xref: /libCEED/backends/cuda-ref/ceed-cuda-ref-operator.c (revision e704478d3a07b8dc34bf6914bf778ffa4b5a3b53)
1 // Copyright (c) 2017-2024, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
2 // All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
3 //
4 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
5 //
6 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
7 
8 #include <ceed.h>
9 #include <ceed/backend.h>
10 #include <ceed/jit-tools.h>
11 #include <assert.h>
12 #include <cuda.h>
13 #include <cuda_runtime.h>
14 #include <stdbool.h>
15 #include <string.h>
16 
17 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-common.h"
18 #include "../cuda/ceed-cuda-compile.h"
19 #include "ceed-cuda-ref.h"
20 
21 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22 // Destroy operator
23 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24 static int CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
25   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
26 
27   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
28 
29   // Apply data
30   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->num_points));
31   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->skip_rstr_in));
32   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->skip_rstr_out));
33   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->apply_add_basis_out));
34   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->input_field_order));
35   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->output_field_order));
36   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->input_states));
37 
38   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_inputs; i++) {
39     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->e_vecs_in[i]));
40     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_in[i]));
41   }
42   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->e_vecs_in));
43   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->q_vecs_in));
44 
45   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_outputs; i++) {
46     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->e_vecs_out[i]));
47     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->q_vecs_out[i]));
48   }
49   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->e_vecs_out));
50   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->q_vecs_out));
51   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->point_coords_elem));
52 
53   // QFunction assembly data
54   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < impl->num_active_in; i++) {
55     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->qf_active_in[i]));
56   }
57   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->qf_active_in));
58 
59   // Diag data
60   if (impl->diag) {
61     Ceed ceed;
62 
63     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
64     if (impl->diag->module) {
65       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->diag->module));
66     }
67     if (impl->diag->module_point_block) {
68       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->diag->module_point_block));
69     }
70     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_eval_modes_in));
71     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_eval_modes_out));
72     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_identity));
73     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_interp_in));
74     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_interp_out));
75     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_grad_in));
76     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_grad_out));
77     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_div_in));
78     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_div_out));
79     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_curl_in));
80     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->diag->d_curl_out));
81     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&impl->diag->diag_rstr));
82     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&impl->diag->point_block_diag_rstr));
83     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->diag->elem_diag));
84     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&impl->diag->point_block_elem_diag));
85   }
86   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->diag));
87 
88   if (impl->asmb) {
89     Ceed ceed;
90 
91     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
92     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cuModuleUnload(impl->asmb->module));
93     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->asmb->d_B_in));
94     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaFree(impl->asmb->d_B_out));
95   }
96   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl->asmb));
97 
98   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl));
99   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
100 }
101 
102 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
103 // Setup infields or outfields
104 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
105 static int CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(CeedQFunction qf, CeedOperator op, bool is_input, bool is_at_points, bool *skip_rstr, bool *apply_add_basis,
106                                         CeedVector *e_vecs, CeedVector *q_vecs, CeedInt num_fields, CeedInt Q, CeedInt num_elem) {
107   Ceed                ceed;
108   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
109   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
110 
111   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
112   if (is_input) {
113     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
114     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
115   } else {
116     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
117     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
118   }
119 
120   // Loop over fields
121   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
122     bool                is_active = false, is_strided = false, skip_e_vec = false;
123     CeedSize            q_size;
124     CeedInt             size;
125     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
126     CeedVector          l_vec;
127     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
128 
129     // Check whether this field can skip the element restriction:
130     // Input CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE
131     // Output CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE without CEED_EVAL_NONE
132     // Input CEED_VECTOR_NONE with CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT
133     // Input passive vectorr with CEED_EVAL_NONE and strided restriction with CEED_STRIDES_BACKEND
134     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &l_vec));
135     is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
136     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
137     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
138     skip_e_vec = (is_input && is_active) || (is_active && eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_NONE) || (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT);
139     if (!skip_e_vec && is_input && !is_active && eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
140       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionIsStrided(elem_rstr, &is_strided));
141       if (is_strided) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionHasBackendStrides(elem_rstr, &skip_e_vec));
142     }
143     if (skip_e_vec) {
144       e_vecs[i] = NULL;
145     } else {
146       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(elem_rstr, NULL, &e_vecs[i]));
147     }
148 
149     switch (eval_mode) {
150       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
151       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
152       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
153       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
154       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
155         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_fields[i], &size));
156         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)Q * (CeedSize)size;
157         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
158         break;
159       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
160         CeedBasis basis;
161 
162         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
163         q_size = (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)Q;
164         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &q_vecs[i]));
165         if (is_at_points) {
166           CeedInt num_points[num_elem];
167 
168           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_elem; i++) num_points[i] = Q;
169           CeedCallBackend(
170               CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_vecs[i]));
171         } else {
172           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_vecs[i]));
173         }
174         break;
175       }
176     }
177   }
178   // Drop duplicate restrictions
179   if (is_input) {
180     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
181       CeedVector          vec_i;
182       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
183 
184       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec_i));
185       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &rstr_i));
186       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_fields; j++) {
187         CeedVector          vec_j;
188         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
189 
190         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[j], &vec_j));
191         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[j], &rstr_j));
192         if (vec_i == vec_j && rstr_i == rstr_j) {
193           if (e_vecs[i]) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(e_vecs[i], &e_vecs[j]));
194           skip_rstr[j] = true;
195         }
196       }
197     }
198   } else {
199     for (CeedInt i = num_fields - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
200       CeedVector          vec_i;
201       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
202 
203       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec_i));
204       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &rstr_i));
205       for (CeedInt j = i - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
206         CeedVector          vec_j;
207         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
208 
209         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[j], &vec_j));
210         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[j], &rstr_j));
211         if (vec_i == vec_j && rstr_i == rstr_j) {
212           if (e_vecs[i]) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(e_vecs[i], &e_vecs[j]));
213           skip_rstr[j]       = true;
214           apply_add_basis[i] = true;
215         }
216       }
217     }
218   }
219   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
220 }
221 
222 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
223 // CeedOperator needs to connect all the named fields (be they active or passive) to the named inputs and outputs of its CeedQFunction.
