xref: /libCEED/backends/cuda-ref/ceed-cuda-ref-operator.c (revision daaf13a462f999a7d367f3df68e0e3c34270722c)
1 // Copyright (c) 2017-2024, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
2 // All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
3 //
4 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
5 //
6 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
7 
8 #include <ceed.h>
9 #include <ceed/backend.h>
10 #include <ceed/jit-tools.h>
11 #include <assert.h>
12 #include <cuda.h>
13 #include <cuda_runtime.h>
14 #include <stdbool.h>
15 #include <string.h>
16 
17 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-common.h"
18 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-compile.h"
19 #include "ceed-cuda-ref.h"
20 
21 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22 // Destroy operator
23 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24 static int CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
25   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
26 
27   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
28 
29   // Apply data
30   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->num_points));
31   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->skip_rstr_in));
32   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->skip_rstr_out));
33   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->apply_add_basis_out));
34   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->input_field_order));
35   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->output_field_order));
36   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->input_states));
37 
38   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_inputs; i++) {
39     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->e_vecs_in[i]));
40     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_in[i]));
41   }
42   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->e_vecs_in));
43   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->q_vecs_in));
44 
45   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_outputs; i++) {
46     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->e_vecs_out[i]));
47     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_out[i]));
48   }
49   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->e_vecs_out));
50   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->q_vecs_out));
51   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->point_coords_elem));
52 
53   // QFunction assembly data
54   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_active_in; i++) {
55     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->qf_active_in[i]));
56   }
57   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->qf_active_in));
58 
59   // Diag data
60   if (impl->diag) {
61     Ceed ceed;
62 
63     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
64     if (impl->diag->module) {
65       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->diag->module));
66     }
67     if (impl->diag->module_point_block) {
68       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->diag->module_point_block));
69     }
70     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_eval_modes_in));
71     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_eval_modes_out));
72     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_identity));
73     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_interp_in));
74     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_interp_out));
75     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_grad_in));
76     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_grad_out));
77     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_div_in));
78     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_div_out));
79     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_curl_in));
80     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_curl_out));
81     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&impl->diag->diag_rstr));
82     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&impl->diag->point_block_diag_rstr));
83     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->diag->elem_diag));
84     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->diag->point_block_elem_diag));
85   }
86   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->diag));
87 
88   if (impl->asmb) {
89     Ceed ceed;
90 
91     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
92     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->asmb->module));
93     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->asmb->d_B_in));
94     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->asmb->d_B_out));
95   }
96   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->asmb));
97 
98   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl));
99   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
100 }
101 
102 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
103 // Setup infields or outfields
104 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
105 static int CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(CeedQFunction qf, CeedOperator op, bool is_input, bool is_at_points, bool *skip_rstr, bool *apply_add_basis,
106                                         CeedVector *e_vecs, CeedVector *q_vecs, CeedInt num_fields, CeedInt Q, CeedInt num_elem) {
107   Ceed                ceed;
108   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
109   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
110 
111   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
112   if (is_input) {
113     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
114     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
115   } else {
116     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
117     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
118   }
119 
120   // Loop over fields
121   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
122     bool                is_active = false, is_strided = false, skip_e_vec = false;
123     CeedSize            q_size;
124     CeedInt             size;
125     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
126     CeedVector          l_vec;
127     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
128 
129     // Check whether this field can skip the element restriction:
130     // Input CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE
131     // Output CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE without CEED_EVAL_NONE
132     // Input CEED_VECTOR_NONE with CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT
133     // Input passive vectorr with CEED_EVAL_NONE and strided restriction with CEED_STRIDES_BACKEND
134     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &l_vec));
135     is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
136     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
137     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
138     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
139     skip_e_vec = (is_input && is_active) || (is_active && eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_NONE) || (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT);
140     if (!skip_e_vec && is_input && !is_active && eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
141       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionIsStrided(elem_rstr, &is_strided));
142       if (is_strided) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionHasBackendStrides(elem_rstr, &skip_e_vec));
143     }
144     if (skip_e_vec) {
145       e_vecs[i] = NULL;
146     } else {
147       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(elem_rstr, NULL, &e_vecs[i]));
148     }
149     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
150 
151     switch (eval_mode) {
152       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
153       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
154       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
155       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
156       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
157         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_fields[i], &size));
158         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)Q * (CeedSize)size;
159         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
160         break;
161       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
162         CeedBasis basis;
163 
164         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
165         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)Q;
166         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
167         if (is_at_points) {
168           CeedInt num_points[num_elem];
169 
170           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_elem; i++) num_points[i] = Q;
171           CeedCallBackend(
172               CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_vecs[i]));
173         } else {
174           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_vecs[i]));
175         }
176         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
177         break;
178       }
179     }
180   }
181   // Drop duplicate restrictions
182   if (is_input) {
183     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
184       CeedVector          vec_i;
185       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
186 
187       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec_i));
188       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &rstr_i));
189       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_fields; j++) {
190         CeedVector          vec_j;
191         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
192 
193         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[j], &vec_j));
194         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[j], &rstr_j));
195         if (vec_i == vec_j && rstr_i == rstr_j) {
196           if (e_vecs[i]) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(e_vecs[i], &e_vecs[j]));
197           skip_rstr[j] = true;
198         }
199         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
200         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
201       }
202       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
203       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
204     }
205   } else {
206     for (CeedInt i = num_fields - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
207       CeedVector          vec_i;
208       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
209 
210       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec_i));
211       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &rstr_i));
212       for (CeedInt j = i - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
213         CeedVector          vec_j;
214         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
215 
216         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[j], &vec_j));
217         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[j], &rstr_j));
218         if (vec_i == vec_j && rstr_i == rstr_j) {
219           if (e_vecs[i]) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(e_vecs[i], &e_vecs[j]));
220           skip_rstr[j]       = true;
221           apply_add_basis[i] = true;
222         }
223         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
224         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
225       }
226       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
227       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
228     }
229   }
230   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
231 }
232 
233 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
234 // CeedOperator needs to connect all the named fields (be they active or passive) to the named inputs and outputs of its CeedQFunction.
