xref: /libCEED/backends/cuda-ref/ceed-cuda-ref-operator.c (revision 6a430a1a5d50e15f5fa69eb0a18cd933635c43c5)
1 // Copyright (c) 2017-2025, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
2 // All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
3 //
4 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
5 //
6 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
7 
8 #include <ceed.h>
9 #include <ceed/backend.h>
10 #include <ceed/jit-tools.h>
11 #include <assert.h>
12 #include <cuda.h>
13 #include <cuda_runtime.h>
14 #include <stdbool.h>
15 #include <string.h>
16 
17 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-common.h"
18 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-compile.h"
19 #include "ceed-cuda-ref.h"
20 
21 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22 // Destroy operator
23 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24 static int CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
25   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
26 
27   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
28 
29   // Apply data
30   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->num_points));
31   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->skip_rstr_in));
32   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->skip_rstr_out));
33   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->apply_add_basis_out));
34   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->input_field_order));
35   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->output_field_order));
36   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->input_states));
37 
38   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_inputs; i++) {
39     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->e_vecs_in[i]));
40     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_in[i]));
41   }
42   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->e_vecs_in));
43   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->q_vecs_in));
44 
45   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_outputs; i++) {
46     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->e_vecs_out[i]));
47     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_out[i]));
48   }
49   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->e_vecs_out));
50   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->q_vecs_out));
51   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->point_coords_elem));
52 
53   // QFunction assembly data
54   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_active_in; i++) {
55     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->qf_active_in[i]));
56   }
57   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->qf_active_in));
58 
59   // Diag data
60   if (impl->diag) {
61     Ceed ceed;
62 
63     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
64     if (impl->diag->module) {
65       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->diag->module));
66     }
67     if (impl->diag->module_point_block) {
68       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->diag->module_point_block));
69     }
70     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_eval_modes_in));
71     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_eval_modes_out));
72     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_identity));
73     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_interp_in));
74     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_interp_out));
75     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_grad_in));
76     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_grad_out));
77     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_div_in));
78     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_div_out));
79     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_curl_in));
80     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_curl_out));
81     CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
82     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->diag->elem_diag));
83     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->diag->point_block_elem_diag));
84     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&impl->diag->diag_rstr));
85     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&impl->diag->point_block_diag_rstr));
86   }
87   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->diag));
88 
89   if (impl->asmb) {
90     Ceed ceed;
91 
92     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
93     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->asmb->module));
94     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->asmb->d_B_in));
95     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->asmb->d_B_out));
96     CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
97   }
98   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->asmb));
99 
100   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl));
101   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
102 }
103 
104 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
105 // Setup infields or outfields
106 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
107 static int CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(CeedQFunction qf, CeedOperator op, bool is_input, bool is_at_points, bool *skip_rstr, bool *apply_add_basis,
108                                         CeedVector *e_vecs, CeedVector *q_vecs, CeedInt num_fields, CeedInt Q, CeedInt num_elem) {
109   Ceed                ceed;
110   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
111   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
112 
113   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
114   if (is_input) {
115     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
116     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
117   } else {
118     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
119     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
120   }
121 
122   // Loop over fields
123   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
124     bool                is_active = false, is_strided = false, skip_e_vec = false;
125     CeedSize            q_size;
126     CeedInt             size;
127     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
128     CeedVector          l_vec;
129     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
130 
131     // Check whether this field can skip the element restriction:
132     // Input CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE
133     // Output CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE without CEED_EVAL_NONE
134     // Input CEED_VECTOR_NONE with CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT
135     // Input passive vector with CEED_EVAL_NONE and strided restriction with CEED_STRIDES_BACKEND
136     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &l_vec));
137     is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
138     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
139     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
140     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
141     skip_e_vec = (is_input && is_active) || (is_active && eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_NONE) || (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT);
142     if (!skip_e_vec && is_input && !is_active && eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
143       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionIsStrided(elem_rstr, &is_strided));
144       if (is_strided) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionHasBackendStrides(elem_rstr, &skip_e_vec));
145     }
146     if (skip_e_vec) {
147       e_vecs[i] = NULL;
148     } else {
149       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(elem_rstr, NULL, &e_vecs[i]));
150     }
151     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
152 
153     switch (eval_mode) {
154       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
155       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
156       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
157       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
158       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
159         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_fields[i], &size));
160         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)Q * (CeedSize)size;
161         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
162         break;
163       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
164         CeedBasis basis;
165 
166         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
167         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)Q;
168         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
169         if (is_at_points) {
170           CeedInt num_points[num_elem];
171 
172           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_elem; i++) num_points[i] = Q;
173           CeedCallBackend(
174               CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_vecs[i]));
175         } else {
176           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_vecs[i]));
177         }
178         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
179         break;
180       }
181     }
182   }
183   // Drop duplicate restrictions
184   if (is_input) {
185     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
186       CeedVector          vec_i;
187       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
188 
189       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec_i));
190       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &rstr_i));
191       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_fields; j++) {
192         CeedVector          vec_j;
193         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
194 
195         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[j], &vec_j));
196         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[j], &rstr_j));
197         if (vec_i == vec_j && rstr_i == rstr_j) {
198           if (e_vecs[i]) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(e_vecs[i], &e_vecs[j]));
199           skip_rstr[j] = true;
200         }
201         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
202         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
203       }
204       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
205       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
206     }
207   } else {
208     for (CeedInt i = num_fields - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
209       CeedVector          vec_i;
210       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
211 
212       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec_i));
213       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &rstr_i));
214       for (CeedInt j = i - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
215         CeedVector          vec_j;
216         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
217 
218         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[j], &vec_j));
219         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[j], &rstr_j));
220         if (vec_i == vec_j && rstr_i == rstr_j) {
221           if (e_vecs[i]) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(e_vecs[i], &e_vecs[j]));
222           skip_rstr[j]       = true;
223           apply_add_basis[i] = true;
224         }
225         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
226         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
227       }
228       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
229       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
230     }
231   }
232   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
233   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
234 }
235 
236 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
237 // CeedOperator needs to connect all the named fields (be they active or passive) to the named inputs and outputs of its CeedQFunction.