224 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
225 static int CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
226   Ceed                ceed;
227   bool                is_setup_done;
228   CeedInt             Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
229   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
230   CeedQFunction       qf;
231   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
232   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
233 
234   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorIsSetupDone(op, &is_setup_done));
235   if (is_setup_done) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
236 
237   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
238   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
239   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
240   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
241   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
242   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
243   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
244 
245   // Allocate
246   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->e_vecs_in));
247   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->e_vecs_out));
248   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->skip_rstr_in));
249   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->skip_rstr_out));
250   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->apply_add_basis_out));
251   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->input_field_order));
252   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->output_field_order));
253   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->input_states));
254   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->q_vecs_in));
255   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->q_vecs_out));
256   impl->num_inputs  = num_input_fields;
257   impl->num_outputs = num_output_fields;
258 
259   // Set up infield and outfield e-vecs and q-vecs
260   CeedCallBackend(
261       CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, true, false, impl->skip_rstr_in, NULL, impl->e_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_in, num_input_fields, Q, num_elem));
262   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, false, false, impl->skip_rstr_out, impl->apply_add_basis_out, impl->e_vecs_out,
263                                                impl->q_vecs_out, num_output_fields, Q, num_elem));
264 
265   // Reorder fields to allow reuse of buffers
266   impl->max_active_e_vec_len = 0;
267   {
268     bool    is_ordered[CEED_FIELD_MAX];
269     CeedInt curr_index = 0;
270 
271     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) is_ordered[i] = false;
272     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
273       CeedSize            e_vec_len_i;
274       CeedVector          vec_i;
275       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
276 
277       if (is_ordered[i]) continue;
278       is_ordered[i]                       = true;
279       impl->input_field_order[curr_index] = i;
280       curr_index++;
281       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec_i));
282       if (vec_i == CEED_VECTOR_NONE) continue;  // CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT
283       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &rstr_i));
284       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetEVectorSize(rstr_i, &e_vec_len_i));
285       impl->max_active_e_vec_len = e_vec_len_i > impl->max_active_e_vec_len ? e_vec_len_i : impl->max_active_e_vec_len;
286       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_input_fields; j++) {
287         CeedVector          vec_j;
288         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
289 
290         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[j], &vec_j));
291         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[j], &rstr_j));
292         if (rstr_i == rstr_j && vec_i == vec_j) {
293           is_ordered[j]                       = true;
294           impl->input_field_order[curr_index] = j;
295           curr_index++;
296         }
297       }
298     }
299   }
300   {
301     bool    is_ordered[CEED_FIELD_MAX];
302     CeedInt curr_index = 0;
303 
304     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) is_ordered[i] = false;
305     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
306       CeedSize            e_vec_len_i;
307       CeedVector          vec_i;
308       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
309 
310       if (is_ordered[i]) continue;
311       is_ordered[i]                        = true;
312       impl->output_field_order[curr_index] = i;
313       curr_index++;
314       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec_i));
315       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &rstr_i));
316       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetEVectorSize(rstr_i, &e_vec_len_i));
317       impl->max_active_e_vec_len = e_vec_len_i > impl->max_active_e_vec_len ? e_vec_len_i : impl->max_active_e_vec_len;
318       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_output_fields; j++) {
319         CeedVector          vec_j;
320         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
321 
322         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[j], &vec_j));
323         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &rstr_j));
324         if (rstr_i == rstr_j && vec_i == vec_j) {
325           is_ordered[j]                        = true;
326           impl->output_field_order[curr_index] = j;
327           curr_index++;
328         }
329       }
330     }
331   }
332   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetSetupDone(op));
333   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
334 }
335 
336 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
337 // Restrict Operator Inputs
338 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
339 static inline int CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(CeedOperatorField op_input_field, CeedQFunctionField qf_input_field, CeedInt input_field,
340                                                  CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector active_e_vec, const bool skip_active, CeedOperator_Cuda *impl,
341                                                  CeedRequest *request) {
342   bool       is_active = false;
343   CeedVector l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_in[input_field];
344 
345   // Get input vector
346   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_field, &l_vec));
347   is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
348   if (is_active && skip_active) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
349   if (is_active) {
350     l_vec = in_vec;
351     if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
352   }
353 
354   // Restriction action
355   if (e_vec) {
356     // Restrict, if necessary
357     if (!impl->skip_rstr_in[input_field]) {
358       uint64_t state;
359 
360       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetState(l_vec, &state));
361       if (is_active || state != impl->input_states[input_field]) {
362         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
363 
364         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_field, &elem_rstr));
365         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, l_vec, e_vec, request));
366       }
367       impl->input_states[input_field] = state;
368     }
369   }
370   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
371 }
372 
373 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
374 // Input Basis Action
375 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
376 static inline int CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(CeedOperatorField op_input_field, CeedQFunctionField qf_input_field, CeedInt input_field,
377                                               CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector active_e_vec, CeedInt num_elem, const bool skip_active,
378                                               CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
379   bool         is_active = false;
380   CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
381   CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_in[input_field], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_in[input_field];
382 
383   // Skip active input
384   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_field, &l_vec));
385   is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
386   if (is_active && skip_active) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
387   if (is_active) {
388     l_vec = in_vec;
389     if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
390   }
391 
392   // Basis action
393   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_field, &eval_mode));
394   switch (eval_mode) {
395     case CEED_EVAL_NONE: {
396       const CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
397 
398       if (e_vec) {
399         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(e_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
400       } else {
401         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(l_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
402       }
403       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, (CeedScalar *)e_vec_array));
404       break;
405     }
406     case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
407     case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
408     case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
409     case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
410       CeedBasis basis;
411 
412       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_field, &basis));
413       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, e_vec, q_vec));
