_coords_elem, request));
572   }
573 
574   // Input basis apply if needed
575   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(num_elem, num_points, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, num_input_fields, false, e_data, impl));
576 
577   // Output pointers, as necessary
578   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
579     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
580 
581     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
582     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
583       // Set the output Q-Vector to use the E-Vector data directly.
584       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
585       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
586     }
587   }
588 
589   // Q function
590   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * max_num_points, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
591 
592   // Output basis apply if needed
593   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
594     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
595     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
596     CeedBasis           basis;
597 
598     // Get elem_size, eval_mode, size
599     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
600     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
601     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
602     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[i], &size));
603     // Basis action
604     switch (eval_mode) {
605       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
606         break;  // No action
607       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
608       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
609       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
610       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
611         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[i], &basis));
612         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, impl->q_vecs_out[i],
613                                                impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs]));
614         break;
615       // LCOV_EXCL_START
616       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
617         return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
618         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
619       }
620     }
621   }
622 
623   // Output restriction
624   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
625     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
626     CeedVector          vec;
627     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
628 
629     // Restore evec
630     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
631     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
632       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
633     }
634     // Get output vector
635     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec));
636     // Restrict
637     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
638     // Active
639     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) vec = out_vec;
640 
641     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], vec, request));
642   }
643 
644   // Restore input arrays
645   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorRestoreInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, false, e_data, impl));
646   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
647 }
648 
649 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
650 // Linear QFunction Assembly Core
651 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
652 static inline int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(CeedOperator op, bool build_objects, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr,
653                                                                CeedRequest *request) {
654   Ceed                ceed, ceed_parent;
655   CeedInt             num_active_in, num_active_out, Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, size;
656   CeedScalar         *assembled_array, *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX] = {NULL};
657   CeedVector         *active_inputs;
658   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
659   CeedQFunction       qf;
660   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
661   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
662 
663   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
664   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(op, &ceed_parent));
665   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
666   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
667   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
668   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
669   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
670   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
671   active_inputs = impl->qf_active_in;
672   num_active_in = impl->num_active_in, num_active_out = impl->num_active_out;
673 
674   // Setup
675   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(op));
676 
677   // Input Evecs and Restriction
678   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, NULL, true, e_data, impl, request));
679 
680   // Count number of active input fields
681   if (!num_active_in) {
682     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
683       CeedScalar *q_vec_array;
684       CeedVector  vec;
685 
686       // Get input vector
687       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
688       // Check if active input
689       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
690         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_input_fields[i], &size));
691         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(impl->q_vecs_in[i], 0.0));
692         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &q_vec_array));
693         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_active_in + size, &active_inputs));
694         for (CeedInt field = 0; field < size; field++) {
695           CeedSize q_size = (CeedSize)Q * num_elem;
696 
697           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &active_inputs[num_active_in + field]));
698           CeedCallBackend(
699               CeedVectorSetArray(active_inputs[num_active_in + field], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, &q_vec_array[field * Q * num_elem]));
700         }
701         num_active_in += size;
702         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], &q_vec_array));
703       }
704     }
705     impl->num_active_in = num_active_in;
706     impl->qf_active_in  = active_inputs;
707   }
708 
709   // Count number of active output fields
710   if (!num_active_out) {
711     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
712       CeedVector vec;
713 
714       // Get output vector
715       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec));
716       // Check if active output
717       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
718         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[i], &size));
