xref: /libCEED/backends/cuda-ref/ceed-cuda-ref-operator.c (revision 71ed691c5c48f30e071b2e8226633e28b1495018)
1 // Copyright (c) 2017-2024, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
2 // All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
3 //
4 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
5 //
6 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
7 
8 #include <ceed.h>
9 #include <ceed/backend.h>
10 #include <ceed/jit-tools.h>
11 #include <assert.h>
12 #include <cuda.h>
13 #include <cuda_runtime.h>
14 #include <stdbool.h>
15 #include <string.h>
16 
17 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-common.h"
18 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-compile.h"
19 #include "ceed-cuda-ref.h"
20 
21 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22 // Destroy operator
23 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24 static int CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
25   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
26 
27   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
28 
29   // Apply data
30   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->skip_rstr_in));
31   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->skip_rstr_out));
32   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->apply_add_basis_out));
33   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_inputs + impl->num_outputs; i++) {
34     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->e_vecs[i]));
35   }
36   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->e_vecs));
37   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->input_states));
38 
39   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_inputs; i++) {
40     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_in[i]));
41   }
42   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->q_vecs_in));
43 
44   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_outputs; i++) {
45     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_out[i]));
46   }
47   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->q_vecs_out));
48   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->point_coords_elem));
49 
50   // QFunction assembly data
51   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_active_in; i++) {
52     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->qf_active_in[i]));
53   }
54   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->qf_active_in));
55 
56   // Diag data
57   if (impl->diag) {
58     Ceed ceed;
59 
60     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
61     if (impl->diag->module) {
62       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->diag->module));
63     }
64     if (impl->diag->module_point_block) {
65       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->diag->module_point_block));
66     }
67     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_eval_modes_in));
68     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_eval_modes_out));
69     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_identity));
70     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_interp_in));
71     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_interp_out));
72     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_grad_in));
73     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_grad_out));
74     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_div_in));
75     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_div_out));
76     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_curl_in));
77     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_curl_out));
78     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&impl->diag->diag_rstr));
79     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&impl->diag->point_block_diag_rstr));
80     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->diag->elem_diag));
81     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->diag->point_block_elem_diag));
82   }
83   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->diag));
84 
85   if (impl->asmb) {
86     Ceed ceed;
87 
88     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
89     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->asmb->module));
90     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->asmb->d_B_in));
91     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->asmb->d_B_out));
92   }
93   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->asmb));
94 
95   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl));
96   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
97 }
98 
99 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
100 // Setup infields or outfields
101 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
102 static int CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(CeedQFunction qf, CeedOperator op, bool is_input, bool is_at_points, bool *skip_rstr, bool *apply_add_basis,
103                                         CeedVector *e_vecs, CeedVector *q_vecs, CeedInt start_e, CeedInt num_fields, CeedInt Q, CeedInt num_elem) {
104   Ceed                ceed;
105   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
106   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
107 
108   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
109   if (is_input) {
110     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
111     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
112   } else {
113     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
114     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
115   }
116 
117   // Loop over fields
118   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
119     bool         is_strided = false, skip_restriction = false;
120     CeedSize     q_size;
121     CeedInt      size;
122     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
123     CeedBasis    basis;
124 
125     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
126     if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
127       CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
128 
129       // Check whether this field can skip the element restriction:
130       // Must be passive input, with eval_mode NONE, and have a strided restriction with CEED_STRIDES_BACKEND.
131       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
132 
133       // First, check whether the field is input or output:
134       if (is_input) {
135         CeedVector vec;
136 
137         // Check for passive input
138         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
139         if (vec != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
140           // Check eval_mode
141           if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
142             // Check for strided restriction
143             CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionIsStrided(elem_rstr, &is_strided));
144             if (is_strided) {
145               // Check if vector is already in preferred backend ordering
146               CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionHasBackendStrides(elem_rstr, &skip_restriction));
147             }
148           }
149         }
150       }
151       if (skip_restriction) {
152         // We do not need an E-Vector, but will use the input field vector's data directly in the operator application.
153         e_vecs[i + start_e] = NULL;
154       } else {
155         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(elem_rstr, NULL, &e_vecs[i + start_e]));
156       }
157     }
158 
159     switch (eval_mode) {
160       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
161         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_fields[i], &size));
162         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q * size;
163         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
164         break;
165       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
166       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
167       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
168       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
169         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_fields[i], &size));
170         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q * size;
171         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
172         break;
173       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:  // Only on input fields
174         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
175         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q;
176         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
177         if (is_at_points) {
178           CeedInt num_points[num_elem];
179 
180           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_elem; i++) num_points[i] = Q;
181           CeedCallBackend(
182               CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_vecs[i]));
183         } else {
184           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_vecs[i]));
185         }
186         break;
187     }
188   }
189   // Drop duplicate restrictions
190   if (is_input) {
191     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
192       CeedVector          vec_i;
193       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
194 
195       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec_i));
196       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &rstr_i));
197       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_fields; j++) {
198         CeedVector          vec_j;
199         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
200 
201         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[j], &vec_j));
202         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[j], &rstr_j));
203         if (vec_i == vec_j && rstr_i == rstr_j) {
204           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(e_vecs[i + start_e], &e_vecs[j + start_e]));
205           skip_rstr[j] = true;
206         }
207       }
208     }
209   } else {
210     for (CeedInt i = num_fields - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
211       CeedVector          vec_i;
212       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
213 
214       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec_i));
215       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &rstr_i));
216       for (CeedInt j = i - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
217         CeedVector          vec_j;
218         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
219 
220         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[j], &vec_j));
221         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[j], &rstr_j));
222         if (vec_i == vec_j && rstr_i == rstr_j) {
223           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(e_vecs[i + start_e], &e_vecs[j + start_e]));
224           skip_rstr[j]       = true;
225           apply_add_basis[i] = true;
226         }
227       }
228     }
229   }
230   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
231 }
232 
233 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
234 // CeedOperator needs to connect all the named fields (be they active or passive) to the named inputs and outputs of its CeedQFunction.