238 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
239 static int CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
240   bool                is_setup_done;
241   CeedInt             Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
242   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
243   CeedQFunction       qf;
244   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
245   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
246 
247   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorIsSetupDone(op, &is_setup_done));
248   if (is_setup_done) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
249 
250   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
251   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
252   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
253   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
254   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
255   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
256 
257   // Allocate
258   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->e_vecs_in));
259   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->e_vecs_out));
260   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->skip_rstr_in));
261   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->skip_rstr_out));
262   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->apply_add_basis_out));
263   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->input_field_order));
264   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->output_field_order));
265   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->input_states));
266   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->q_vecs_in));
267   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->q_vecs_out));
268   impl->num_inputs  = num_input_fields;
269   impl->num_outputs = num_output_fields;
270 
271   // Set up infield and outfield e-vecs and q-vecs
272   CeedCallBackend(
273       CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, true, false, impl->skip_rstr_in, NULL, impl->e_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_in, num_input_fields, Q, num_elem));
274   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, false, false, impl->skip_rstr_out, impl->apply_add_basis_out, impl->e_vecs_out,
275                                                impl->q_vecs_out, num_output_fields, Q, num_elem));
276 
277   // Reorder fields to allow reuse of buffers
278   impl->max_active_e_vec_len = 0;
279   {
280     bool    is_ordered[CEED_FIELD_MAX];
281     CeedInt curr_index = 0;
282 
283     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) is_ordered[i] = false;
284     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
285       CeedSize            e_vec_len_i;
286       CeedVector          vec_i;
287       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
288 
289       if (is_ordered[i]) continue;
290       is_ordered[i]                       = true;
291       impl->input_field_order[curr_index] = i;
292       curr_index++;
293       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec_i));
294       if (vec_i == CEED_VECTOR_NONE) {
295         // CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT
296         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
297         continue;
298       };
299       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &rstr_i));
300       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetEVectorSize(rstr_i, &e_vec_len_i));
301       impl->max_active_e_vec_len = e_vec_len_i > impl->max_active_e_vec_len ? e_vec_len_i : impl->max_active_e_vec_len;
302       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_input_fields; j++) {
303         CeedVector          vec_j;
304         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
305 
306         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[j], &vec_j));
307         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[j], &rstr_j));
308         if (rstr_i == rstr_j && vec_i == vec_j) {
309           is_ordered[j]                       = true;
310           impl->input_field_order[curr_index] = j;
311           curr_index++;
312         }
313         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
314         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
315       }
316       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
317       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
318     }
319   }
320   {
321     bool    is_ordered[CEED_FIELD_MAX];
322     CeedInt curr_index = 0;
323 
324     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) is_ordered[i] = false;
325     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
326       CeedSize            e_vec_len_i;
327       CeedVector          vec_i;
328       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
329 
330       if (is_ordered[i]) continue;
331       is_ordered[i]                        = true;
332       impl->output_field_order[curr_index] = i;
333       curr_index++;
334       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec_i));
335       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &rstr_i));
336       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetEVectorSize(rstr_i, &e_vec_len_i));
337       impl->max_active_e_vec_len = e_vec_len_i > impl->max_active_e_vec_len ? e_vec_len_i : impl->max_active_e_vec_len;
338       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_output_fields; j++) {
339         CeedVector          vec_j;
340         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
341 
342         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[j], &vec_j));
343         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &rstr_j));
344         if (rstr_i == rstr_j && vec_i == vec_j) {
345           is_ordered[j]                        = true;
346           impl->output_field_order[curr_index] = j;
347           curr_index++;
348         }
349         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
350         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
351       }
352       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
353       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
354     }
355   }
356   CeedCallBackend(CeedClearWorkVectors(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), impl->max_active_e_vec_len));
357   {
358     // Create two work vectors for diagonal assembly
359     CeedVector temp_1, temp_2;
360 
361     CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &temp_1));
362     CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &temp_2));
363     CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), &temp_1));
364     CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), &temp_2));
365   }
366   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetSetupDone(op));
367   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
368   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
369 }
370 
371 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
372 // Restrict Operator Inputs
373 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
374 static inline int CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(CeedOperatorField op_input_field, CeedQFunctionField qf_input_field, CeedInt input_field,
375                                                  CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector active_e_vec, const bool skip_active, CeedOperator_Cuda *impl,
376                                                  CeedRequest *request) {
377   bool       is_active = false;
378   CeedVector l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_in[input_field];
379 
380   // Get input vector
381   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_field, &l_vec));
382   is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
383   if (is_active && skip_active) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
384   if (is_active) {
385     l_vec = in_vec;
386     if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
387   }
388 
389   // Restriction action
390   if (e_vec) {
391     // Restrict, if necessary
392     if (!impl->skip_rstr_in[input_field]) {
393       uint64_t state;
394 
395       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetState(l_vec, &state));
396       if (is_active || state != impl->input_states[input_field]) {
397         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
398 
399         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_field, &elem_rstr));
400         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, l_vec, e_vec, request));
401         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
402       }
403       impl->input_states[input_field] = state;
404     }
405   }
406   if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
407   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
408 }
409 
410 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
411 // Input Basis Action
412 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
413 static inline int CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(CeedOperatorField op_input_field, CeedQFunctionField qf_input_field, CeedInt input_field,
414                                               CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector active_e_vec, CeedInt num_elem, const bool skip_active,
415                                               CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
416   bool         is_active = false;
417   CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
418   CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_in[input_field], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_in[input_field];
419 
420   // Skip active input
421   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_field, &l_vec));
422   is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
423   if (is_active && skip_active) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
424   if (is_active) {
425     l_vec = in_vec;
426     if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
427   }
428 
429   // Basis action
430   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_field, &eval_mode));
431   switch (eval_mode) {
432     case CEED_EVAL_NONE: {
433       const CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
434 
435       if (e_vec) {
436         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(e_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
437       } else {
438         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(l_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
439       }
440       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, (CeedScalar *)e_vec_array));
441       break;
442     }
443     case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
444     case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
445     case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
446     case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
447       CeedBasis basis;
448 
449       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_field, &basis));
450       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, e_vec, q_vec));
451       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
452       break;
453     }
454     case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
455       break;  // No action
456   }
457   if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
458   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
459 }
460 
461 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
462 // Restore Input Vectors
463 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
464 static inline int CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(CeedOperatorField op_input_field, CeedQFunctionField qf_input_field, CeedInt input_field,
465                                                 CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector active_e_vec, const bool skip_active, CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
466   bool         is_active = false;
467   CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
468   CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_in[input_field];
469 
470   // Skip active input
471   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_field, &l_vec));
472   is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
473   if (is_active && skip_active) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
474   if (is_active) {
475     l_vec = in_vec;
476     if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
477   }
478 
479   // Restore e-vec
480   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_field, &eval_mode));
481   if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
482     const CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
483 
484     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_in[input_field], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, (CeedScalar **)&e_vec_array));
485     if (e_vec) {
486       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(e_vec, &e_vec_array));
487     } else {
488       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(l_vec, &e_vec_array));
489     }
490   }
491   if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
492   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
493 }
494 
495 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
496 // Apply and add to output
497 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
498 static int CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector out_vec, CeedRequest *request) {
499   CeedInt             Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
500   Ceed                ceed;
501   CeedVector          active_e_vec;
502   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
503   CeedQFunction       qf;
504   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
505   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
506 
507   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
508   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
509   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
510   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
511   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
512   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
513   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
514 
515   // Setup
516   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(op));
517 
518   // Work vector
519   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(ceed, impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &active_e_vec));
520 
521   // Process inputs
522   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
523     CeedInt field = impl->input_field_order[i];
524 
525     CeedCallBackend(
526         CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, in_vec, active_e_vec, false, impl, request));
527     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, in_vec, active_e_vec, num_elem, false, impl));
528   }
529 
530   // Output pointers, as necessary
531   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
532     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
533 
534     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
535     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
536       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
537 
538       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
539       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_vec_array));
540     }
541   }
542 
543   // Q function
544   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * Q, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
545 
546   // Restore input arrays
547   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
548     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, in_vec, active_e_vec, false, impl));
549   }
550 
551   // Output basis and restriction
552   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
553     bool         is_active = false;
554     CeedInt      field     = impl->output_field_order[i];
555     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
556     CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_out[field], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_out[field];
557 
558     // Output vector
559     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[field], &l_vec));
560     is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
561     if (is_active) {
562       l_vec = out_vec;
563       if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
564     }
565 
566     // Basis action
567     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[field], &eval_mode));
568     switch (eval_mode) {
569       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
570         break;  // No action
571       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
572       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
573       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
574       case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
575         CeedBasis basis;
576 
577         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[field], &basis));
578         if (impl->apply_add_basis_out[field]) {
579           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAdd(basis, num_elem, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, q_vec, e_vec));
580         } else {
581           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, q_vec, e_vec));
582         }
583         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
584         break;
585       }
586       // LCOV_EXCL_START
587       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
588         return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
589         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
590       }
591     }
592 
593     // Restore evec
594     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
595       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
596 
597       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
598       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(e_vec, &e_vec_array));
599     }
600 
601     // Restrict
602     if (!impl->skip_rstr_out[field]) {
603       CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
604 
605       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[field], &elem_rstr));
606       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, e_vec, l_vec, request));
607       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
608     }
609     if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
610   }
611 
612   // Return work vector
613   CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(ceed, &active_e_vec));
614   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
615   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
616   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
617 }
618 
619 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
620 // CeedOperator needs to connect all the named fields (be they active or passive) to the named inputs and outputs of its CeedQFunction.