414       break;
415     }
416     case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
417       break;  // No action
418   }
419   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
420 }
421 
422 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
423 // Restore Input Vectors
424 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
425 static inline int CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(CeedOperatorField op_input_field, CeedQFunctionField qf_input_field, CeedInt input_field,
426                                                 CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector active_e_vec, const bool skip_active, CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
427   bool         is_active = false;
428   CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
429   CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_in[input_field];
430 
431   // Skip active input
432   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_field, &l_vec));
433   is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
434   if (is_active && skip_active) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
435   if (is_active) {
436     l_vec = in_vec;
437     if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
438   }
439 
440   // Restore e-vec
441   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_field, &eval_mode));
442   if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
443     const CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
444 
445     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_in[input_field], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, (CeedScalar **)&e_vec_array));
446     if (e_vec) {
447       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(e_vec, &e_vec_array));
448     } else {
449       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(l_vec, &e_vec_array));
450     }
451   }
452   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
453 }
454 
455 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
456 // Apply and add to output
457 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
458 static int CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector out_vec, CeedRequest *request) {
459   CeedInt             Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
460   Ceed                ceed;
461   CeedVector          active_e_vec;
462   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
463   CeedQFunction       qf;
464   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
465   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
466 
467   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
468   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
469   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
470   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
471   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
472   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
473   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
474 
475   // Setup
476   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(op));
477 
478   // Work vector
479   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(ceed, impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &active_e_vec));
480 
481   // Process inputs
482   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
483     CeedInt field = impl->input_field_order[i];
484 
485     CeedCallBackend(
486         CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, in_vec, active_e_vec, false, impl, request));
487     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, in_vec, active_e_vec, num_elem, false, impl));
488   }
489 
490   // Output pointers, as necessary
491   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
492     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
493 
494     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
495     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
496       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
497 
498       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
499       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_vec_array));
500     }
501   }
502 
503   // Q function
504   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * Q, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
505 
506   // Restore input arrays
507   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
508     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, in_vec, active_e_vec, false, impl));
509   }
510 
511   // Output basis and restriction
512   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
513     bool                is_active = false;
514     CeedInt             field     = impl->output_field_order[i];
515     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
516     CeedVector          l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_out[field], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_out[field];
517     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
518     CeedBasis           basis;
519 
520     // Output vector
521     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[field], &l_vec));
522     is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
523     if (is_active) {
524       l_vec = out_vec;
525       if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
526     }
527 
528     // Basis action
529     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[field], &eval_mode));
530     switch (eval_mode) {
531       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
532         break;  // No action
533       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
534       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
535       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
536       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
537         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[field], &basis));
538         if (impl->apply_add_basis_out[field]) {
539           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAdd(basis, num_elem, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, q_vec, e_vec));
540         } else {
541           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApply(basis, num_elem, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, q_vec, e_vec));
542         }
543         break;
544       // LCOV_EXCL_START
545       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
546         return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
547         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
548       }
549     }
550 
551     // Restore evec
552     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
553       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
554 
555       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
556       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(e_vec, &e_vec_array));
557     }
558 
559     // Restrict
560     if (impl->skip_rstr_out[field]) continue;
561     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[field], &elem_rstr));
562     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, e_vec, l_vec, request));
563   }
564 
565   // Return work vector
566   CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(ceed, &active_e_vec));
567   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
568 }
569 
570 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
571 // CeedOperator needs to connect all the named fields (be they active or passive) to the named inputs and outputs of its CeedQFunction.
572 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
573 static int CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
574   Ceed                ceed;
575   bool                is_setup_done;
576   CeedInt             max_num_points = -1, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
577   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
578   CeedQFunction       qf;
579   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
580   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
581 
582   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorIsSetupDone(op, &is_setup_done));
583   if (is_setup_done) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
584 
585   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
586   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
587   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
588   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
589   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
590   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
591   {
592     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points = NULL;
593 
594     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, NULL));
595     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetMaxPointsInElement(rstr_points, &max_num_points));
596     CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_elem, &impl->num_points));
597     for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
598       CeedInt num_points_elem;
599 
600       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumPointsInElement(rstr_points, e, &num_points_elem));
601       impl->num_points[e] = num_points_elem;
602     }
603   }
604   impl->max_num_points = max_num_points;
605 
606   // Allocate
607   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->e_vecs_in));
608   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->e_vecs_out));
609   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->skip_rstr_in));
610   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->skip_rstr_out));
611   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->apply_add_basis_out));
612   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->input_field_order));
613   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->output_field_order));
614   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->input_states));