719         num_active_out += size;
720       }
721     }
722     impl->num_active_out = num_active_out;
723   }
724 
725   // Check sizes
726   CeedCheck(num_active_in > 0 && num_active_out > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Cannot assemble QFunction without active inputs and outputs");
727 
728   // Build objects if needed
729   if (build_objects) {
730     CeedSize l_size     = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q * num_active_in * num_active_out;
731     CeedInt  strides[3] = {1, num_elem * Q, Q}; /* *NOPAD* */
732 
733     // Create output restriction
734     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided(ceed_parent, num_elem, Q, num_active_in * num_active_out,
735                                                      num_active_in * num_active_out * num_elem * Q, strides, rstr));
736     // Create assembled vector
737     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, l_size, assembled));
738   }
739   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(*assembled, 0.0));
740   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(*assembled, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_array));
741 
742   // Input basis apply
743   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(num_elem, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, num_input_fields, true, e_data, impl));
744 
745   // Assemble QFunction
746   for (CeedInt in = 0; in < num_active_in; in++) {
747     // Set Inputs
748     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_inputs[in], 1.0));
749     if (num_active_in > 1) {
750       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_inputs[(in + num_active_in - 1) % num_active_in], 0.0));
751     }
752     // Set Outputs
753     for (CeedInt out = 0; out < num_output_fields; out++) {
754       CeedVector vec;
755 
756       // Get output vector
757       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[out], &vec));
758       // Check if active output
759       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
760         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[out], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, assembled_array));
761         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[out], &size));
762         assembled_array += size * Q * num_elem;  // Advance the pointer by the size of the output
763       }
764     }
765     // Apply QFunction
766     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, Q * num_elem, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
767   }
768 
769   // Un-set output q_vecs to prevent accidental overwrite of Assembled
770   for (CeedInt out = 0; out < num_output_fields; out++) {
771     CeedVector vec;
772 
773     // Get output vector
774     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[out], &vec));
775     // Check if active output
776     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
777       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_out[out], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, NULL));
778     }
779   }
780 
781   // Restore input arrays
782   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorRestoreInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, true, e_data, impl));
783 
784   // Restore output
785   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(*assembled, &assembled_array));
786   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
787 }
788 
789 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
790 // Assemble Linear QFunction
791 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
792 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
793   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(op, true, assembled, rstr, request);
794 }
795 
796 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
797 // Update Assembled Linear QFunction
798 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
799 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedElemRestriction rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
800   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(op, false, &assembled, &rstr, request);
801 }
802 
803 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
804 // Assemble Diagonal Setup
805 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
806 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
807   Ceed                ceed;
808   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
809   CeedInt             q_comp, num_nodes, num_qpts;
810   CeedEvalMode       *eval_modes_in = NULL, *eval_modes_out = NULL;
811   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
812   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
813   CeedQFunction       qf;
814   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
815   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
816 
817   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
818   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
819   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetNumArgs(qf, &num_input_fields, &num_output_fields));
820 
821   // Determine active input basis
822   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
823   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
824   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
825     CeedVector vec;
826 
827     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
828     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
829       CeedBasis    basis;
830       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
831 
832       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
833       CeedCheck(!basis_in || basis_in == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
834                 "Backend does not implement operator diagonal assembly with multiple active bases");
835       basis_in = basis;
836       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
837       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
838       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
839         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF assembly
840         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in + q_comp, &eval_modes_in));
841         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) eval_modes_in[num_eval_modes_in + d] = eval_mode;
842         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
843       }
844     }
845   }
846 
847   // Determine active output basis
848   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
849   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
850   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
851     CeedVector vec;
852 
853     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
854     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
855       CeedBasis    basis;
856       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
857 
858       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
859       CeedCheck(!basis_out || basis_out == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
860                 "Backend does not implement operator diagonal assembly with multiple active bases");
