xref: /libCEED/backends/cuda-ref/ceed-cuda-ref-operator.c (revision b473a06276daa8a28b9126dca2fc365f20267013)
1 // Copyright (c) 2017-2022, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
2 // All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
3 //
4 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
5 //
6 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
7 
8 #include <ceed.h>
9 #include <ceed/backend.h>
10 #include <ceed/jit-tools.h>
11 #include <assert.h>
12 #include <cuda.h>
13 #include <cuda_runtime.h>
14 #include <stdbool.h>
15 #include <string.h>
16 
17 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-common.h"
18 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-compile.h"
19 #include "ceed-cuda-ref.h"
20 
21 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22 // Destroy operator
23 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24 static int CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
25   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
26 
27   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
28 
29   // Apply data
30   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_inputs + impl->num_outputs; i++) {
31     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->e_vecs[i]));
32   }
33   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->e_vecs));
34 
35   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_inputs; i++) {
36     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_in[i]));
37   }
38   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->q_vecs_in));
39 
40   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_outputs; i++) {
41     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_out[i]));
42   }
43   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->q_vecs_out));
44 
45   // QFunction assembly data
46   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_active_in; i++) {
47     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->qf_active_in[i]));
48   }
49   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->qf_active_in));
50 
51   // Diag data
52   if (impl->diag) {
53     Ceed ceed;
54 
55     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
56     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->diag->module));
57     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_eval_modes_in));
58     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_eval_modes_out));
59     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_identity));
60     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_interp_in));
61     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_interp_out));
62     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_grad_in));
63     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_grad_out));
64     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_div_in));
65     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_div_out));
66     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_curl_in));
67     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_curl_out));
68     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&impl->diag->diag_rstr));
69     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&impl->diag->point_block_diag_rstr));
70     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->diag->elem_diag));
71     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->diag->point_block_elem_diag));
72   }
73   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->diag));
74 
75   if (impl->asmb) {
76     Ceed ceed;
77 
78     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
79     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->asmb->module));
80     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->asmb->d_B_in));
81     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->asmb->d_B_out));
82   }
83   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->asmb));
84 
85   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl));
86   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
87 }
88 
89 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
90 // Setup infields or outfields
91 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
92 static int CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(CeedQFunction qf, CeedOperator op, bool is_input, CeedVector *e_vecs, CeedVector *q_vecs, CeedInt start_e,
93                                         CeedInt num_fields, CeedInt Q, CeedInt num_elem) {
94   Ceed                ceed;
95   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
96   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
97 
98   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
99   if (is_input) {
100     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
101     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
102   } else {
103     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
104     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
105   }
106 
107   // Loop over fields
108   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
109     bool         is_strided = false, skip_restriction = false;
110     CeedSize     q_size;
111     CeedInt      size;
112     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
113     CeedBasis    basis;
114 
115     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
116     if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
117       CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
118 
119       // Check whether this field can skip the element restriction:
120       // Must be passive input, with eval_mode NONE, and have a strided restriction with CEED_STRIDES_BACKEND.
121       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
122 
123       // First, check whether the field is input or output:
124       if (is_input) {
125         CeedVector vec;
126 
127         // Check for passive input
128         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
129         if (vec != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
130           // Check eval_mode
131           if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
132             // Check for strided restriction
133             CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionIsStrided(elem_rstr, &is_strided));
134             if (is_strided) {
135               // Check if vector is already in preferred backend ordering
136               CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionHasBackendStrides(elem_rstr, &skip_restriction));
137             }
138           }
139         }
140       }
141       if (skip_restriction) {
142         // We do not need an E-Vector, but will use the input field vector's data directly in the operator application.
143         e_vecs[i + start_e] = NULL;
144       } else {
145         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(elem_rstr, NULL, &e_vecs[i + start_e]));
146       }
147     }
148 
149     switch (eval_mode) {
150       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
151         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_fields[i], &size));
152         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q * size;
153         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
154         break;
155       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
156       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
157       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
158       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
159         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_fields[i], &size));
160         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q * size;
161         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
162         break;
163       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:  // Only on input fields
164         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
165         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q;
166         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
167         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_vecs[i]));
168         break;
169     }
170   }
171   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
172 }
173 
174 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
175 // CeedOperator needs to connect all the named fields (be they active or passive) to the named inputs and outputs of its CeedQFunction.