235 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236 static int CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
237   Ceed                ceed;
238   bool                is_setup_done;
239   CeedInt             Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
240   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
241   CeedQFunction       qf;
242   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
243   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
244 
245   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorIsSetupDone(op, &is_setup_done));
246   if (is_setup_done) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
247 
248   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
249   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
250   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
251   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
252   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
253   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
254   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
255 
256   // Allocate
257   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields + num_output_fields, &impl->e_vecs));
258   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->skip_rstr_in));
259   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->skip_rstr_out));
260   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->apply_add_basis_out));
261   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->input_states));
262   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->q_vecs_in));
263   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->q_vecs_out));
264   impl->num_inputs  = num_input_fields;
265   impl->num_outputs = num_output_fields;
266 
267   // Set up infield and outfield e-vecs and q-vecs
268   // Infields
269   CeedCallBackend(
270       CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, true, false, impl->skip_rstr_in, NULL, impl->e_vecs, impl->q_vecs_in, 0, num_input_fields, Q, num_elem));
271   // Outfields
272   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, false, false, impl->skip_rstr_out, impl->apply_add_basis_out, impl->e_vecs, impl->q_vecs_out,
273                                                num_input_fields, num_output_fields, Q, num_elem));
274 
275   // Reuse active e-vecs where able
276   {
277     CeedInt              num_used  = 0;
278     CeedElemRestriction *rstr_used = NULL;
279 
280     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
281       bool                is_used = false;
282       CeedVector          vec_i;
283       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
284 
285       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec_i));
286       if (vec_i != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
287       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &rstr_i));
288       for (CeedInt j = 0; j < num_used; j++) {
289         if (rstr_i == rstr_used[i]) is_used = true;
290       }
291       if (is_used) continue;
292       num_used++;
293       if (num_used == 1) CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_used, &rstr_used));
294       else CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_used, &rstr_used));
295       rstr_used[num_used - 1] = rstr_i;
296       for (CeedInt j = num_output_fields - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
297         CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
298         CeedVector          vec_j;
299         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
300 
301         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[j], &vec_j));
302         if (vec_j != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
303         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[j], &eval_mode));
304         if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) continue;
305         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &rstr_j));
306         if (rstr_i == rstr_j) {
307           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(impl->e_vecs[i], &impl->e_vecs[j + impl->num_inputs]));
308         }
309       }
310     }
311     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&rstr_used));
312   }
313   impl->has_shared_e_vecs = true;
314   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetSetupDone(op));
315   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
316 }
317 
318 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
319 // Setup Operator Inputs
320 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
321 static inline int CeedOperatorSetupInputs_Cuda(CeedInt num_input_fields, CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, CeedOperatorField *op_input_fields,
322                                                CeedVector in_vec, const bool skip_active, CeedScalar *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX],
323                                                CeedOperator_Cuda *impl, CeedRequest *request) {
324   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
325     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
326     CeedVector          vec;
327     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
328 
329     // Get input vector
330     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
331     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
332       if (skip_active) continue;
333       else vec = in_vec;
334     }
335 
336     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
337     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
338     } else {
339       // Get input vector
340       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
341       // Get input element restriction
342       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
343       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) vec = in_vec;
344       // Restrict, if necessary
345       if (!impl->e_vecs[i]) {
346         // No restriction for this field; read data directly from vec.
347         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, (const CeedScalar **)&e_data[i]));
348       } else {
349         uint64_t state;
350 
351         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetState(vec, &state));
352         if ((state != impl->input_states[i] || vec == in_vec) && !impl->skip_rstr_in[i]) {
353           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, vec, impl->e_vecs[i], request));
354         }
355         impl->input_states[i] = state;
356         // Get evec
357         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(impl->e_vecs[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, (const CeedScalar **)&e_data[i]));
358       }
359     }
360   }
361   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
362 }
363 
364 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
365 // Input Basis Action
366 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
367 static inline int CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(CeedInt num_elem, CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, CeedOperatorField *op_input_fields,
368                                               CeedInt num_input_fields, const bool skip_active, CeedScalar *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX],
369                                               CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
370   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
371     CeedInt             elem_size, size;
372     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
373     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
374     CeedBasis           basis;
375 
376     // Skip active input
377     if (skip_active) {
378       CeedVector vec;
379 
380       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
381       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
382     }
383     // Get elem_size, eval_mode, size
384     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
385     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
386     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
387     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_input_fields[i], &size));
388     // Basis action
389     switch (eval_mode) {
390       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
391         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i]));
392         break;
393       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
394       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
395       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
396       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
397         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_fields[i], &basis));
398         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->e_vecs[i], impl->q_vecs_in[i]));
399         break;
400       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
401         break;  // No action
402     }
403   }
404   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
405 }
406 
407 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
408 // Restore Input Vectors
409 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
410 static inline int CeedOperatorRestoreInputs_Cuda(CeedInt num_input_fields, CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, CeedOperatorField *op_input_fields,
411                                                  const bool skip_active, CeedScalar *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX], CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
412   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
413     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
414     CeedVector   vec;
415 
416     // Skip active input
417     if (skip_active) {
418       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
419       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
420     }
421     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
422     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
423     } else {
424       if (!impl->e_vecs[i]) {  // This was a skip_restriction case
425         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
426         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(vec, (const CeedScalar **)&e_data[i]));
427       } else {
428         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(impl->e_vecs[i], (const CeedScalar **)&e_data[i]));
429       }
430     }
431   }
432   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
433 }
434 
435 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
436 // Apply and add to output
437 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
438 static int CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector out_vec, CeedRequest *request) {
439   CeedInt             Q, num_elem, elem_size, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, size;
440   CeedScalar         *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX] = {NULL};
441   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
442   CeedQFunction       qf;
443   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
444   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
445 
446   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
447   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
448   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
449   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
450   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
451   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
452 
453   // Setup
454   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(op));
455 
456   // Input Evecs and Restriction
457   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, in_vec, false, e_data, impl, request));
458 
459   // Input basis apply if needed
460   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(num_elem, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, num_input_fields, false, e_data, impl));
461 
462   // Output pointers, as necessary
463   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
464     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
465 
466     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
467     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
468       // Set the output Q-Vector to use the E-Vector data directly.
469       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
470       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
471     }
472   }
473 
474   // Q function
475   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * Q, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
476 
477   // Restore input arrays
478   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorRestoreInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, false, e_data, impl));
479 
480   // Output basis apply if needed
481   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
482     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
483     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
484     CeedBasis           basis;
485 
486     // Get elem_size, eval_mode, size
487     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
488     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
489     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
490     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[i], &size));
491     // Basis action
492     switch (eval_mode) {
493       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
494         break;  // No action
495       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
496       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
497       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
498       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
499         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[i], &basis));
500         if (impl->apply_add_basis_out[i]) {
501           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAdd(basis, num_elem, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->q_vecs_out[i], impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs]));
502         } else {
503           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->q_vecs_out[i], impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs]));
504         }
505         break;
506       // LCOV_EXCL_START
507       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
508         return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
509         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
510       }
511     }
512   }
513 
514   // Output restriction
515   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
516     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
517     CeedVector          vec;
518     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
519 
520     // Restore evec
521     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
522     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
523       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
524     }
525     if (impl->skip_rstr_out[i]) continue;
526     // Get output vector
527     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec));
528     // Restrict
529     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
530     // Active
531     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) vec = out_vec;
532 
533     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], vec, request));
534   }
535   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
536 }
537 
538 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
539 // CeedOperator needs to connect all the named fields (be they active or passive) to the named inputs and outputs of its CeedQFunction.