621 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
622 static int CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
623   bool                is_setup_done;
624   CeedInt             max_num_points = -1, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
625   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
626   CeedQFunction       qf;
627   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
628   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
629 
630   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorIsSetupDone(op, &is_setup_done));
631   if (is_setup_done) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
632 
633   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
634   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
635   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
636   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
637   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
638   {
639     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points = NULL;
640 
641     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, NULL));
642     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetMaxPointsInElement(rstr_points, &max_num_points));
643     CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_elem, &impl->num_points));
644     for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
645       CeedInt num_points_elem;
646 
647       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumPointsInElement(rstr_points, e, &num_points_elem));
648       impl->num_points[e] = num_points_elem;
649     }
650     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_points));
651   }
652   impl->max_num_points = max_num_points;
653 
654   // Allocate
655   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->e_vecs_in));
656   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->e_vecs_out));
657   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->skip_rstr_in));
658   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->skip_rstr_out));
659   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->apply_add_basis_out));
660   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->input_field_order));
661   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->output_field_order));
662   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->input_states));
663   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->q_vecs_in));
664   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->q_vecs_out));
665   impl->num_inputs  = num_input_fields;
666   impl->num_outputs = num_output_fields;
667 
668   // Set up infield and outfield e-vecs and q-vecs
669   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, true, true, impl->skip_rstr_in, NULL, impl->e_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_in, num_input_fields,
670                                                max_num_points, num_elem));
671   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, false, true, impl->skip_rstr_out, impl->apply_add_basis_out, impl->e_vecs_out,
672                                                impl->q_vecs_out, num_output_fields, max_num_points, num_elem));
673 
674   // Reorder fields to allow reuse of buffers
675   impl->max_active_e_vec_len = 0;
676   {
677     bool    is_ordered[CEED_FIELD_MAX];
678     CeedInt curr_index = 0;
679 
680     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) is_ordered[i] = false;
681     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
682       CeedSize            e_vec_len_i;
683       CeedVector          vec_i;
684       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
685 
686       if (is_ordered[i]) continue;
687       is_ordered[i]                       = true;
688       impl->input_field_order[curr_index] = i;
689       curr_index++;
690       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec_i));
691       if (vec_i == CEED_VECTOR_NONE) {
692         // CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT
693         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
694         continue;
695       };
696       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &rstr_i));
697       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetEVectorSize(rstr_i, &e_vec_len_i));
698       impl->max_active_e_vec_len = e_vec_len_i > impl->max_active_e_vec_len ? e_vec_len_i : impl->max_active_e_vec_len;
699       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_input_fields; j++) {
700         CeedVector          vec_j;
701         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
702 
703         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[j], &vec_j));
704         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[j], &rstr_j));
705         if (rstr_i == rstr_j && vec_i == vec_j) {
706           is_ordered[j]                       = true;
707           impl->input_field_order[curr_index] = j;
708           curr_index++;
709         }
710         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
711         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
712       }
713       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
714       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
715     }
716   }
717   {
718     bool    is_ordered[CEED_FIELD_MAX];
719     CeedInt curr_index = 0;
720 
721     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) is_ordered[i] = false;
722     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
723       CeedSize            e_vec_len_i;
724       CeedVector          vec_i;
725       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
726 
727       if (is_ordered[i]) continue;
728       is_ordered[i]                        = true;
729       impl->output_field_order[curr_index] = i;
730       curr_index++;
731       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec_i));
732       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &rstr_i));
733       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetEVectorSize(rstr_i, &e_vec_len_i));
734       impl->max_active_e_vec_len = e_vec_len_i > impl->max_active_e_vec_len ? e_vec_len_i : impl->max_active_e_vec_len;
735       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_output_fields; j++) {
736         CeedVector          vec_j;
737         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
738 
739         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[j], &vec_j));
740         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &rstr_j));
741         if (rstr_i == rstr_j && vec_i == vec_j) {
742           is_ordered[j]                        = true;
743           impl->output_field_order[curr_index] = j;
744           curr_index++;
745         }
746         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
747         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
748       }
749       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
750       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
751     }
752   }
753   CeedCallBackend(CeedClearWorkVectors(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), impl->max_active_e_vec_len));
754   {
755     // Create two work vectors for diagonal assembly
756     CeedVector temp_1, temp_2;
757 
758     CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &temp_1));
759     CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &temp_2));
760     CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), &temp_1));
761     CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), &temp_2));
762   }
763   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetSetupDone(op));
764   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
765   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
766 }
767 
768 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
769 // Input Basis Action AtPoints
770 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
771 static inline int CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperatorField op_input_field, CeedQFunctionField qf_input_field, CeedInt input_field,
772                                                       CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector active_e_vec, CeedInt num_elem, const CeedInt *num_points,
773                                                       const bool skip_active, const bool skip_passive, CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
774   bool         is_active = false;
775   CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
776   CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_in[input_field], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_in[input_field];
777 
778   // Skip active input
779   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_field, &l_vec));
780   is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
781   if (skip_active && is_active) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
782   if (skip_passive && !is_active) {
783     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
784     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
785   }
786   if (is_active) {
787     l_vec = in_vec;
788     if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
789   }
790 
791   // Basis action
792   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_field, &eval_mode));
793   switch (eval_mode) {
794     case CEED_EVAL_NONE: {
795       const CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
796 
797       if (e_vec) {
798         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(e_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
799       } else {
800         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(l_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
801       }
802       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, (CeedScalar *)e_vec_array));
803       break;
804     }
805     case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
806     case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
807     case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
808     case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
809       CeedBasis basis;
810 
811       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_field, &basis));
812       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, e_vec, q_vec));
813       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
814       break;
815     }
816     case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
817       break;  // No action
818   }
819   if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
820   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
821 }
822 
823 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
824 // Apply and add to output AtPoints
825 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
826 static int CeedOperatorApplyAddAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector out_vec, CeedRequest *request) {
827   CeedInt             max_num_points, *num_points, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
828   Ceed                ceed;
829   CeedVector          active_e_vec;
830   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
831   CeedQFunction       qf;
832   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
833   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
834 
835   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
836   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
837   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
838   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
839   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
840   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
841 
842   // Setup
843   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(op));
844   num_points     = impl->num_points;
845   max_num_points = impl->max_num_points;
846 
847   // Work vector
848   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(ceed, impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &active_e_vec));
849 
850   // Get point coordinates
851   {
852     CeedVector          point_coords = NULL;
853     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points  = NULL;
854 
855     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, &point_coords));
856     if (!impl->point_coords_elem) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_points, NULL, &impl->point_coords_elem));
857     {
858       uint64_t state;
859       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetState(point_coords, &state));
860       if (impl->points_state != state) {
861         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, point_coords, impl->point_coords_elem, request));
862       }
863     }
864     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&point_coords));
865     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_points));
866   }
867 
868   // Process inputs
869   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
870     CeedInt field = impl->input_field_order[i];
871 
872     CeedCallBackend(
873         CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, in_vec, active_e_vec, false, impl, request));
874     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, in_vec, active_e_vec, num_elem,
875                                                         num_points, false, false, impl));
876   }
877 
878   // Output pointers, as necessary