176 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
177 static int CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
178   Ceed                ceed;
179   bool                is_setup_done;
180   CeedInt             Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
181   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
182   CeedQFunction       qf;
183   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
184   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
185 
186   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorIsSetupDone(op, &is_setup_done));
187   if (is_setup_done) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
188 
189   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
190   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
191   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
192   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
193   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
194   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
195   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
196 
197   // Allocate
198   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields + num_output_fields, &impl->e_vecs));
199   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->q_vecs_in));
200   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(CEED_FIELD_MAX, &impl->q_vecs_out));
201   impl->num_inputs  = num_input_fields;
202   impl->num_outputs = num_output_fields;
203 
204   // Set up infield and outfield e_vecs and q_vecs
205   // Infields
206   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, true, impl->e_vecs, impl->q_vecs_in, 0, num_input_fields, Q, num_elem));
207   // Outfields
208   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, false, impl->e_vecs, impl->q_vecs_out, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, Q, num_elem));
209 
210   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetSetupDone(op));
211   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
212 }
213 
214 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
215 // Setup Operator Inputs
216 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
217 static inline int CeedOperatorSetupInputs_Cuda(CeedInt num_input_fields, CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, CeedOperatorField *op_input_fields,
218                                                CeedVector in_vec, const bool skip_active, CeedScalar *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX],
219                                                CeedOperator_Cuda *impl, CeedRequest *request) {
220   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
221     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
222     CeedVector          vec;
223     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
224 
225     // Get input vector
226     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
227     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
228       if (skip_active) continue;
229       else vec = in_vec;
230     }
231 
232     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
233     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
234     } else {
235       // Get input vector
236       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
237       // Get input element restriction
238       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
239       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) vec = in_vec;
240       // Restrict, if necessary
241       if (!impl->e_vecs[i]) {
242         // No restriction for this field; read data directly from vec.
243         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, (const CeedScalar **)&e_data[i]));
244       } else {
245         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, vec, impl->e_vecs[i], request));
246         // Get evec
247         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(impl->e_vecs[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, (const CeedScalar **)&e_data[i]));
248       }
249     }
250   }
251   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
252 }
253 
254 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
255 // Input Basis Action
256 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
257 static inline int CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(CeedInt num_elem, CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, CeedOperatorField *op_input_fields,
258                                               CeedInt num_input_fields, const bool skip_active, CeedScalar *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX],
259                                               CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
260   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
261     CeedInt             elem_size, size;
262     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
263     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
264     CeedBasis           basis;
265 
266     // Skip active input
267     if (skip_active) {
268       CeedVector vec;
269 
270       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
271       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
272     }
273     // Get elem_size, eval_mode, size
274     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
275     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
276     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
277     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_input_fields[i], &size));
278     // Basis action
279     switch (eval_mode) {
280       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
281         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i]));
282         break;
283       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
284       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
285       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
286       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
287         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_fields[i], &basis));
288         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->e_vecs[i], impl->q_vecs_in[i]));
289         break;
290       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
291         break;  // No action
292     }
293   }
294   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
295 }
296 
297 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
298 // Restore Input Vectors
299 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
300 static inline int CeedOperatorRestoreInputs_Cuda(CeedInt num_input_fields, CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, CeedOperatorField *op_input_fields,
301                                                  const bool skip_active, CeedScalar *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX], CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
302   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
303     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
304     CeedVector   vec;
305 
306     // Skip active input
307     if (skip_active) {
308       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
309       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
310     }
311     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
312     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {  // Skip
313     } else {
314       if (!impl->e_vecs[i]) {  // This was a skip_restriction case
315         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
316         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(vec, (const CeedScalar **)&e_data[i]));
317       } else {
318         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(impl->e_vecs[i], (const CeedScalar **)&e_data[i]));
319       }
320     }
321   }
322   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
323 }
324 
325 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
326 // Apply and add to output
327 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
328 static int CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector out_vec, CeedRequest *request) {
329   CeedInt             Q, num_elem, elem_size, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, size;
330   CeedScalar         *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX] = {NULL};
331   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
332   CeedQFunction       qf;
333   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
334   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
335 
336   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
337   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
338   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
339   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
340   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
341   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
342 
343   // Setup
344   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(op));
345 
346   // Input Evecs and Restriction
347   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, in_vec, false, e_data, impl, request));
348 
349   // Input basis apply if needed
350   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(num_elem, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, num_input_fields, false, e_data, impl));
351 
352   // Output pointers, as necessary
353   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
354     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
355 
356     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
357     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
358       // Set the output Q-Vector to use the E-Vector data directly.
