xref: /libCEED/backends/cuda-ref/ceed-cuda-ref-operator.c (revision c2620745127085f3a3887653cdbe37743cb5942b)
1 // Copyright (c) 2017-2025, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
2 // All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
3 //
4 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
5 //
6 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
7 
8 #include <ceed.h>
9 #include <ceed/backend.h>
10 #include <ceed/jit-tools.h>
11 #include <assert.h>
12 #include <cuda.h>
13 #include <cuda_runtime.h>
14 #include <stdbool.h>
15 #include <string.h>
16 
17 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-common.h"
18 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-compile.h"
19 #include "ceed-cuda-ref.h"
20 
21 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22 // Destroy operator
23 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24 static int CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
25   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
26 
27   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
28 
29   // Apply data
30   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->num_points));
31   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->skip_rstr_in));
32   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->skip_rstr_out));
33   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->apply_add_basis_out));
34   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->input_field_order));
35   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->output_field_order));
36   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->input_states));
37 
38   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_inputs; i++) {
39     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->e_vecs_in[i]));
40     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_in[i]));
41   }
42   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->e_vecs_in));
43   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->q_vecs_in));
44 
45   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_outputs; i++) {
46     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->e_vecs_out[i]));
47     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_out[i]));
48   }
49   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->e_vecs_out));
50   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->q_vecs_out));
51   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->point_coords_elem));
52 
53   // QFunction assembly data
54   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_active_in; i++) {
55     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->qf_active_in[i]));
56   }
57   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->qf_active_in));
58 
59   // Diag data
60   if (impl->diag) {
61     Ceed ceed;
62 
63     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
64     if (impl->diag->module) {
65       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->diag->module));
66     }
67     if (impl->diag->module_point_block) {
68       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->diag->module_point_block));
69     }
70     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_eval_modes_in));
71     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_eval_modes_out));
72     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_identity));
73     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_interp_in));
74     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_interp_out));
75     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_grad_in));
76     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_grad_out));
77     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_div_in));
78     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_div_out));
79     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_curl_in));
80     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_curl_out));
81     CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
82     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->diag->elem_diag));
83     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->diag->point_block_elem_diag));
84     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&impl->diag->diag_rstr));
85     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&impl->diag->point_block_diag_rstr));
86   }
87   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->diag));
88 
89   if (impl->asmb) {
90     Ceed ceed;
91 
92     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
93     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->asmb->module));
94     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->asmb->d_B_in));
95     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->asmb->d_B_out));
96     CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
97   }
98   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->asmb));
99 
100   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl));
101   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
102 }
103 
104 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
105 // Setup infields or outfields
106 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
107 static int CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(CeedQFunction qf, CeedOperator op, bool is_input, bool is_at_points, bool *skip_rstr, bool *apply_add_basis,
108                                         CeedVector *e_vecs, CeedVector *q_vecs, CeedInt num_fields, CeedInt Q, CeedInt num_elem) {
109   Ceed                ceed;
110   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
111   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
112 
113   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
114   if (is_input) {
115     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
116     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
117   } else {
118     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
119     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
120   }
121 
122   // Loop over fields
123   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
124     bool                is_active = false, is_strided = false, skip_e_vec = false;
125     CeedSize            q_size;
126     CeedInt             size;
127     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
128     CeedVector          l_vec;
129     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
130 
131     // Check whether this field can skip the element restriction:
132     // Input CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE
133     // Output CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE without CEED_EVAL_NONE
134     // Input CEED_VECTOR_NONE with CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT
135     // Input passive vector with CEED_EVAL_NONE and strided restriction with CEED_STRIDES_BACKEND
136     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &l_vec));
137     is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
138     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
139     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
140     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
141     skip_e_vec = (is_input && is_active) || (is_active && eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_NONE) || (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT);
142     if (!skip_e_vec && is_input && !is_active && eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
143       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionIsStrided(elem_rstr, &is_strided));
144       if (is_strided) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionHasBackendStrides(elem_rstr, &skip_e_vec));
145     }
146     if (skip_e_vec) {
147       e_vecs[i] = NULL;
148     } else {
149       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(elem_rstr, NULL, &e_vecs[i]));
150     }
151     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
152 
153     switch (eval_mode) {
154       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
155       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
156       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
157       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
158       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
159         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_fields[i], &size));
160         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)Q * (CeedSize)size;
161         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
162         break;
163       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
164         CeedBasis basis;
165 
166         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
167         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)Q;
168         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
169         if (is_at_points) {
170           CeedInt num_points[num_elem];
171 
172           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_elem; i++) num_points[i] = Q;
173           CeedCallBackend(
174               CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_vecs[i]));
175         } else {
176           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_vecs[i]));
177         }
178         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
179         break;
180       }
181     }
182   }
183   // Drop duplicate restrictions
184   if (is_input) {
185     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
186       CeedVector          vec_i;
187       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
188 
189       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec_i));
190       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &rstr_i));
191       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_fields; j++) {
192         CeedVector          vec_j;
193         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
194 
195         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[j], &vec_j));
196         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[j], &rstr_j));
197         if (vec_i == vec_j && rstr_i == rstr_j) {
198           if (e_vecs[i]) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(e_vecs[i], &e_vecs[j]));
199           skip_rstr[j] = true;
200         }
201         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
202         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
203       }
204       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
205       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
206     }
207   } else {
208     for (CeedInt i = num_fields - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
209       CeedVector          vec_i;
210       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
211 
212       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec_i));
213       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &rstr_i));
214       for (CeedInt j = i - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
215         CeedVector          vec_j;
216         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
217 
218         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[j], &vec_j));
219         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[j], &rstr_j));
220         if (vec_i == vec_j && rstr_i == rstr_j) {
221           if (e_vecs[i]) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(e_vecs[i], &e_vecs[j]));
222           skip_rstr[j]       = true;
223           apply_add_basis[i] = true;
224         }
225         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
226         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
227       }
228       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
229       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
230     }
231   }
232   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
233   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
234 }
235 
236 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
237 // CeedOperator needs to connect all the named fields (be they active or passive) to the named inputs and outputs of its CeedQFunction.