879   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
880     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
881 
882     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
883     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
884       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
885 
886       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
887       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_vec_array));
888     }
889   }
890 
891   // Q function
892   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * max_num_points, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
893 
894   // Restore input arrays
895   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
896     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, in_vec, active_e_vec, false, impl));
897   }
898 
899   // Output basis and restriction
900   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
901     bool         is_active = false;
902     CeedInt      field     = impl->output_field_order[i];
903     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
904     CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_out[field], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_out[field];
905 
906     // Output vector
907     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[field], &l_vec));
908     is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
909     if (is_active) {
910       l_vec = out_vec;
911       if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
912     }
913 
914     // Basis action
915     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[field], &eval_mode));
916     switch (eval_mode) {
917       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
918         break;  // No action
919       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
920       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
921       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
922       case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
923         CeedBasis basis;
924 
925         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[field], &basis));
926         if (impl->apply_add_basis_out[field]) {
927           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAddAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, q_vec, e_vec));
928         } else {
929           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, q_vec, e_vec));
930         }
931         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
932         break;
933       }
934       // LCOV_EXCL_START
935       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
936         return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
937         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
938       }
939     }
940 
941     // Restore evec
942     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
943       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
944 
945       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
946       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(e_vec, &e_vec_array));
947     }
948 
949     // Restrict
950     if (!impl->skip_rstr_out[field]) {
951       CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
952 
953       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[field], &elem_rstr));
954       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, e_vec, l_vec, request));
955       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
956     }
957     if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
958   }
959 
960   // Restore work vector
961   CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(ceed, &active_e_vec));
962   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
963   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
964   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
965 }
966 
967 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
968 // Linear QFunction Assembly Core
969 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
970 static inline int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(CeedOperator op, bool build_objects, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr,
971                                                                CeedRequest *request) {
972   Ceed                ceed, ceed_parent;
973   CeedInt             num_active_in, num_active_out, Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, size;
974   CeedScalar         *assembled_array;
975   CeedVector         *active_inputs;
976   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
977   CeedQFunction       qf;
978   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
979   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
980 
981   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
982   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(op, &ceed_parent));
983   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
984   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
985   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
986   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
987   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
988   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
989   active_inputs = impl->qf_active_in;
990   num_active_in = impl->num_active_in, num_active_out = impl->num_active_out;
991 
992   // Setup
993   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(op));
994 
995   // Process inputs
996   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
997     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, true, impl, request));
998     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, num_elem, true, impl));
999   }
1000 
1001   // Count number of active input fields
1002   if (!num_active_in) {
1003     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1004       CeedScalar *q_vec_array;
1005       CeedVector  l_vec;
1006 
1007       // Check if active input
1008       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &l_vec));
1009       if (l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1010         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_input_fields[i], &size));
1011         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(impl->q_vecs_in[i], 0.0));
1012         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &q_vec_array));
1013         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_active_in + size, &active_inputs));
1014         for (CeedInt field = 0; field < size; field++) {
1015           CeedSize q_size = (CeedSize)Q * num_elem;
1016 
1017           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &active_inputs[num_active_in + field]));
1018           CeedCallBackend(
1019               CeedVectorSetArray(active_inputs[num_active_in + field], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, &q_vec_array[field * Q * num_elem]));
1020         }
1021         num_active_in += size;
1022         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], &q_vec_array));
1023       }
1024       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1025     }
1026     impl->num_active_in = num_active_in;
1027     impl->qf_active_in  = active_inputs;
1028   }
1029 
1030   // Count number of active output fields
1031   if (!num_active_out) {
1032     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1033       CeedVector l_vec;
1034 
1035       // Check if active output
1036       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &l_vec));
1037       if (l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1038         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[i], &size));
1039         num_active_out += size;
1040       }
1041       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1042     }
1043     impl->num_active_out = num_active_out;
1044   }
1045 
1046   // Check sizes
1047   CeedCheck(num_active_in > 0 && num_active_out > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Cannot assemble QFunction without active inputs and outputs");
1048 
1049   // Build objects if needed
1050   if (build_objects) {
1051     CeedSize l_size     = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q * num_active_in * num_active_out;
1052     CeedInt  strides[3] = {1, num_elem * Q, Q}; /* *NOPAD* */
1053 
1054     // Create output restriction
1055     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided(ceed_parent, num_elem, Q, num_active_in * num_active_out,
1056                                                      (CeedSize)num_active_in * (CeedSize)num_active_out * (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)Q, strides,
1057                                                      rstr));
1058     // Create assembled vector
1059     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, l_size, assembled));
1060   }
1061   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(*assembled, 0.0));
1062   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(*assembled, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_array));
1063 
1064   // Assemble QFunction
1065   for (CeedInt in = 0; in < num_active_in; in++) {
1066     // Set Inputs
1067     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_inputs[in], 1.0));
1068     if (num_active_in > 1) {
1069       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_inputs[(in + num_active_in - 1) % num_active_in], 0.0));
1070     }
1071     // Set Outputs
1072     for (CeedInt out = 0; out < num_output_fields; out++) {
1073       CeedVector l_vec;
1074 
1075       // Check if active output
1076       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[out], &l_vec));
1077       if (l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1078         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[out], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, assembled_array));
1079         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[out], &size));
1080         assembled_array += size * Q * num_elem;  // Advance the pointer by the size of the output
1081       }
1082       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1083     }
1084     // Apply QFunction
1085     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, Q * num_elem, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
1086   }
1087 
1088   // Un-set output q-vecs to prevent accidental overwrite of Assembled
1089   for (CeedInt out = 0; out < num_output_fields; out++) {
1090     CeedVector l_vec;
1091 
1092     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[out], &l_vec));
1093     if (l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1094       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_out[out], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, NULL));
1095     }
1096     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1097   }
1098 
1099   // Restore input arrays
1100   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1101     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, true, impl));
1102   }
1103 
1104   // Restore output
1105   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(*assembled, &assembled_array));
1106   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
1107   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed_parent));
1108   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
1109   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1110 }
1111 
1112 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1113 // Assemble Linear QFunction
1114 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1115 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1116   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(op, true, assembled, rstr, request);
1117 }
1118 
1119 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1120 // Update Assembled Linear QFunction
1121 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1122 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedElemRestriction rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1123   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(op, false, &assembled, &rstr, request);
1124 }
1125 
1126 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1127 // Assemble Diagonal Setup
1128 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1129 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
1130   Ceed                ceed;
1131   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
1132   CeedInt             q_comp, num_nodes, num_qpts;
1133   CeedEvalMode       *eval_modes_in = NULL, *eval_modes_out = NULL;
1134   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
1135   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1136   CeedQFunction       qf;
1137   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
1138   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1139 
1140   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1141   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1142   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetNumArgs(qf, &num_input_fields, &num_output_fields));
1143 
1144   // Determine active input basis
1145   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
1146   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1147   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1148     CeedVector vec;
1149 