615   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_input_fields, &impl->q_vecs_in));
616   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_output_fields, &impl->q_vecs_out));
617   impl->num_inputs  = num_input_fields;
618   impl->num_outputs = num_output_fields;
619 
620   // Set up infield and outfield e-vecs and q-vecs
621   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, true, true, impl->skip_rstr_in, NULL, impl->e_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_in, num_input_fields,
622                                                max_num_points, num_elem));
623   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupFields_Cuda(qf, op, false, true, impl->skip_rstr_out, impl->apply_add_basis_out, impl->e_vecs_out,
624                                                impl->q_vecs_out, num_output_fields, max_num_points, num_elem));
625 
626   // Reorder fields to allow reuse of buffers
627   impl->max_active_e_vec_len = 0;
628   {
629     bool    is_ordered[CEED_FIELD_MAX];
630     CeedInt curr_index = 0;
631 
632     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) is_ordered[i] = false;
633     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
634       CeedSize            e_vec_len_i;
635       CeedVector          vec_i;
636       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
637 
638       if (is_ordered[i]) continue;
639       is_ordered[i]                       = true;
640       impl->input_field_order[curr_index] = i;
641       curr_index++;
642       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec_i));
643       if (vec_i == CEED_VECTOR_NONE) continue;  // CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT
644       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &rstr_i));
645       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetEVectorSize(rstr_i, &e_vec_len_i));
646       impl->max_active_e_vec_len = e_vec_len_i > impl->max_active_e_vec_len ? e_vec_len_i : impl->max_active_e_vec_len;
647       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_input_fields; j++) {
648         CeedVector          vec_j;
649         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
650 
651         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[j], &vec_j));
652         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[j], &rstr_j));
653         if (rstr_i == rstr_j && vec_i == vec_j) {
654           is_ordered[j]                       = true;
655           impl->input_field_order[curr_index] = j;
656           curr_index++;
657         }
658       }
659     }
660   }
661   {
662     bool    is_ordered[CEED_FIELD_MAX];
663     CeedInt curr_index = 0;
664 
665     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) is_ordered[i] = false;
666     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
667       CeedSize            e_vec_len_i;
668       CeedVector          vec_i;
669       CeedElemRestriction rstr_i;
670 
671       if (is_ordered[i]) continue;
672       is_ordered[i]                        = true;
673       impl->output_field_order[curr_index] = i;
674       curr_index++;
675       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &vec_i));
676       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[i], &rstr_i));
677       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetEVectorSize(rstr_i, &e_vec_len_i));
678       impl->max_active_e_vec_len = e_vec_len_i > impl->max_active_e_vec_len ? e_vec_len_i : impl->max_active_e_vec_len;
679       for (CeedInt j = i + 1; j < num_output_fields; j++) {
680         CeedVector          vec_j;
681         CeedElemRestriction rstr_j;
682 
683         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[j], &vec_j));
684         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &rstr_j));
685         if (rstr_i == rstr_j && vec_i == vec_j) {
686           is_ordered[j]                        = true;
687           impl->output_field_order[curr_index] = j;
688           curr_index++;
689         }
690       }
691     }
692   }
693 
694   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetSetupDone(op));
695   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
696 }
697 
698 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
699 // Input Basis Action AtPoints
700 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
701 static inline int CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperatorField op_input_field, CeedQFunctionField qf_input_field, CeedInt input_field,
702                                                       CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector active_e_vec, CeedInt num_elem, const CeedInt *num_points,
703                                                       const bool skip_active, CeedOperator_Cuda *impl) {
704   bool         is_active = false;
705   CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
706   CeedVector   l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_in[input_field], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_in[input_field];
707 
708   // Skip active input
709   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_field, &l_vec));
710   is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
711   if (is_active && skip_active) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
712   if (is_active) {
713     l_vec = in_vec;
714     if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
715   }
716 
717   // Basis action
718   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_field, &eval_mode));
719   switch (eval_mode) {
720     case CEED_EVAL_NONE: {
721       const CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
722 
723       if (e_vec) {
724         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(e_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
725       } else {
726         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(l_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
727       }
728       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, (CeedScalar *)e_vec_array));
729       break;
730     }
731     case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
732     case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
733     case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
734     case CEED_EVAL_CURL: {
735       CeedBasis basis;
736 
737       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_field, &basis));
738       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, e_vec, q_vec));
739       break;
740     }
741     case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
742       break;  // No action
743   }
744   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
745 }
746 
747 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
748 // Apply and add to output AtPoints
749 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
750 static int CeedOperatorApplyAddAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector in_vec, CeedVector out_vec, CeedRequest *request) {
751   CeedInt             max_num_points, *num_points, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
752   Ceed                ceed;
753   CeedVector          active_e_vec;
754   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
755   CeedQFunction       qf;
756   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
757   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
758 
759   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
760   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
761   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
762   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
763   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
764   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
765 
766   // Setup
767   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(op));
768   num_points     = impl->num_points;
769   max_num_points = impl->max_num_points;
770 
771   // Work vector
772   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(ceed, impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &active_e_vec));
773 
774   // Get point coordinates
775   if (!impl->point_coords_elem) {
776     CeedVector          point_coords = NULL;
777     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points  = NULL;
778 
779     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, &point_coords));
780     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_points, NULL, &impl->point_coords_elem));
781     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, point_coords, impl->point_coords_elem, request));
782   }
783 
784   // Process inputs
785   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
786     CeedInt field = impl->input_field_order[i];
787 
788     CeedCallBackend(
789         CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, in_vec, active_e_vec, false, impl, request));
790     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(op_input_fields[field], qf_input_fields[field], field, in_vec, active_e_vec, num_elem,
791                                                         num_points, false, impl));
792   }
793 
794   // Output pointers, as necessary
795   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
796     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
797 
798     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
799     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
800       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
801 
802       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
803       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_vec_array));
804     }
805   }
806 
807   // Q function
808   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * max_num_points, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
809 
810   // Restore input arrays
811   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