861       basis_out = basis;
862       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
863       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
864       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
865         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF assembly
866         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out + q_comp, &eval_modes_out));
867         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) eval_modes_out[num_eval_modes_out + d] = eval_mode;
868         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
869       }
870     }
871   }
872 
873   // Operator data struct
874   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
875   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl->diag));
876   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
877 
878   // Basis matrices
879   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_in, &num_nodes));
880   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
881   else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts));
882   const CeedInt interp_bytes     = num_nodes * num_qpts * sizeof(CeedScalar);
883   const CeedInt eval_modes_bytes = sizeof(CeedEvalMode);
884   bool          has_eval_none    = false;
885 
886   // CEED_EVAL_NONE
887   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
888   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
889   if (has_eval_none) {
890     CeedScalar *identity = NULL;
891 
892     CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_nodes * num_qpts, &identity));
893     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
894     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_identity, interp_bytes));
895     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_identity, identity, interp_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
896     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
897   }
898 
899   // CEED_EVAL_INTERP, CEED_EVAL_GRAD, CEED_EVAL_DIV, and CEED_EVAL_CURL
900   for (CeedInt in = 0; in < 2; in++) {
901     CeedFESpace fespace;
902     CeedBasis   basis = in ? basis_in : basis_out;
903 
904     CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetFESpace(basis, &fespace));
905     switch (fespace) {
906       case CEED_FE_SPACE_H1: {
907         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_grad;
908         const CeedScalar *interp, *grad;
909         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_grad;
910 
911         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
912         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_GRAD, &q_comp_grad));
913 
914         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
915         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
916         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
917         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetGrad(basis, &grad));
918         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_grad, interp_bytes * q_comp_grad));
919         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_grad, grad, interp_bytes * q_comp_grad, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
920         if (in) {
921           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
922           diag->d_grad_in   = d_grad;
923         } else {
924           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
925           diag->d_grad_out   = d_grad;
926         }
927       } break;
928       case CEED_FE_SPACE_HDIV: {
929         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_div;
930         const CeedScalar *interp, *div;
931         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_div;
932 
933         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
934         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_DIV, &q_comp_div));
935 
936         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
937         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
938         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
939         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetDiv(basis, &div));
940         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_div, interp_bytes * q_comp_div));
941         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_div, div, interp_bytes * q_comp_div, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
942         if (in) {
943           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
944           diag->d_div_in    = d_div;
945         } else {
946           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
947           diag->d_div_out    = d_div;
948         }
949       } break;
950       case CEED_FE_SPACE_HCURL: {
951         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_curl;
952         const CeedScalar *interp, *curl;
953         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_curl;
954 
955         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
956         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_CURL, &q_comp_curl));
957 
958         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
959         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
960         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
961         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCurl(basis, &curl));
962         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_curl, interp_bytes * q_comp_curl));
963         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_curl, curl, interp_bytes * q_comp_curl, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
964         if (in) {
965           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
966           diag->d_curl_in   = d_curl;
967         } else {
968           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
969           diag->d_curl_out   = d_curl;
970         }
971       } break;
972     }
973   }
974 
975   // Arrays of eval_modes
976   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_eval_modes_in, num_eval_modes_in * eval_modes_bytes));
977   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_eval_modes_in, eval_modes_in, num_eval_modes_in * eval_modes_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
978   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_eval_modes_out, num_eval_modes_out * eval_modes_bytes));
979   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_eval_modes_out, eval_modes_out, num_eval_modes_out * eval_modes_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
980   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_in));
981   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_out));
982   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
983 }
984 
985 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
986 // Assemble Diagonal Setup (Compilation)
987 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
988 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetupCompile_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt use_ceedsize_idx, const bool is_point_block) {
989   Ceed                ceed;
990   char               *diagonal_kernel_source;
991   const char         *diagonal_kernel_path;