235 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236 static int CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
237   Ceed                ceed;
238   bool                is_setup_done;
239   CeedInt             Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
240   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
241   CeedQFunction       qf;
242   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
243   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
244 
245   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorIsSetupDone(op, &is_setup_done));
246   if (is_setup_done) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
247 
248   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
249   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
250   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
251   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
252   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
253   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
254   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
255 
256   // Allocate
257   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->e_vecs_in));
258   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->e_vecs_out));
259   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->skip_rstr_in));
260   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->skip_rstr_out));
261   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->apply_add_basis_out));
262   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->input_field_order));
263   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->output_field_order));
264   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->input_states));
265   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->q_vecs_in));
266   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->q_vecs_out));
267   impl->num_inputs  = num_input_fields;
268   impl->num_outputs = num_output_fields;
269 
270   // Set up infield and outfield e-vecs and q-vecs
271   CeedCallBackend(
272       CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, true, false, impl->skip_rstr_in, NULL, impl->e_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_in, num_input_fields, Q, num_elem));
273   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, false, false, impl->skip_rstr_out, impl->apply_add_basis_out, impl->e_vecs_out,
274                                                impl->q_vecs_out, num_output_fields, Q, num_elem));
275 
276   // Reorder fields to allow reuse of buffers
277   impl->max_active_e_vec_len = 0;
278   {
279     bool    is_ordered[CEED_FIELD_MAX];
280     CeedInt curr_index = 0;
281 
282     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) is_ordered[i] = false;
283     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
284       CeedSize            e_vec_len_i;
285       CeedVector          vec_i;
286       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
287 
288       if (is_ordered[i]) continue;
289       is_ordered[i]                       = true;
290       impl->input_field_order[curr_index] = i;
291       curr_index++;
292       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec_i));
293       if (vec_i == CEED_VECTOR_NONE) {
294         // CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT
295         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
296         continue;
297       };
298       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &rstr_i));
299       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetEVectorSize(rstr_i, &e_vec_len_i));
300       impl->max_active_e_vec_len = e_vec_len_i > impl->max_active_e_vec_len ? e_vec_len_i : impl->max_active_e_vec_len;
301       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_input_fields; j++) {
302         CeedVector          vec_j;
303         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
304 
305         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[j], &vec_j));
306         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[j], &rstr_j));
307         if (rstr_i == rstr_j && vec_i == vec_j) {
308           is_ordered[j]                       = true;
309           impl->input_field_order[curr_index] = j;
310           curr_index++;
311         }
312         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
313         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
314       }
315       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
316       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
317     }
318   }
319   {
320     bool    is_ordered[CEED_FIELD_MAX];
321     CeedInt curr_index = 0;
322 
323     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) is_ordered[i] = false;
324     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
325       CeedSize            e_vec_len_i;
326       CeedVector          vec_i;
327       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
328 
329       if (is_ordered[i]) continue;
330       is_ordered[i]                        = true;
331       impl->output_field_order[curr_index] = i;
332       curr_index++;
333       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec_i));
334       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &rstr_i));
335       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetEVectorSize(rstr_i, &e_vec_len_i));
336       impl->max_active_e_vec_len = e_vec_len_i > impl->max_active_e_vec_len ? e_vec_len_i : impl->max_active_e_vec_len;
337       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_output_fields; j++) {
338         CeedVector          vec_j;
339         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
340 
341         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[j], &vec_j));
342         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &rstr_j));
343         if (rstr_i == rstr_j && vec_i == vec_j) {
344           is_ordered[j]                        = true;
345           impl->output_field_order[curr_index] = j;
346           curr_index++;
347         }
348         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
349         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
350       }
351       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
352       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
353     }
354   }
355   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetSetupDone(op));
356   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
357 }
358 
359 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
360 // Restrict Operator Inputs
361 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
362 static inline int CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(CeedOperatorField op_input_field, CeedQFunctionField qf_input_field, CeedInt input_field,
363                                                  CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector active_e_vec, const bool skip_active, CeedOperator_Cuda *impl,
364                                                  CeedRequest *request) {
365   bool       is_active = false;
366   CeedVector l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_in[input_field];
367 
368   // Get input vector
369   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_field, &l_vec));
370   is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
371   if (is_active && skip_active) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
372   if (is_active) {
373     l_vec = in_vec;
374     if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
375   }
376 
377   // Restriction action
378   if (e_vec) {
379     // Restrict, if necessary
380     if (!impl->skip_rstr_in[input_field]) {
381       uint64_t state;
382 
383       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetState(l_vec, &state));
384       if (is_active || state != impl->input_states[input_field]) {
385         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
386 
387         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_field, &elem_rstr));
388         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, l_vec, e_vec, request));
389         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
390       }
391       impl->input_states[input_field] = state;
392     }
393   }
394   if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
395   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
396 }
397 
398 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
399 // Input Basis Action
400 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
401 static inline int CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(CeedOperatorField op_input_field, CeedQFunctionField qf_input_field, CeedInt input_field,
402                                               CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector active_e_vec, CeedInt num_elem, const bool skip_active,
403                                               CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
404   bool         is_active = false;
405   CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
406   CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_in[input_field], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_in[input_field];
407 
408   // Skip active input
409   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_field, &l_vec));
410   is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
411   if (is_active && skip_active) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
412   if (is_active) {
413     l_vec = in_vec;
414     if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
415   }
416 
417   // Basis action
418   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_field, &eval_mode));
419   switch (eval_mode) {
420     case CEED_EVAL_NONE: {
421       const CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
422 
423       if (e_vec) {
424         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(e_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
425       } else {
426         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(l_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
427       }
428       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, (CeedScalar *)e_vec_array));
429       break;
430     }
431     case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
432     case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
433     case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
434     case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
435       CeedBasis basis;
436 
437       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_field, &basis));
438       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, e_vec, q_vec));
439       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
440       break;
441     }
442     case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
443       break;  // No action
444   }
445   if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
446   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
447 }
448 
449 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
450 // Restore Input Vectors
451 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
452 static inline int CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(CeedOperatorField op_input_field, CeedQFunctionField qf_input_field, CeedInt input_field,
453                                                 CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector active_e_vec, const bool skip_active, CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
454   bool         is_active = false;
455   CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
456   CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_in[input_field];
457 
458   // Skip active input
459   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_field, &l_vec));
460   is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
461   if (is_active && skip_active) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
462   if (is_active) {
463     l_vec = in_vec;
464     if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
465   }
466 
467   // Restore e-vec
468   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_field, &eval_mode));
469   if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
470     const CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
471 
472     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_in[input_field], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, (CeedScalar **)&e_vec_array));
473     if (e_vec) {
474       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(e_vec, &e_vec_array));
475     } else {
476       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(l_vec, &e_vec_array));
477     }
478   }
479   if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
480   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
481 }
482 
483 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
484 // Apply and add to output
485 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
486 static int CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector out_vec, CeedRequest *request) {
487   CeedInt             Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
488   Ceed                ceed;
489   CeedVector          active_e_vec;
490   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
491   CeedQFunction       qf;
492   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
493   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
494 
495   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
496   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
497   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
498   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
499   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
500   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
501   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
502 
503   // Setup
504   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(op));
505 
506   // Work vector
507   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(ceed, impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &active_e_vec));
508 
509   // Process inputs
510   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
511     CeedInt field = impl->input_field_order[i];
512 
513     CeedCallBackend(
514         CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, in_vec, active_e_vec, false, impl, request));
515     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, in_vec, active_e_vec, num_elem, false, impl));
516   }
517 
518   // Output pointers, as necessary
519   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
520     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
521 
522     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
523     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
524       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
525 
526       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
527       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_vec_array));
528     }
529   }
530 
531   // Q function
532   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * Q, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
533 
534   // Restore input arrays
535   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
536     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, in_vec, active_e_vec, false, impl));
537   }
538 
539   // Output basis and restriction
540   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
541     bool         is_active = false;
542     CeedInt      field     = impl->output_field_order[i];
543     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
544     CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_out[field], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_out[field];
545 
546     // Output vector
547     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[field], &l_vec));
548     is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
549     if (is_active) {
550       l_vec = out_vec;
551       if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
552     }
553 
554     // Basis action
555     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[field], &eval_mode));
556     switch (eval_mode) {
557       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
558         break;  // No action
559       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
560       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
561       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
562       case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
563         CeedBasis basis;
564 
565         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[field], &basis));
566         if (impl->apply_add_basis_out[field]) {
567           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAdd(basis, num_elem, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, q_vec, e_vec));
568         } else {
569           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, q_vec, e_vec));
570         }
571         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
572         break;
573       }
574       // LCOV_EXCL_START
575       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
576         return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
577         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
578       }
579     }
580 
581     // Restore evec
582     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
583       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
584 
585       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
586       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(e_vec, &e_vec_array));
587     }
588 
589     // Restrict
590     if (impl->skip_rstr_out[field]) {
591       if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
592       continue;
593     }
594     {
595       CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
596 
597       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[field], &elem_rstr));
598       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, e_vec, l_vec, request));
599       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
600     }
601     if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
602   }
603 
604   // Return work vector
605   CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(ceed, &active_e_vec));
606   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
607 }
608 
609 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
610 // CeedOperator needs to connect all the named fields (be they active or passive) to the named inputs and outputs of its CeedQFunction.