540 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
541 static int CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
542   Ceed                ceed;
543   bool                is_setup_done;
544   CeedInt             max_num_points = -1, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
545   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
546   CeedQFunction       qf;
547   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
548   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
549 
550   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorIsSetupDone(op, &is_setup_done));
551   if (is_setup_done) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
552 
553   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
554   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
555   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
556   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
557   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
558   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
559   {
560     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr = NULL;
561 
562     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &elem_rstr, NULL));
563     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetMaxPointsInElement(elem_rstr, &max_num_points));
564   }
565   impl->max_num_points = max_num_points;
566 
567   // Allocate
568   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields + num_output_fields, &impl->e_vecs));
569   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->skip_rstr_in));
570   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->skip_rstr_out));
571   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->apply_add_basis_out));
572   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->input_states));
573   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->q_vecs_in));
574   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->q_vecs_out));
575   impl->num_inputs  = num_input_fields;
576   impl->num_outputs = num_output_fields;
577 
578   // Set up infield and outfield e-vecs and q-vecs
579   // Infields
580   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, true, true, impl->skip_rstr_in, NULL, impl->e_vecs, impl->q_vecs_in, 0, num_input_fields,
581                                                max_num_points, num_elem));
582   // Outfields
583   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, false, true, impl->skip_rstr_out, impl->apply_add_basis_out, impl->e_vecs, impl->q_vecs_out,
584                                                num_input_fields, num_output_fields, max_num_points, num_elem));
585 
586   // Reuse active e-vecs where able
587   {
588     CeedInt              num_used  = 0;
589     CeedElemRestriction *rstr_used = NULL;
590 
591     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
592       bool                is_used = false;
593       CeedVector          vec_i;
594       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
595 
596       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec_i));
597       if (vec_i != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
598       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &rstr_i));
599       for (CeedInt j = 0; j < num_used; j++) {
600         if (rstr_i == rstr_used[i]) is_used = true;
601       }
602       if (is_used) continue;
603       num_used++;
604       if (num_used == 1) CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_used, &rstr_used));
605       else CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_used, &rstr_used));
606       rstr_used[num_used - 1] = rstr_i;
607       for (CeedInt j = num_output_fields - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
608         CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
609         CeedVector          vec_j;
610         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
611 
612         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[j], &vec_j));
613         if (vec_j != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
614         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[j], &eval_mode));
615         if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) continue;
616         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &rstr_j));
617         if (rstr_i == rstr_j) {
618           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(impl->e_vecs[i], &impl->e_vecs[j + impl->num_inputs]));
619         }
620       }
621     }
622     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&rstr_used));
623   }
624   impl->has_shared_e_vecs = true;
625   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetSetupDone(op));
626   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
627 }
628 
629 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
630 // Input Basis Action AtPoints
631 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
632 static inline int CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(CeedInt num_elem, const CeedInt *num_points, CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields,
633                                                       CeedOperatorField *op_input_fields, CeedInt num_input_fields, const bool skip_active,
634                                                       CeedScalar *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX], CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
635   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
636     CeedInt             elem_size, size;
637     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
638     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
639     CeedBasis           basis;
640 
641     // Skip active input
642     if (skip_active) {
643       CeedVector vec;
644 
645       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
646       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
647     }
648     // Get elem_size, eval_mode, size
649     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
650     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
651     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
652     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_input_fields[i], &size));
653     // Basis action
654     switch (eval_mode) {
655       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
656         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i]));
657         break;
658       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
659       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
660       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
661       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
662         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_fields[i], &basis));
663         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, impl->e_vecs[i],
664                                                impl->q_vecs_in[i]));
665         break;
666       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
667         break;  // No action
668     }
669   }
670   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
671 }
672 
673 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
674 // Apply and add to output AtPoints
675 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
676 static int CeedOperatorApplyAddAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector out_vec, CeedRequest *request) {
677   CeedInt             max_num_points, num_elem, elem_size, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, size;
678   CeedScalar         *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX] = {NULL};
679   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
680   CeedQFunction       qf;
681   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
682   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
683 
684   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
685   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
686   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
687   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
688   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
689   CeedInt num_points[num_elem];
690 
691   // Setup
692   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(op));
693   max_num_points = impl->max_num_points;
694   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_elem; i++) num_points[i] = max_num_points;
695 
696   // Input Evecs and Restriction
697   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, in_vec, false, e_data, impl, request));
698 
699   // Get point coordinates
700   if (!impl->point_coords_elem) {
701     CeedVector          point_coords = NULL;
702     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points  = NULL;
703 
704     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, &point_coords));
705     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_points, NULL, &impl->point_coords_elem));
706     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, point_coords, impl->point_coords_elem, request));
707   }
708 
709   // Input basis apply if needed
710   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(num_elem, num_points, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, num_input_fields, false, e_data, impl));
711 
712   // Output pointers, as necessary
713   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
714     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
715 
716     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
717     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
718       // Set the output Q-Vector to use the E-Vector data directly.
719       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
720       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
721     }
722   }
723 
724   // Q function
725   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * max_num_points, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
726 
727   // Restore input arrays
728   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorRestoreInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, false, e_data, impl));
729 
730   // Output basis apply if needed
731   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
732     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
733     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
734     CeedBasis           basis;
735 
736     // Get elem_size, eval_mode, size
737     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
738     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
739     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
740     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[i], &size));
741     // Basis action
742     switch (eval_mode) {
743       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
744         break;  // No action
745       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
746       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
747       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
748       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
749         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[i], &basis));
750         if (impl->apply_add_basis_out[i]) {
751           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAddAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem,
752                                                     impl->q_vecs_out[i], impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs]));
753         } else {
754           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, impl->q_vecs_out[i],
755                                                  impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs]));
756         }
757         break;
758       // LCOV_EXCL_START
759       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
760         return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
761         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
762       }
763     }
764   }
765 
766   // Output restriction
767   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
768     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
769     CeedVector          vec;
770     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
771 
772     // Restore evec
773     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
774     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
775       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