992   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
993   CeedInt             num_comp, q_comp, num_nodes, num_qpts;
994   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
995   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
996   CeedQFunction       qf;
997   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
998   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
999 
1000   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1001   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1002   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetNumArgs(qf, &num_input_fields, &num_output_fields));
1003 
1004   // Determine active input basis
1005   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
1006   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1007   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1008     CeedVector vec;
1009 
1010     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1011     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1012       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1013 
1014       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_in));
1015       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1016       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1017       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1018         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1019       }
1020     }
1021   }
1022 
1023   // Determine active output basis
1024   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
1025   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1026   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1027     CeedVector vec;
1028 
1029     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1030     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1031       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1032 
1033       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_out));
1034       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1035       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1036       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1037         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1038       }
1039     }
1040   }
1041 
1042   // Operator data struct
1043   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1044   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1045 
1046   // Assemble kernel
1047   CUmodule *module          = is_point_block ? &diag->module_point_block : &diag->module;
1048   CeedInt   elems_per_block = 1;
1049   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_in, &num_nodes));
1050   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_in, &num_comp));
1051   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
1052   else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts));
1053   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetJitAbsolutePath(ceed, "ceed/jit-source/cuda/cuda-ref-operator-assemble-diagonal.h", &diagonal_kernel_path));
1054   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Diagonal Assembly Kernel Source -----\n");
1055   CeedCallBackend(CeedLoadSourceToBuffer(ceed, diagonal_kernel_path, &diagonal_kernel_source));
1056   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Diagonal Assembly Source Complete! -----\n");
1057   CeedCallCuda(ceed, CeedCompile_Cuda(ceed, diagonal_kernel_source, module, 8, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_IN", num_eval_modes_in, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_OUT",
1058                                       num_eval_modes_out, "NUM_COMP", num_comp, "NUM_NODES", num_nodes, "NUM_QPTS", num_qpts, "USE_CEEDSIZE",
1059                                       use_ceedsize_idx, "USE_POINT_BLOCK", is_point_block ? 1 : 0, "BLOCK_SIZE", num_nodes * elems_per_block));
1060   CeedCallCuda(ceed, CeedGetKernel_Cuda(ceed, *module, "LinearDiagonal", is_point_block ? &diag->LinearPointBlock : &diag->LinearDiagonal));
1061   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&diagonal_kernel_path));
1062   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&diagonal_kernel_source));
1063   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1064 }
1065 
1066 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1067 // Assemble Diagonal Core
1068 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1069 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block) {
1070   Ceed                ceed;
1071   CeedInt             num_elem, num_nodes;
1072   CeedScalar         *elem_diag_array;
1073   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
1074   CeedVector          assembled_qf   = NULL, elem_diag;
1075   CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL, rstr_in, rstr_out, diag_rstr;
1076   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1077 
1078   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1079   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1080 
1081   // Assemble QFunction
1082   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_rstr, request));
1083   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1084   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_qf_array));
1085 
1086   // Setup
1087   if (!impl->diag) CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetup_Cuda(op));
1088   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1089 
1090   assert(diag != NULL);
1091 
1092   // Assemble kernel if needed
1093   if ((!is_point_block && !diag->LinearDiagonal) || (is_point_block && !diag->LinearPointBlock)) {
1094     CeedSize assembled_length, assembled_qf_length;
1095     CeedInt  use_ceedsize_idx = 0;
1096     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled, &assembled_length));
1097     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_length));
1098     if ((assembled_length > INT_MAX) || (assembled_qf_length > INT_MAX)) use_ceedsize_idx = 1;
1099 
1100     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetupCompile_Cuda(op, use_ceedsize_idx, is_point_block));
1101   }
1102 
1103   // Restriction and diagonal vector
1104   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
1105   CeedCheck(rstr_in == rstr_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1106             "Cannot assemble operator diagonal with different input and output active element restrictions");
1107   if (!is_point_block && !diag->diag_rstr) {
1108     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(rstr_out, &diag->diag_rstr));
1109     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag->diag_rstr, NULL, &diag->elem_diag));
1110   } else if (is_point_block && !diag->point_block_diag_rstr) {
1111     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(rstr_out, &diag->point_block_diag_rstr));
1112     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag->point_block_diag_rstr, NULL, &diag->point_block_elem_diag));
1113   }
1114   diag_rstr = is_point_block ? diag->point_block_diag_rstr : diag->diag_rstr;
1115   elem_diag = is_point_block ? diag->point_block_elem_diag : diag->elem_diag;
1116   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_diag, 0.0));
1117 