359       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
360       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
361     }
362   }
363 
364   // Q function
365   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * Q, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
366 
367   // Output basis apply if needed
368   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
369     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
370     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
371     CeedBasis           basis;
372 
373     // Get elem_size, eval_mode, size
374     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
375     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
376     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
377     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[i], &size));
378     // Basis action
379     switch (eval_mode) {
380       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
381         break;  // No action
382       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
383       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
384       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
385       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
386         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[i], &basis));
387         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->q_vecs_out[i], impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs]));
388         break;
389       // LCOV_EXCL_START
390       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
391         Ceed ceed;
392 
393         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
394         return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
395         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
396       }
397     }
398   }
399 
400   // Output restriction
401   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
402     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
403     CeedVector          vec;
404     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
405 
406     // Restore evec
407     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
408     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
409       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], &e_data[i + num_input_fields]));
410     }
411     // Get output vector
412     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec));
413     // Restrict
414     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
415     // Active
416     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) vec = out_vec;
417 
418     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, impl->e_vecs[i + impl->num_inputs], vec, request));
419   }
420 
421   // Restore input arrays
422   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorRestoreInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, false, e_data, impl));
423   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
424 }
425 
426 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
427 // Linear QFunction Assembly Core
428 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
429 static inline int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(CeedOperator op, bool build_objects, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr,
430                                                                CeedRequest *request) {
431   Ceed                ceed, ceed_parent;
432   CeedInt             num_active_in, num_active_out, Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, size;
433   CeedScalar         *assembled_array, *e_data[2 * CEED_FIELD_MAX] = {NULL};
434   CeedVector         *active_inputs;
435   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
436   CeedQFunction       qf;
437   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
438   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
439 
440   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
441   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(op, &ceed_parent));
442   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
443   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
444   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
445   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
446   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
447   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
448   active_inputs = impl->qf_active_in;
449   num_active_in = impl->num_active_in, num_active_out = impl->num_active_out;
450 
451   // Setup
452   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(op));
453 
454   // Input Evecs and Restriction
455   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, NULL, true, e_data, impl, request));
456 
457   // Count number of active input fields
458   if (!num_active_in) {
459     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
460       CeedScalar *q_vec_array;
461       CeedVector  vec;
462 
463       // Get input vector
464       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
465       // Check if active input
466       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
467         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_input_fields[i], &size));
468         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(impl->q_vecs_in[i], 0.0));
469         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &q_vec_array));
470         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_active_in + size, &active_inputs));
471         for (CeedInt field = 0; field < size; field++) {
472           CeedSize q_size = (CeedSize)Q * num_elem;
473 
474           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &active_inputs[num_active_in + field]));
475           CeedCallBackend(
476               CeedVectorSetArray(active_inputs[num_active_in + field], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, &q_vec_array[field * Q * num_elem]));
477         }
478         num_active_in += size;
479         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], &q_vec_array));
480       }
481     }
482     impl->num_active_in = num_active_in;
483     impl->qf_active_in  = active_inputs;
484   }
485 
486   // Count number of active output fields
487   if (!num_active_out) {
488     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
489       CeedVector vec;
490 
491       // Get output vector
492       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec));
493       // Check if active output
494       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
495         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[i], &size));
496         num_active_out += size;
497       }
498     }
499     impl->num_active_out = num_active_out;
500   }
501 
502   // Check sizes
503   CeedCheck(num_active_in > 0 && num_active_out > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Cannot assemble QFunction without active inputs and outputs");
504 
505   // Build objects if needed
506   if (build_objects) {
507     CeedSize l_size     = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q * num_active_in * num_active_out;
508     CeedInt  strides[3] = {1, num_elem * Q, Q}; /* *NOPAD* */
509 
510     // Create output restriction
511     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided(ceed_parent, num_elem, Q, num_active_in * num_active_out,
512                                                      num_active_in * num_active_out * num_elem * Q, strides, rstr));
513     // Create assembled vector
514     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, l_size, assembled));
515   }
516   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(*assembled, 0.0));