776     }
777     if (impl->skip_rstr_out[i]) continue;
778     // Get output vector
779     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec));
780     // Restrict
781     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
782     // Active
783     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) vec = out_vec;
784 
785     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], vec, request));
786   }
787   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
788 }
789 
790 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
791 // Linear QFunction Assembly Core
792 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
793 static inline int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(CeedOperator op, bool build_objects, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr,
794                                                                CeedRequest *request) {
795   Ceed                ceed, ceed_parent;
796   CeedInt             num_active_in, num_active_out, Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, size;
797   CeedScalar         *assembled_array, *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX] = {NULL};
798   CeedVector         *active_inputs;
799   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
800   CeedQFunction       qf;
801   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
802   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
803 
804   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
805   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(op, &ceed_parent));
806   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
807   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
808   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
809   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
810   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
811   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
812   active_inputs = impl->qf_active_in;
813   num_active_in = impl->num_active_in, num_active_out = impl->num_active_out;
814 
815   // Setup
816   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(op));
817 
818   // Input Evecs and Restriction
819   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, NULL, true, e_data, impl, request));
820 
821   // Count number of active input fields
822   if (!num_active_in) {
823     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
824       CeedScalar *q_vec_array;
825       CeedVector  vec;
826 
827       // Get input vector
828       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
829       // Check if active input
830       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
831         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_input_fields[i], &size));
832         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(impl->q_vecs_in[i], 0.0));
833         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &q_vec_array));
834         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_active_in + size, &active_inputs));
835         for (CeedInt field = 0; field < size; field++) {
836           CeedSize q_size = (CeedSize)Q * num_elem;
837 
838           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &active_inputs[num_active_in + field]));
839           CeedCallBackend(
840               CeedVectorSetArray(active_inputs[num_active_in + field], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, &q_vec_array[field * Q * num_elem]));
841         }
842         num_active_in += size;
843         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], &q_vec_array));
844       }
845     }
846     impl->num_active_in = num_active_in;
847     impl->qf_active_in  = active_inputs;
848   }
849 
850   // Count number of active output fields
851   if (!num_active_out) {
852     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
853       CeedVector vec;
854 
855       // Get output vector
856       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec));
857       // Check if active output
858       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
859         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[i], &size));
860         num_active_out += size;
861       }
862     }
863     impl->num_active_out = num_active_out;
864   }
865 
866   // Check sizes
867   CeedCheck(num_active_in > 0 && num_active_out > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Cannot assemble QFunction without active inputs and outputs");
868 
869   // Build objects if needed
870   if (build_objects) {
871     CeedSize l_size     = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q * num_active_in * num_active_out;
872     CeedInt  strides[3] = {1, num_elem * Q, Q}; /* *NOPAD* */
873 
874     // Create output restriction
875     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided(ceed_parent, num_elem, Q, num_active_in * num_active_out,
876                                                      (CeedSize)num_active_in * (CeedSize)num_active_out * (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)Q, strides,
877                                                      rstr));
878     // Create assembled vector
879     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, l_size, assembled));
880   }
881   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(*assembled, 0.0));
882   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(*assembled, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_array));
883 
884   // Input basis apply
885   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(num_elem, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, num_input_fields, true, e_data, impl));
886 
887   // Assemble QFunction
888   for (CeedInt in = 0; in < num_active_in; in++) {
889     // Set Inputs
890     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_inputs[in], 1.0));
891     if (num_active_in > 1) {
892       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_inputs[(in + num_active_in - 1) % num_active_in], 0.0));
893     }
894     // Set Outputs
895     for (CeedInt out = 0; out < num_output_fields; out++) {
896       CeedVector vec;
897 
898       // Get output vector
899       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[out], &vec));
900       // Check if active output
901       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
902         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[out], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, assembled_array));
903         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[out], &size));
904         assembled_array += size * Q * num_elem;  // Advance the pointer by the size of the output
905       }
906     }
907     // Apply QFunction
908     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, Q * num_elem, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
909   }
910 
911   // Un-set output q-vecs to prevent accidental overwrite of Assembled
912   for (CeedInt out = 0; out < num_output_fields; out++) {
913     CeedVector vec;
914 
915     // Get output vector
916     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[out], &vec));
917     // Check if active output
918     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
919       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_out[out], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, NULL));
920     }
921   }
922 
923   // Restore input arrays
924   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorRestoreInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, true, e_data, impl));
925 
926   // Restore output
927   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(*assembled, &assembled_array));
928   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
929 }
930 
931 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
932 // Assemble Linear QFunction
933 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
934 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
935   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(op, true, assembled, rstr, request);
936 }
937 
938 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
939 // Update Assembled Linear QFunction
940 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
941 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedElemRestriction rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
942   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(op, false, &assembled, &rstr, request);
943 }
944 
945 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
946 // Assemble Diagonal Setup
947 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
948 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
949   Ceed                ceed;
950   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
951   CeedInt             q_comp, num_nodes, num_qpts;
952   CeedEvalMode       *eval_modes_in = NULL, *eval_modes_out = NULL;
953   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
954   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
955   CeedQFunction       qf;
956   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
957   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
958 
959   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
960   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
961   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetNumArgs(qf, &num_input_fields, &num_output_fields));
962 
963   // Determine active input basis
964   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
965   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
966   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
967     CeedVector vec;
968 
969     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
970     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
971       CeedBasis    basis;
972       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
973 
974       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
975       CeedCheck(!basis_in || basis_in == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
976                 "Backend does not implement operator diagonal assembly with multiple active bases");
977       basis_in = basis;
978       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
979       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
980       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
981         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF assembly
982         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in + q_comp, &eval_modes_in));
983         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) eval_modes_in[num_eval_modes_in + d] = eval_mode;
984         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
985       }
986     }
987   }
988 
989   // Determine active output basis
990   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
991   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
992   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
993     CeedVector vec;
994 
995     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
996     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
997       CeedBasis    basis;
998       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
999 
1000       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
1001       CeedCheck(!basis_out || basis_out == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1002                 "Backend does not implement operator diagonal assembly with multiple active bases");
1003       basis_out = basis;
1004       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1005       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1006       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1007         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF assembly
1008         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out + q_comp, &eval_modes_out));
1009         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) eval_modes_out[num_eval_modes_out + d] = eval_mode;
1010         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1011       }
1012     }
1013   }
1014 
1015   // Operator data struct
1016   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1017   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl->diag));
1018   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1019 
1020   // Basis matrices
1021   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_in, &num_nodes));
1022   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