611 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
612 static int CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
613   Ceed                ceed;
614   bool                is_setup_done;
615   CeedInt             max_num_points = -1, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
616   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
617   CeedQFunction       qf;
618   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
619   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
620 
621   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorIsSetupDone(op, &is_setup_done));
622   if (is_setup_done) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
623 
624   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
625   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
626   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
627   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
628   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
629   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
630   {
631     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points = NULL;
632 
633     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, NULL));
634     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetMaxPointsInElement(rstr_points, &max_num_points));
635     CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_elem, &impl->num_points));
636     for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
637       CeedInt num_points_elem;
638 
639       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumPointsInElement(rstr_points, e, &num_points_elem));
640       impl->num_points[e] = num_points_elem;
641     }
642     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_points));
643   }
644   impl->max_num_points = max_num_points;
645 
646   // Allocate
647   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->e_vecs_in));
648   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->e_vecs_out));
649   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->skip_rstr_in));
650   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->skip_rstr_out));
651   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->apply_add_basis_out));
652   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->input_field_order));
653   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->output_field_order));
654   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->input_states));
655   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->q_vecs_in));
656   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->q_vecs_out));
657   impl->num_inputs  = num_input_fields;
658   impl->num_outputs = num_output_fields;
659 
660   // Set up infield and outfield e-vecs and q-vecs
661   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, true, true, impl->skip_rstr_in, NULL, impl->e_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_in, num_input_fields,
662                                                max_num_points, num_elem));
663   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, false, true, impl->skip_rstr_out, impl->apply_add_basis_out, impl->e_vecs_out,
664                                                impl->q_vecs_out, num_output_fields, max_num_points, num_elem));
665 
666   // Reorder fields to allow reuse of buffers
667   impl->max_active_e_vec_len = 0;
668   {
669     bool    is_ordered[CEED_FIELD_MAX];
670     CeedInt curr_index = 0;
671 
672     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) is_ordered[i] = false;
673     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
674       CeedSize            e_vec_len_i;
675       CeedVector          vec_i;
676       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
677 
678       if (is_ordered[i]) continue;
679       is_ordered[i]                       = true;
680       impl->input_field_order[curr_index] = i;
681       curr_index++;
682       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec_i));
683       if (vec_i == CEED_VECTOR_NONE) {
684         // CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT
685         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
686         continue;
687       };
688       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &rstr_i));
689       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetEVectorSize(rstr_i, &e_vec_len_i));
690       impl->max_active_e_vec_len = e_vec_len_i > impl->max_active_e_vec_len ? e_vec_len_i : impl->max_active_e_vec_len;
691       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_input_fields; j++) {
692         CeedVector          vec_j;
693         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
694 
695         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[j], &vec_j));
696         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[j], &rstr_j));
697         if (rstr_i == rstr_j && vec_i == vec_j) {
698           is_ordered[j]                       = true;
699           impl->input_field_order[curr_index] = j;
700           curr_index++;
701         }
702         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
703         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
704       }
705       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
706       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
707     }
708   }
709   {
710     bool    is_ordered[CEED_FIELD_MAX];
711     CeedInt curr_index = 0;
712 
713     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) is_ordered[i] = false;
714     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
715       CeedSize            e_vec_len_i;
716       CeedVector          vec_i;
717       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
718 
719       if (is_ordered[i]) continue;
720       is_ordered[i]                        = true;
721       impl->output_field_order[curr_index] = i;
722       curr_index++;
723       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec_i));
724       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &rstr_i));
725       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetEVectorSize(rstr_i, &e_vec_len_i));
726       impl->max_active_e_vec_len = e_vec_len_i > impl->max_active_e_vec_len ? e_vec_len_i : impl->max_active_e_vec_len;
727       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_output_fields; j++) {
728         CeedVector          vec_j;
729         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
730 
731         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[j], &vec_j));
732         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &rstr_j));
733         if (rstr_i == rstr_j && vec_i == vec_j) {
734           is_ordered[j]                        = true;
735           impl->output_field_order[curr_index] = j;
736           curr_index++;
737         }
738         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_j));
739         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_j));
740       }
741       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec_i));
742       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_i));
743     }
744   }
745   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetSetupDone(op));
746   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
747 }
748 
749 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
750 // Input Basis Action AtPoints
751 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
752 static inline int CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperatorField op_input_field, CeedQFunctionField qf_input_field, CeedInt input_field,
753                                                       CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector active_e_vec, CeedInt num_elem, const CeedInt *num_points,
754                                                       const bool skip_active, CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
755   bool         is_active = false;
756   CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
757   CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_in[input_field], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_in[input_field];
758 
759   // Skip active input
760   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_field, &l_vec));
761   is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
762   if (is_active && skip_active) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
763   if (is_active) {
764     l_vec = in_vec;
765     if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
766   }
767 
768   // Basis action
769   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_field, &eval_mode));
770   switch (eval_mode) {
771     case CEED_EVAL_NONE: {
772       const CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
773 
774       if (e_vec) {
775         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(e_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
776       } else {
777         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(l_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
778       }
779       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, (CeedScalar *)e_vec_array));
780       break;
781     }
782     case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
783     case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
784     case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
785     case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
786       CeedBasis basis;
787 
788       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_field, &basis));
789       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, e_vec, q_vec));
790       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
791       break;
792     }
793     case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
794       break;  // No action
795   }
796   if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
797   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
798 }
799 
800 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
801 // Apply and add to output AtPoints
802 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
803 static int CeedOperatorApplyAddAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector out_vec, CeedRequest *request) {
804   CeedInt             max_num_points, *num_points, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
805   Ceed                ceed;
806   CeedVector          active_e_vec;
807   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
808   CeedQFunction       qf;
809   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
810   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
811 
812   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
813   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
814   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
815   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
816   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
817   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
818 
819   // Setup
820   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(op));
821   num_points     = impl->num_points;
822   max_num_points = impl->max_num_points;
823 
824   // Work vector
825   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(ceed, impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &active_e_vec));
826 
827   // Get point coordinates
828   if (!impl->point_coords_elem) {
829     CeedVector          point_coords = NULL;
830     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points  = NULL;
831 
832     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, &point_coords));
833     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_points, NULL, &impl->point_coords_elem));
834     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, point_coords, impl->point_coords_elem, request));
835     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&point_coords));
836     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_points));
837   }
838 
839   // Process inputs
840   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
841     CeedInt field = impl->input_field_order[i];
842 
843     CeedCallBackend(
844         CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, in_vec, active_e_vec, false, impl, request));
845     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, in_vec, active_e_vec, num_elem,
846                                                         num_points, false, impl));
847   }
848 
849   // Output pointers, as necessary
850   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
851     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
852 
853     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
854     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
855       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
856 
857       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
858       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_vec_array));
859     }
860   }
861 
862   // Q function
863   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * max_num_points, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
864 
865   // Restore input arrays
866   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
867     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, in_vec, active_e_vec, false, impl));
868   }
869 