517   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(*assembled, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_array));
518 
519   // Input basis apply
520   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(num_elem, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, num_input_fields, true, e_data, impl));
521 
522   // Assemble QFunction
523   for (CeedInt in = 0; in < num_active_in; in++) {
524     // Set Inputs
525     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_inputs[in], 1.0));
526     if (num_active_in > 1) {
527       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_inputs[(in + num_active_in - 1) % num_active_in], 0.0));
528     }
529     // Set Outputs
530     for (CeedInt out = 0; out < num_output_fields; out++) {
531       CeedVector vec;
532 
533       // Get output vector
534       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[out], &vec));
535       // Check if active output
536       if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
537         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[out], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, assembled_array));
538         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[out], &size));
539         assembled_array += size * Q * num_elem;  // Advance the pointer by the size of the output
540       }
541     }
542     // Apply QFunction
543     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, Q * num_elem, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
544   }
545 
546   // Un-set output q_vecs to prevent accidental overwrite of Assembled
547   for (CeedInt out = 0; out < num_output_fields; out++) {
548     CeedVector vec;
549 
550     // Get output vector
551     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[out], &vec));
552     // Check if active output
553     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
554       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_out[out], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, NULL));
555     }
556   }
557 
558   // Restore input arrays
559   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorRestoreInputs_Cuda(num_input_fields, qf_input_fields, op_input_fields, true, e_data, impl));
560 
561   // Restore output
562   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(*assembled, &assembled_array));
563   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
564 }
565 
566 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
567 // Assemble Linear QFunction
568 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
569 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
570   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(op, true, assembled, rstr, request);
571 }
572 
573 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
574 // Update Assembled Linear QFunction
575 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
576 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedElemRestriction rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
577   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(op, false, &assembled, &rstr, request);
578 }
579 
580 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
581 // Assemble Diagonal Setup
582 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
583 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt use_ceedsize_idx) {
584   Ceed                ceed;
585   char               *diagonal_kernel_path, *diagonal_kernel_source;
586   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
587   CeedInt             num_comp, q_comp, num_nodes, num_qpts;
588   CeedEvalMode       *eval_modes_in = NULL, *eval_modes_out = NULL;
589   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
590   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
591   CeedQFunction       qf;
592   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
593   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
594 
595   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
596   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
597   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetNumArgs(qf, &num_input_fields, &num_output_fields));
598 
599   // Determine active input basis
600   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
601   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
602   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
603     CeedVector vec;
604 
605     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
606     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
607       CeedBasis    basis;
608       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
609 
610       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
611       CeedCheck(!basis_in || basis_in == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
612                 "Backend does not implement operator diagonal assembly with multiple active bases");
613       basis_in = basis;
614       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
615       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
616       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
617         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF assembly
618         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in + q_comp, &eval_modes_in));
619         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) eval_modes_in[num_eval_modes_in + d] = eval_mode;
620         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
621       }
622     }
623   }
624 
625   // Determine active output basis
626   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
627   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
628   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
629     CeedVector vec;
630 
631     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
632     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
633       CeedBasis    basis;
634       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
635 
636       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
637       CeedCheck(!basis_out || basis_out == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
638                 "Backend does not implement operator diagonal assembly with multiple active bases");
639       basis_out = basis;
640       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
641       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
642       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
643         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF assembly
644         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out + q_comp, &eval_modes_out));
645         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) eval_modes_out[num_eval_modes_out + d] = eval_mode;
646         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
647       }
648     }
649   }
650 
651   // Operator data struct
652   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
653   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl->diag));
654   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
655 
656   // Assemble kernel
657   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_in, &num_nodes));
658   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_in, &num_comp));
659   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
660   else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts));
661   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetJitAbsolutePath(ceed, "ceed/jit-source/cuda/cuda-ref-operator-assemble-diagonal.h", &diagonal_kernel_path));
662   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Diagonal Assembly Kernel Source -----\n");
663   CeedCallBackend(CeedLoadSourceToBuffer(ceed, diagonal_kernel_path, &diagonal_kernel_source));