1023   else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts));
1024   const CeedInt interp_bytes     = num_nodes * num_qpts * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1025   const CeedInt eval_modes_bytes = sizeof(CeedEvalMode);
1026   bool          has_eval_none    = false;
1027 
1028   // CEED_EVAL_NONE
1029   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1030   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1031   if (has_eval_none) {
1032     CeedScalar *identity = NULL;
1033 
1034     CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_nodes * num_qpts, &identity));
1035     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
1036     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_identity, interp_bytes));
1037     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_identity, identity, interp_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1038     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1039   }
1040 
1041   // CEED_EVAL_INTERP, CEED_EVAL_GRAD, CEED_EVAL_DIV, and CEED_EVAL_CURL
1042   for (CeedInt in = 0; in < 2; in++) {
1043     CeedFESpace fespace;
1044     CeedBasis   basis = in ? basis_in : basis_out;
1045 
1046     CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetFESpace(basis, &fespace));
1047     switch (fespace) {
1048       case CEED_FE_SPACE_H1: {
1049         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_grad;
1050         const CeedScalar *interp, *grad;
1051         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_grad;
1052 
1053         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1054         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_GRAD, &q_comp_grad));
1055 
1056         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1057         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1058         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1059         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetGrad(basis, &grad));
1060         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_grad, interp_bytes * q_comp_grad));
1061         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_grad, grad, interp_bytes * q_comp_grad, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1062         if (in) {
1063           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1064           diag->d_grad_in   = d_grad;
1065         } else {
1066           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1067           diag->d_grad_out   = d_grad;
1068         }
1069       } break;
1070       case CEED_FE_SPACE_HDIV: {
1071         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_div;
1072         const CeedScalar *interp, *div;
1073         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_div;
1074 
1075         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1076         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_DIV, &q_comp_div));
1077 
1078         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1079         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1080         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1081         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetDiv(basis, &div));
1082         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_div, interp_bytes * q_comp_div));
1083         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_div, div, interp_bytes * q_comp_div, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1084         if (in) {
1085           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1086           diag->d_div_in    = d_div;
1087         } else {
1088           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1089           diag->d_div_out    = d_div;
1090         }
1091       } break;
1092       case CEED_FE_SPACE_HCURL: {
1093         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_curl;
1094         const CeedScalar *interp, *curl;
1095         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_curl;
1096 
1097         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1098         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_CURL, &q_comp_curl));
1099 
1100         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1101         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1102         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1103         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCurl(basis, &curl));
1104         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_curl, interp_bytes * q_comp_curl));
1105         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_curl, curl, interp_bytes * q_comp_curl, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1106         if (in) {
1107           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1108           diag->d_curl_in   = d_curl;
1109         } else {
1110           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1111           diag->d_curl_out   = d_curl;
1112         }
1113       } break;
1114     }
1115   }
1116 
1117   // Arrays of eval_modes
1118   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_eval_modes_in, num_eval_modes_in * eval_modes_bytes));
1119   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_eval_modes_in, eval_modes_in, num_eval_modes_in * eval_modes_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1120   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_eval_modes_out, num_eval_modes_out * eval_modes_bytes));
1121   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_eval_modes_out, eval_modes_out, num_eval_modes_out * eval_modes_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1122   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_in));
1123   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_out));
1124   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1125 }
1126 
1127 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1128 // Assemble Diagonal Setup (Compilation)
1129 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1130 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetupCompile_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt use_ceedsize_idx, const bool is_point_block) {
1131   Ceed                ceed;
1132   char               *diagonal_kernel_source;
1133   const char         *diagonal_kernel_path;
1134   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
1135   CeedInt             num_comp, q_comp, num_nodes, num_qpts;
1136   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
1137   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1138   CeedQFunction       qf;
1139   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
1140   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1141 
1142   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1143   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1144   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetNumArgs(qf, &num_input_fields, &num_output_fields));
1145 
1146   // Determine active input basis
1147   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
1148   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1149   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1150     CeedVector vec;
1151 
1152     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1153     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1154       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1155 
1156       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_in));
1157       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1158       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1159       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1160         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1161       }
1162     }
1163   }
1164 
1165   // Determine active output basis
1166   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
1167   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1168   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1169     CeedVector vec;
1170 
1171     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1172     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1173       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1174 
1175       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_out));
1176       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1177       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1178       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1179         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1180       }
1181     }
1182   }
1183 
1184   // Operator data struct
1185   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1186   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1187 
1188   // Assemble kernel
1189   CUmodule *module          = is_point_block ? &diag->module_point_block : &diag->module;
1190   CeedInt   elems_per_block = 1;
1191   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_in, &num_nodes));
1192   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_in, &num_comp));
1193   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
1194   else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts));
1195   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetJitAbsolutePath(ceed, "ceed/jit-source/cuda/cuda-ref-operator-assemble-diagonal.h", &diagonal_kernel_path));
1196   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Diagonal Assembly Kernel Source -----\n");
1197   CeedCallBackend(CeedLoadSourceToBuffer(ceed, diagonal_kernel_path, &diagonal_kernel_source));
1198   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Diagonal Assembly Source Complete! -----\n");
1199   CeedCallCuda(ceed, CeedCompile_Cuda(ceed, diagonal_kernel_source, module, 8, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_IN", num_eval_modes_in, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_OUT",
1200                                       num_eval_modes_out, "NUM_COMP", num_comp, "NUM_NODES", num_nodes, "NUM_QPTS", num_qpts, "USE_CEEDSIZE",
1201                                       use_ceedsize_idx, "USE_POINT_BLOCK", is_point_block ? 1 : 0, "BLOCK_SIZE", num_nodes * elems_per_block));
1202   CeedCallCuda(ceed, CeedGetKernel_Cuda(ceed, *module, "LinearDiagonal", is_point_block ? &diag->LinearPointBlock : &diag->LinearDiagonal));
1203   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&diagonal_kernel_path));
1204   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&diagonal_kernel_source));
1205   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1206 }
1207 
1208 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1209 // Assemble Diagonal Core
1210 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1211 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block) {
1212   Ceed                ceed;
1213   CeedInt             num_elem, num_nodes;
1214   CeedScalar         *elem_diag_array;
1215   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
1216   CeedVector          assembled_qf   = NULL, elem_diag;
1217   CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL, rstr_in, rstr_out, diag_rstr;
1218   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1219 
1220   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1221   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1222 
1223   // Assemble QFunction
1224   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_rstr, request));
1225   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1226   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_qf_array));
1227 
1228   // Setup
1229   if (!impl->diag) CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetup_Cuda(op));
1230   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1231 
1232   assert(diag != NULL);
1233 
1234   // Assemble kernel if needed
1235   if ((!is_point_block && !diag->LinearDiagonal) || (is_point_block && !diag->LinearPointBlock)) {
1236     CeedSize assembled_length, assembled_qf_length;
1237     CeedInt  use_ceedsize_idx = 0;
1238     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled, &assembled_length));
1239     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_length));
1240     if ((assembled_length > INT_MAX) || (assembled_qf_length > INT_MAX)) use_ceedsize_idx = 1;
1241 
1242     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetupCompile_Cuda(op, use_ceedsize_idx, is_point_block));
1243   }
1244 
1245   // Restriction and diagonal vector