1150     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1151     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1152       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1153       CeedBasis    basis;
1154 
1155       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
1156       CeedCheck(!basis_in || basis_in == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1157                 "Backend does not implement operator diagonal assembly with multiple active bases");
1158       if (!basis_in) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_in));
1159       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1160       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1161       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1162       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1163         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF assembly
1164         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in + q_comp, &eval_modes_in));
1165         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) eval_modes_in[num_eval_modes_in + d] = eval_mode;
1166         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1167       }
1168     }
1169     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1170   }
1171 
1172   // Determine active output basis
1173   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
1174   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1175   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1176     CeedVector vec;
1177 
1178     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1179     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1180       CeedBasis    basis;
1181       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1182 
1183       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
1184       CeedCheck(!basis_out || basis_out == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1185                 "Backend does not implement operator diagonal assembly with multiple active bases");
1186       if (!basis_out) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_out));
1187       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1188       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1189       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1190       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1191         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF assembly
1192         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out + q_comp, &eval_modes_out));
1193         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) eval_modes_out[num_eval_modes_out + d] = eval_mode;
1194         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1195       }
1196     }
1197     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1198   }
1199 
1200   // Operator data struct
1201   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1202   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl->diag));
1203   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1204 
1205   // Basis matrices
1206   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_in, &num_nodes));
1207   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
1208   else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts));
1209   const CeedInt interp_bytes     = num_nodes * num_qpts * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1210   const CeedInt eval_modes_bytes = sizeof(CeedEvalMode);
1211   bool          has_eval_none    = false;
1212 
1213   // CEED_EVAL_NONE
1214   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1215   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1216   if (has_eval_none) {
1217     CeedScalar *identity = NULL;
1218 
1219     CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_nodes * num_qpts, &identity));
1220     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
1221     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_identity, interp_bytes));
1222     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_identity, identity, interp_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1223     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1224   }
1225 
1226   // CEED_EVAL_INTERP, CEED_EVAL_GRAD, CEED_EVAL_DIV, and CEED_EVAL_CURL
1227   for (CeedInt in = 0; in < 2; in++) {
1228     CeedFESpace fespace;
1229     CeedBasis   basis = in ? basis_in : basis_out;
1230 
1231     CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetFESpace(basis, &fespace));
1232     switch (fespace) {
1233       case CEED_FE_SPACE_H1: {
1234         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_grad;
1235         const CeedScalar *interp, *grad;
1236         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_grad;
1237 
1238         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1239         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_GRAD, &q_comp_grad));
1240 
1241         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1242         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1243         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1244         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetGrad(basis, &grad));
1245         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_grad, interp_bytes * q_comp_grad));
1246         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_grad, grad, interp_bytes * q_comp_grad, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1247         if (in) {
1248           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1249           diag->d_grad_in   = d_grad;
1250         } else {
1251           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1252           diag->d_grad_out   = d_grad;
1253         }
1254       } break;
1255       case CEED_FE_SPACE_HDIV: {
1256         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_div;
1257         const CeedScalar *interp, *div;
1258         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_div;
1259 
1260         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1261         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_DIV, &q_comp_div));
1262 
1263         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1264         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1265         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1266         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetDiv(basis, &div));
1267         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_div, interp_bytes * q_comp_div));
1268         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_div, div, interp_bytes * q_comp_div, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1269         if (in) {
1270           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1271           diag->d_div_in    = d_div;
1272         } else {
1273           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1274           diag->d_div_out    = d_div;
1275         }
1276       } break;
1277       case CEED_FE_SPACE_HCURL: {
1278         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_curl;
1279         const CeedScalar *interp, *curl;
1280         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_curl;
1281 
1282         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1283         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_CURL, &q_comp_curl));
1284 
1285         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1286         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1287         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1288         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCurl(basis, &curl));
1289         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_curl, interp_bytes * q_comp_curl));
1290         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_curl, curl, interp_bytes * q_comp_curl, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1291         if (in) {
1292           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1293           diag->d_curl_in   = d_curl;
1294         } else {
1295           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1296           diag->d_curl_out   = d_curl;
1297         }
1298       } break;
1299     }
1300   }
1301 
1302   // Arrays of eval_modes
1303   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_eval_modes_in, num_eval_modes_in * eval_modes_bytes));
1304   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_eval_modes_in, eval_modes_in, num_eval_modes_in * eval_modes_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1305   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_eval_modes_out, num_eval_modes_out * eval_modes_bytes));
1306   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_eval_modes_out, eval_modes_out, num_eval_modes_out * eval_modes_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1307   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_in));
1308   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_out));
1309   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
1310   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_in));
1311   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_out));
1312   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
1313   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1314 }
1315 
1316 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1317 // Assemble Diagonal Setup (Compilation)
1318 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1319 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetupCompile_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt use_ceedsize_idx, const bool is_point_block) {
1320   Ceed                ceed;
1321   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
1322   CeedInt             num_comp, q_comp, num_nodes, num_qpts;
1323   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
1324   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1325   CeedQFunction       qf;
1326   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
1327   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1328 
1329   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1330   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1331   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetNumArgs(qf, &num_input_fields, &num_output_fields));
1332 
1333   // Determine active input basis
1334   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
1335   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1336   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1337     CeedVector vec;
1338 
1339     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1340     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1341       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1342       CeedBasis    basis;
1343 
1344       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
1345       if (!basis_in) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_in));
1346       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1347       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1348       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1349       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1350         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1351       }
1352     }
1353     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1354   }
1355 
1356   // Determine active output basis
1357   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
1358   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1359   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1360     CeedVector vec;
1361 
1362     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1363     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1364       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1365       CeedBasis    basis;
1366 
1367       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
1368       if (!basis_out) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_out));
1369       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1370       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1371       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1372       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1373         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1374       }
1375     }
1376     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1377   }
1378 
1379   // Operator data struct
1380   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1381   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1382 
1383   // Assemble kernel
1384   const char diagonal_kernel_source[] = "// Diagonal assembly source\n#include <ceed/jit-source/cuda/cuda-ref-operator-assemble-diagonal.h>\n";
1385   CUmodule  *module                   = is_point_block ? &diag->module_point_block : &diag->module;
1386   CeedInt    elems_per_block          = 1;
1387 
1388   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_in, &num_nodes));
1389   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_in, &num_comp));
1390   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
1391   else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts));
1392   CeedCallCuda(ceed, CeedCompile_Cuda(ceed, diagonal_kernel_source, module, 8, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_IN", num_eval_modes_in, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_OUT",
1393                                       num_eval_modes_out, "NUM_COMP", num_comp, "NUM_NODES", num_nodes, "NUM_QPTS", num_qpts, "USE_CEEDSIZE",