664   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Diagonal Assembly Source Complete! -----\n");
665   CeedCallCuda(
666       ceed, CeedCompile_Cuda(ceed, diagonal_kernel_source, &diag->module, 6, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_IN", num_eval_modes_in, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_OUT",
667                              num_eval_modes_out, "NUM_COMP", num_comp, "NUM_NODES", num_nodes, "NUM_QPTS", num_qpts, "CEED_SIZE", use_ceedsize_idx));
668   CeedCallCuda(ceed, CeedGetKernel_Cuda(ceed, diag->module, "LinearDiagonal", &diag->LinearDiagonal));
669   CeedCallCuda(ceed, CeedGetKernel_Cuda(ceed, diag->module, "LinearPointBlockDiagonal", &diag->LinearPointBlock));
670   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&diagonal_kernel_path));
671   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&diagonal_kernel_source));
672 
673   // Basis matrices
674   const CeedInt interp_bytes     = num_nodes * num_qpts * sizeof(CeedScalar);
675   const CeedInt eval_modes_bytes = sizeof(CeedEvalMode);
676   bool          has_eval_none    = false;
677 
678   // CEED_EVAL_NONE
679   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
680   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
681   if (has_eval_none) {
682     CeedScalar *identity = NULL;
683 
684     CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_nodes * num_qpts, &identity));
685     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
686     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_identity, interp_bytes));
687     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_identity, identity, interp_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
688     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
689   }
690 
691   // CEED_EVAL_INTERP, CEED_EVAL_GRAD, CEED_EVAL_DIV, and CEED_EVAL_CURL
692   for (CeedInt in = 0; in < 2; in++) {
693     CeedFESpace fespace;
694     CeedBasis   basis = in ? basis_in : basis_out;
695 
696     CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetFESpace(basis, &fespace));
697     switch (fespace) {
698       case CEED_FE_SPACE_H1: {
699         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_grad;
700         const CeedScalar *interp, *grad;
701         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_grad;
702 
703         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
704         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_GRAD, &q_comp_grad));
705 
706         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
707         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
708         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
709         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetGrad(basis, &grad));
710         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_grad, interp_bytes * q_comp_grad));
711         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_grad, grad, interp_bytes * q_comp_grad, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
712         if (in) {
713           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
714           diag->d_grad_in   = d_grad;
715         } else {
716           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
717           diag->d_grad_out   = d_grad;
718         }
719       } break;
720       case CEED_FE_SPACE_HDIV: {
721         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_div;
722         const CeedScalar *interp, *div;
723         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_div;
724 
725         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
726         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_DIV, &q_comp_div));
727 
728         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
729         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
730         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
731         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetDiv(basis, &div));
732         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_div, interp_bytes * q_comp_div));
733         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_div, div, interp_bytes * q_comp_div, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
734         if (in) {
735           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
736           diag->d_div_in    = d_div;
737         } else {
738           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
739           diag->d_div_out    = d_div;
740         }
741       } break;
742       case CEED_FE_SPACE_HCURL: {
743         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_curl;
744         const CeedScalar *interp, *curl;
745         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_curl;
746 
747         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
748         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_CURL, &q_comp_curl));
749 
750         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
751         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
752         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
753         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCurl(basis, &curl));
754         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_curl, interp_bytes * q_comp_curl));
755         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_curl, curl, interp_bytes * q_comp_curl, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
756         if (in) {
757           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
758           diag->d_curl_in   = d_curl;
759         } else {
760           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
761           diag->d_curl_out   = d_curl;
762         }
763       } break;
764     }
765   }
766 
767   // Arrays of eval_modes
768   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_eval_modes_in, num_eval_modes_in * eval_modes_bytes));
769   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_eval_modes_in, eval_modes_in, num_eval_modes_in * eval_modes_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
770   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_eval_modes_out, num_eval_modes_out * eval_modes_bytes));
771   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_eval_modes_out, eval_modes_out, num_eval_modes_out * eval_modes_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
772   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_in));
773   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_out));
774   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
775 }
776 
777 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
778 // Assemble Diagonal Core
779 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
780 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block) {
781   Ceed                ceed;
782   CeedSize            assembled_length, assembled_qf_length;
783   CeedInt             use_ceedsize_idx = 0, num_elem, num_nodes;
784   CeedScalar         *elem_diag_array;
785   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
786   CeedVector          assembled_qf   = NULL, elem_diag;
787   CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL, rstr_in, rstr_out, diag_rstr;
788   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
789 
790   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
791   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
792 
793   // Assemble QFunction
794   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_rstr, request));
795   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
796   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_qf_array));
797 
798   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled, &assembled_length));