1246   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
1247   CeedCheck(rstr_in == rstr_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1248             "Cannot assemble operator diagonal with different input and output active element restrictions");
1249   if (!is_point_block && !diag->diag_rstr) {
1250     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(rstr_out, &diag->diag_rstr));
1251     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag->diag_rstr, NULL, &diag->elem_diag));
1252   } else if (is_point_block && !diag->point_block_diag_rstr) {
1253     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(rstr_out, &diag->point_block_diag_rstr));
1254     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag->point_block_diag_rstr, NULL, &diag->point_block_elem_diag));
1255   }
1256   diag_rstr = is_point_block ? diag->point_block_diag_rstr : diag->diag_rstr;
1257   elem_diag = is_point_block ? diag->point_block_elem_diag : diag->elem_diag;
1258   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_diag, 0.0));
1259 
1260   // Only assemble diagonal if the basis has nodes, otherwise inputs are null pointers
1261   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(diag_rstr, &num_nodes));
1262   if (num_nodes > 0) {
1263     // Assemble element operator diagonals
1264     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(diag_rstr, &num_elem));
1265     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(elem_diag, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &elem_diag_array));
1266 
1267     // Compute the diagonal of B^T D B
1268     CeedInt elems_per_block = 1;
1269     CeedInt grid            = CeedDivUpInt(num_elem, elems_per_block);
1270     void   *args[]          = {(void *)&num_elem,      &diag->d_identity,       &diag->d_interp_in,  &diag->d_grad_in, &diag->d_div_in,
1271                                &diag->d_curl_in,       &diag->d_interp_out,     &diag->d_grad_out,   &diag->d_div_out, &diag->d_curl_out,
1272                                &diag->d_eval_modes_in, &diag->d_eval_modes_out, &assembled_qf_array, &elem_diag_array};
1273 
1274     if (is_point_block) {
1275       CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDim_Cuda(ceed, diag->LinearPointBlock, grid, num_nodes, 1, elems_per_block, args));
1276     } else {
1277       CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDim_Cuda(ceed, diag->LinearDiagonal, grid, num_nodes, 1, elems_per_block, args));
1278     }
1279 
1280     // Restore arrays
1281     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(elem_diag, &elem_diag_array));
1282     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
1283   }
1284 
1285   // Assemble local operator diagonal
1286   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(diag_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, elem_diag, assembled, request));
1287 
1288   // Cleanup
1289   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
1290   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1291 }
1292 
1293 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1294 // Assemble Linear Diagonal
1295 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1296 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1297   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(op, assembled, request, false));
1298   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1299 }
1300 
1301 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1302 // Assemble Linear Point Block Diagonal
1303 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1304 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1305   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(op, assembled, request, true));
1306   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1307 }
1308 
1309 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1310 // Single Operator Assembly Setup
1311 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1312 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt use_ceedsize_idx) {
1313   Ceed                ceed;
1314   Ceed_Cuda          *cuda_data;
1315   char               *assembly_kernel_source;
1316   const char         *assembly_kernel_path;
1317   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
1318   CeedInt             elem_size_in, num_qpts_in = 0, num_comp_in, elem_size_out, num_qpts_out, num_comp_out, q_comp;
1319   CeedEvalMode       *eval_modes_in = NULL, *eval_modes_out = NULL;
1320   CeedElemRestriction rstr_in = NULL, rstr_out = NULL;
1321   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
1322   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1323   CeedQFunction       qf;
1324   CeedOperatorField  *input_fields, *output_fields;
1325   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1326 
1327   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1328   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1329 
1330   // Get intput and output fields
1331   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
1332 
1333   // Determine active input basis eval mode
1334   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1335   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1336   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1337     CeedVector vec;
1338 
1339     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(input_fields[i], &vec));
1340     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1341       CeedBasis    basis;
1342       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1343 
1344       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(input_fields[i], &basis));
1345       CeedCheck(!basis_in || basis_in == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Backend does not implement operator assembly with multiple active bases");
1346       basis_in = basis;
1347       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &rstr_in));
1348       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
1349       if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_in = elem_size_in;
1350       else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts_in));
1351       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1352       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1353       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1354         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1355         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in + q_comp, &eval_modes_in));
1356         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1357           eval_modes_in[num_eval_modes_in + d] = eval_mode;
1358         }
1359         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1360       }
1361     }
1362   }
1363 
1364   // Determine active output basis; basis_out and rstr_out only used if same as input, TODO
1365   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1366   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1367     CeedVector vec;
1368 
1369     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(output_fields[i], &vec));
1370     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1371       CeedBasis    basis;
1372       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1373 
1374       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(output_fields[i], &basis));
1375       CeedCheck(!basis_out || basis_out == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1376                 "Backend does not implement operator assembly with multiple active bases");
1377       basis_out = basis;
1378       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &rstr_out));
1379       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
1380       if (basis_out == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_out = elem_size_out;
1381       else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_out, &num_qpts_out));
1382       CeedCheck(num_qpts_in == num_qpts_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
1383                 "Active input and output bases must have the same number of quadrature points");
1384       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1385       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1386       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1387         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1388         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out + q_comp, &eval_modes_out));
1389         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1390           eval_modes_out[num_eval_modes_out + d] = eval_mode;
1391         }
1392         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1393       }
1394     }
1395   }
1396   CeedCheck(num_eval_modes_in > 0 && num_eval_modes_out > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Cannot assemble operator without inputs/outputs");
1397 
1398   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl->asmb));
1399   CeedOperatorAssemble_Cuda *asmb = impl->asmb;
1400   asmb->elems_per_block           = 1;
1401   asmb->block_size_x              = elem_size_in;
1402   asmb->block_size_y              = elem_size_out;
1403 
1404   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &cuda_data));
1405   bool fallback = asmb->block_size_x * asmb->block_size_y * asmb->elems_per_block > cuda_data->device_prop.maxThreadsPerBlock;
1406 
1407   if (fallback) {
1408     // Use fallback kernel with 1D threadblock
1409     asmb->block_size_y = 1;
1410   }
1411 
1412   // Compile kernels
1413   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
1414   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
1415   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetJitAbsolutePath(ceed, "ceed/jit-source/cuda/cuda-ref-operator-assemble.h", &assembly_kernel_path));
1416   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Assembly Kernel Source -----\n");
1417   CeedCallBackend(CeedLoadSourceToBuffer(ceed, assembly_kernel_path, &assembly_kernel_source));
1418   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Assembly Source Complete! -----\n");
1419   CeedCallBackend(CeedCompile_Cuda(ceed, assembly_kernel_source, &asmb->module, 10, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_IN", num_eval_modes_in, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_OUT",
1420                                    num_eval_modes_out, "NUM_COMP_IN", num_comp_in, "NUM_COMP_OUT", num_comp_out, "NUM_NODES_IN", elem_size_in,
1421                                    "NUM_NODES_OUT", elem_size_out, "NUM_QPTS", num_qpts_in, "BLOCK_SIZE",
1422                                    asmb->block_size_x * asmb->block_size_y * asmb->elems_per_block, "BLOCK_SIZE_Y", asmb->block_size_y,
1423                                    "USE_CEEDSIZE", use_ceedsize_idx));
1424   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetKernel_Cuda(ceed, asmb->module, "LinearAssemble", &asmb->LinearAssemble));
1425   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&assembly_kernel_path));
1426   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&assembly_kernel_source));
1427 
1428   // Load into B_in, in order that they will be used in eval_modes_in
1429   {
1430     const CeedInt in_bytes           = elem_size_in * num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1431     CeedInt       d_in               = 0;
1432     CeedEvalMode  eval_modes_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1433     bool          has_eval_none      = false;
1434     CeedScalar   *identity           = NULL;
1435 
1436     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) {
1437       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1438     }
1439     if (has_eval_none) {
1440       CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(elem_size_in * num_qpts_in, &identity));
1441       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (elem_size_in < num_qpts_in ? elem_size_in : num_qpts_in); i++) identity[i * elem_size_in + i] = 1.0;
1442     }
1443 
1444     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&asmb->d_B_in, in_bytes));
1445     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) {
1446       const CeedScalar *h_B_in;
1447 
1448       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(basis_in, eval_modes_in[i], identity, &h_B_in));
1449       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_modes_in[i], &q_comp));
1450       if (q_comp > 1) {
1451         if (i == 0 || eval_modes_in[i] != eval_modes_in_prev) d_in = 0;