870   // Output basis and restriction
871   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
872     bool         is_active = false;
873     CeedInt      field     = impl->output_field_order[i];
874     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
875     CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_out[field], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_out[field];
876 
877     // Output vector
878     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[field], &l_vec));
879     is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
880     if (is_active) {
881       l_vec = out_vec;
882       if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
883     }
884 
885     // Basis action
886     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[field], &eval_mode));
887     switch (eval_mode) {
888       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
889         break;  // No action
890       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
891       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
892       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
893       case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
894         CeedBasis basis;
895 
896         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[field], &basis));
897         if (impl->apply_add_basis_out[field]) {
898           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAddAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, q_vec, e_vec));
899         } else {
900           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, q_vec, e_vec));
901         }
902         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
903         break;
904       }
905       // LCOV_EXCL_START
906       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
907         return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
908         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
909       }
910     }
911 
912     // Restore evec
913     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
914       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
915 
916       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
917       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(e_vec, &e_vec_array));
918     }
919 
920     // Restrict
921     if (impl->skip_rstr_out[field]) {
922       if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
923       continue;
924     }
925     {
926       CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
927 
928       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[field], &elem_rstr));
929       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, e_vec, l_vec, request));
930       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
931     }
932     if (!is_active) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
933   }
934 
935   // Restore work vector
936   CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(ceed, &active_e_vec));
937   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
938 }
939 
940 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
941 // Linear QFunction Assembly Core
942 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
943 static inline int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(CeedOperator op, bool build_objects, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr,
944                                                                CeedRequest *request) {
945   Ceed                ceed, ceed_parent;
946   CeedInt             num_active_in, num_active_out, Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, size;
947   CeedScalar         *assembled_array;
948   CeedVector         *active_inputs;
949   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
950   CeedQFunction       qf;
951   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
952   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
953 
954   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
955   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(op, &ceed_parent));
956   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
957   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
958   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
959   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
960   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
961   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
962   active_inputs = impl->qf_active_in;
963   num_active_in = impl->num_active_in, num_active_out = impl->num_active_out;
964 
965   // Setup
966   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(op));
967 
968   // Process inputs
969   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
970     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, true, impl, request));
971     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, num_elem, true, impl));
972   }
973 
974   // Count number of active input fields
975   if (!num_active_in) {
976     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
977       CeedScalar *q_vec_array;
978       CeedVector  l_vec;
979 
980       // Check if active input
981       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &l_vec));
982       if (l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
983         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_input_fields[i], &size));
984         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(impl->q_vecs_in[i], 0.0));
985         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &q_vec_array));
986         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_active_in + size, &active_inputs));
987         for (CeedInt field = 0; field < size; field++) {
988           CeedSize q_size = (CeedSize)Q * num_elem;
989 
990           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &active_inputs[num_active_in + field]));
991           CeedCallBackend(
992               CeedVectorSetArray(active_inputs[num_active_in + field], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, &q_vec_array[field * Q * num_elem]));
993         }
994         num_active_in += size;
995         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], &q_vec_array));
996       }
997       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
998     }
999     impl->num_active_in = num_active_in;
1000     impl->qf_active_in  = active_inputs;
1001   }
1002 
1003   // Count number of active output fields
1004   if (!num_active_out) {
1005     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1006       CeedVector l_vec;
1007 
1008       // Check if active output
1009       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &l_vec));
1010       if (l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1011         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[i], &size));
1012         num_active_out += size;
1013       }
1014       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1015     }
1016     impl->num_active_out = num_active_out;
1017   }
1018 
1019   // Check sizes
1020   CeedCheck(num_active_in > 0 && num_active_out > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Cannot assemble QFunction without active inputs and outputs");
1021 
1022   // Build objects if needed
1023   if (build_objects) {
1024     CeedSize l_size     = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q * num_active_in * num_active_out;
1025     CeedInt  strides[3] = {1, num_elem * Q, Q}; /* *NOPAD* */
1026 
1027     // Create output restriction
1028     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided(ceed_parent, num_elem, Q, num_active_in * num_active_out,
1029                                                      (CeedSize)num_active_in * (CeedSize)num_active_out * (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)Q, strides,
1030                                                      rstr));
1031     // Create assembled vector
1032     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, l_size, assembled));
1033   }
1034   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(*assembled, 0.0));
1035   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(*assembled, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_array));
1036 
1037   // Assemble QFunction
1038   for (CeedInt in = 0; in < num_active_in; in++) {
1039     // Set Inputs
1040     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_inputs[in], 1.0));
1041     if (num_active_in > 1) {
1042       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_inputs[(in + num_active_in - 1) % num_active_in], 0.0));
1043     }
1044     // Set Outputs
1045     for (CeedInt out = 0; out < num_output_fields; out++) {
1046       CeedVector l_vec;
1047 
1048       // Check if active output
1049       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[out], &l_vec));
1050       if (l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1051         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[out], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, assembled_array));
1052         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[out], &size));
1053         assembled_array += size * Q * num_elem;  // Advance the pointer by the size of the output
1054       }
1055       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1056     }
1057     // Apply QFunction
1058     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, Q * num_elem, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
1059   }
1060 
1061   // Un-set output q-vecs to prevent accidental overwrite of Assembled
1062   for (CeedInt out = 0; out < num_output_fields; out++) {
1063     CeedVector l_vec;
1064 
1065     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[out], &l_vec));
1066     if (l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1067       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_out[out], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, NULL));
1068     }
1069     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1070   }
1071 
1072   // Restore input arrays
1073   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1074     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, true, impl));
1075   }
1076 
1077   // Restore output
1078   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(*assembled, &assembled_array));
1079   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1080 }
1081 
1082 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1083 // Assemble Linear QFunction
1084 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1085 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1086   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(op, true, assembled, rstr, request);
1087 }
1088 
1089 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1090 // Update Assembled Linear QFunction
1091 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1092 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedElemRestriction rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1093   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(op, false, &assembled, &rstr, request);
1094 }
1095 
1096 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1097 // Assemble Diagonal Setup
1098 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1099 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
1100   Ceed                ceed;
1101   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
1102   CeedInt             q_comp, num_nodes, num_qpts;
1103   CeedEvalMode       *eval_modes_in = NULL, *eval_modes_out = NULL;
1104   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
1105   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1106   CeedQFunction       qf;
1107   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
1108   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1109 
1110   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1111   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1112   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetNumArgs(qf, &num_input_fields, &num_output_fields));
1113 
1114   // Determine active input basis
1115   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
1116   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1117   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1118     CeedVector vec;
1119 
1120     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1121     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1122       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1123       CeedBasis    basis;
1124 
1125       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
1126       CeedCheck(!basis_in || basis_in == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1127                 "Backend does not implement operator diagonal assembly with multiple active bases");
1128       if (!basis_in) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_in));
1129       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1130       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1131       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1132       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1133         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF assembly
1134         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in + q_comp, &eval_modes_in));
1135         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) eval_modes_in[num_eval_modes_in + d] = eval_mode;