812     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, in_vec, active_e_vec, false, impl));
813   }
814 
815   // Output basis and restriction
816   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
817     bool                is_active = false;
818     CeedInt             field     = impl->output_field_order[i];
819     CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
820     CeedVector          l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_out[field], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_out[field];
821     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
822     CeedBasis           basis;
823 
824     // Output vector
825     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[field], &l_vec));
826     is_active = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
827     if (is_active) {
828       l_vec = out_vec;
829       if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec;
830     }
831 
832     // Basis action
833     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[field], &eval_mode));
834     switch (eval_mode) {
835       case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
836         break;  // No action
837       case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
838       case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
839       case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
840       case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
841         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[field], &basis));
842         if (impl->apply_add_basis_out[field]) {
843           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAddAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, q_vec, e_vec));
844         } else {
845           CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, q_vec, e_vec));
846         }
847         break;
848       // LCOV_EXCL_START
849       case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
850         return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
851         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
852       }
853     }
854 
855     // Restore evec
856     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
857       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
858 
859       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
860       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(e_vec, &e_vec_array));
861     }
862 
863     // Restrict
864     if (impl->skip_rstr_out[field]) continue;
865     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[field], &elem_rstr));
866     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, e_vec, l_vec, request));
867   }
868 
869   // Restore work vector
870   CeedCallBackend(CeedRestoreWorkVector(ceed, &active_e_vec));
871   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
872 }
873 
874 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
875 // Linear QFunction Assembly Core
876 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
877 static inline int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(CeedOperator op, bool build_objects, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr,
878                                                                CeedRequest *request) {
879   Ceed                ceed, ceed_parent;
880   CeedInt             num_active_in, num_active_out, Q, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, size;
881   CeedScalar         *assembled_array;
882   CeedVector         *active_inputs;
883   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
884   CeedQFunction       qf;
885   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
886   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
887 
888   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
889   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(op, &ceed_parent));
890   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
891   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumQuadraturePoints(op, &Q));
892   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
893   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
894   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
895   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
896   active_inputs = impl->qf_active_in;
897   num_active_in = impl->num_active_in, num_active_out = impl->num_active_out;
898 
899   // Setup
900   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetup_Cuda(op));
901 
902   // Process inputs
903   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
904     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, true, impl, request));
905     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasis_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, num_elem, true, impl));
906   }
907 
908   // Count number of active input fields
909   if (!num_active_in) {
910     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
911       CeedScalar *q_vec_array;
912       CeedVector  l_vec;
913 
914       // Check if active input
915       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &l_vec));
916       if (l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
917         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_input_fields[i], &size));
918         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(impl->q_vecs_in[i], 0.0));
919         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &q_vec_array));
920         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_active_in + size, &active_inputs));
921         for (CeedInt field = 0; field < size; field++) {
922           CeedSize q_size = (CeedSize)Q * num_elem;
923 
924           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, q_size, &active_inputs[num_active_in + field]));
925           CeedCallBackend(
926               CeedVectorSetArray(active_inputs[num_active_in + field], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, &q_vec_array[field * Q * num_elem]));
927         }
928         num_active_in += size;
929         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], &q_vec_array));
930       }
931     }
932     impl->num_active_in = num_active_in;
933     impl->qf_active_in  = active_inputs;
934   }
935 
936   // Count number of active output fields
937   if (!num_active_out) {
938     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
939       CeedVector l_vec;
940 
941       // Check if active output
942       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[i], &l_vec));
943       if (l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
944         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[i], &size));
945         num_active_out += size;
946       }
947     }
948     impl->num_active_out = num_active_out;
949   }
950 
951   // Check sizes
952   CeedCheck(num_active_in > 0 && num_active_out > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Cannot assemble QFunction without active inputs and outputs");
953 
954   // Build objects if needed
955   if (build_objects) {
956     CeedSize l_size     = (CeedSize)num_elem * Q * num_active_in * num_active_out;
957     CeedInt  strides[3] = {1, num_elem * Q, Q}; /* *NOPAD* */
958 
959     // Create output restriction
960     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided(ceed_parent, num_elem, Q, num_active_in * num_active_out,
961                                                      (CeedSize)num_active_in * (CeedSize)num_active_out * (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)Q, strides,
962                                                      rstr));
963     // Create assembled vector
964     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, l_size, assembled));
965   }
966   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(*assembled, 0.0));
967   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(*assembled, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_array));
968 
969   // Assemble QFunction
970   for (CeedInt in = 0; in < num_active_in; in++) {
971     // Set Inputs
972     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_inputs[in], 1.0));
973     if (num_active_in > 1) {
974       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_inputs[(in + num_active_in - 1) % num_active_in], 0.0));
975     }
976     // Set Outputs
977     for (CeedInt out = 0; out < num_output_fields; out++) {
978       CeedVector l_vec;
979 
980       // Get output vector
981       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[out], &l_vec));
982       // Check if active output
983       if (l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
984         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[out], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, assembled_array));
985         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetSize(qf_output_fields[out], &size));
986         assembled_array += size * Q * num_elem;  // Advance the pointer by the size of the output
987       }
988     }
989     // Apply QFunction
990     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, Q * num_elem, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
991   }
992 
993   // Un-set output q-vecs to prevent accidental overwrite of Assembled
994   for (CeedInt out = 0; out < num_output_fields; out++) {
995     CeedVector l_vec;
996 
997     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[out], &l_vec));
998     if (l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
999       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_out[out], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, NULL));
1000     }
1001   }
1002 
1003   // Restore input arrays
1004   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1005     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, true, impl));
1006   }
1007 
1008   // Restore output
1009   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(*assembled, &assembled_array));