238 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
239 static int CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
240   bool                is_setup_done;
241   CeedInt             Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
242   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
243   CeedQFunction       qf;
244   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
245   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
246 
247   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorIsSetupDone(op, &is_setup_done));
248   if (is_setup_done) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
249 
250   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
251   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
252   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
253   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
254   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
255   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
256 
257   // Allocate
258   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->e_vecs_in));
259   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->e_vecs_out));
260   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->skip_rstr_in));
261   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->skip_rstr_out));
262   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->apply_add_basis_out));
263   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->input_field_order));
264   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->output_field_order));
265   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->input_states));
266   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->q_vecs_in));
267   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->q_vecs_out));
268   impl->num_inputs  = num_input_fields;
269   impl->num_outputs = num_output_fields;
270 
271   // Set up infield and outfield e-vecs and q-vecs
272   CeedCallBackend(
273       CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, true, false, impl->skip_rstr_in, NULL, impl->e_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_in, num_input_fields, Q, num_elem));
274   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, false, false, impl->skip_rstr_out, impl->apply_add_basis_out, impl->e_vecs_out,
275                                                impl->q_vecs_out, num_output_fields, Q, num_elem));
276 
277   // Reorder fields to allow reuse of buffers
278   impl->max_active_e_vec_len = 0;
279   {
280     bool    is_ordered[CEED_FIELD_MAX];
281     CeedInt curr_index = 0;
282 
283     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) is_ordered[i] = false;
284     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
285       CeedSize            e_vec_len_i;
286       CeedVector          vec_i;
287       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
288 
289       if (is_ordered[i]) continue;
290       is_ordered[i]                       = true;
291       impl->input_field_order[curr_index] = i;
292       curr_index++;
293       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec_i));
294       if (vec_i == CEED_VECTOR_NONE) {
295         // CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT
296         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
297         continue;
298       };
299       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &rstr_i));
300       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetEVectorSize(rstr_i, &e_vec_len_i));
301       impl->max_active_e_vec_len = e_vec_len_i > impl->max_active_e_vec_len ? e_vec_len_i : impl->max_active_e_vec_len;
302       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_input_fields; j++) {
303         CeedVector          vec_j;
304         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
305 
306         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[j], &vec_j));
307         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[j], &rstr_j));
308         if (rstr_i == rstr_j && vec_i == vec_j) {
309           is_ordered[j]                       = true;
310           impl->input_field_order[curr_index] = j;
311           curr_index++;
312         }
313         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
314         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
315       }
316       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
317       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
318     }
319   }
320   {
321     bool    is_ordered[CEED_FIELD_MAX];
322     CeedInt curr_index = 0;
323 
324     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) is_ordered[i] = false;
325     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
326       CeedSize            e_vec_len_i;
327       CeedVector          vec_i;
328       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
329 
330       if (is_ordered[i]) continue;
331       is_ordered[i]                        = true;
332       impl->output_field_order[curr_index] = i;
333       curr_index++;
334       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec_i));
335       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &rstr_i));
336       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetEVectorSize(rstr_i, &e_vec_len_i));
337       impl->max_active_e_vec_len = e_vec_len_i > impl->max_active_e_vec_len ? e_vec_len_i : impl->max_active_e_vec_len;
338       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_output_fields; j++) {
339         CeedVector          vec_j;
340         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
341 
342         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[j], &vec_j));
343         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &rstr_j));
344         if (rstr_i == rstr_j && vec_i == vec_j) {
345           is_ordered[j]                        = true;
346           impl->output_field_order[curr_index] = j;
347           curr_index++;
348         }
349         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
350         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
351       }
352       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
353       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
354     }
355   }
356   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetSetupDone(op));
357   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
358   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
359 }
360 
361 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
362 // Restrict Operator Inputs
363 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
364 static inline int CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(CeedOperatorField op_input_field, CeedQFunctionField qf_input_field, CeedInt input_field,
365                                                  CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector active_e_vec, const bool skip_active, CeedOperator_Cuda *impl,
366                                                  CeedRequest *request) {
367   bool       is_active = false;
368   CeedVector l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_in[input_field];
369 
370   // Get input vector
371   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_field, &l_vec));
372   is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
373   if (is_active && skip_active) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
374   if (is_active) {
375     l_vec = in_vec;
376     if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
377   }
378 
379   // Restriction action
380   if (e_vec) {
381     // Restrict, if necessary
382     if (!impl->skip_rstr_in[input_field]) {
383       uint64_t state;
384 
385       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetState(l_vec, &state));
386       if (is_active || state != impl->input_states[input_field]) {
387         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
388 
389         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_field, &elem_rstr));
390         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, l_vec, e_vec, request));
391         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
392       }
393       impl->input_states[input_field] = state;
394     }
395   }
396   if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
397   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
398 }
399 
400 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
401 // Input Basis Action
402 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
403 static inline int CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(CeedOperatorField op_input_field, CeedQFunctionField qf_input_field, CeedInt input_field,
404                                               CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector active_e_vec, CeedInt num_elem, const bool skip_active,
405                                               CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
406   bool         is_active = false;
407   CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
408   CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_in[input_field], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_in[input_field];
409 
410   // Skip active input
411   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_field, &l_vec));
412   is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
413   if (is_active && skip_active) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
414   if (is_active) {
415     l_vec = in_vec;
416     if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
417   }
418 
419   // Basis action
420   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_field, &eval_mode));
421   switch (eval_mode) {
422     case CEED_EVAL_NONE: {
423       const CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
424 
425       if (e_vec) {
426         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(e_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
427       } else {
428         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(l_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
429       }
430       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, (CeedScalar *)e_vec_array));
431       break;
432     }
433     case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
434     case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
435     case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
436     case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
437       CeedBasis basis;
438 
439       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_field, &basis));
440       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, e_vec, q_vec));
441       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
442       break;
443     }
444     case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
445       break;  // No action
446   }
447   if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
448   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
449 }
450 
451 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
452 // Restore Input Vectors
453 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
454 static inline int CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(CeedOperatorField op_input_field, CeedQFunctionField qf_input_field, CeedInt input_field,
455                                                 CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector active_e_vec, const bool skip_active, CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
456   bool         is_active = false;
457   CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
458   CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_in[input_field];
459 
460   // Skip active input
461   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_field, &l_vec));
462   is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
463   if (is_active && skip_active) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
464   if (is_active) {
465     l_vec = in_vec;
466     if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
467   }
468 
469   // Restore e-vec
470   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_field, &eval_mode));
471   if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
472     const CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
473 
474     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_in[input_field], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, (CeedScalar **)&e_vec_array));
475     if (e_vec) {
476       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(e_vec, &e_vec_array));
477     } else {
478       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(l_vec, &e_vec_array));
479     }
480   }
481   if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
482   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
483 }
484 
485 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
486 // Apply and add to output
487 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
488 static int CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector out_vec, CeedRequest *request) {
489   CeedInt             Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
490   Ceed                ceed;
491   CeedVector          active_e_vec;
492   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
493   CeedQFunction       qf;
494   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
495   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
496 
497   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
498   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
499   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
500   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
501   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
502   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
503   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
504 
505   // Setup
506   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(op));
507 
508   // Work vector
509   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(ceed, impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &active_e_vec));
510 
511   // Process inputs
512   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
513     CeedInt field = impl->input_field_order[i];
514 
515     CeedCallBackend(
516         CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, in_vec, active_e_vec, false, impl, request));
517     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, in_vec, active_e_vec, num_elem, false, impl));
518   }
519 
520   // Output pointers, as necessary
521   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
522     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
523 
524     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
525     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
526       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
527 
528       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
529       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_vec_array));
530     }
531   }
532 
533   // Q function
534   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * Q, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
535 
536   // Restore input arrays
537   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
538     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, in_vec, active_e_vec, false, impl));
539   }
540 
541   // Output basis and restriction
542   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
543     bool         is_active = false;
544     CeedInt      field     = impl->output_field_order[i];
545     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
546     CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_out[field], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_out[field];
547 
548     // Output vector
549     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[field], &l_vec));
550     is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
551     if (is_active) {
552       l_vec = out_vec;
553       if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
554     }
555 
556     // Basis action
557     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[field], &eval_mode));
558     switch (eval_mode) {
559       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
560         break;  // No action
561       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
562       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
563       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
564       case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
565         CeedBasis basis;
566 
567         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[field], &basis));
568         if (impl->apply_add_basis_out[field]) {
569           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAdd(basis, num_elem, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, q_vec, e_vec));
570         } else {
571           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, q_vec, e_vec));
572         }
573         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
574         break;
575       }
576       // LCOV_EXCL_START
577       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
578         return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
579         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
580       }
581     }
582 
583     // Restore evec
584     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
585       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
586 
587       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
588       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(e_vec, &e_vec_array));
589     }
590 
591     // Restrict
592     if (!impl->skip_rstr_out[field]) {
593       CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
594 
595       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[field], &elem_rstr));
596       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, e_vec, l_vec, request));
597       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
598     }
599     if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
600   }
601 
602   // Return work vector
603   CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(ceed, &active_e_vec));
604   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
605   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
606   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
607 }
608 
609 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
610 // CeedOperator needs to connect all the named fields (be they active or passive) to the named inputs and outputs of its CeedQFunction.