1136         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1137       }
1138     }
1139     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1140   }
1141 
1142   // Determine active output basis
1143   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
1144   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1145   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1146     CeedVector vec;
1147 
1148     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1149     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1150       CeedBasis    basis;
1151       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1152 
1153       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
1154       CeedCheck(!basis_out || basis_out == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1155                 "Backend does not implement operator diagonal assembly with multiple active bases");
1156       if (!basis_out) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_out));
1157       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1158       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1159       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1160       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1161         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF assembly
1162         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out + q_comp, &eval_modes_out));
1163         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) eval_modes_out[num_eval_modes_out + d] = eval_mode;
1164         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1165       }
1166     }
1167     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1168   }
1169 
1170   // Operator data struct
1171   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1172   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl->diag));
1173   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1174 
1175   // Basis matrices
1176   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_in, &num_nodes));
1177   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
1178   else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts));
1179   const CeedInt interp_bytes     = num_nodes * num_qpts * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1180   const CeedInt eval_modes_bytes = sizeof(CeedEvalMode);
1181   bool          has_eval_none    = false;
1182 
1183   // CEED_EVAL_NONE
1184   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1185   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1186   if (has_eval_none) {
1187     CeedScalar *identity = NULL;
1188 
1189     CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_nodes * num_qpts, &identity));
1190     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
1191     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_identity, interp_bytes));
1192     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_identity, identity, interp_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1193     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1194   }
1195 
1196   // CEED_EVAL_INTERP, CEED_EVAL_GRAD, CEED_EVAL_DIV, and CEED_EVAL_CURL
1197   for (CeedInt in = 0; in < 2; in++) {
1198     CeedFESpace fespace;
1199     CeedBasis   basis = in ? basis_in : basis_out;
1200 
1201     CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetFESpace(basis, &fespace));
1202     switch (fespace) {
1203       case CEED_FE_SPACE_H1: {
1204         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_grad;
1205         const CeedScalar *interp, *grad;
1206         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_grad;
1207 
1208         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1209         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_GRAD, &q_comp_grad));
1210 
1211         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1212         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1213         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1214         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetGrad(basis, &grad));
1215         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_grad, interp_bytes * q_comp_grad));
1216         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_grad, grad, interp_bytes * q_comp_grad, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1217         if (in) {
1218           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1219           diag->d_grad_in   = d_grad;
1220         } else {
1221           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1222           diag->d_grad_out   = d_grad;
1223         }
1224       } break;
1225       case CEED_FE_SPACE_HDIV: {
1226         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_div;
1227         const CeedScalar *interp, *div;
1228         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_div;
1229 
1230         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1231         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_DIV, &q_comp_div));
1232 
1233         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1234         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1235         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1236         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetDiv(basis, &div));
1237         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_div, interp_bytes * q_comp_div));
1238         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_div, div, interp_bytes * q_comp_div, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1239         if (in) {
1240           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1241           diag->d_div_in    = d_div;
1242         } else {
1243           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1244           diag->d_div_out    = d_div;
1245         }
1246       } break;
1247       case CEED_FE_SPACE_HCURL: {
1248         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_curl;
1249         const CeedScalar *interp, *curl;
1250         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_curl;
1251 
1252         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1253         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_CURL, &q_comp_curl));
1254 
1255         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1256         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1257         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1258         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCurl(basis, &curl));
1259         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_curl, interp_bytes * q_comp_curl));
1260         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_curl, curl, interp_bytes * q_comp_curl, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1261         if (in) {
1262           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1263           diag->d_curl_in   = d_curl;
1264         } else {
1265           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1266           diag->d_curl_out   = d_curl;
1267         }
1268       } break;
1269     }
1270   }
1271 
1272   // Arrays of eval_modes
1273   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_eval_modes_in, num_eval_modes_in * eval_modes_bytes));
1274   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_eval_modes_in, eval_modes_in, num_eval_modes_in * eval_modes_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1275   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_eval_modes_out, num_eval_modes_out * eval_modes_bytes));
1276   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_eval_modes_out, eval_modes_out, num_eval_modes_out * eval_modes_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1277   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_in));
1278   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_out));
1279   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_in));
1280   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_out));
1281   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1282 }
1283 
1284 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1285 // Assemble Diagonal Setup (Compilation)
1286 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1287 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetupCompile_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt use_ceedsize_idx, const bool is_point_block) {
1288   Ceed                ceed;
1289   char               *diagonal_kernel_source;
1290   const char         *diagonal_kernel_path;
1291   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
1292   CeedInt             num_comp, q_comp, num_nodes, num_qpts;
1293   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
1294   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1295   CeedQFunction       qf;
1296   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
1297   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1298 
1299   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1300   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1301   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetNumArgs(qf, &num_input_fields, &num_output_fields));
1302 
1303   // Determine active input basis
1304   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
1305   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1306   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1307     CeedVector vec;
1308 
1309     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1310     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1311       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1312       CeedBasis    basis;
1313 
1314       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
1315       if (!basis_in) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_in));
1316       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1317       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1318       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1319       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1320         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1321       }
1322     }
1323     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1324   }
1325 
1326   // Determine active output basis
1327   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
1328   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1329   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1330     CeedVector vec;
1331 
1332     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1333     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1334       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1335       CeedBasis    basis;
1336 
1337       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
1338       if (!basis_out) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_out));
1339       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1340       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1341       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1342       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1343         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1344       }
1345     }
1346     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1347   }
1348 
1349   // Operator data struct
1350   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1351   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1352 
1353   // Assemble kernel
1354   CUmodule *module          = is_point_block ? &diag->module_point_block : &diag->module;
1355   CeedInt   elems_per_block = 1;
1356   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_in, &num_nodes));
1357   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_in, &num_comp));
1358   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
1359   else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts));
1360   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetJitAbsolutePath(ceed, "ceed/jit-source/cuda/cuda-ref-operator-assemble-diagonal.h", &diagonal_kernel_path));
1361   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Diagonal Assembly Kernel Source -----\n");
1362   CeedCallBackend(CeedLoadSourceToBuffer(ceed, diagonal_kernel_path, &diagonal_kernel_source));
1363   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Diagonal Assembly Source Complete! -----\n");
1364   CeedCallCuda(ceed, CeedCompile_Cuda(ceed, diagonal_kernel_source, module, 8, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_IN", num_eval_modes_in, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_OUT",
1365                                       num_eval_modes_out, "NUM_COMP", num_comp, "NUM_NODES", num_nodes, "NUM_QPTS", num_qpts, "USE_CEEDSIZE",
1366                                       use_ceedsize_idx, "USE_POINT_BLOCK", is_point_block ? 1 : 0, "BLOCK_SIZE", num_nodes * elems_per_block));
1367   CeedCallCuda(ceed, CeedGetKernel_Cuda(ceed, *module, "LinearDiagonal", is_point_block ? &diag->LinearPointBlock : &diag->LinearDiagonal));
1368   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&diagonal_kernel_path));
1369   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&diagonal_kernel_source));
1370   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_in));
1371   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_out));