1010   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1011 }
1012 
1013 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1014 // Assemble Linear QFunction
1015 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1016 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1017   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(op, true, assembled, rstr, request);
1018 }
1019 
1020 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1021 // Update Assembled Linear QFunction
1022 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1023 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedElemRestriction rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1024   return CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionCore_Cuda(op, false, &assembled, &rstr, request);
1025 }
1026 
1027 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1028 // Assemble Diagonal Setup
1029 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1030 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
1031   Ceed                ceed;
1032   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
1033   CeedInt             q_comp, num_nodes, num_qpts;
1034   CeedEvalMode       *eval_modes_in = NULL, *eval_modes_out = NULL;
1035   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
1036   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1037   CeedQFunction       qf;
1038   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
1039   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1040 
1041   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1042   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1043   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetNumArgs(qf, &num_input_fields, &num_output_fields));
1044 
1045   // Determine active input basis
1046   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
1047   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1048   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1049     CeedVector vec;
1050 
1051     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1052     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1053       CeedBasis    basis;
1054       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1055 
1056       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
1057       CeedCheck(!basis_in || basis_in == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1058                 "Backend does not implement operator diagonal assembly with multiple active bases");
1059       basis_in = basis;
1060       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1061       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1062       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1063         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF assembly
1064         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in + q_comp, &eval_modes_in));
1065         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) eval_modes_in[num_eval_modes_in + d] = eval_mode;
1066         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1067       }
1068     }
1069   }
1070 
1071   // Determine active output basis
1072   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
1073   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1074   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1075     CeedVector vec;
1076 
1077     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1078     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1079       CeedBasis    basis;
1080       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1081 
1082       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
1083       CeedCheck(!basis_out || basis_out == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1084                 "Backend does not implement operator diagonal assembly with multiple active bases");
1085       basis_out = basis;
1086       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1087       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1088       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1089         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF assembly
1090         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out + q_comp, &eval_modes_out));
1091         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) eval_modes_out[num_eval_modes_out + d] = eval_mode;
1092         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1093       }
1094     }
1095   }
1096 
1097   // Operator data struct
1098   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1099   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl->diag));
1100   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1101 
1102   // Basis matrices
1103   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_in, &num_nodes));
1104   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
1105   else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts));
1106   const CeedInt interp_bytes     = num_nodes * num_qpts * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1107   const CeedInt eval_modes_bytes = sizeof(CeedEvalMode);
1108   bool          has_eval_none    = false;
1109 
1110   // CEED_EVAL_NONE
1111   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1112   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1113   if (has_eval_none) {
1114     CeedScalar *identity = NULL;
1115 
1116     CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(num_nodes * num_qpts, &identity));
1117     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
1118     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_identity, interp_bytes));
1119     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_identity, identity, interp_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1120     CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1121   }
1122 
1123   // CEED_EVAL_INTERP, CEED_EVAL_GRAD, CEED_EVAL_DIV, and CEED_EVAL_CURL
1124   for (CeedInt in = 0; in < 2; in++) {
1125     CeedFESpace fespace;
1126     CeedBasis   basis = in ? basis_in : basis_out;
1127 
1128     CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetFESpace(basis, &fespace));
1129     switch (fespace) {
1130       case CEED_FE_SPACE_H1: {
1131         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_grad;
1132         const CeedScalar *interp, *grad;
1133         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_grad;
1134 
1135         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1136         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_GRAD, &q_comp_grad));
1137 
1138         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1139         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1140         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1141         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetGrad(basis, &grad));
1142         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_grad, interp_bytes * q_comp_grad));
1143         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_grad, grad, interp_bytes * q_comp_grad, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1144         if (in) {
1145           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1146           diag->d_grad_in   = d_grad;
1147         } else {
1148           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1149           diag->d_grad_out   = d_grad;
1150         }
1151       } break;
1152       case CEED_FE_SPACE_HDIV: {
1153         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_div;
1154         const CeedScalar *interp, *div;
1155         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_div;
1156 
1157         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1158         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_DIV, &q_comp_div));
1159 
1160         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1161         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1162         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1163         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetDiv(basis, &div));
1164         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_div, interp_bytes * q_comp_div));
1165         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_div, div, interp_bytes * q_comp_div, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1166         if (in) {
1167           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1168           diag->d_div_in    = d_div;
1169         } else {
1170           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1171           diag->d_div_out    = d_div;
1172         }
1173       } break;
1174       case CEED_FE_SPACE_HCURL: {
1175         CeedInt           q_comp_interp, q_comp_curl;
1176         const CeedScalar *interp, *curl;
1177         CeedScalar       *d_interp, *d_curl;
1178 
1179         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_INTERP, &q_comp_interp));
1180         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, CEED_EVAL_CURL, &q_comp_curl));
1181 
1182         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, &interp));
1183         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp));
1184         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_interp, interp, interp_bytes * q_comp_interp, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1185         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCurl(basis, &curl));
1186         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&d_curl, interp_bytes * q_comp_curl));
1187         CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(d_curl, curl, interp_bytes * q_comp_curl, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1188         if (in) {
1189           diag->d_interp_in = d_interp;
1190           diag->d_curl_in   = d_curl;
1191         } else {
1192           diag->d_interp_out = d_interp;
1193           diag->d_curl_out   = d_curl;
1194         }
1195       } break;
1196     }