1452         else h_B_in = &h_B_in[(++d_in) * elem_size_in * num_qpts_in];
1453       }
1454       eval_modes_in_prev = eval_modes_in[i];
1455 
1456       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(&asmb->d_B_in[i * elem_size_in * num_qpts_in], h_B_in, elem_size_in * num_qpts_in * sizeof(CeedScalar),
1457                                     cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1458     }
1459 
1460     if (identity) {
1461       CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1462     }
1463   }
1464 
1465   // Load into B_out, in order that they will be used in eval_modes_out
1466   {
1467     const CeedInt out_bytes           = elem_size_out * num_qpts_out * num_eval_modes_out * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1468     CeedInt       d_out               = 0;
1469     CeedEvalMode  eval_modes_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1470     bool          has_eval_none       = false;
1471     CeedScalar   *identity            = NULL;
1472 
1473     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) {
1474       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1475     }
1476     if (has_eval_none) {
1477       CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * num_qpts_out, &identity));
1478       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (elem_size_out < num_qpts_out ? elem_size_out : num_qpts_out); i++) identity[i * elem_size_out + i] = 1.0;
1479     }
1480 
1481     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&asmb->d_B_out, out_bytes));
1482     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) {
1483       const CeedScalar *h_B_out;
1484 
1485       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(basis_out, eval_modes_out[i], identity, &h_B_out));
1486       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_modes_out[i], &q_comp));
1487       if (q_comp > 1) {
1488         if (i == 0 || eval_modes_out[i] != eval_modes_out_prev) d_out = 0;
1489         else h_B_out = &h_B_out[(++d_out) * elem_size_out * num_qpts_out];
1490       }
1491       eval_modes_out_prev = eval_modes_out[i];
1492 
1493       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(&asmb->d_B_out[i * elem_size_out * num_qpts_out], h_B_out, elem_size_out * num_qpts_out * sizeof(CeedScalar),
1494                                     cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1495     }
1496 
1497     if (identity) {
1498       CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1499     }
1500   }
1501   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1502 }
1503 
1504 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1505 // Assemble matrix data for COO matrix of assembled operator.
1506 // The sparsity pattern is set by CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic.
1507 //
1508 // Note that this (and other assembly routines) currently assume only one active input restriction/basis per operator (could have multiple basis eval
1509 // modes).
1510 // TODO: allow multiple active input restrictions/basis objects
1511 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1512 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssemble_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedVector values) {
1513   Ceed                ceed;
1514   CeedSize            values_length = 0, assembled_qf_length = 0;
1515   CeedInt             use_ceedsize_idx = 0, num_elem_in, num_elem_out, elem_size_in, elem_size_out;
1516   CeedScalar         *values_array;
1517   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
1518   CeedVector          assembled_qf   = NULL;
1519   CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL, rstr_in, rstr_out;
1520   CeedRestrictionType rstr_type_in, rstr_type_out;
1521   const bool         *orients_in = NULL, *orients_out = NULL;
1522   const CeedInt8     *curl_orients_in = NULL, *curl_orients_out = NULL;
1523   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1524 
1525   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1526   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1527 
1528   // Assemble QFunction
1529   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_rstr, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
1530   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1531   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_qf_array));
1532 
1533   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(values, &values_length));
1534   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_length));
1535   if ((values_length > INT_MAX) || (assembled_qf_length > INT_MAX)) use_ceedsize_idx = 1;
1536 
1537   // Setup
1538   if (!impl->asmb) CeedCallBackend(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSetup_Cuda(op, use_ceedsize_idx));
1539   CeedOperatorAssemble_Cuda *asmb = impl->asmb;
1540 
1541   assert(asmb != NULL);
1542 
1543   // Assemble element operator
1544   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(values, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &values_array));
1545   values_array += offset;
1546 
1547   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
1548   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
1549   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
1550 
1551   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_in, &rstr_type_in));
1552   if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1553     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(rstr_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &orients_in));
1554   } else if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1555     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(rstr_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &curl_orients_in));
1556   }
1557 
1558   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
1559     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
1560     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
1561               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements");
1562     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
1563 
1564     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_out, &rstr_type_out));
1565     if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1566       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(rstr_out, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &orients_out));
1567     } else if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1568       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(rstr_out, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &curl_orients_out));
1569     }
1570   } else {
1571     elem_size_out    = elem_size_in;
1572     orients_out      = orients_in;
1573     curl_orients_out = curl_orients_in;
1574   }
1575 
1576   // Compute B^T D B
1577   CeedInt shared_mem =
1578       ((curl_orients_in || curl_orients_out ? elem_size_in * elem_size_out : 0) + (curl_orients_in ? elem_size_in * asmb->block_size_y : 0)) *
1579       sizeof(CeedScalar);
1580   CeedInt grid   = CeedDivUpInt(num_elem_in, asmb->elems_per_block);
1581   void   *args[] = {(void *)&num_elem_in, &asmb->d_B_in,     &asmb->d_B_out,      &orients_in,  &curl_orients_in,
1582                     &orients_out,         &curl_orients_out, &assembled_qf_array, &values_array};
1583 
1584   CeedCallBackend(
1585       CeedRunKernelDimShared_Cuda(ceed, asmb->LinearAssemble, grid, asmb->block_size_x, asmb->block_size_y, asmb->elems_per_block, shared_mem, args));
1586 
1587   // Restore arrays
1588   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(values, &values_array));
1589   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
1590 
1591   // Cleanup
1592   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
1593   if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1594     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(rstr_in, &orients_in));
1595   } else if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1596     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(rstr_in, &curl_orients_in));
1597   }
1598   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
1599     if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1600       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(rstr_out, &orients_out));
1601     } else if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1602       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(rstr_out, &curl_orients_out));
1603     }
1604   }
1605   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1606 }
1607 
1608 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1609 // Assemble Linear QFunction AtPoints
1610 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1611 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1612   return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Backend does not implement CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction");
1613 }
1614 
1615 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1616 // Assemble Linear Diagonal AtPoints
1617 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1618 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonalAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1619   CeedInt             max_num_points, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
1620   CeedScalar         *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX] = {NULL};
1621   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
1622   CeedQFunction       qf;
1623   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
1624   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1625 
1626   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1627   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1628   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
1629   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
1630   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
1631   CeedInt num_points[num_elem];
1632 
1633   // Setup
1634   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(op));
1635   max_num_points = impl->max_num_points;
1636   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_elem; i++) num_points[i] = max_num_points;
1637 
1638   // Create separate output e-vecs
1639   if (impl->has_shared_e_vecs) {
1640     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_outputs; i++) {
1641       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_out[i]));
1642       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->e_vecs[impl->num_inputs + i]));
1643     }
1644     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, false, true, impl->skip_rstr_out, impl->apply_add_basis_out, impl->e_vecs, impl->q_vecs_out,
1645                                                  num_input_fields, num_output_fields, max_num_points, num_elem));
1646   }
1647   impl->has_shared_e_vecs = false;
1648 
1649   // Input Evecs and Restriction
1650   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, NULL, true, e_data, impl, request));
1651 
1652   // Get point coordinates
1653   if (!impl->point_coords_elem) {
1654     CeedVector          point_coords = NULL;
1655     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points  = NULL;
1656 
1657     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, &point_coords));
1658     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_points, NULL, &impl->point_coords_elem));
1659     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, point_coords, impl->point_coords_elem, request));
1660   }
1661 
1662   // Clear active input Qvecs
1663   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1664     CeedVector vec;
1665 
1666     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
1667     if (vec != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
1668     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(impl->q_vecs_in[i], 0.0));
1669   }
1670 
1671   // Input basis apply if needed
1672   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(num_elem, num_points, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, num_input_fields, true, e_data, impl));
1673 
1674   // Output pointers, as necessary
1675   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1676     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1677 
1678     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1679     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
1680       // Set the output Q-Vector to use the E-Vector data directly.