611 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
612 static int CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
613   bool                is_setup_done;
614   CeedInt             max_num_points = -1, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
615   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
616   CeedQFunction       qf;
617   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
618   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
619 
620   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorIsSetupDone(op, &is_setup_done));
621   if (is_setup_done) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
622 
623   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
624   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
625   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
626   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
627   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
628   {
629     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points = NULL;
630 
631     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, NULL));
632     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetMaxPointsInElement(rstr_points, &max_num_points));
633     CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_elem, &impl->num_points));
634     for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
635       CeedInt num_points_elem;
636 
637       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumPointsInElement(rstr_points, e, &num_points_elem));
638       impl->num_points[e] = num_points_elem;
639     }
640     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_points));
641   }
642   impl->max_num_points = max_num_points;
643 
644   // Allocate
645   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->e_vecs_in));
646   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->e_vecs_out));
647   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->skip_rstr_in));
648   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->skip_rstr_out));
649   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->apply_add_basis_out));
650   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->input_field_order));
651   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->output_field_order));
652   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->input_states));
653   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->q_vecs_in));
654   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->q_vecs_out));
655   impl->num_inputs  = num_input_fields;
656   impl->num_outputs = num_output_fields;
657 
658   // Set up infield and outfield e-vecs and q-vecs
659   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, true, true, impl->skip_rstr_in, NULL, impl->e_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_in, num_input_fields,
660                                                max_num_points, num_elem));
661   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, false, true, impl->skip_rstr_out, impl->apply_add_basis_out, impl->e_vecs_out,
662                                                impl->q_vecs_out, num_output_fields, max_num_points, num_elem));
663 
664   // Reorder fields to allow reuse of buffers
665   impl->max_active_e_vec_len = 0;
666   {
667     bool    is_ordered[CEED_FIELD_MAX];
668     CeedInt curr_index = 0;
669 
670     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) is_ordered[i] = false;
671     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
672       CeedSize            e_vec_len_i;
673       CeedVector          vec_i;
674       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
675 
676       if (is_ordered[i]) continue;
677       is_ordered[i]                       = true;
678       impl->input_field_order[curr_index] = i;
679       curr_index++;
680       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec_i));
681       if (vec_i == CEED_VECTOR_NONE) {
682         // CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT
683         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
684         continue;
685       };
686       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &rstr_i));
687       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetEVectorSize(rstr_i, &e_vec_len_i));
688       impl->max_active_e_vec_len = e_vec_len_i > impl->max_active_e_vec_len ? e_vec_len_i : impl->max_active_e_vec_len;
689       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_input_fields; j++) {
690         CeedVector          vec_j;
691         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
692 
693         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[j], &vec_j));
694         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[j], &rstr_j));
695         if (rstr_i == rstr_j && vec_i == vec_j) {
696           is_ordered[j]                       = true;
697           impl->input_field_order[curr_index] = j;
698           curr_index++;
699         }
700         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
701         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
702       }
703       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
704       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
705     }
706   }
707   {
708     bool    is_ordered[CEED_FIELD_MAX];
709     CeedInt curr_index = 0;
710 
711     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) is_ordered[i] = false;
712     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
713       CeedSize            e_vec_len_i;
714       CeedVector          vec_i;
715       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
716 
717       if (is_ordered[i]) continue;
718       is_ordered[i]                        = true;
719       impl->output_field_order[curr_index] = i;
720       curr_index++;
721       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec_i));
722       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &rstr_i));
723       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetEVectorSize(rstr_i, &e_vec_len_i));
724       impl->max_active_e_vec_len = e_vec_len_i > impl->max_active_e_vec_len ? e_vec_len_i : impl->max_active_e_vec_len;
725       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_output_fields; j++) {
726         CeedVector          vec_j;
727         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
728 
729         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[j], &vec_j));
730         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &rstr_j));
731         if (rstr_i == rstr_j && vec_i == vec_j) {
732           is_ordered[j]                        = true;
733           impl->output_field_order[curr_index] = j;
734           curr_index++;
735         }
736         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
737         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
738       }
739       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
740       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
741     }
742   }
743   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetSetupDone(op));
744   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
745   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
746 }
747 
748 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
749 // Input Basis Action AtPoints
750 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
751 static inline int CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperatorField op_input_field, CeedQFunctionField qf_input_field, CeedInt input_field,
752                                                       CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector active_e_vec, CeedInt num_elem, const CeedInt *num_points,
753                                                       const bool skip_active, const bool skip_passive, CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
754   bool         is_active = false;
755   CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
756   CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_in[input_field], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_in[input_field];
757 
758   // Skip active input
759   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_field, &l_vec));
760   is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
761   if (skip_active && is_active) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
762   if (skip_passive && !is_active) {
763     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
764     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
765   }
766   if (is_active) {
767     l_vec = in_vec;
768     if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
769   }
770 
771   // Basis action
772   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_field, &eval_mode));
773   switch (eval_mode) {
774     case CEED_EVAL_NONE: {
775       const CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
776 
777       if (e_vec) {
778         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(e_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
779       } else {
780         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(l_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
781       }
782       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, (CeedScalar *)e_vec_array));
783       break;
784     }
785     case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
786     case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
787     case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
788     case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
789       CeedBasis basis;
790 
791       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_field, &basis));
792       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, e_vec, q_vec));
793       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
794       break;
795     }
796     case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
797       break;  // No action
798   }
799   if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
800   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
801 }
802 
803 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
804 // Apply and add to output AtPoints
805 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
806 static int CeedOperatorApplyAddAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector out_vec, CeedRequest *request) {
807   CeedInt             max_num_points, *num_points, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
808   Ceed                ceed;
809   CeedVector          active_e_vec;
810   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
811   CeedQFunction       qf;
812   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
813   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
814 
815   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
816   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
817   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
818   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
819   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
820   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
821 
822   // Setup
823   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(op));
824   num_points     = impl->num_points;
825   max_num_points = impl->max_num_points;
826 
827   // Work vector
828   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(ceed, impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &active_e_vec));
829 
830   // Get point coordinates
831   if (!impl->point_coords_elem) {
832     CeedVector          point_coords = NULL;
833     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points  = NULL;
834 
835     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, &point_coords));
836     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_points, NULL, &impl->point_coords_elem));
837     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, point_coords, impl->point_coords_elem, request));
838     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&point_coords));
839     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_points));
840   }
841 
842   // Process inputs
843   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
844     CeedInt field = impl->input_field_order[i];
845 
846     CeedCallBackend(
847         CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, in_vec, active_e_vec, false, impl, request));
848     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, in_vec, active_e_vec, num_elem,
849                                                         num_points, false, false, impl));
850   }
851 
852   // Output pointers, as necessary
853   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
854     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
855 
856     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
857     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
858       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
859 
860       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
861       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_vec_array));
862     }
863   }
864 
865   // Q function
866   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * max_num_points, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