1372   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1373 }
1374 
1375 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1376 // Assemble Diagonal Core
1377 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1378 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block) {
1379   Ceed                ceed;
1380   CeedInt             num_elem, num_nodes;
1381   CeedScalar         *elem_diag_array;
1382   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
1383   CeedVector          assembled_qf   = NULL, elem_diag;
1384   CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL, rstr_in, rstr_out, diag_rstr;
1385   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1386 
1387   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1388   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1389 
1390   // Assemble QFunction
1391   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_rstr, request));
1392   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1393   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_qf_array));
1394 
1395   // Setup
1396   if (!impl->diag) CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetup_Cuda(op));
1397   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1398 
1399   assert(diag != NULL);
1400 
1401   // Assemble kernel if needed
1402   if ((!is_point_block && !diag->LinearDiagonal) || (is_point_block && !diag->LinearPointBlock)) {
1403     CeedSize assembled_length, assembled_qf_length;
1404     CeedInt  use_ceedsize_idx = 0;
1405     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled, &assembled_length));
1406     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_length));
1407     if ((assembled_length > INT_MAX) || (assembled_qf_length > INT_MAX)) use_ceedsize_idx = 1;
1408 
1409     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetupCompile_Cuda(op, use_ceedsize_idx, is_point_block));
1410   }
1411 
1412   // Restriction and diagonal vector
1413   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
1414   CeedCheck(rstr_in == rstr_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1415             "Cannot assemble operator diagonal with different input and output active element restrictions");
1416   if (!is_point_block && !diag->diag_rstr) {
1417     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(rstr_out, &diag->diag_rstr));
1418     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag->diag_rstr, NULL, &diag->elem_diag));
1419   } else if (is_point_block && !diag->point_block_diag_rstr) {
1420     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(rstr_out, &diag->point_block_diag_rstr));
1421     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag->point_block_diag_rstr, NULL, &diag->point_block_elem_diag));
1422   }
1423   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_in));
1424   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_out));
1425   diag_rstr = is_point_block ? diag->point_block_diag_rstr : diag->diag_rstr;
1426   elem_diag = is_point_block ? diag->point_block_elem_diag : diag->elem_diag;
1427   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_diag, 0.0));
1428 
1429   // Only assemble diagonal if the basis has nodes, otherwise inputs are null pointers
1430   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(diag_rstr, &num_nodes));
1431   if (num_nodes > 0) {
1432     // Assemble element operator diagonals
1433     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(diag_rstr, &num_elem));
1434     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(elem_diag, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &elem_diag_array));
1435 
1436     // Compute the diagonal of B^T D B
1437     CeedInt elems_per_block = 1;
1438     CeedInt grid            = CeedDivUpInt(num_elem, elems_per_block);
1439     void   *args[]          = {(void *)&num_elem,      &diag->d_identity,       &diag->d_interp_in,  &diag->d_grad_in, &diag->d_div_in,
1440                                &diag->d_curl_in,       &diag->d_interp_out,     &diag->d_grad_out,   &diag->d_div_out, &diag->d_curl_out,
1441                                &diag->d_eval_modes_in, &diag->d_eval_modes_out, &assembled_qf_array, &elem_diag_array};
1442 
1443     if (is_point_block) {
1444       CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDim_Cuda(ceed, diag->LinearPointBlock, grid, num_nodes, 1, elems_per_block, args));
1445     } else {
1446       CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDim_Cuda(ceed, diag->LinearDiagonal, grid, num_nodes, 1, elems_per_block, args));
1447     }
1448 
1449     // Restore arrays
1450     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(elem_diag, &elem_diag_array));
1451     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
1452   }
1453 
1454   // Assemble local operator diagonal
1455   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(diag_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, elem_diag, assembled, request));
1456 
1457   // Cleanup
1458   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
1459   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1460 }
1461 
1462 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1463 // Assemble Linear Diagonal
1464 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1465 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1466   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(op, assembled, request, false));
1467   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1468 }
1469 
1470 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1471 // Assemble Linear Point Block Diagonal
1472 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1473 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1474   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(op, assembled, request, true));
1475   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1476 }
1477 
1478 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1479 // Single Operator Assembly Setup
1480 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1481 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt use_ceedsize_idx) {
1482   Ceed                ceed;
1483   Ceed_Cuda          *cuda_data;
1484   char               *assembly_kernel_source;
1485   const char         *assembly_kernel_path;
1486   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
1487   CeedInt             elem_size_in, num_qpts_in = 0, num_comp_in, elem_size_out, num_qpts_out, num_comp_out, q_comp;
1488   CeedEvalMode       *eval_modes_in = NULL, *eval_modes_out = NULL;
1489   CeedElemRestriction rstr_in = NULL, rstr_out = NULL;
1490   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
1491   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1492   CeedQFunction       qf;
1493   CeedOperatorField  *input_fields, *output_fields;
1494   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1495 
1496   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1497   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1498 
1499   // Get intput and output fields
1500   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
1501 
1502   // Determine active input basis eval mode
1503   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1504   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1505   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1506     CeedVector vec;
1507 
1508     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(input_fields[i], &vec));
1509     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1510       CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
1511       CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1512       CeedBasis           basis;
1513 
1514       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(input_fields[i], &basis));
1515       CeedCheck(!basis_in || basis_in == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Backend does not implement operator assembly with multiple active bases");
1516       if (!basis_in) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_in));
1517       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1518       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
1519       if (!rstr_in) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(elem_rstr, &rstr_in));
1520       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
1521       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
1522       if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_in = elem_size_in;
1523       else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts_in));
1524       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1525       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1526       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1527         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1528         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in + q_comp, &eval_modes_in));
1529         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1530           eval_modes_in[num_eval_modes_in + d] = eval_mode;
1531         }
1532         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1533       }
1534     }
1535     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1536   }
1537 
1538   // Determine active output basis; basis_out and rstr_out only used if same as input, TODO
1539   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1540   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1541     CeedVector vec;
1542 
1543     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(output_fields[i], &vec));
1544     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1545       CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
1546       CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1547       CeedBasis           basis;
1548 
1549       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(output_fields[i], &basis));
1550       CeedCheck(!basis_out || basis_out == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1551                 "Backend does not implement operator assembly with multiple active bases");
1552       if (!basis_out) CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis, &basis_out));
1553       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1554       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
1555       if (!rstr_out) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(elem_rstr, &rstr_out));
1556       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
1557       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
1558       if (basis_out == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_out = elem_size_out;
1559       else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_out, &num_qpts_out));
1560       CeedCheck(num_qpts_in == num_qpts_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
1561                 "Active input and output bases must have the same number of quadrature points");
1562       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1563       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1564       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1565         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1566         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out + q_comp, &eval_modes_out));
1567         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1568           eval_modes_out[num_eval_modes_out + d] = eval_mode;
1569         }
1570         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1571       }
1572     }
1573     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1574   }
1575   CeedCheck(num_eval_modes_in > 0 && num_eval_modes_out > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Cannot assemble operator without inputs/outputs");
1576 
1577   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl->asmb));
1578   CeedOperatorAssemble_Cuda *asmb = impl->asmb;
1579   asmb->elems_per_block           = 1;
1580   asmb->block_size_x              = elem_size_in;
1581   asmb->block_size_y              = elem_size_out;
1582 
1583   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &cuda_data));
1584   bool fallback = asmb->block_size_x * asmb->block_size_y * asmb->elems_per_block > cuda_data->device_prop.maxThreadsPerBlock;
1585 
1586   if (fallback) {
1587     // Use fallback kernel with 1D threadblock
1588     asmb->block_size_y = 1;
1589   }
1590 
1591   // Compile kernels
1592   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
1593   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
1594   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetJitAbsolutePath(ceed, "ceed/jit-source/cuda/cuda-ref-operator-assemble.h", &assembly_kernel_path));
1595   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Assembly Kernel Source -----\n");
1596   CeedCallBackend(CeedLoadSourceToBuffer(ceed, assembly_kernel_path, &assembly_kernel_source));
1597   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Assembly Source Complete! -----\n");
1598   CeedCallBackend(CeedCompile_Cuda(ceed, assembly_kernel_source, &asmb->module, 10, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_IN", num_eval_modes_in, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_OUT",
1599                                    num_eval_modes_out, "NUM_COMP_IN", num_comp_in, "NUM_COMP_OUT", num_comp_out, "NUM_NODES_IN", elem_size_in,