1394                                       use_ceedsize_idx, "USE_POINT_BLOCK", is_point_block ? 1 : 0, "BLOCK_SIZE", num_nodes * elems_per_block));
1395   CeedCallCuda(ceed, CeedGetKernel_Cuda(ceed, *module, "LinearDiagonal", is_point_block ? &diag->LinearPointBlock : &diag->LinearDiagonal));
1396   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
1397   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_in));
1398   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_out));
1399   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
1400   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1401 }
1402 
1403 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1404 // Assemble Diagonal Core
1405 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1406 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block) {
1407   Ceed                ceed;
1408   CeedInt             num_elem, num_nodes;
1409   CeedScalar         *elem_diag_array;
1410   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
1411   CeedVector          assembled_qf   = NULL, elem_diag;
1412   CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL, rstr_in, rstr_out, diag_rstr;
1413   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1414 
1415   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1416   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1417 
1418   // Assemble QFunction
1419   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_rstr, request));
1420   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1421   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_qf_array));
1422 
1423   // Setup
1424   if (!impl->diag) CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetup_Cuda(op));
1425   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1426 
1427   assert(diag != NULL);
1428 
1429   // Assemble kernel if needed
1430   if ((!is_point_block && !diag->LinearDiagonal) || (is_point_block && !diag->LinearPointBlock)) {
1431     CeedSize assembled_length, assembled_qf_length;
1432     CeedInt  use_ceedsize_idx = 0;
1433     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled, &assembled_length));
1434     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_length));
1435     if ((assembled_length > INT_MAX) || (assembled_qf_length > INT_MAX)) use_ceedsize_idx = 1;
1436 
1437     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetupCompile_Cuda(op, use_ceedsize_idx, is_point_block));
1438   }
1439 
1440   // Restriction and diagonal vector
1441   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
1442   CeedCheck(rstr_in == rstr_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1443             "Cannot assemble operator diagonal with different input and output active element restrictions");
1444   if (!is_point_block && !diag->diag_rstr) {
1445     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(rstr_out, &diag->diag_rstr));
1446     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag->diag_rstr, NULL, &diag->elem_diag));
1447   } else if (is_point_block && !diag->point_block_diag_rstr) {
1448     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(rstr_out, &diag->point_block_diag_rstr));
1449     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag->point_block_diag_rstr, NULL, &diag->point_block_elem_diag));
1450   }
1451   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_in));
1452   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_out));
1453   diag_rstr = is_point_block ? diag->point_block_diag_rstr : diag->diag_rstr;
1454   elem_diag = is_point_block ? diag->point_block_elem_diag : diag->elem_diag;
1455   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_diag, 0.0));
1456 
1457   // Only assemble diagonal if the basis has nodes, otherwise inputs are null pointers
1458   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(diag_rstr, &num_nodes));
1459   if (num_nodes > 0) {
1460     // Assemble element operator diagonals
1461     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(diag_rstr, &num_elem));
1462     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(elem_diag, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &elem_diag_array));
1463 
1464     // Compute the diagonal of B^T D B
1465     CeedInt elems_per_block = 1;
1466     CeedInt grid            = CeedDivUpInt(num_elem, elems_per_block);
1467     void   *args[]          = {(void *)&num_elem,      &diag->d_identity,       &diag->d_interp_in,  &diag->d_grad_in, &diag->d_div_in,
1468                                &diag->d_curl_in,       &diag->d_interp_out,     &diag->d_grad_out,   &diag->d_div_out, &diag->d_curl_out,
1469                                &diag->d_eval_modes_in, &diag->d_eval_modes_out, &assembled_qf_array, &elem_diag_array};
1470 
1471     if (is_point_block) {
1472       CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDim_Cuda(ceed, diag->LinearPointBlock, grid, num_nodes, 1, elems_per_block, args));
1473     } else {
1474       CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDim_Cuda(ceed, diag->LinearDiagonal, grid, num_nodes, 1, elems_per_block, args));
1475     }
1476 
1477     // Restore arrays
1478     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(elem_diag, &elem_diag_array));
1479     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
1480   }
1481 
1482   // Assemble local operator diagonal
1483   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(diag_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, elem_diag, assembled, request));
1484 
1485   // Cleanup
1486   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
1487   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
1488   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1489 }
1490 
1491 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1492 // Assemble Linear Diagonal
1493 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1494 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1495   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(op, assembled, request, false));
1496   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1497 }
1498 
1499 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1500 // Assemble Linear Point Block Diagonal
1501 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1502 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1503   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(op, assembled, request, true));
1504   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1505 }
1506 
1507 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1508 // Single Operator Assembly Setup
1509 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1510 static int CeedOperatorAssembleSingleSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt use_ceedsize_idx) {
1511   Ceed                ceed;
1512   Ceed_Cuda          *cuda_data;
1513   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
1514   CeedInt             elem_size_in, num_qpts_in = 0, num_comp_in, elem_size_out, num_qpts_out, num_comp_out, q_comp;
1515   CeedEvalMode       *eval_modes_in = NULL, *eval_modes_out = NULL;
1516   CeedElemRestriction rstr_in = NULL, rstr_out = NULL;
1517   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
1518   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1519   CeedQFunction       qf;
1520   CeedOperatorField  *input_fields, *output_fields;
1521   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1522 
1523   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1524   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1525 
1526   // Get intput and output fields
1527   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
1528 
1529   // Determine active input basis eval mode
1530   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1531   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1532   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1533     CeedVector vec;
1534 
1535     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(input_fields[i], &vec));
1536     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1537       CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
1538       CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1539       CeedBasis           basis;
1540 
1541       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(input_fields[i], &basis));
1542       CeedCheck(!basis_in || basis_in == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Backend does not implement operator assembly with multiple active bases");
1543       if (!basis_in) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_in));
1544       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1545       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
1546       if (!rstr_in) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(elem_rstr, &rstr_in));
1547       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
1548       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
1549       if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_in = elem_size_in;
1550       else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts_in));
1551       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1552       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1553       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1554         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1555         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in + q_comp, &eval_modes_in));
1556         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1557           eval_modes_in[num_eval_modes_in + d] = eval_mode;
1558         }
1559         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1560       }
1561     }
1562     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1563   }
1564 
1565   // Determine active output basis; basis_out and rstr_out only used if same as input, TODO
1566   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1567   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1568     CeedVector vec;
1569 
1570     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(output_fields[i], &vec));
1571     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1572       CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
1573       CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1574       CeedBasis           basis;
1575 
1576       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(output_fields[i], &basis));
1577       CeedCheck(!basis_out || basis_out == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1578                 "Backend does not implement operator assembly with multiple active bases");
1579       if (!basis_out) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_out));
1580       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1581       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
1582       if (!rstr_out) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(elem_rstr, &rstr_out));
1583       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
1584       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
1585       if (basis_out == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_out = elem_size_out;
1586       else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_out, &num_qpts_out));
1587       CeedCheck(num_qpts_in == num_qpts_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
1588                 "Active input and output bases must have the same number of quadrature points");
1589       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1590       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1591       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1592         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1593         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out + q_comp, &eval_modes_out));
1594         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1595           eval_modes_out[num_eval_modes_out + d] = eval_mode;
1596         }
1597         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1598       }
1599     }
1600     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1601   }
1602   CeedCheck(num_eval_modes_in > 0 && num_eval_modes_out > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Cannot assemble operator without inputs/outputs");
1603 
1604   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl->asmb));
1605   CeedOperatorAssemble_Cuda *asmb = impl->asmb;
1606   asmb->elems_per_block           = 1;
1607   asmb->block_size_x              = elem_size_in;
1608   asmb->block_size_y              = elem_size_out;
1609 
1610   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &cuda_data));
1611   bool fallback = asmb->block_size_x * asmb->block_size_y * asmb->elems_per_block > cuda_data->device_prop.maxThreadsPerBlock;
1612 
1613   if (fallback) {
1614     // Use fallback kernel with 1D threadblock
1615     asmb->block_size_y = 1;
1616   }
1617 
1618   // Compile kernels
1619   const char assembly_kernel_source[] = "// Full assembly source\n#include <ceed/jit-source/cuda/cuda-ref-operator-assemble.h>\n";
1620 
1621   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
1622   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
1623   CeedCallBackend(CeedCompile_Cuda(ceed, assembly_kernel_source, &asmb->module, 10, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_IN", num_eval_modes_in, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_OUT",