867 
868   // Restore input arrays
869   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
870     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, in_vec, active_e_vec, false, impl));
871   }
872 
873   // Output basis and restriction
874   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
875     bool         is_active = false;
876     CeedInt      field     = impl->output_field_order[i];
877     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
878     CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_out[field], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_out[field];
879 
880     // Output vector
881     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[field], &l_vec));
882     is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
883     if (is_active) {
884       l_vec = out_vec;
885       if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
886     }
887 
888     // Basis action
889     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[field], &eval_mode));
890     switch (eval_mode) {
891       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
892         break;  // No action
893       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
894       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
895       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
896       case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
897         CeedBasis basis;
898 
899         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[field], &basis));
900         if (impl->apply_add_basis_out[field]) {
901           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAddAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, q_vec, e_vec));
902         } else {
903           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, q_vec, e_vec));
904         }
905         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
906         break;
907       }
908       // LCOV_EXCL_START
909       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
910         return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
911         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
912       }
913     }
914 
915     // Restore evec
916     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
917       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
918 
919       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
920       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(e_vec, &e_vec_array));
921     }
922 
923     // Restrict
924     if (!impl->skip_rstr_out[field]) {
925       CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
926 
927       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[field], &elem_rstr));
928       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, e_vec, l_vec, request));
929       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
930     }
931     if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
932   }
933 
934   // Restore work vector
935   CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(ceed, &active_e_vec));
936   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
937   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
938   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
939 }
940 
941 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
942 // Linear QFunction Assembly Core
943 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
944 static inline int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(CeedOperator op, bool build_objects, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr,
945                                                                CeedRequest *request) {
946   Ceed                ceed, ceed_parent;
947   CeedInt             num_active_in, num_active_out, Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, size;
948   CeedScalar         *assembled_array;
949   CeedVector         *active_inputs;
950   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
951   CeedQFunction       qf;
952   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
953   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
954 
955   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
956   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(op, &ceed_parent));
957   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
958   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
959   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
960   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
961   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
962   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
963   active_inputs = impl->qf_active_in;
964   num_active_in = impl->num_active_in, num_active_out = impl->num_active_out;
965 
966   // Setup
967   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(op));
968 
969   // Process inputs
970   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
971     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, true, impl, request));
972     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, num_elem, true, impl));
973   }
974 
975   // Count number of active input fields
976   if (!num_active_in) {
977     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
978       CeedScalar *q_vec_array;
979       CeedVector  l_vec;
980 
981       // Check if active input
982       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &l_vec));
983       if (l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
984         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_input_fields[i], &size));
985         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(impl->q_vecs_in[i], 0.0));
986         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &q_vec_array));
987         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_active_in + size, &active_inputs));
988         for (CeedInt field = 0; field < size; field++) {
989           CeedSize q_size = (CeedSize)Q * num_elem;
990 
991           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &active_inputs[num_active_in + field]));
992           CeedCallBackend(
993               CeedVectorSetArray(active_inputs[num_active_in + field], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, &q_vec_array[field * Q * num_elem]));
994         }
995         num_active_in += size;
996         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], &q_vec_array));
997       }
998       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
999     }
1000     impl->num_active_in = num_active_in;
1001     impl->qf_active_in  = active_inputs;
1002   }
1003 
1004   // Count number of active output fields
1005   if (!num_active_out) {
1006     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1007       CeedVector l_vec;
1008 
1009       // Check if active output
1010       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &l_vec));
1011       if (l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1012         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[i], &size));
1013         num_active_out += size;
1014       }
1015       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1016     }
1017     impl->num_active_out = num_active_out;
1018   }
1019 
1020   // Check sizes
1021   CeedCheck(num_active_in > 0 && num_active_out > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Cannot assemble QFunction without active inputs and outputs");
1022 
1023   // Build objects if needed
1024   if (build_objects) {
1025     CeedSize l_size     = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q * num_active_in * num_active_out;
1026     CeedInt  strides[3] = {1, num_elem * Q, Q}; /* *NOPAD* */
1027 
1028     // Create output restriction
1029     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided(ceed_parent, num_elem, Q, num_active_in * num_active_out,
1030                                                      (CeedSize)num_active_in * (CeedSize)num_active_out * (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)Q, strides,
1031                                                      rstr));
1032     // Create assembled vector
1033     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, l_size, assembled));
1034   }
1035   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(*assembled, 0.0));
1036   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(*assembled, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_array));
1037 
1038   // Assemble QFunction
1039   for (CeedInt in = 0; in < num_active_in; in++) {
1040     // Set Inputs
1041     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_inputs[in], 1.0));
1042     if (num_active_in > 1) {
1043       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_inputs[(in + num_active_in - 1) % num_active_in], 0.0));
1044     }
1045     // Set Outputs
1046     for (CeedInt out = 0; out < num_output_fields; out++) {
1047       CeedVector l_vec;
1048 
1049       // Check if active output
1050       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[out], &l_vec));
1051       if (l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1052         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[out], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, assembled_array));
1053         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[out], &size));
1054         assembled_array += size * Q * num_elem;  // Advance the pointer by the size of the output
1055       }
1056       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1057     }
1058     // Apply QFunction
1059     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, Q * num_elem, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
1060   }
1061 
1062   // Un-set output q-vecs to prevent accidental overwrite of Assembled
1063   for (CeedInt out = 0; out < num_output_fields; out++) {
1064     CeedVector l_vec;
1065 
1066     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[out], &l_vec));
1067     if (l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1068       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_out[out], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, NULL));
1069     }
1070     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1071   }
1072 
1073   // Restore input arrays
1074   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1075     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, true, impl));
1076   }
1077 
1078   // Restore output
1079   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(*assembled, &assembled_array));
1080   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
1081   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed_parent));
1082   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
1083   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1084 }
1085 
1086 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1087 // Assemble Linear QFunction
1088 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1089 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1090   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(op, true, assembled, rstr, request);
1091 }
1092 
1093 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1094 // Update Assembled Linear QFunction
1095 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1096 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedElemRestriction rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1097   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(op, false, &assembled, &rstr, request);
1098 }
1099 
1100 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1101 // Assemble Diagonal Setup
1102 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1103 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
1104   Ceed                ceed;
1105   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
1106   CeedInt             q_comp, num_nodes, num_qpts;
1107   CeedEvalMode       *eval_modes_in = NULL, *eval_modes_out = NULL;
1108   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
1109   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1110   CeedQFunction       qf;
1111   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
1112   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1113 
1114   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1115   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1116   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetNumArgs(qf, &num_input_fields, &num_output_fields));
1117 
1118   // Determine active input basis
1119   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
1120   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1121   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1122     CeedVector vec;
1123 
1124     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1125     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1126       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1127       CeedBasis    basis;
1128 
1129       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
1130       CeedCheck(!basis_in || basis_in == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1131                 "Backend does not implement operator diagonal assembly with multiple active bases");
1132       if (!basis_in) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_in));