1118   // Only assemble diagonal if the basis has nodes, otherwise inputs are null pointers
1119   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(diag_rstr, &num_nodes));
1120   if (num_nodes > 0) {
1121     // Assemble element operator diagonals
1122     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(diag_rstr, &num_elem));
1123     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(elem_diag, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &elem_diag_array));
1124 
1125     // Compute the diagonal of B^T D B
1126     CeedInt elems_per_block = 1;
1127     CeedInt grid            = CeedDivUpInt(num_elem, elems_per_block);
1128     void   *args[]          = {(void *)&num_elem,      &diag->d_identity,       &diag->d_interp_in,  &diag->d_grad_in, &diag->d_div_in,
1129                                &diag->d_curl_in,       &diag->d_interp_out,     &diag->d_grad_out,   &diag->d_div_out, &diag->d_curl_out,
1130                                &diag->d_eval_modes_in, &diag->d_eval_modes_out, &assembled_qf_array, &elem_diag_array};
1131 
1132     if (is_point_block) {
1133       CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDim_Cuda(ceed, diag->LinearPointBlock, grid, num_nodes, 1, elems_per_block, args));
1134     } else {
1135       CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDim_Cuda(ceed, diag->LinearDiagonal, grid, num_nodes, 1, elems_per_block, args));
1136     }
1137 
1138     // Restore arrays
1139     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(elem_diag, &elem_diag_array));
1140     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
1141   }
1142 
1143   // Assemble local operator diagonal
1144   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(diag_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, elem_diag, assembled, request));
1145 
1146   // Cleanup
1147   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
1148   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1149 }
1150 
1151 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1152 // Assemble Linear Diagonal
1153 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1154 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1155   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(op, assembled, request, false));
1156   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1157 }
1158 
1159 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1160 // Assemble Linear Point Block Diagonal
1161 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1162 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1163   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(op, assembled, request, true));
1164   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1165 }
1166 
1167 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1168 // Single Operator Assembly Setup
1169 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1170 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt use_ceedsize_idx) {
1171   Ceed                ceed;
1172   Ceed_Cuda          *cuda_data;
1173   char               *assembly_kernel_source;
1174   const char         *assembly_kernel_path;
1175   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
1176   CeedInt             elem_size_in, num_qpts_in = 0, num_comp_in, elem_size_out, num_qpts_out, num_comp_out, q_comp;
1177   CeedEvalMode       *eval_modes_in = NULL, *eval_modes_out = NULL;
1178   CeedElemRestriction rstr_in = NULL, rstr_out = NULL;
1179   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
1180   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1181   CeedQFunction       qf;
1182   CeedOperatorField  *input_fields, *output_fields;
1183   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1184 
1185   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1186   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1187 
1188   // Get intput and output fields
1189   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
1190 
1191   // Determine active input basis eval mode
1192   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1193   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1194   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1195     CeedVector vec;
1196 
1197     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(input_fields[i], &vec));
1198     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1199       CeedBasis    basis;
1200       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1201 
1202       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(input_fields[i], &basis));
1203       CeedCheck(!basis_in || basis_in == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Backend does not implement operator assembly with multiple active bases");
1204       basis_in = basis;
1205       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &rstr_in));
1206       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
1207       if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_in = elem_size_in;
1208       else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts_in));
1209       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1210       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1211       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1212         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1213         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in + q_comp, &eval_modes_in));
1214         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1215           eval_modes_in[num_eval_modes_in + d] = eval_mode;
1216         }
1217         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1218       }
1219     }
1220   }
1221 
1222   // Determine active output basis; basis_out and rstr_out only used if same as input, TODO
1223   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1224   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1225     CeedVector vec;
1226 
1227     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(output_fields[i], &vec));
1228     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1229       CeedBasis    basis;
1230       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1231 
1232       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(output_fields[i], &basis));
1233       CeedCheck(!basis_out || basis_out == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1234                 "Backend does not implement operator assembly with multiple active bases");
1235       basis_out = basis;
1236       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &rstr_out));
1237       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
1238       if (basis_out == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_out = elem_size_out;
1239       else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_out, &num_qpts_out));
1240       CeedCheck(num_qpts_in == num_qpts_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
1241                 "Active input and output bases must have the same number of quadrature points");
1242       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1243       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1244       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1245         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1246         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out + q_comp, &eval_modes_out));