1600                                    "NUM_NODES_OUT", elem_size_out, "NUM_QPTS", num_qpts_in, "BLOCK_SIZE",
1601                                    asmb->block_size_x * asmb->block_size_y * asmb->elems_per_block, "BLOCK_SIZE_Y", asmb->block_size_y,
1602                                    "USE_CEEDSIZE", use_ceedsize_idx));
1603   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetKernel_Cuda(ceed, asmb->module, "LinearAssemble", &asmb->LinearAssemble));
1604   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&assembly_kernel_path));
1605   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&assembly_kernel_source));
1606 
1607   // Load into B_in, in order that they will be used in eval_modes_in
1608   {
1609     const CeedInt in_bytes           = elem_size_in * num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1610     CeedInt       d_in               = 0;
1611     CeedEvalMode  eval_modes_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1612     bool          has_eval_none      = false;
1613     CeedScalar   *identity           = NULL;
1614 
1615     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) {
1616       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1617     }
1618     if (has_eval_none) {
1619       CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(elem_size_in * num_qpts_in, &identity));
1620       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (elem_size_in < num_qpts_in ? elem_size_in : num_qpts_in); i++) identity[i * elem_size_in + i] = 1.0;
1621     }
1622 
1623     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&asmb->d_B_in, in_bytes));
1624     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) {
1625       const CeedScalar *h_B_in;
1626 
1627       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(basis_in, eval_modes_in[i], identity, &h_B_in));
1628       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_modes_in[i], &q_comp));
1629       if (q_comp > 1) {
1630         if (i == 0 || eval_modes_in[i] != eval_modes_in_prev) d_in = 0;
1631         else h_B_in = &h_B_in[(++d_in) * elem_size_in * num_qpts_in];
1632       }
1633       eval_modes_in_prev = eval_modes_in[i];
1634 
1635       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(&asmb->d_B_in[i * elem_size_in * num_qpts_in], h_B_in, elem_size_in * num_qpts_in * sizeof(CeedScalar),
1636                                     cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1637     }
1638     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1639   }
1640   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_in));
1641 
1642   // Load into B_out, in order that they will be used in eval_modes_out
1643   {
1644     const CeedInt out_bytes           = elem_size_out * num_qpts_out * num_eval_modes_out * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1645     CeedInt       d_out               = 0;
1646     CeedEvalMode  eval_modes_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1647     bool          has_eval_none       = false;
1648     CeedScalar   *identity            = NULL;
1649 
1650     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) {
1651       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1652     }
1653     if (has_eval_none) {
1654       CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * num_qpts_out, &identity));
1655       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (elem_size_out < num_qpts_out ? elem_size_out : num_qpts_out); i++) identity[i * elem_size_out + i] = 1.0;
1656     }
1657 
1658     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&asmb->d_B_out, out_bytes));
1659     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) {
1660       const CeedScalar *h_B_out;
1661 
1662       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(basis_out, eval_modes_out[i], identity, &h_B_out));
1663       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_modes_out[i], &q_comp));
1664       if (q_comp > 1) {
1665         if (i == 0 || eval_modes_out[i] != eval_modes_out_prev) d_out = 0;
1666         else h_B_out = &h_B_out[(++d_out) * elem_size_out * num_qpts_out];
1667       }
1668       eval_modes_out_prev = eval_modes_out[i];
1669 
1670       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(&asmb->d_B_out[i * elem_size_out * num_qpts_out], h_B_out, elem_size_out * num_qpts_out * sizeof(CeedScalar),
1671                                     cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1672     }
1673     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1674   }
1675   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_out));
1676   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_in));
1677   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_out));
1678   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_in));
1679   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_out));
1680   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1681 }
1682 
1683 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1684 // Assemble matrix data for COO matrix of assembled operator.
1685 // The sparsity pattern is set by CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic.
1686 //
1687 // Note that this (and other assembly routines) currently assume only one active input restriction/basis per operator
1688 // (could have multiple basis eval modes).
1689 // TODO: allow multiple active input restrictions/basis objects
1690 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1691 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssemble_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedVector values) {
1692   Ceed                ceed;
1693   CeedSize            values_length = 0, assembled_qf_length = 0;
1694   CeedInt             use_ceedsize_idx = 0, num_elem_in, num_elem_out, elem_size_in, elem_size_out;
1695   CeedScalar         *values_array;
1696   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
1697   CeedVector          assembled_qf   = NULL;
1698   CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL, rstr_in, rstr_out;
1699   CeedRestrictionType rstr_type_in, rstr_type_out;
1700   const bool         *orients_in = NULL, *orients_out = NULL;
1701   const CeedInt8     *curl_orients_in = NULL, *curl_orients_out = NULL;
1702   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1703 
1704   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1705   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1706 
1707   // Assemble QFunction
1708   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_rstr, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
1709   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1710   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_qf_array));
1711 
1712   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(values, &values_length));
1713   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_length));
1714   if ((values_length > INT_MAX) || (assembled_qf_length > INT_MAX)) use_ceedsize_idx = 1;
1715 
1716   // Setup
1717   if (!impl->asmb) CeedCallBackend(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSetup_Cuda(op, use_ceedsize_idx));
1718   CeedOperatorAssemble_Cuda *asmb = impl->asmb;
1719 
1720   assert(asmb != NULL);
1721 
1722   // Assemble element operator
1723   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(values, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &values_array));
1724   values_array += offset;
1725 
1726   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
1727   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
1728   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
1729 
1730   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_in, &rstr_type_in));
1731   if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1732     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(rstr_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &orients_in));
1733   } else if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1734     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(rstr_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &curl_orients_in));
1735   }
1736 
1737   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
1738     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
1739     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
1740               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements");
1741     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
1742 
1743     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_out, &rstr_type_out));
1744     if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1745       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(rstr_out, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &orients_out));
1746     } else if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1747       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(rstr_out, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &curl_orients_out));
1748     }
1749   } else {
1750     elem_size_out    = elem_size_in;
1751     orients_out      = orients_in;
1752     curl_orients_out = curl_orients_in;
1753   }
1754 
1755   // Compute B^T D B
1756   CeedInt shared_mem =
1757       ((curl_orients_in || curl_orients_out ? elem_size_in * elem_size_out : 0) + (curl_orients_in ? elem_size_in * asmb->block_size_y : 0)) *
1758       sizeof(CeedScalar);
1759   CeedInt grid   = CeedDivUpInt(num_elem_in, asmb->elems_per_block);
1760   void   *args[] = {(void *)&num_elem_in, &asmb->d_B_in,     &asmb->d_B_out,      &orients_in,  &curl_orients_in,
1761                     &orients_out,         &curl_orients_out, &assembled_qf_array, &values_array};
1762 
1763   CeedCallBackend(
1764       CeedRunKernelDimShared_Cuda(ceed, asmb->LinearAssemble, grid, asmb->block_size_x, asmb->block_size_y, asmb->elems_per_block, shared_mem, args));
1765 
1766   // Restore arrays
1767   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(values, &values_array));
1768   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
1769 
1770   // Cleanup
1771   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
1772   if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1773     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(rstr_in, &orients_in));
1774   } else if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1775     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(rstr_in, &curl_orients_in));
1776   }
1777   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
1778     if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1779       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(rstr_out, &orients_out));
1780     } else if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1781       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(rstr_out, &curl_orients_out));
1782     }
1783   }
1784   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_in));
1785   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_out));
1786   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1787 }
1788 
1789 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1790 // Assemble Linear QFunction AtPoints
1791 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1792 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1793   return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Backend does not implement CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction");
1794 }
1795 
1796 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1797 // Assemble Linear Diagonal AtPoints
1798 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1799 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonalAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1800   CeedInt             max_num_points, *num_points, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
1801   Ceed                ceed;
1802   CeedVector          active_e_vec_in, active_e_vec_out;
1803   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
1804   CeedQFunction       qf;
1805   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
1806   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1807 
1808   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1809   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1810   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1811   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
1812   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
1813   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
1814 
1815   // Setup
1816   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(op));
1817   num_points     = impl->num_points;
1818   max_num_points = impl->max_num_points;
1819 
1820   // Work vector
1821   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(ceed, impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &active_e_vec_in));
1822   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(ceed, impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &active_e_vec_out));
1823   {
1824     CeedSize length_in, length_out;
1825 
1826     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(active_e_vec_in, &length_in));
1827     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(active_e_vec_out, &length_out));
1828     // Need input e_vec to be longer
1829     if (length_in < length_out) {
1830       CeedVector temp = active_e_vec_in;
1831 
1832       active_e_vec_in  = active_e_vec_out;