1624                                    num_eval_modes_out, "NUM_COMP_IN", num_comp_in, "NUM_COMP_OUT", num_comp_out, "NUM_NODES_IN", elem_size_in,
1625                                    "NUM_NODES_OUT", elem_size_out, "NUM_QPTS", num_qpts_in, "BLOCK_SIZE",
1626                                    asmb->block_size_x * asmb->block_size_y * asmb->elems_per_block, "BLOCK_SIZE_Y", asmb->block_size_y,
1627                                    "USE_CEEDSIZE", use_ceedsize_idx));
1628   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetKernel_Cuda(ceed, asmb->module, "LinearAssemble", &asmb->LinearAssemble));
1629 
1630   // Load into B_in, in order that they will be used in eval_modes_in
1631   {
1632     const CeedInt in_bytes           = elem_size_in * num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1633     CeedInt       d_in               = 0;
1634     CeedEvalMode  eval_modes_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1635     bool          has_eval_none      = false;
1636     CeedScalar   *identity           = NULL;
1637 
1638     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) {
1639       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1640     }
1641     if (has_eval_none) {
1642       CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(elem_size_in * num_qpts_in, &identity));
1643       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (elem_size_in < num_qpts_in ? elem_size_in : num_qpts_in); i++) identity[i * elem_size_in + i] = 1.0;
1644     }
1645 
1646     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&asmb->d_B_in, in_bytes));
1647     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) {
1648       const CeedScalar *h_B_in;
1649 
1650       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(basis_in, eval_modes_in[i], identity, &h_B_in));
1651       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_modes_in[i], &q_comp));
1652       if (q_comp > 1) {
1653         if (i == 0 || eval_modes_in[i] != eval_modes_in_prev) d_in = 0;
1654         else h_B_in = &h_B_in[(++d_in) * elem_size_in * num_qpts_in];
1655       }
1656       eval_modes_in_prev = eval_modes_in[i];
1657 
1658       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(&asmb->d_B_in[i * elem_size_in * num_qpts_in], h_B_in, elem_size_in * num_qpts_in * sizeof(CeedScalar),
1659                                     cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1660     }
1661     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1662   }
1663   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_in));
1664 
1665   // Load into B_out, in order that they will be used in eval_modes_out
1666   {
1667     const CeedInt out_bytes           = elem_size_out * num_qpts_out * num_eval_modes_out * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1668     CeedInt       d_out               = 0;
1669     CeedEvalMode  eval_modes_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1670     bool          has_eval_none       = false;
1671     CeedScalar   *identity            = NULL;
1672 
1673     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) {
1674       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1675     }
1676     if (has_eval_none) {
1677       CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * num_qpts_out, &identity));
1678       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (elem_size_out < num_qpts_out ? elem_size_out : num_qpts_out); i++) identity[i * elem_size_out + i] = 1.0;
1679     }
1680 
1681     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&asmb->d_B_out, out_bytes));
1682     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) {
1683       const CeedScalar *h_B_out;
1684 
1685       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(basis_out, eval_modes_out[i], identity, &h_B_out));
1686       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_modes_out[i], &q_comp));
1687       if (q_comp > 1) {
1688         if (i == 0 || eval_modes_out[i] != eval_modes_out_prev) d_out = 0;
1689         else h_B_out = &h_B_out[(++d_out) * elem_size_out * num_qpts_out];
1690       }
1691       eval_modes_out_prev = eval_modes_out[i];
1692 
1693       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(&asmb->d_B_out[i * elem_size_out * num_qpts_out], h_B_out, elem_size_out * num_qpts_out * sizeof(CeedScalar),
1694                                     cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1695     }
1696     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1697   }
1698   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_out));
1699   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
1700   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_in));
1701   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_out));
1702   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_in));
1703   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_out));
1704   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
1705   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1706 }
1707 
1708 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1709 // Assemble matrix data for COO matrix of assembled operator.
1710 // The sparsity pattern is set by CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic.
1711 //
1712 // Note that this (and other assembly routines) currently assume only one active input restriction/basis per operator
1713 // (could have multiple basis eval modes).
1714 // TODO: allow multiple active input restrictions/basis objects
1715 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1716 static int CeedOperatorAssembleSingle_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedVector values) {
1717   Ceed                ceed;
1718   CeedSize            values_length = 0, assembled_qf_length = 0;
1719   CeedInt             use_ceedsize_idx = 0, num_elem_in, num_elem_out, elem_size_in, elem_size_out;
1720   CeedScalar         *values_array;
1721   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
1722   CeedVector          assembled_qf   = NULL;
1723   CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL, rstr_in, rstr_out;
1724   CeedRestrictionType rstr_type_in, rstr_type_out;
1725   const bool         *orients_in = NULL, *orients_out = NULL;
1726   const CeedInt8     *curl_orients_in = NULL, *curl_orients_out = NULL;
1727   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1728 
1729   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1730   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1731 
1732   // Assemble QFunction
1733   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_rstr, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
1734   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1735   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_qf_array));
1736 
1737   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(values, &values_length));
1738   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_length));
1739   if ((values_length > INT_MAX) || (assembled_qf_length > INT_MAX)) use_ceedsize_idx = 1;
1740 
1741   // Setup
1742   if (!impl->asmb) CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleSingleSetup_Cuda(op, use_ceedsize_idx));
1743   CeedOperatorAssemble_Cuda *asmb = impl->asmb;
1744 
1745   assert(asmb != NULL);
1746 
1747   // Assemble element operator
1748   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(values, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &values_array));
1749   values_array += offset;
1750 
1751   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
1752   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
1753   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
1754 
1755   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_in, &rstr_type_in));
1756   if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1757     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(rstr_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &orients_in));
1758   } else if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1759     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(rstr_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &curl_orients_in));
1760   }
1761 
1762   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
1763     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
1764     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
1765               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements");
1766     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
1767 
1768     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_out, &rstr_type_out));
1769     if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1770       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(rstr_out, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &orients_out));
1771     } else if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1772       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(rstr_out, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &curl_orients_out));
1773     }
1774   } else {
1775     elem_size_out    = elem_size_in;
1776     orients_out      = orients_in;
1777     curl_orients_out = curl_orients_in;
1778   }
1779 
1780   // Compute B^T D B
1781   CeedInt shared_mem =
1782       ((curl_orients_in || curl_orients_out ? elem_size_in * elem_size_out : 0) + (curl_orients_in ? elem_size_in * asmb->block_size_y : 0)) *
1783       sizeof(CeedScalar);
1784   CeedInt grid   = CeedDivUpInt(num_elem_in, asmb->elems_per_block);
1785   void   *args[] = {(void *)&num_elem_in, &asmb->d_B_in,     &asmb->d_B_out,      &orients_in,  &curl_orients_in,
1786                     &orients_out,         &curl_orients_out, &assembled_qf_array, &values_array};
1787 
1788   CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDimShared_Cuda(ceed, asmb->LinearAssemble, NULL, grid, asmb->block_size_x, asmb->block_size_y, asmb->elems_per_block,
1789                                               shared_mem, args));
1790 
1791   // Restore arrays
1792   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(values, &values_array));
1793   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
1794 
1795   // Cleanup
1796   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
1797   if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1798     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(rstr_in, &orients_in));
1799   } else if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1800     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(rstr_in, &curl_orients_in));
1801   }
1802   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
1803     if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1804       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(rstr_out, &orients_out));
1805     } else if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1806       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(rstr_out, &curl_orients_out));
1807     }
1808   }
1809   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
1810   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_in));
1811   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_out));
1812   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1813 }
1814 
1815 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1816 // Assemble Linear QFunction AtPoints
1817 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1818 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1819   return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Backend does not implement CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction");
1820 }
1821 
1822 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1823 // Assemble Linear Diagonal AtPoints
1824 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1825 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonalAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1826   CeedInt             max_num_points, *num_points, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
1827   Ceed                ceed;
1828   CeedVector          active_e_vec_in, active_e_vec_out;
1829   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
1830   CeedQFunction       qf;
1831   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
1832   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1833 
1834   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1835   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1836   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1837   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
1838   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
1839   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
1840 
1841   // Setup
1842   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(op));
1843   num_points     = impl->num_points;
1844   max_num_points = impl->max_num_points;
1845 
1846   // Work vector
1847   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(ceed, impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &active_e_vec_in));
1848   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(ceed, impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &active_e_vec_out));
1849   {
1850     CeedSize length_in, length_out;
1851 
1852     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(active_e_vec_in, &length_in));
1853     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(active_e_vec_out, &length_out));