1247         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1248           eval_modes_out[num_eval_modes_out + d] = eval_mode;
1249         }
1250         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1251       }
1252     }
1253   }
1254   CeedCheck(num_eval_modes_in > 0 && num_eval_modes_out > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Cannot assemble operator without inputs/outputs");
1255 
1256   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl->asmb));
1257   CeedOperatorAssemble_Cuda *asmb = impl->asmb;
1258   asmb->elems_per_block           = 1;
1259   asmb->block_size_x              = elem_size_in;
1260   asmb->block_size_y              = elem_size_out;
1261 
1262   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &cuda_data));
1263   bool fallback = asmb->block_size_x * asmb->block_size_y * asmb->elems_per_block > cuda_data->device_prop.maxThreadsPerBlock;
1264 
1265   if (fallback) {
1266     // Use fallback kernel with 1D threadblock
1267     asmb->block_size_y = 1;
1268   }
1269 
1270   // Compile kernels
1271   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
1272   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
1273   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetJitAbsolutePath(ceed, "ceed/jit-source/cuda/cuda-ref-operator-assemble.h", &assembly_kernel_path));
1274   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Assembly Kernel Source -----\n");
1275   CeedCallBackend(CeedLoadSourceToBuffer(ceed, assembly_kernel_path, &assembly_kernel_source));
1276   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Assembly Source Complete! -----\n");
1277   CeedCallBackend(CeedCompile_Cuda(ceed, assembly_kernel_source, &asmb->module, 10, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_IN", num_eval_modes_in, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_OUT",
1278                                    num_eval_modes_out, "NUM_COMP_IN", num_comp_in, "NUM_COMP_OUT", num_comp_out, "NUM_NODES_IN", elem_size_in,
1279                                    "NUM_NODES_OUT", elem_size_out, "NUM_QPTS", num_qpts_in, "BLOCK_SIZE",
1280                                    asmb->block_size_x * asmb->block_size_y * asmb->elems_per_block, "BLOCK_SIZE_Y", asmb->block_size_y,
1281                                    "USE_CEEDSIZE", use_ceedsize_idx));
1282   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetKernel_Cuda(ceed, asmb->module, "LinearAssemble", &asmb->LinearAssemble));
1283   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&assembly_kernel_path));
1284   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&assembly_kernel_source));
1285 
1286   // Load into B_in, in order that they will be used in eval_modes_in
1287   {
1288     const CeedInt in_bytes           = elem_size_in * num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1289     CeedInt       d_in               = 0;
1290     CeedEvalMode  eval_modes_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1291     bool          has_eval_none      = false;
1292     CeedScalar   *identity           = NULL;
1293 
1294     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) {
1295       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1296     }
1297     if (has_eval_none) {
1298       CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(elem_size_in * num_qpts_in, &identity));
1299       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (elem_size_in < num_qpts_in ? elem_size_in : num_qpts_in); i++) identity[i * elem_size_in + i] = 1.0;
1300     }
1301 
1302     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&asmb->d_B_in, in_bytes));
1303     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) {
1304       const CeedScalar *h_B_in;
1305 
1306       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(basis_in, eval_modes_in[i], identity, &h_B_in));
1307       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_modes_in[i], &q_comp));
1308       if (q_comp > 1) {
1309         if (i == 0 || eval_modes_in[i] != eval_modes_in_prev) d_in = 0;
1310         else h_B_in = &h_B_in[(++d_in) * elem_size_in * num_qpts_in];
1311       }
1312       eval_modes_in_prev = eval_modes_in[i];
1313 
1314       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(&asmb->d_B_in[i * elem_size_in * num_qpts_in], h_B_in, elem_size_in * num_qpts_in * sizeof(CeedScalar),
1315                                     cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1316     }
1317 
1318     if (identity) {
1319       CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1320     }
1321   }
1322 
1323   // Load into B_out, in order that they will be used in eval_modes_out
1324   {
1325     const CeedInt out_bytes           = elem_size_out * num_qpts_out * num_eval_modes_out * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1326     CeedInt       d_out               = 0;
1327     CeedEvalMode  eval_modes_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1328     bool          has_eval_none       = false;
1329     CeedScalar   *identity            = NULL;
1330 
1331     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) {
1332       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1333     }
1334     if (has_eval_none) {
1335       CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * num_qpts_out, &identity));
1336       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (elem_size_out < num_qpts_out ? elem_size_out : num_qpts_out); i++) identity[i * elem_size_out + i] = 1.0;
1337     }
1338 
1339     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&asmb->d_B_out, out_bytes));
1340     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) {
1341       const CeedScalar *h_B_out;
1342 
1343       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(basis_out, eval_modes_out[i], identity, &h_B_out));
1344       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_modes_out[i], &q_comp));
1345       if (q_comp > 1) {
1346         if (i == 0 || eval_modes_out[i] != eval_modes_out_prev) d_out = 0;
1347         else h_B_out = &h_B_out[(++d_out) * elem_size_out * num_qpts_out];
1348       }
1349       eval_modes_out_prev = eval_modes_out[i];
1350 
1351       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(&asmb->d_B_out[i * elem_size_out * num_qpts_out], h_B_out, elem_size_out * num_qpts_out * sizeof(CeedScalar),
1352                                     cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1353     }
1354 
1355     if (identity) {
1356       CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1357     }
1358   }
1359   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1360 }
1361 
1362 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1363 // Assemble matrix data for COO matrix of assembled operator.
1364 // The sparsity pattern is set by CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic.
1365 //
1366 // Note that this (and other assembly routines) currently assume only one active input restriction/basis per operator (could have multiple basis eval
1367 // modes).