1197   }
1198 
1199   // Arrays of eval_modes
1200   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_eval_modes_in, num_eval_modes_in * eval_modes_bytes));
1201   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_eval_modes_in, eval_modes_in, num_eval_modes_in * eval_modes_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1202   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&diag->d_eval_modes_out, num_eval_modes_out * eval_modes_bytes));
1203   CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(diag->d_eval_modes_out, eval_modes_out, num_eval_modes_out * eval_modes_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1204   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_in));
1205   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&eval_modes_out));
1206   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1207 }
1208 
1209 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1210 // Assemble Diagonal Setup (Compilation)
1211 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1212 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetupCompile_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt use_ceedsize_idx, const bool is_point_block) {
1213   Ceed                ceed;
1214   char               *diagonal_kernel_source;
1215   const char         *diagonal_kernel_path;
1216   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
1217   CeedInt             num_comp, q_comp, num_nodes, num_qpts;
1218   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
1219   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1220   CeedQFunction       qf;
1221   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
1222   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1223 
1224   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1225   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1226   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetNumArgs(qf, &num_input_fields, &num_output_fields));
1227 
1228   // Determine active input basis
1229   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
1230   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1231   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1232     CeedVector vec;
1233 
1234     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1235     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1236       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1237 
1238       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_in));
1239       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1240       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1241       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1242         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1243       }
1244     }
1245   }
1246 
1247   // Determine active output basis
1248   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
1249   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1250   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1251     CeedVector vec;
1252 
1253     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1254     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1255       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1256 
1257       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_out));
1258       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1259       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1260       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1261         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1262       }
1263     }
1264   }
1265 
1266   // Operator data struct
1267   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1268   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1269 
1270   // Assemble kernel
1271   CUmodule *module          = is_point_block ? &diag->module_point_block : &diag->module;
1272   CeedInt   elems_per_block = 1;
1273   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_in, &num_nodes));
1274   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_in, &num_comp));
1275   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
1276   else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts));
1277   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetJitAbsolutePath(ceed, "ceed/jit-source/cuda/cuda-ref-operator-assemble-diagonal.h", &diagonal_kernel_path));
1278   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Diagonal Assembly Kernel Source -----\n");
1279   CeedCallBackend(CeedLoadSourceToBuffer(ceed, diagonal_kernel_path, &diagonal_kernel_source));
1280   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Diagonal Assembly Source Complete! -----\n");
1281   CeedCallCuda(ceed, CeedCompile_Cuda(ceed, diagonal_kernel_source, module, 8, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_IN", num_eval_modes_in, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_OUT",
1282                                       num_eval_modes_out, "NUM_COMP", num_comp, "NUM_NODES", num_nodes, "NUM_QPTS", num_qpts, "USE_CEEDSIZE",
1283                                       use_ceedsize_idx, "USE_POINT_BLOCK", is_point_block ? 1 : 0, "BLOCK_SIZE", num_nodes * elems_per_block));
1284   CeedCallCuda(ceed, CeedGetKernel_Cuda(ceed, *module, "LinearDiagonal", is_point_block ? &diag->LinearPointBlock : &diag->LinearDiagonal));
1285   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&diagonal_kernel_path));
1286   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&diagonal_kernel_source));
1287   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1288 }
1289 
1290 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1291 // Assemble Diagonal Core
1292 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1293 static inline int CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block) {
1294   Ceed                ceed;
1295   CeedInt             num_elem, num_nodes;
1296   CeedScalar         *elem_diag_array;
1297   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
1298   CeedVector          assembled_qf   = NULL, elem_diag;
1299   CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL, rstr_in, rstr_out, diag_rstr;
1300   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1301 
1302   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1303   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1304 
1305   // Assemble QFunction
1306   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_rstr, request));
1307   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1308   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_qf_array));
1309 
1310   // Setup
1311   if (!impl->diag) CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetup_Cuda(op));
1312   CeedOperatorDiag_Cuda *diag = impl->diag;
1313 
1314   assert(diag != NULL);
1315 
1316   // Assemble kernel if needed
1317   if ((!is_point_block && !diag->LinearDiagonal) || (is_point_block && !diag->LinearPointBlock)) {
1318     CeedSize assembled_length, assembled_qf_length;
1319     CeedInt  use_ceedsize_idx = 0;
1320     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled, &assembled_length));
1321     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_length));
1322     if ((assembled_length > INT_MAX) || (assembled_qf_length > INT_MAX)) use_ceedsize_idx = 1;
1323 
1324     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalSetupCompile_Cuda(op, use_ceedsize_idx, is_point_block));
1325   }
1326 
1327   // Restriction and diagonal vector
1328   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
1329   CeedCheck(rstr_in == rstr_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1330             "Cannot assemble operator diagonal with different input and output active element restrictions");
1331   if (!is_point_block && !diag->diag_rstr) {
1332     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(rstr_out, &diag->diag_rstr));
1333     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag->diag_rstr, NULL, &diag->elem_diag));
1334   } else if (is_point_block && !diag->point_block_diag_rstr) {
1335     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(rstr_out, &diag->point_block_diag_rstr));
1336     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag->point_block_diag_rstr, NULL, &diag->point_block_elem_diag));
1337   }
1338   diag_rstr = is_point_block ? diag->point_block_diag_rstr : diag->diag_rstr;
1339   elem_diag = is_point_block ? diag->point_block_elem_diag : diag->elem_diag;
1340   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_diag, 0.0));
1341 
1342   // Only assemble diagonal if the basis has nodes, otherwise inputs are null pointers
1343   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(diag_rstr, &num_nodes));
1344   if (num_nodes > 0) {
1345     // Assemble element operator diagonals
1346     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(diag_rstr, &num_elem));
1347     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(elem_diag, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &elem_diag_array));
1348 
1349     // Compute the diagonal of B^T D B
1350     CeedInt elems_per_block = 1;
1351     CeedInt grid            = CeedDivUpInt(num_elem, elems_per_block);
1352     void   *args[]          = {(void *)&num_elem,      &diag->d_identity,       &diag->d_interp_in,  &diag->d_grad_in, &diag->d_div_in,
1353                                &diag->d_curl_in,       &diag->d_interp_out,     &diag->d_grad_out,   &diag->d_div_out, &diag->d_curl_out,
1354                                &diag->d_eval_modes_in, &diag->d_eval_modes_out, &assembled_qf_array, &elem_diag_array};
1355 
1356     if (is_point_block) {
1357       CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDim_Cuda(ceed, diag->LinearPointBlock, grid, num_nodes, 1, elems_per_block, args));
1358     } else {
1359       CeedCallBackend(CeedRunKernelDim_Cuda(ceed, diag->LinearDiagonal, grid, num_nodes, 1, elems_per_block, args));
1360     }
1361 
1362     // Restore arrays