1133       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1134       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1135       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1136       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1137         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF assembly
1138         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in + q_comp, &eval_modes_in));
1139         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) eval_modes_in[num_eval_modes_in + d] = eval_mode;
1140         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1141       }
1142     }
1143     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1144   }
1145 
1146   // Determine active output basis
1147   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
1148   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1149   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1150     CeedVector vec;
1151 
1152     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1153     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1154       CeedBasis    basis;
1155       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1156 
1157       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
1158       CeedCheck(!basis_out || basis_out == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1159                 "Backend does not implement operator diagonal assembly with multiple active bases");
1160       if (!basis_out) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_out));
1161       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1162       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1163       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1164       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1165         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF assembly
1166         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out + q_comp, &eval_modes_out));
1167         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) eval_modes_out[num_eval_modes_out + d] = eval_mode;
1168         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1169       }
1170     }
1171     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1172   }
1173 
1174   // Operator data struct
1175   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1176   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl->diag));
1177   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1178 
1179   // Basis matrices
1180   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_in, &num_nodes));
1181   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
1182   else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts));
1183   const CeedInt interp_bytes     = num_nodes * num_qpts * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1184   const CeedInt eval_modes_bytes = sizeof(CeedEvalMode);
1185   bool          has_eval_none    = false;
1186 
1187   // CEED_EVAL_NONE
1188   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1189   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1190   if (has_eval_none) {
1191     CeedScalar *identity = NULL;
1192 
1193     CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_nodes * num_qpts, &identity));
1194     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
1195     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_identity, interp_bytes));
1196     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_identity, identity, interp_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1197     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1198   }
1199 
1200   // CEED_EVAL_INTERP, CEED_EVAL_GRAD, CEED_EVAL_DIV, and CEED_EVAL_CURL
1201   for (CeedInt in = 0; in < 2; in++) {
1202     CeedFESpace fespace;
1203     CeedBasis   basis = in ? basis_in : basis_out;
1204 
1205     CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetFESpace(basis, &fespace));
1206     switch (fespace) {
1207       case CEED_FE_SPACE_H1: {
1208         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_grad;
1209         const CeedScalar *interp, *grad;
1210         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_grad;
1211 
1212         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1213         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_GRAD, &q_comp_grad));
1214 
1215         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1216         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1217         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1218         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetGrad(basis, &grad));
1219         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_grad, interp_bytes * q_comp_grad));
1220         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_grad, grad, interp_bytes * q_comp_grad, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1221         if (in) {
1222           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1223           diag->d_grad_in   = d_grad;
1224         } else {
1225           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1226           diag->d_grad_out   = d_grad;
1227         }
1228       } break;
1229       case CEED_FE_SPACE_HDIV: {
1230         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_div;
1231         const CeedScalar *interp, *div;
1232         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_div;
1233 
1234         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1235         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_DIV, &q_comp_div));
1236 
1237         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1238         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1239         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1240         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetDiv(basis, &div));
1241         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_div, interp_bytes * q_comp_div));
1242         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_div, div, interp_bytes * q_comp_div, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1243         if (in) {
1244           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1245           diag->d_div_in    = d_div;
1246         } else {
1247           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1248           diag->d_div_out    = d_div;
1249         }
1250       } break;
1251       case CEED_FE_SPACE_HCURL: {
1252         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_curl;
1253         const CeedScalar *interp, *curl;
1254         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_curl;
1255 
1256         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1257         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_CURL, &q_comp_curl));
1258 
1259         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1260         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1261         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1262         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCurl(basis, &curl));
1263         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_curl, interp_bytes * q_comp_curl));
1264         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_curl, curl, interp_bytes * q_comp_curl, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1265         if (in) {
1266           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1267           diag->d_curl_in   = d_curl;
1268         } else {
1269           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1270           diag->d_curl_out   = d_curl;
1271         }
1272       } break;
1273     }
1274   }
1275 
1276   // Arrays of eval_modes
1277   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_eval_modes_in, num_eval_modes_in * eval_modes_bytes));
1278   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_eval_modes_in, eval_modes_in, num_eval_modes_in * eval_modes_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1279   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_eval_modes_out, num_eval_modes_out * eval_modes_bytes));
1280   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_eval_modes_out, eval_modes_out, num_eval_modes_out * eval_modes_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1281   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_in));
1282   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_out));
1283   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
1284   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_in));
1285   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_out));
1286   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
1287   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1288 }
1289 
1290 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1291 // Assemble Diagonal Setup (Compilation)
1292 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1293 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetupCompile_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt use_ceedsize_idx, const bool is_point_block) {
1294   Ceed                ceed;
1295   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
1296   CeedInt             num_comp, q_comp, num_nodes, num_qpts;
1297   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
1298   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1299   CeedQFunction       qf;
1300   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
1301   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1302 
1303   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1304   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1305   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetNumArgs(qf, &num_input_fields, &num_output_fields));
1306 
1307   // Determine active input basis
1308   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
1309   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1310   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1311     CeedVector vec;
1312 
1313     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1314     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1315       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1316       CeedBasis    basis;
1317 
1318       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
1319       if (!basis_in) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_in));
1320       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1321       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1322       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1323       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1324         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1325       }
1326     }
1327     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1328   }
1329 
1330   // Determine active output basis
1331   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
1332   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1333   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1334     CeedVector vec;
1335 
1336     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1337     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1338       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1339       CeedBasis    basis;
1340 
1341       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
1342       if (!basis_out) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_out));
1343       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1344       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1345       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1346       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1347         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1348       }
1349     }
1350     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1351   }
1352 
1353   // Operator data struct
1354   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1355   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1356 
1357   // Assemble kernel
1358   const char diagonal_kernel_source[] = "// Diagonal assembly source\n#include <ceed/jit-source/cuda/cuda-ref-operator-assemble-diagonal.h>\n";
1359   CUmodule  *module                   = is_point_block ? &diag->module_point_block : &diag->module;
1360   CeedInt    elems_per_block          = 1;
1361 
1362   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_in, &num_nodes));
1363   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_in, &num_comp));
1364   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
1365   else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts));
1366   CeedCallCuda(ceed, CeedCompile_Cuda(ceed, diagonal_kernel_source, module, 8, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_IN", num_eval_modes_in, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_OUT",
1367                                       num_eval_modes_out, "NUM_COMP", num_comp, "NUM_NODES", num_nodes, "NUM_QPTS", num_qpts, "USE_CEEDSIZE",
1368                                       use_ceedsize_idx, "USE_POINT_BLOCK", is_point_block ? 1 : 0, "BLOCK_SIZE", num_nodes * elems_per_block));
1369   CeedCallCuda(ceed, CeedGetKernel_Cuda(ceed, *module, "LinearDiagonal", is_point_block ? &diag->LinearPointBlock : &diag->LinearDiagonal));