1368 // TODO: allow multiple active input restrictions/basis objects
1369 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1370 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssemble_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedVector values) {
1371   Ceed                ceed;
1372   CeedSize            values_length = 0, assembled_qf_length = 0;
1373   CeedInt             use_ceedsize_idx = 0, num_elem_in, num_elem_out, elem_size_in, elem_size_out;
1374   CeedScalar         *values_array;
1375   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
1376   CeedVector          assembled_qf   = NULL;
1377   CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL, rstr_in, rstr_out;
1378   CeedRestrictionType rstr_type_in, rstr_type_out;
1379   const bool         *orients_in = NULL, *orients_out = NULL;
1380   const CeedInt8     *curl_orients_in = NULL, *curl_orients_out = NULL;
1381   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1382 
1383   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1384   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1385 
1386   // Assemble QFunction
1387   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_rstr, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
1388   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1389   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_qf_array));
1390 
1391   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(values, &values_length));
1392   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_length));
1393   if ((values_length > INT_MAX) || (assembled_qf_length > INT_MAX)) use_ceedsize_idx = 1;
1394 
1395   // Setup
1396   if (!impl->asmb) CeedCallBackend(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSetup_Cuda(op, use_ceedsize_idx));
1397   CeedOperatorAssemble_Cuda *asmb = impl->asmb;
1398 
1399   assert(asmb != NULL);
1400 
1401   // Assemble element operator
1402   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(values, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &values_array));
1403   values_array += offset;
1404 
1405   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
1406   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
1407   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
1408 
1409   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_in, &rstr_type_in));
1410   if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1411     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(rstr_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &orients_in));
1412   } else if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1413     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(rstr_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &curl_orients_in));
1414   }
1415 
1416   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
1417     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
1418     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
1419               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements");
1420     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
1421 
1422     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_out, &rstr_type_out));
1423     if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1424       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(rstr_out, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &orients_out));
1425     } else if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1426       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(rstr_out, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &curl_orients_out));
1427     }
1428   } else {
1429     elem_size_out    = elem_size_in;
1430     orients_out      = orients_in;
1431     curl_orients_out = curl_orients_in;
1432   }
1433 
1434   // Compute B^T D B
1435   CeedInt shared_mem =
1436       ((curl_orients_in || curl_orients_out ? elem_size_in * elem_size_out : 0) + (curl_orients_in ? elem_size_in * asmb->block_size_y : 0)) *
1437       sizeof(CeedScalar);
1438   CeedInt grid   = CeedDivUpInt(num_elem_in, asmb->elems_per_block);
1439   void   *args[] = {(void *)&num_elem_in, &asmb->d_B_in,     &asmb->d_B_out,      &orients_in,  &curl_orients_in,
1440                     &orients_out,         &curl_orients_out, &assembled_qf_array, &values_array};
1441 
1442   CeedCallBackend(
1443       CeedRunKernelDimShared_Cuda(ceed, asmb->LinearAssemble, grid, asmb->block_size_x, asmb->block_size_y, asmb->elems_per_block, shared_mem, args));
1444 
1445   // Restore arrays
1446   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(values, &values_array));
1447   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
1448 
1449   // Cleanup
1450   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
1451   if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1452     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(rstr_in, &orients_in));
1453   } else if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1454     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(rstr_in, &curl_orients_in));
1455   }
1456   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
1457     if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1458       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(rstr_out, &orients_out));
1459     } else if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1460       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(rstr_out, &curl_orients_out));
1461     }
1462   }
1463   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1464 }
1465 
1466 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1467 // Assemble Linear QFunction AtPoints
1468 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1469 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1470   return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Backend does not implement CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction");
1471 }
1472 
1473 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1474 // Assemble Linear Diagonal AtPoints
1475 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1476 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonalAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1477   return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Backend does not implement CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal");
1478 }
1479 
1480 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1481 // Create operator
1482 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1483 int CeedOperatorCreate_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
1484   Ceed               ceed;
1485   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
1486 
1487   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1488   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
1489   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetData(op, impl));
1490 
1491   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunction", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda));
1492   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda));
1493   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Cuda));
1494   CeedCallBackend(
1495       CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal_Cuda));
1496   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleSingle", CeedSingleOperatorAssemble_Cuda));
1497   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "ApplyAdd", CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda));
1498   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "Destroy", CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda));
1499   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1500 }
1501 
1502 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1503 // Create operator
1504 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1505 int CeedOperatorCreateAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
1506   Ceed               ceed;
1507   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
1508 
1509   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1510   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
1511   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetData(op, impl));
1512 
1513   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunction", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionAtPoints_Cuda));
1514   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonalAtPoints_Cuda));
1515   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "ApplyAdd", CeedOperatorApplyAddAtPoints_Cuda));
1516   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "Destroy", CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda));
1517   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1518 }
1519 
1520 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1521