1854     // Need input e_vec to be longer
1855     if (length_in < length_out) {
1856       CeedVector temp = active_e_vec_in;
1857 
1858       active_e_vec_in  = active_e_vec_out;
1859       active_e_vec_out = temp;
1860     }
1861   }
1862 
1863   // Get point coordinates
1864   {
1865     CeedVector          point_coords = NULL;
1866     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points  = NULL;
1867 
1868     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, &point_coords));
1869     if (!impl->point_coords_elem) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_points, NULL, &impl->point_coords_elem));
1870     {
1871       uint64_t state;
1872       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetState(point_coords, &state));
1873       if (impl->points_state != state) {
1874         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, point_coords, impl->point_coords_elem, request));
1875       }
1876     }
1877     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&point_coords));
1878     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_points));
1879   }
1880 
1881   // Process inputs
1882   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1883     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, true, impl, request));
1884     CeedCallBackend(
1885         CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, num_elem, num_points, true, false, impl));
1886   }
1887 
1888   // Output pointers, as necessary
1889   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1890     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1891 
1892     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1893     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
1894       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
1895 
1896       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
1897       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_vec_array));
1898     }
1899   }
1900 
1901   // Loop over active fields
1902   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1903     bool                is_active = false, is_active_at_points = true;
1904     CeedInt             elem_size = 1, num_comp_active = 1, e_vec_size = 0, field_in = impl->input_field_order[i];
1905     CeedRestrictionType rstr_type;
1906     CeedVector          l_vec;
1907     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1908 
1909     // -- Skip non-active input
1910     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[field_in], &l_vec));
1911     is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
1912     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1913     if (!is_active || impl->skip_rstr_in[field_in]) continue;
1914 
1915     // -- Get active restriction type
1916     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[field_in], &elem_rstr));
1917     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr, &rstr_type));
1918     is_active_at_points = rstr_type == CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS;
1919     if (!is_active_at_points) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1920     else elem_size = max_num_points;
1921     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr, &num_comp_active));
1922     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
1923 
1924     e_vec_size = elem_size * num_comp_active;
1925     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_e_vec_in, 0.0));
1926     for (CeedInt s = 0; s < e_vec_size; s++) {
1927       CeedVector q_vec = impl->q_vecs_in[field_in];
1928 
1929       // Update unit vector
1930       {
1931         // Note: E-vec strides are node * (1) + comp * (elem_size * num_elem) + elem * (elem_size)
1932         CeedInt  node = (s - 1) % elem_size, comp = (s - 1) / elem_size;
1933         CeedSize start = node * 1 + comp * (elem_size * num_elem);
1934         CeedSize stop  = (comp + 1) * (elem_size * num_elem);
1935 
1936         if (s != 0) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValueStrided(active_e_vec_in, start, stop, elem_size, 0.0));
1937 
1938         node = s % elem_size, comp = s / elem_size;
1939         start = node * 1 + comp * (elem_size * num_elem);
1940         stop  = (comp + 1) * (elem_size * num_elem);
1941         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValueStrided(active_e_vec_in, start, stop, elem_size, 1.0));
1942       }
1943 
1944       // Basis action
1945       for (CeedInt j = 0; j < num_input_fields; j++) {
1946         CeedInt field = impl->input_field_order[j];
1947 
1948         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, NULL, active_e_vec_in, num_elem,
1949                                                             num_points, false, true, impl));
1950       }
1951 
1952       // Q function
1953       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * max_num_points, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
1954 
1955       // Output basis apply if needed
1956       for (CeedInt j = 0; j < num_output_fields; j++) {
1957         bool                is_active = false;
1958         CeedInt             elem_size = 0;
1959         CeedInt             field_out = impl->output_field_order[j];
1960         CeedRestrictionType rstr_type;
1961         CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
1962         CeedVector          l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_out[field_out], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_out[field_out];
1963         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1964 
1965         // ---- Skip non-active output
1966         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[field_out], &l_vec));
1967         is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
1968         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1969         if (!is_active) continue;
1970         if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec_out;
1971 
1972         // ---- Check if elem size matches
1973         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[field_out], &elem_rstr));
1974         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr, &rstr_type));
1975         if (is_active_at_points && rstr_type != CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS) continue;
1976         if (rstr_type == CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS) {
1977           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetMaxPointsInElement(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1978         } else {
1979           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1980         }
1981         {
1982           CeedInt num_comp = 0;
1983 
1984           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr, &num_comp));
1985           if (e_vec_size != num_comp * elem_size) continue;
1986         }
1987 
1988         // Basis action
1989         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[field_out], &eval_mode));
1990         switch (eval_mode) {
1991           case CEED_EVAL_NONE: {
1992             CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
1993 
1994             CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
1995             CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(e_vec, &e_vec_array));
1996             break;
1997           }
1998           case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
1999           case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
2000           case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
2001           case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
2002             CeedBasis basis;
2003 
2004             CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[field_out], &basis));
2005             if (impl->apply_add_basis_out[field_out]) {
2006               CeedCallBackend(
2007                   CeedBasisApplyAddAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, q_vec, e_vec));
2008             } else {
2009               CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, q_vec, e_vec));
2010             }
2011             CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
2012             break;
2013           }
2014           // LCOV_EXCL_START
2015           case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
2016             return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
2017             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
2018           }
2019         }
2020 
2021         // Mask output e-vec
2022         if (impl->skip_rstr_out[field_out]) {
2023           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
2024           continue;
2025         }
2026         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorPointwiseMult(e_vec, active_e_vec_in, e_vec));
2027 
2028         // Restrict
2029         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, e_vec, assembled, request));
2030         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
2031 
2032         // Reset q_vec for
2033         if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
2034           CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
2035 
2036           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(e_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
2037           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_vec_array));
2038         }
2039       }
2040 
2041       // Reset vec
2042       if (s == e_vec_size - 1 && i != num_input_fields - 1) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(q_vec, 0.0));
2043     }
2044   }
2045 
2046   // Restore CEED_EVAL_NONE
2047   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
2048     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
2049 
2050     // Get eval_mode
2051     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
2052 
2053     // Restore evec
2054     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
2055     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
2056       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
2057 
2058       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
2059       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->e_vecs_out[i], &e_vec_array));
2060     }
2061   }
2062 
2063   // Restore input arrays
2064   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
2065     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, true, impl));
2066   }
2067 
2068   // Restore work vector
2069   CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(ceed, &active_e_vec_in));
2070   CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(ceed, &active_e_vec_out));
2071   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
2072   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
2073   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2074 }
2075 
2076 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2077 // Create operator
2078 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2079 int CeedOperatorCreate_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
2080   Ceed               ceed;
2081   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
2082 
2083   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2084   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
2085   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetData(op, impl));
2086 
2087   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunction", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda));
2088   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda));
2089   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Cuda));
2090   CeedCallBackend(
2091       CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal_Cuda));
2092   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleSingle", CeedOperatorAssembleSingle_Cuda));
2093   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "ApplyAdd", CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda));
2094   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "Destroy", CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda));
2095   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
2096   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2097 }
2098 
2099 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2100 // Create operator AtPoints
2101 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2102 int CeedOperatorCreateAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
2103   Ceed               ceed;
2104   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
2105 
2106   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2107   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
2108   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetData(op, impl));
2109 
2110   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunction", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionAtPoints_Cuda));
2111   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonalAtPoints_Cuda));
2112   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "ApplyAdd", CeedOperatorApplyAddAtPoints_Cuda));
2113   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "Destroy", CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda));
2114   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
2115   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2116 }
2117 
2118 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2119