1370   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
1371   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_in));
1372   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_out));
1373   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
1374   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1375 }
1376 
1377 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1378 // Assemble Diagonal Core
1379 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1380 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block) {
1381   Ceed                ceed;
1382   CeedInt             num_elem, num_nodes;
1383   CeedScalar         *elem_diag_array;
1384   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
1385   CeedVector          assembled_qf   = NULL, elem_diag;
1386   CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL, rstr_in, rstr_out, diag_rstr;
1387   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1388 
1389   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1390   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1391 
1392   // Assemble QFunction
1393   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_rstr, request));
1394   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1395   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_qf_array));
1396 
1397   // Setup
1398   if (!impl->diag) CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetup_Cuda(op));
1399   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1400 
1401   assert(diag != NULL);
1402 
1403   // Assemble kernel if needed
1404   if ((!is_point_block && !diag->LinearDiagonal) || (is_point_block && !diag->LinearPointBlock)) {
1405     CeedSize assembled_length, assembled_qf_length;
1406     CeedInt  use_ceedsize_idx = 0;
1407     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled, &assembled_length));
1408     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_length));
1409     if ((assembled_length > INT_MAX) || (assembled_qf_length > INT_MAX)) use_ceedsize_idx = 1;
1410 
1411     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetupCompile_Cuda(op, use_ceedsize_idx, is_point_block));
1412   }
1413 
1414   // Restriction and diagonal vector
1415   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
1416   CeedCheck(rstr_in == rstr_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1417             "Cannot assemble operator diagonal with different input and output active element restrictions");
1418   if (!is_point_block && !diag->diag_rstr) {
1419     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(rstr_out, &diag->diag_rstr));
1420     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag->diag_rstr, NULL, &diag->elem_diag));
1421   } else if (is_point_block && !diag->point_block_diag_rstr) {
1422     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(rstr_out, &diag->point_block_diag_rstr));
1423     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag->point_block_diag_rstr, NULL, &diag->point_block_elem_diag));
1424   }
1425   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_in));
1426   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_out));
1427   diag_rstr = is_point_block ? diag->point_block_diag_rstr : diag->diag_rstr;
1428   elem_diag = is_point_block ? diag->point_block_elem_diag : diag->elem_diag;
1429   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_diag, 0.0));
1430 
1431   // Only assemble diagonal if the basis has nodes, otherwise inputs are null pointers
1432   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(diag_rstr, &num_nodes));
1433   if (num_nodes > 0) {
1434     // Assemble element operator diagonals
1435     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(diag_rstr, &num_elem));
1436     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(elem_diag, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &elem_diag_array));
1437 
1438     // Compute the diagonal of B^T D B
1439     CeedInt elems_per_block = 1;
1440     CeedInt grid            = CeedDivUpInt(num_elem, elems_per_block);
1441     void   *args[]          = {(void *)&num_elem,      &diag->d_identity,       &diag->d_interp_in,  &diag->d_grad_in, &diag->d_div_in,
1442                                &diag->d_curl_in,       &diag->d_interp_out,     &diag->d_grad_out,   &diag->d_div_out, &diag->d_curl_out,
1443                                &diag->d_eval_modes_in, &diag->d_eval_modes_out, &assembled_qf_array, &elem_diag_array};
1444 
1445     if (is_point_block) {
1446       CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDim_Cuda(ceed, diag->LinearPointBlock, grid, num_nodes, 1, elems_per_block, args));
1447     } else {
1448       CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDim_Cuda(ceed, diag->LinearDiagonal, grid, num_nodes, 1, elems_per_block, args));
1449     }
1450 
1451     // Restore arrays
1452     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(elem_diag, &elem_diag_array));
1453     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
1454   }
1455 
1456   // Assemble local operator diagonal
1457   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(diag_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, elem_diag, assembled, request));
1458 
1459   // Cleanup
1460   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
1461   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
1462   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1463 }
1464 
1465 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1466 // Assemble Linear Diagonal
1467 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1468 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1469   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(op, assembled, request, false));
1470   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1471 }
1472 
1473 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1474 // Assemble Linear Point Block Diagonal
1475 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1476 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1477   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(op, assembled, request, true));
1478   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1479 }
1480 
1481 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1482 // Single Operator Assembly Setup
1483 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1484 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt use_ceedsize_idx) {
1485   Ceed                ceed;
1486   Ceed_Cuda          *cuda_data;
1487   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
1488   CeedInt             elem_size_in, num_qpts_in = 0, num_comp_in, elem_size_out, num_qpts_out, num_comp_out, q_comp;
1489   CeedEvalMode       *eval_modes_in = NULL, *eval_modes_out = NULL;
1490   CeedElemRestriction rstr_in = NULL, rstr_out = NULL;
1491   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
1492   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1493   CeedQFunction       qf;
1494   CeedOperatorField  *input_fields, *output_fields;
1495   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1496 
1497   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1498   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1499 
1500   // Get intput and output fields
1501   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
1502 
1503   // Determine active input basis eval mode
1504   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1505   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1506   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1507     CeedVector vec;
1508 
1509     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(input_fields[i], &vec));
1510     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1511       CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
1512       CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1513       CeedBasis           basis;
1514 
1515       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(input_fields[i], &basis));
1516       CeedCheck(!basis_in || basis_in == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Backend does not implement operator assembly with multiple active bases");
1517       if (!basis_in) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_in));
1518       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1519       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
1520       if (!rstr_in) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(elem_rstr, &rstr_in));
1521       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
1522       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
1523       if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_in = elem_size_in;
1524       else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts_in));
1525       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1526       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1527       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1528         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1529         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in + q_comp, &eval_modes_in));
1530         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1531           eval_modes_in[num_eval_modes_in + d] = eval_mode;
1532         }
1533         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1534       }
1535     }
1536     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1537   }
1538 
1539   // Determine active output basis; basis_out and rstr_out only used if same as input, TODO
1540   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1541   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1542     CeedVector vec;
1543 
1544     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(output_fields[i], &vec));
1545     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1546       CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
1547       CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1548       CeedBasis           basis;
1549 
1550       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(output_fields[i], &basis));
1551       CeedCheck(!basis_out || basis_out == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1552                 "Backend does not implement operator assembly with multiple active bases");
1553       if (!basis_out) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_out));
1554       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1555       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
1556       if (!rstr_out) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(elem_rstr, &rstr_out));
1557       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
1558       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
1559       if (basis_out == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_out = elem_size_out;
1560       else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_out, &num_qpts_out));
1561       CeedCheck(num_qpts_in == num_qpts_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
1562                 "Active input and output bases must have the same number of quadrature points");
1563       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1564       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1565       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1566         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1567         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out + q_comp, &eval_modes_out));
1568         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1569           eval_modes_out[num_eval_modes_out + d] = eval_mode;
1570         }
1571         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1572       }
1573     }
1574     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1575   }
1576   CeedCheck(num_eval_modes_in > 0 && num_eval_modes_out > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Cannot assemble operator without inputs/outputs");
1577 
1578   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl->asmb));
1579   CeedOperatorAssemble_Cuda *asmb = impl->asmb;
1580   asmb->elems_per_block           = 1;
1581   asmb->block_size_x              = elem_size_in;
1582   asmb->block_size_y              = elem_size_out;
1583 
1584   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &cuda_data));
1585   bool fallback = asmb->block_size_x * asmb->block_size_y * asmb->elems_per_block > cuda_data->device_prop.maxThreadsPerBlock;
1586 
1587   if (fallback) {
1588     // Use fallback kernel with 1D threadblock
1589     asmb->block_size_y = 1;
1590   }
1591 
1592   // Compile kernels
1593   const char assembly_kernel_source[] = "// Full assembly source\n#include <ceed/jit-source/cuda/cuda-ref-operator-assemble.h>\n";
1594 
1595   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
1596   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
1597   CeedCallBackend(CeedCompile_Cuda(ceed, assembly_kernel_source, &asmb->module, 10, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_IN", num_eval_modes_in, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_OUT",
1598                                    num_eval_modes_out, "NUM_COMP_IN", num_comp_in, "NUM_COMP_OUT", num_comp_out, "NUM_NODES_IN", elem_size_in,