1833       active_e_vec_out = temp;
1834     }
1835   }
1836 
1837   // Get point coordinates
1838   if (!impl->point_coords_elem) {
1839     CeedVector          point_coords = NULL;
1840     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points  = NULL;
1841 
1842     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, &point_coords));
1843     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_points, NULL, &impl->point_coords_elem));
1844     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, point_coords, impl->point_coords_elem, request));
1845     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&point_coords));
1846     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_points));
1847   }
1848 
1849   // Process inputs
1850   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1851     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, true, impl, request));
1852     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, num_elem, num_points, true, impl));
1853   }
1854 
1855   // Clear active input Qvecs
1856   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1857     bool       is_active = false;
1858     CeedVector l_vec;
1859 
1860     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &l_vec));
1861     is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
1862     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1863     if (!is_active) continue;
1864     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(impl->q_vecs_in[i], 0.0));
1865   }
1866 
1867   // Output pointers, as necessary
1868   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1869     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1870 
1871     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1872     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
1873       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
1874 
1875       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
1876       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_vec_array));
1877     }
1878   }
1879 
1880   // Loop over active fields
1881   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1882     bool                is_active = false, is_active_at_points = true;
1883     CeedInt             elem_size = 1, num_comp_active = 1, e_vec_size = 0;
1884     CeedRestrictionType rstr_type;
1885     CeedVector          l_vec;
1886     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1887 
1888     // -- Skip non-active input
1889     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &l_vec));
1890     is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
1891     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1892     if (!is_active) continue;
1893 
1894     // -- Get active restriction type
1895     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
1896     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr, &rstr_type));
1897     is_active_at_points = rstr_type == CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS;
1898     if (!is_active_at_points) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1899     else elem_size = max_num_points;
1900     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr, &num_comp_active));
1901     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
1902 
1903     e_vec_size = elem_size * num_comp_active;
1904     for (CeedInt s = 0; s < e_vec_size; s++) {
1905       bool         is_active = false;
1906       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1907       CeedVector   l_vec, q_vec = impl->q_vecs_in[i];
1908 
1909       // Skip non-active input
1910       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &l_vec));
1911       is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
1912       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1913       if (!is_active) continue;
1914 
1915       // Update unit vector
1916       if (s == 0) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_e_vec_in, 0.0));
1917       else CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValueStrided(active_e_vec_in, s - 1, e_vec_size, 0.0));
1918       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValueStrided(active_e_vec_in, s, e_vec_size, 1.0));
1919 
1920       // Basis action
1921       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1922       switch (eval_mode) {
1923         case CEED_EVAL_NONE: {
1924           const CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
1925 
1926           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(active_e_vec_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
1927           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, (CeedScalar *)e_vec_array));
1928           break;
1929         }
1930         case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
1931         case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
1932         case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
1933         case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
1934           CeedBasis basis;
1935 
1936           CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_fields[i], &basis));
1937           CeedCallBackend(
1938               CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, active_e_vec_in, q_vec));
1939           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
1940           break;
1941         }
1942         case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
1943           break;  // No action
1944       }
1945 
1946       // Q function
1947       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * max_num_points, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
1948 
1949       // Output basis apply if needed
1950       for (CeedInt j = 0; j < num_output_fields; j++) {
1951         bool                is_active = false;
1952         CeedInt             elem_size = 0;
1953         CeedRestrictionType rstr_type;
1954         CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
1955         CeedVector          l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_out[j], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_out[j];
1956         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1957 
1958         // ---- Skip non-active output
1959         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[j], &l_vec));
1960         is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
1961         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&l_vec));
1962         if (!is_active) continue;
1963         if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec_out;
1964 
1965         // ---- Check if elem size matches
1966         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &elem_rstr));
1967         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr, &rstr_type));
1968         if (is_active_at_points && rstr_type != CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS) continue;
1969         if (rstr_type == CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS) {
1970           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetMaxPointsInElement(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1971         } else {
1972           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1973         }
1974         {
1975           CeedInt num_comp = 0;
1976 
1977           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr, &num_comp));
1978           if (e_vec_size != num_comp * elem_size) continue;
1979         }
1980 
1981         // Basis action
1982         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[j], &eval_mode));
1983         switch (eval_mode) {
1984           case CEED_EVAL_NONE: {
1985             CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
1986 
1987             CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
1988             CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(e_vec, &e_vec_array));
1989             break;
1990           }
1991           case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
1992           case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
1993           case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
1994           case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
1995             CeedBasis basis;
1996 
1997             CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[j], &basis));
1998             CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, q_vec, e_vec));
1999             CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
2000             break;
2001           }
2002           // LCOV_EXCL_START
2003           case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
2004             return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
2005             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
2006           }
2007         }
2008 
2009         // Mask output e-vec
2010         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorPointwiseMult(e_vec, active_e_vec_in, e_vec));
2011 
2012         // Restrict
2013         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, e_vec, assembled, request));
2014         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
2015 
2016         // Reset q_vec for
2017         if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
2018           CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
2019 
2020           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(e_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
2021           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_vec_array));
2022         }
2023       }
2024 
2025       // Reset vec
2026       if (s == e_vec_size - 1 && i != num_input_fields - 1) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(q_vec, 0.0));
2027     }
2028   }
2029 
2030   // Restore CEED_EVAL_NONE
2031   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
2032     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
2033 
2034     // Get eval_mode
2035     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
2036 
2037     // Restore evec
2038     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
2039     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
2040       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
2041 
2042       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
2043       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->e_vecs_in[i], &e_vec_array));
2044     }
2045   }
2046 
2047   // Restore input arrays
2048   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
2049     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, true, impl));
2050   }
2051 
2052   // Restore work vector
2053   CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(ceed, &active_e_vec_in));
2054   CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(ceed, &active_e_vec_out));
2055   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2056 }
2057 
2058 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2059 // Create operator
2060 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2061 int CeedOperatorCreate_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
2062   Ceed               ceed;
2063   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
2064 
2065   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2066   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
2067   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetData(op, impl));
2068 
2069   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunction", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda));
2070   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda));
2071   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Cuda));
2072   CeedCallBackend(
2073       CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal_Cuda));
2074   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleSingle", CeedSingleOperatorAssemble_Cuda));
2075   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "ApplyAdd", CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda));
2076   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "Destroy", CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda));
2077   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2078 }
2079 
2080 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2081 // Create operator AtPoints
2082 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2083 int CeedOperatorCreateAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
2084   Ceed               ceed;
2085   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
2086 
2087   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2088   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
2089   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetData(op, impl));
2090 
2091   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunction", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionAtPoints_Cuda));
2092   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonalAtPoints_Cuda));
2093   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "ApplyAdd", CeedOperatorApplyAddAtPoints_Cuda));
2094   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "Destroy", CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda));
2095   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2096 }
2097 
2098 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2099