799   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_length));
800   if ((assembled_length > INT_MAX) || (assembled_qf_length > INT_MAX)) use_ceedsize_idx = 1;
801 
802   // Setup
803   if (!impl->diag) CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetup_Cuda(op, use_ceedsize_idx));
804   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
805 
806   assert(diag != NULL);
807 
808   // Restriction and diagonal vector
809   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
810   CeedCheck(rstr_in == rstr_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
811             "Cannot assemble operator diagonal with different input and output active element restrictions");
812   if (!is_point_block && !diag->diag_rstr) {
813     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(rstr_out, &diag->diag_rstr));
814     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag->diag_rstr, NULL, &diag->elem_diag));
815   } else if (is_point_block && !diag->point_block_diag_rstr) {
816     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(rstr_out, &diag->point_block_diag_rstr));
817     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag->point_block_diag_rstr, NULL, &diag->point_block_elem_diag));
818   }
819   diag_rstr = is_point_block ? diag->point_block_diag_rstr : diag->diag_rstr;
820   elem_diag = is_point_block ? diag->point_block_elem_diag : diag->elem_diag;
821   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_diag, 0.0));
822 
823   // Only assemble diagonal if the basis has nodes, otherwise inputs are null pointers
824   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(diag_rstr, &num_nodes));
825   if (num_nodes > 0) {
826     // Assemble element operator diagonals
827     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(diag_rstr, &num_elem));
828     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(elem_diag, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &elem_diag_array));
829 
830     // Compute the diagonal of B^T D B
831     CeedInt elems_per_block = 1;
832     CeedInt grid            = CeedDivUpInt(num_elem, elems_per_block);
833     void   *args[]          = {(void *)&num_elem,      &diag->d_identity,       &diag->d_interp_in,  &diag->d_grad_in, &diag->d_div_in,
834                                &diag->d_curl_in,       &diag->d_interp_out,     &diag->d_grad_out,   &diag->d_div_out, &diag->d_curl_out,
835                                &diag->d_eval_modes_in, &diag->d_eval_modes_out, &assembled_qf_array, &elem_diag_array};
836 
837     if (is_point_block) {
838       CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDim_Cuda(ceed, diag->LinearPointBlock, grid, num_nodes, 1, elems_per_block, args));
839     } else {
840       CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDim_Cuda(ceed, diag->LinearDiagonal, grid, num_nodes, 1, elems_per_block, args));
841     }
842 
843     // Restore arrays
844     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(elem_diag, &elem_diag_array));
845     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
846   }
847 
848   // Assemble local operator diagonal
849   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(diag_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, elem_diag, assembled, request));
850 
851   // Cleanup
852   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
853   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
854 }
855 
856 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
857 // Assemble Linear Diagonal
858 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
859 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
860   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(op, assembled, request, false));
861   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
862 }
863 
864 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
865 // Assemble Linear Point Block Diagonal
866 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
867 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
868   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(op, assembled, request, true));
869   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
870 }
871 
872 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
873 // Single Operator Assembly Setup
874 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
875 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt use_ceedsize_idx) {
876   Ceed                ceed;
877   Ceed_Cuda          *cuda_data;
878   char               *assembly_kernel_path, *assembly_kernel_source;
879   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
880   CeedInt             elem_size_in, num_qpts_in, num_comp_in, elem_size_out, num_qpts_out, num_comp_out, q_comp;
881   CeedEvalMode       *eval_modes_in = NULL, *eval_modes_out = NULL;
882   CeedElemRestriction rstr_in = NULL, rstr_out = NULL;
883   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
884   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
885   CeedQFunction       qf;
886   CeedOperatorField  *input_fields, *output_fields;
887   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
888 
889   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
890   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
891 
892   // Get intput and output fields
893   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
894 
895   // Determine active input basis eval mode
896   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
897   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
898   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
899     CeedVector vec;
900 
901     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(input_fields[i], &vec));
902     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
903       CeedBasis    basis;
904       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
905 
906       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(input_fields[i], &basis));
907       CeedCheck(!basis_in || basis_in == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Backend does not implement operator assembly with multiple active bases");
908       basis_in = basis;
909       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &rstr_in));
910       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
911       if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_in = elem_size_in;
912       else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts_in));
913       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
914       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
915       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
916         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
917         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in + q_comp, &eval_modes_in));
918         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
919           eval_modes_in[num_eval_modes_in + d] = eval_mode;
920         }
921         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
922       }
923     }
924   }
925 
926   // Determine active output basis; basis_out and rstr_out only used if same as input, TODO
927   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
928   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
929     CeedVector vec;
930 
931     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(output_fields[i], &vec));
932     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
933       CeedBasis    basis;
934       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
935 
936       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(output_fields[i], &basis));
937       CeedCheck(!basis_out || basis_out == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