1599                                    "NUM_NODES_OUT", elem_size_out, "NUM_QPTS", num_qpts_in, "BLOCK_SIZE",
1600                                    asmb->block_size_x * asmb->block_size_y * asmb->elems_per_block, "BLOCK_SIZE_Y", asmb->block_size_y,
1601                                    "USE_CEEDSIZE", use_ceedsize_idx));
1602   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetKernel_Cuda(ceed, asmb->module, "LinearAssemble", &asmb->LinearAssemble));
1603 
1604   // Load into B_in, in order that they will be used in eval_modes_in
1605   {
1606     const CeedInt in_bytes           = elem_size_in * num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1607     CeedInt       d_in               = 0;
1608     CeedEvalMode  eval_modes_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1609     bool          has_eval_none      = false;
1610     CeedScalar   *identity           = NULL;
1611 
1612     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) {
1613       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1614     }
1615     if (has_eval_none) {
1616       CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(elem_size_in * num_qpts_in, &identity));
1617       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (elem_size_in < num_qpts_in ? elem_size_in : num_qpts_in); i++) identity[i * elem_size_in + i] = 1.0;
1618     }
1619 
1620     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&asmb->d_B_in, in_bytes));
1621     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) {
1622       const CeedScalar *h_B_in;
1623 
1624       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(basis_in, eval_modes_in[i], identity, &h_B_in));
1625       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_modes_in[i], &q_comp));
1626       if (q_comp > 1) {
1627         if (i == 0 || eval_modes_in[i] != eval_modes_in_prev) d_in = 0;
1628         else h_B_in = &h_B_in[(++d_in) * elem_size_in * num_qpts_in];
1629       }
1630       eval_modes_in_prev = eval_modes_in[i];
1631 
1632       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(&asmb->d_B_in[i * elem_size_in * num_qpts_in], h_B_in, elem_size_in * num_qpts_in * sizeof(CeedScalar),
1633                                     cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1634     }
1635     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1636   }
1637   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_in));
1638 
1639   // Load into B_out, in order that they will be used in eval_modes_out
1640   {
1641     const CeedInt out_bytes           = elem_size_out * num_qpts_out * num_eval_modes_out * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1642     CeedInt       d_out               = 0;
1643     CeedEvalMode  eval_modes_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1644     bool          has_eval_none       = false;
1645     CeedScalar   *identity            = NULL;
1646 
1647     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) {
1648       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1649     }
1650     if (has_eval_none) {
1651       CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * num_qpts_out, &identity));
1652       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (elem_size_out < num_qpts_out ? elem_size_out : num_qpts_out); i++) identity[i * elem_size_out + i] = 1.0;
1653     }
1654 
1655     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&asmb->d_B_out, out_bytes));
1656     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) {
1657       const CeedScalar *h_B_out;
1658 
1659       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(basis_out, eval_modes_out[i], identity, &h_B_out));
1660       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_modes_out[i], &q_comp));
1661       if (q_comp > 1) {
1662         if (i == 0 || eval_modes_out[i] != eval_modes_out_prev) d_out = 0;
1663         else h_B_out = &h_B_out[(++d_out) * elem_size_out * num_qpts_out];
1664       }
1665       eval_modes_out_prev = eval_modes_out[i];
1666 
1667       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(&asmb->d_B_out[i * elem_size_out * num_qpts_out], h_B_out, elem_size_out * num_qpts_out * sizeof(CeedScalar),
1668                                     cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1669     }
1670     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1671   }
1672   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_out));
1673   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
1674   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_in));
1675   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_out));
1676   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_in));
1677   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_out));
1678   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
1679   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1680 }
1681 
1682 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1683 // Assemble matrix data for COO matrix of assembled operator.
1684 // The sparsity pattern is set by CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic.
1685 //
1686 // Note that this (and other assembly routines) currently assume only one active input restriction/basis per operator
1687 // (could have multiple basis eval modes).
1688 // TODO: allow multiple active input restrictions/basis objects
1689 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1690 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssemble_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedVector values) {
1691   Ceed                ceed;
1692   CeedSize            values_length = 0, assembled_qf_length = 0;
1693   CeedInt             use_ceedsize_idx = 0, num_elem_in, num_elem_out, elem_size_in, elem_size_out;
1694   CeedScalar         *values_array;
1695   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
1696   CeedVector          assembled_qf   = NULL;
1697   CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL, rstr_in, rstr_out;
1698   CeedRestrictionType rstr_type_in, rstr_type_out;
1699   const bool         *orients_in = NULL, *orients_out = NULL;
1700   const CeedInt8     *curl_orients_in = NULL, *curl_orients_out = NULL;
1701   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1702 
1703   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1704   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1705 
1706   // Assemble QFunction
1707   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_rstr, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
1708   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1709   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_qf_array));
1710 
1711   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(values, &values_length));
1712   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_length));
1713   if ((values_length > INT_MAX) || (assembled_qf_length > INT_MAX)) use_ceedsize_idx = 1;
1714 
1715   // Setup
1716   if (!impl->asmb) CeedCallBackend(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSetup_Cuda(op, use_ceedsize_idx));
1717   CeedOperatorAssemble_Cuda *asmb = impl->asmb;
1718 
1719   assert(asmb != NULL);
1720 
1721   // Assemble element operator
1722   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(values, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &values_array));
1723   values_array += offset;
1724 
1725   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
1726   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
1727   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
1728 
1729   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_in, &rstr_type_in));
1730   if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1731     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(rstr_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &orients_in));
1732   } else if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1733     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(rstr_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &curl_orients_in));
1734   }
1735 
1736   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
1737     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
1738     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
1739               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements");
1740     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
1741 
1742     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_out, &rstr_type_out));
1743     if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1744       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(rstr_out, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &orients_out));
1745     } else if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1746       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(rstr_out, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &curl_orients_out));
1747     }
1748   } else {
1749     elem_size_out    = elem_size_in;
1750     orients_out      = orients_in;
1751     curl_orients_out = curl_orients_in;
1752   }
1753 
1754   // Compute B^T D B
1755   CeedInt shared_mem =
1756       ((curl_orients_in || curl_orients_out ? elem_size_in * elem_size_out : 0) + (curl_orients_in ? elem_size_in * asmb->block_size_y : 0)) *
1757       sizeof(CeedScalar);
1758   CeedInt grid   = CeedDivUpInt(num_elem_in, asmb->elems_per_block);
1759   void   *args[] = {(void *)&num_elem_in, &asmb->d_B_in,     &asmb->d_B_out,      &orients_in,  &curl_orients_in,
1760                     &orients_out,         &curl_orients_out, &assembled_qf_array, &values_array};
1761 
1762   CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDimShared_Cuda(ceed, asmb->LinearAssemble, NULL, grid, asmb->block_size_x, asmb->block_size_y, asmb->elems_per_block,
1763                                               shared_mem, args));
1764 
1765   // Restore arrays
1766   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(values, &values_array));
1767   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
1768 
1769   // Cleanup
1770   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
1771   if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1772     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(rstr_in, &orients_in));
1773   } else if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1774     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(rstr_in, &curl_orients_in));
1775   }
1776   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
1777     if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1778       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(rstr_out, &orients_out));
1779     } else if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1780       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(rstr_out, &curl_orients_out));
1781     }
1782   }
1783   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
1784   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_in));
1785   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_out));
1786   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1787 }
1788 
1789 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1790 // Assemble Linear QFunction AtPoints
1791 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1792 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1793   return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Backend does not implement CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction");
1794 }
1795 
1796 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1797 // Assemble Linear Diagonal AtPoints
1798 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1799 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonalAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1800   CeedInt             max_num_points, *num_points, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
1801   Ceed                ceed;
1802   CeedVector          active_e_vec_in, active_e_vec_out;
1803   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
1804   CeedQFunction       qf;
1805   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
1806   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1807 
1808   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1809   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1810   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1811   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
1812   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
1813   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
1814 
1815   // Setup
1816   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(op));
1817   num_points     = impl->num_points;
1818   max_num_points = impl->max_num_points;
1819 
1820   // Work vector
1821   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(ceed, impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &active_e_vec_in));
1822   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(ceed, impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &active_e_vec_out));
1823   {
1824     CeedSize length_in, length_out;
1825 
1826     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(active_e_vec_in, &length_in));
1827     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(active_e_vec_out, &length_out));