1681       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
1682       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
1683     }
1684   }
1685 
1686   // Loop over active fields
1687   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1688     bool                is_active_at_points = true;
1689     CeedInt             elem_size = 1, num_comp_active = 1, e_vec_size = 0;
1690     CeedRestrictionType rstr_type;
1691     CeedVector          vec;
1692     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1693 
1694     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
1695     // -- Skip non-active input
1696     if (vec != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
1697 
1698     // -- Get active restriction type
1699     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
1700     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr, &rstr_type));
1701     is_active_at_points = rstr_type == CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS;
1702     if (!is_active_at_points) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1703     else elem_size = max_num_points;
1704     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr, &num_comp_active));
1705 
1706     e_vec_size = elem_size * num_comp_active;
1707     for (CeedInt s = 0; s < e_vec_size; s++) {
1708       bool         is_active_input = false;
1709       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1710       CeedVector   vec;
1711       CeedBasis    basis;
1712 
1713       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
1714       // Skip non-active input
1715       is_active_input = vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
1716       if (!is_active_input) continue;
1717 
1718       // Update unit vector
1719       if (s == 0) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(impl->e_vecs[i], 0.0));
1720       else CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValueStrided(impl->e_vecs[i], s - 1, e_vec_size, 0.0));
1721       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValueStrided(impl->e_vecs[i], s, e_vec_size, 1.0));
1722 
1723       // Basis action
1724       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1725       switch (eval_mode) {
1726         case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
1727           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i]));
1728           break;
1729         case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
1730         case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
1731         case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
1732         case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
1733           CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_fields[i], &basis));
1734           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, impl->e_vecs[i],
1735                                                  impl->q_vecs_in[i]));
1736           break;
1737         case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
1738           break;  // No action
1739       }
1740 
1741       // Q function
1742       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * max_num_points, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
1743 
1744       // Output basis apply if needed
1745       for (CeedInt j = 0; j < num_output_fields; j++) {
1746         bool                is_active_output = false;
1747         CeedInt             elem_size        = 0;
1748         CeedRestrictionType rstr_type;
1749         CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
1750         CeedVector          vec;
1751         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1752         CeedBasis           basis;
1753 
1754         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[j], &vec));
1755         // ---- Skip non-active output
1756         is_active_output = vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
1757         if (!is_active_output) continue;
1758 
1759         // ---- Check if elem size matches
1760         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &elem_rstr));
1761         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr, &rstr_type));
1762         if (is_active_at_points && rstr_type != CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS) continue;
1763         if (rstr_type == CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS) {
1764           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetMaxPointsInElement(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1765         } else {
1766           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1767         }
1768         {
1769           CeedInt num_comp = 0;
1770 
1771           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr, &num_comp));
1772           if (e_vec_size != num_comp * elem_size) continue;
1773         }
1774 
1775         // Basis action
1776         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[j], &eval_mode));
1777         switch (eval_mode) {
1778           case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
1779             CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->e_vecs[j + impl->num_inputs], &e_data[j + num_input_fields]));
1780             break;
1781           case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
1782           case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
1783           case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
1784           case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
1785             CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[j], &basis));
1786             CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem,
1787                                                    impl->q_vecs_out[j], impl->e_vecs[j + impl->num_inputs]));
1788             break;
1789           // LCOV_EXCL_START
1790           case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
1791             return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
1792             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
1793           }
1794         }
1795 
1796         // Mask output e-vec
1797         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorPointwiseMult(impl->e_vecs[j + impl->num_inputs], impl->e_vecs[i], impl->e_vecs[j + impl->num_inputs]));
1798 
1799         // Restrict
1800         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &elem_rstr));
1801         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, impl->e_vecs[j + impl->num_inputs], assembled, request));
1802 
1803         // Reset q_vec for
1804         if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
1805           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs[j + impl->num_inputs], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_data[j + num_input_fields]));
1806           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[j], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[j + num_input_fields]));
1807         }
1808       }
1809 
1810       // Reset vec
1811       if (s == e_vec_size - 1 && i != num_input_fields - 1) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(impl->q_vecs_in[i], 0.0));
1812     }
1813   }
1814 
1815   // Restore CEED_EVAL_NONE
1816   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1817     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1818 
1819     // Get eval_mode
1820     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1821 
1822     // Restore evec
1823     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1824     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
1825       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
1826     }
1827   }
1828 
1829   // Restore input arrays
1830   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorRestoreInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, true, e_data, impl));
1831   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1832 }
1833 
1834 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1835 // Create operator
1836 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1837 int CeedOperatorCreate_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
1838   Ceed               ceed;
1839   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
1840 
1841   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1842   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
1843   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetData(op, impl));
1844 
1845   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunction", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda));
1846   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda));
1847   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Cuda));
1848   CeedCallBackend(
1849       CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal_Cuda));
1850   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleSingle", CeedSingleOperatorAssemble_Cuda));
1851   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "ApplyAdd", CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda));
1852   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "Destroy", CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda));
1853   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1854 }
1855 
1856 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1857 // Create operator AtPoints
1858 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1859 int CeedOperatorCreateAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
1860   Ceed               ceed;
1861   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
1862 
1863   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1864   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
1865   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetData(op, impl));
1866 
1867   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunction", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionAtPoints_Cuda));
1868   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonalAtPoints_Cuda));
1869   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "ApplyAdd", CeedOperatorApplyAddAtPoints_Cuda));
1870   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "Destroy", CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda));
1871   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1872 }
1873 
1874 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1875