938                 "Backend does not implement operator assembly with multiple active bases");
939       basis_out = basis;
940       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &rstr_out));
941       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
942       if (basis_out == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_out = elem_size_out;
943       else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_out, &num_qpts_out));
944       CeedCheck(num_qpts_in == num_qpts_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
945                 "Active input and output bases must have the same number of quadrature points");
946       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
947       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
948       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
949         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
950         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out + q_comp, &eval_modes_out));
951         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
952           eval_modes_out[num_eval_modes_out + d] = eval_mode;
953         }
954         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
955       }
956     }
957   }
958   CeedCheck(num_eval_modes_in > 0 && num_eval_modes_out > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Cannot assemble operator without inputs/outputs");
959 
960   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl->asmb));
961   CeedOperatorAssemble_Cuda *asmb = impl->asmb;
962   asmb->elems_per_block           = 1;
963   asmb->block_size_x              = elem_size_in;
964   asmb->block_size_y              = elem_size_out;
965 
966   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &cuda_data));
967   bool fallback = asmb->block_size_x * asmb->block_size_y * asmb->elems_per_block > cuda_data->device_prop.maxThreadsPerBlock;
968 
969   if (fallback) {
970     // Use fallback kernel with 1D threadblock
971     asmb->block_size_y = 1;
972   }
973 
974   // Compile kernels
975   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
976   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
977   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetJitAbsolutePath(ceed, "ceed/jit-source/cuda/cuda-ref-operator-assemble.h", &assembly_kernel_path));
978   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Assembly Kernel Source -----\n");
979   CeedCallBackend(CeedLoadSourceToBuffer(ceed, assembly_kernel_path, &assembly_kernel_source));
980   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Assembly Source Complete! -----\n");
981   CeedCallBackend(CeedCompile_Cuda(ceed, assembly_kernel_source, &asmb->module, 10, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_IN", num_eval_modes_in, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_OUT",
982                                    num_eval_modes_out, "NUM_COMP_IN", num_comp_in, "NUM_COMP_OUT", num_comp_out, "NUM_NODES_IN", elem_size_in,
983                                    "NUM_NODES_OUT", elem_size_out, "NUM_QPTS", num_qpts_in, "BLOCK_SIZE",
984                                    asmb->block_size_x * asmb->block_size_y * asmb->elems_per_block, "BLOCK_SIZE_Y", asmb->block_size_y, "CEED_SIZE",
985                                    use_ceedsize_idx));
986   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetKernel_Cuda(ceed, asmb->module, "LinearAssemble", &asmb->LinearAssemble));
987   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&assembly_kernel_path));
988   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&assembly_kernel_source));
989 
990   // Load into B_in, in order that they will be used in eval_modes_in
991   {
992     const CeedInt in_bytes           = elem_size_in * num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in * sizeof(CeedScalar);
993     CeedInt       d_in               = 0;
994     CeedEvalMode  eval_modes_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
995     bool          has_eval_none      = false;
996     CeedScalar   *identity           = NULL;
997 
998     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) {
999       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1000     }
1001     if (has_eval_none) {
1002       CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(elem_size_in * num_qpts_in, &identity));
1003       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (elem_size_in < num_qpts_in ? elem_size_in : num_qpts_in); i++) identity[i * elem_size_in + i] = 1.0;
1004     }
1005 
1006     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&asmb->d_B_in, in_bytes));
1007     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) {
1008       const CeedScalar *h_B_in;
1009 
1010       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(basis_in, eval_modes_in[i], identity, &h_B_in));
1011       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_modes_in[i], &q_comp));
1012       if (q_comp > 1) {
1013         if (i == 0 || eval_modes_in[i] != eval_modes_in_prev) d_in = 0;
1014         else h_B_in = &h_B_in[(++d_in) * elem_size_in * num_qpts_in];
1015       }
1016       eval_modes_in_prev = eval_modes_in[i];
1017 
1018       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(&asmb->d_B_in[i * elem_size_in * num_qpts_in], h_B_in, elem_size_in * num_qpts_in * sizeof(CeedScalar),
1019                                     cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1020     }
1021 
1022     if (identity) {
1023       CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1024     }
1025   }
1026 
1027   // Load into B_out, in order that they will be used in eval_modes_out
1028   {
1029     const CeedInt out_bytes           = elem_size_out * num_qpts_out * num_eval_modes_out * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1030     CeedInt       d_out               = 0;
1031     CeedEvalMode  eval_modes_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1032     bool          has_eval_none       = false;
1033     CeedScalar   *identity            = NULL;
1034 
1035     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) {
1036       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1037     }
1038     if (has_eval_none) {
1039       CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * num_qpts_out, &identity));
1040       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (elem_size_out < num_qpts_out ? elem_size_out : num_qpts_out); i++) identity[i * elem_size_out + i] = 1.0;
1041     }
1042 
1043     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&asmb->d_B_out, out_bytes));
1044     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) {
1045       const CeedScalar *h_B_out;
1046 
1047       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(basis_out, eval_modes_out[i], identity, &h_B_out));
1048       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_modes_out[i], &q_comp));
1049       if (q_comp > 1) {
1050         if (i == 0 || eval_modes_out[i] != eval_modes_out_prev) d_out = 0;
1051         else h_B_out = &h_B_out[(++d_out) * elem_size_out * num_qpts_out];
1052       }
1053       eval_modes_out_prev = eval_modes_out[i];
1054 
1055       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(&asmb->d_B_out[i * elem_size_out * num_qpts_out], h_B_out, elem_size_out * num_qpts_out * sizeof(CeedScalar),
1056                                     cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1057     }
1058 
1059     if (identity) {
1060       CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1061     }
1062   }
1063   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1064 }
1065 
1066 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1067 // Assemble matrix data for COO matrix of assembled operator.