1828     // Need input e_vec to be longer
1829     if (length_in < length_out) {
1830       CeedVector temp = active_e_vec_in;
1831 
1832       active_e_vec_in  = active_e_vec_out;
1833       active_e_vec_out = temp;
1834     }
1835   }
1836 
1837   // Get point coordinates
1838   if (!impl->point_coords_elem) {
1839     CeedVector          point_coords = NULL;
1840     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points  = NULL;
1841 
1842     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, &point_coords));
1843     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_points, NULL, &impl->point_coords_elem));
1844     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, point_coords, impl->point_coords_elem, request));
1845     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&point_coords));
1846     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_points));
1847   }
1848 
1849   // Process inputs
1850   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1851     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, true, impl, request));
1852     CeedCallBackend(
1853         CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, num_elem, num_points, true, false, impl));
1854   }
1855 
1856   // Output pointers, as necessary
1857   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1858     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1859 
1860     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1861     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
1862       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
1863 
1864       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
1865       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_vec_array));
1866     }
1867   }
1868 
1869   // Loop over active fields
1870   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1871     bool                is_active = false, is_active_at_points = true;
1872     CeedInt             elem_size = 1, num_comp_active = 1, e_vec_size = 0, field_in = impl->input_field_order[i];
1873     CeedRestrictionType rstr_type;
1874     CeedVector          l_vec;
1875     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1876 
1877     // -- Skip non-active input
1878     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[field_in], &l_vec));
1879     is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
1880     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1881     if (!is_active || impl->skip_rstr_in[field_in]) continue;
1882 
1883     // -- Get active restriction type
1884     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[field_in], &elem_rstr));
1885     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr, &rstr_type));
1886     is_active_at_points = rstr_type == CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS;
1887     if (!is_active_at_points) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1888     else elem_size = max_num_points;
1889     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr, &num_comp_active));
1890     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
1891 
1892     e_vec_size = elem_size * num_comp_active;
1893     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_e_vec_in, 0.0));
1894     for (CeedInt s = 0; s < e_vec_size; s++) {
1895       CeedVector q_vec = impl->q_vecs_in[field_in];
1896 
1897       // Update unit vector
1898       {
1899         // Note: E-vec strides are node * (1) + comp * (elem_size * num_elem) + elem * (elem_size)
1900         CeedInt  node = (s - 1) % elem_size, comp = (s - 1) / elem_size;
1901         CeedSize start = node * 1 + comp * (elem_size * num_elem);
1902         CeedSize stop  = (comp + 1) * (elem_size * num_elem);
1903 
1904         if (s != 0) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValueStrided(active_e_vec_in, start, stop, elem_size, 0.0));
1905 
1906         node = s % elem_size, comp = s / elem_size;
1907         start = node * 1 + comp * (elem_size * num_elem);
1908         stop  = (comp + 1) * (elem_size * num_elem);
1909         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValueStrided(active_e_vec_in, start, stop, elem_size, 1.0));
1910       }
1911 
1912       // Basis action
1913       for (CeedInt j = 0; j < num_input_fields; j++) {
1914         CeedInt field = impl->input_field_order[j];
1915 
1916         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, NULL, active_e_vec_in, num_elem,
1917                                                             num_points, false, true, impl));
1918       }
1919 
1920       // Q function
1921       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * max_num_points, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
1922 
1923       // Output basis apply if needed
1924       for (CeedInt j = 0; j < num_output_fields; j++) {
1925         bool                is_active = false;
1926         CeedInt             elem_size = 0;
1927         CeedInt             field_out = impl->output_field_order[j];
1928         CeedRestrictionType rstr_type;
1929         CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
1930         CeedVector          l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_out[field_out], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_out[field_out];
1931         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1932 
1933         // ---- Skip non-active output
1934         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[field_out], &l_vec));
1935         is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
1936         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1937         if (!is_active) continue;
1938         if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec_out;
1939 
1940         // ---- Check if elem size matches
1941         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[field_out], &elem_rstr));
1942         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr, &rstr_type));
1943         if (is_active_at_points && rstr_type != CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS) continue;
1944         if (rstr_type == CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS) {
1945           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetMaxPointsInElement(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1946         } else {
1947           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1948         }
1949         {
1950           CeedInt num_comp = 0;
1951 
1952           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr, &num_comp));
1953           if (e_vec_size != num_comp * elem_size) continue;
1954         }
1955 
1956         // Basis action
1957         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[field_out], &eval_mode));
1958         switch (eval_mode) {
1959           case CEED_EVAL_NONE: {
1960             CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
1961 
1962             CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
1963             CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(e_vec, &e_vec_array));
1964             break;
1965           }
1966           case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
1967           case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
1968           case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
1969           case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
1970             CeedBasis basis;
1971 
1972             CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[field_out], &basis));
1973             if (impl->apply_add_basis_out[field_out]) {
1974               CeedCallBackend(
1975                   CeedBasisApplyAddAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, q_vec, e_vec));
1976             } else {
1977               CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, q_vec, e_vec));
1978             }
1979             CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1980             break;
1981           }
1982           // LCOV_EXCL_START
1983           case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
1984             return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
1985             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
1986           }
1987         }
1988 
1989         // Mask output e-vec
1990         if (impl->skip_rstr_out[field_out]) {
1991           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
1992           continue;
1993         }
1994         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorPointwiseMult(e_vec, active_e_vec_in, e_vec));
1995 
1996         // Restrict
1997         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, e_vec, assembled, request));
1998         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
1999 
2000         // Reset q_vec for
2001         if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
2002           CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
2003 
2004           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(e_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
2005           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_vec_array));
2006         }
2007       }
2008 
2009       // Reset vec
2010       if (s == e_vec_size - 1 && i != num_input_fields - 1) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(q_vec, 0.0));
2011     }
2012   }
2013 
2014   // Restore CEED_EVAL_NONE
2015   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
2016     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
2017 
2018     // Get eval_mode
2019     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
2020 
2021     // Restore evec
2022     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
2023     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
2024       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
2025 
2026       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
2027       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->e_vecs_in[i], &e_vec_array));
2028     }
2029   }
2030 
2031   // Restore input arrays
2032   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
2033     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, true, impl));
2034   }
2035 
2036   // Restore work vector
2037   CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(ceed, &active_e_vec_in));
2038   CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(ceed, &active_e_vec_out));
2039   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
2040   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
2041   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2042 }
2043 
2044 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2045 // Create operator
2046 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2047 int CeedOperatorCreate_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
2048   Ceed               ceed;
2049   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
2050 
2051   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2052   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
2053   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetData(op, impl));
2054 
2055   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunction", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda));
2056   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda));
2057   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Cuda));
2058   CeedCallBackend(
2059       CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal_Cuda));
2060   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleSingle", CeedSingleOperatorAssemble_Cuda));
2061   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "ApplyAdd", CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda));
2062   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "Destroy", CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda));
2063   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
2064   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2065 }
2066 
2067 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2068 // Create operator AtPoints
2069 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2070 int CeedOperatorCreateAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
2071   Ceed               ceed;
2072   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
2073 
2074   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2075   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
2076   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetData(op, impl));
2077 
2078   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunction", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionAtPoints_Cuda));
2079   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonalAtPoints_Cuda));
2080   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "ApplyAdd", CeedOperatorApplyAddAtPoints_Cuda));
2081   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "Destroy", CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda));
2082   CeedCallBackend(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
2083   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2084 }
2085 
2086 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2087