1068 // The sparsity pattern is set by CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic.
1069 //
1070 // Note that this (and other assembly routines) currently assume only one active input restriction/basis per operator (could have multiple basis eval
1071 // modes).
1072 // TODO: allow multiple active input restrictions/basis objects
1073 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1074 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssemble_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedVector values) {
1075   Ceed                ceed;
1076   CeedSize            values_length = 0, assembled_qf_length = 0;
1077   CeedInt             use_ceedsize_idx = 0, num_elem_in, num_elem_out, elem_size_in, elem_size_out;
1078   CeedScalar         *values_array;
1079   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
1080   CeedVector          assembled_qf   = NULL;
1081   CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL, rstr_in, rstr_out;
1082   CeedRestrictionType rstr_type_in, rstr_type_out;
1083   const bool         *orients_in = NULL, *orients_out = NULL;
1084   const CeedInt8     *curl_orients_in = NULL, *curl_orients_out = NULL;
1085   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1086 
1087   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1088   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1089 
1090   // Assemble QFunction
1091   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_rstr, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
1092   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1093   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_qf_array));
1094 
1095   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(values, &values_length));
1096   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_length));
1097   if ((values_length > INT_MAX) || (assembled_qf_length > INT_MAX)) use_ceedsize_idx = 1;
1098 
1099   // Setup
1100   if (!impl->asmb) CeedCallBackend(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSetup_Cuda(op, use_ceedsize_idx));
1101   CeedOperatorAssemble_Cuda *asmb = impl->asmb;
1102 
1103   assert(asmb != NULL);
1104 
1105   // Assemble element operator
1106   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(values, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &values_array));
1107   values_array += offset;
1108 
1109   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
1110   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
1111   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
1112 
1113   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_in, &rstr_type_in));
1114   if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1115     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(rstr_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &orients_in));
1116   } else if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1117     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(rstr_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &curl_orients_in));
1118   }
1119 
1120   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
1121     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
1122     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
1123               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements");
1124     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
1125 
1126     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_out, &rstr_type_out));
1127     if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1128       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(rstr_out, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &orients_out));
1129     } else if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1130       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(rstr_out, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &curl_orients_out));
1131     }
1132   } else {
1133     elem_size_out    = elem_size_in;
1134     orients_out      = orients_in;
1135     curl_orients_out = curl_orients_in;
1136   }
1137 
1138   // Compute B^T D B
1139   CeedInt shared_mem =
1140       ((curl_orients_in || curl_orients_out ? elem_size_in * elem_size_out : 0) + (curl_orients_in ? elem_size_in * asmb->block_size_y : 0)) *
1141       sizeof(CeedScalar);
1142   CeedInt grid   = CeedDivUpInt(num_elem_in, asmb->elems_per_block);
1143   void   *args[] = {(void *)&num_elem_in, &asmb->d_B_in,     &asmb->d_B_out,      &orients_in,  &curl_orients_in,
1144                     &orients_out,         &curl_orients_out, &assembled_qf_array, &values_array};
1145 
1146   CeedCallBackend(
1147       CeedRunKernelDimShared_Cuda(ceed, asmb->LinearAssemble, grid, asmb->block_size_x, asmb->block_size_y, asmb->elems_per_block, shared_mem, args));
1148 
1149   // Restore arrays
1150   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(values, &values_array));
1151   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
1152 
1153   // Cleanup
1154   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
1155   if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1156     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(rstr_in, &orients_in));
1157   } else if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1158     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(rstr_in, &curl_orients_in));
1159   }
1160   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
1161     if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1162       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(rstr_out, &orients_out));
1163     } else if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1164       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(rstr_out, &curl_orients_out));
1165     }
1166   }
1167   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1168 }
1169 
1170 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1171 // Create operator
1172 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1173 int CeedOperatorCreate_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
1174   Ceed               ceed;
1175   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
1176 
1177   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1178   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
1179   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetData(op, impl));
1180 
1181   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunction", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda));
1182   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda));
1183   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Cuda));
1184   CeedCallBackend(
1185       CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal_Cuda));
1186   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleSingle", CeedSingleOperatorAssemble_Cuda));
1187   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "ApplyAdd", CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda));
1188   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "Destroy", CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda));
1189   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1190 }
1191 
1192 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1193