1363     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(elem_diag, &elem_diag_array));
1364     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
1365   }
1366 
1367   // Assemble local operator diagonal
1368   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(diag_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, elem_diag, assembled, request));
1369 
1370   // Cleanup
1371   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
1372   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1373 }
1374 
1375 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1376 // Assemble Linear Diagonal
1377 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1378 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1379   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(op, assembled, request, false));
1380   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1381 }
1382 
1383 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1384 // Assemble Linear Point Block Diagonal
1385 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1386 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1387   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAssembleDiagonalCore_Cuda(op, assembled, request, true));
1388   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1389 }
1390 
1391 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1392 // Single Operator Assembly Setup
1393 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1394 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSetup_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt use_ceedsize_idx) {
1395   Ceed                ceed;
1396   Ceed_Cuda          *cuda_data;
1397   char               *assembly_kernel_source;
1398   const char         *assembly_kernel_path;
1399   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_eval_modes_in = 0, num_eval_modes_out = 0;
1400   CeedInt             elem_size_in, num_qpts_in = 0, num_comp_in, elem_size_out, num_qpts_out, num_comp_out, q_comp;
1401   CeedEvalMode       *eval_modes_in = NULL, *eval_modes_out = NULL;
1402   CeedElemRestriction rstr_in = NULL, rstr_out = NULL;
1403   CeedBasis           basis_in = NULL, basis_out = NULL;
1404   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1405   CeedQFunction       qf;
1406   CeedOperatorField  *input_fields, *output_fields;
1407   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1408 
1409   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1410   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1411 
1412   // Get intput and output fields
1413   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
1414 
1415   // Determine active input basis eval mode
1416   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1417   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1418   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1419     CeedVector vec;
1420 
1421     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(input_fields[i], &vec));
1422     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1423       CeedBasis    basis;
1424       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1425 
1426       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(input_fields[i], &basis));
1427       CeedCheck(!basis_in || basis_in == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Backend does not implement operator assembly with multiple active bases");
1428       basis_in = basis;
1429       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &rstr_in));
1430       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
1431       if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_in = elem_size_in;
1432       else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts_in));
1433       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1434       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1435       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1436         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1437         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in + q_comp, &eval_modes_in));
1438         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1439           eval_modes_in[num_eval_modes_in + d] = eval_mode;
1440         }
1441         num_eval_modes_in += q_comp;
1442       }
1443     }
1444   }
1445 
1446   // Determine active output basis; basis_out and rstr_out only used if same as input, TODO
1447   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, NULL, &qf_fields));
1448   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1449     CeedVector vec;
1450 
1451     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(output_fields[i], &vec));
1452     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1453       CeedBasis    basis;
1454       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1455 
1456       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(output_fields[i], &basis));
1457       CeedCheck(!basis_out || basis_out == basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND,
1458                 "Backend does not implement operator assembly with multiple active bases");
1459       basis_out = basis;
1460       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &rstr_out));
1461       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
1462       if (basis_out == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_out = elem_size_out;
1463       else CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_out, &num_qpts_out));
1464       CeedCheck(num_qpts_in == num_qpts_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
1465                 "Active input and output bases must have the same number of quadrature points");
1466       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1467       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1468       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1469         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1470         CeedCallBackend(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out + q_comp, &eval_modes_out));
1471         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1472           eval_modes_out[num_eval_modes_out + d] = eval_mode;
1473         }
1474         num_eval_modes_out += q_comp;
1475       }
1476     }
1477   }
1478   CeedCheck(num_eval_modes_in > 0 && num_eval_modes_out > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Cannot assemble operator without inputs/outputs");
1479 
1480   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl->asmb));
1481   CeedOperatorAssemble_Cuda *asmb = impl->asmb;
1482   asmb->elems_per_block           = 1;
1483   asmb->block_size_x              = elem_size_in;
1484   asmb->block_size_y              = elem_size_out;
1485 
1486   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &cuda_data));
1487   bool fallback = asmb->block_size_x * asmb->block_size_y * asmb->elems_per_block > cuda_data->device_prop.maxThreadsPerBlock;
1488 
1489   if (fallback) {
1490     // Use fallback kernel with 1D threadblock
1491     asmb->block_size_y = 1;
1492   }
1493 
1494   // Compile kernels
1495   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
1496   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
1497   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetJitAbsolutePath(ceed, "ceed/jit-source/cuda/cuda-ref-operator-assemble.h", &assembly_kernel_path));
1498   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Assembly Kernel Source -----\n");
1499   CeedCallBackend(CeedLoadSourceToBuffer(ceed, assembly_kernel_path, &assembly_kernel_source));
1500   CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "----- Loading Assembly Source Complete! -----\n");
1501   CeedCallBackend(CeedCompile_Cuda(ceed, assembly_kernel_source, &asmb->module, 10, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_IN", num_eval_modes_in, "NUM_EVAL_MODES_OUT",
1502                                    num_eval_modes_out, "NUM_COMP_IN", num_comp_in, "NUM_COMP_OUT", num_comp_out, "NUM_NODES_IN", elem_size_in,
1503                                    "NUM_NODES_OUT", elem_size_out, "NUM_QPTS", num_qpts_in, "BLOCK_SIZE",
1504                                    asmb->block_size_x * asmb->block_size_y * asmb->elems_per_block, "BLOCK_SIZE_Y", asmb->block_size_y,
1505                                    "USE_CEEDSIZE", use_ceedsize_idx));
1506   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetKernel_Cuda(ceed, asmb->module, "LinearAssemble", &asmb->LinearAssemble));
1507   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&assembly_kernel_path));
1508   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&assembly_kernel_source));
1509 
1510   // Load into B_in, in order that they will be used in eval_modes_in
1511   {
1512     const CeedInt in_bytes           = elem_size_in * num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1513     CeedInt       d_in               = 0;
1514     CeedEvalMode  eval_modes_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1515     bool          has_eval_none      = false;
1516     CeedScalar   *identity           = NULL;
1517 
1518     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) {
1519       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1520     }
1521     if (has_eval_none) {
1522       CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(elem_size_in * num_qpts_in, &identity));
1523       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (elem_size_in < num_qpts_in ? elem_size_in : num_qpts_in); i++) identity[i * elem_size_in + i] = 1.0;
1524     }
1525 
1526     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&asmb->d_B_in, in_bytes));
1527     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in; i++) {
1528       const CeedScalar *h_B_in;
1529 
1530       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(basis_in, eval_modes_in[i], identity, &h_B_in));
1531       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_modes_in[i], &q_comp));
1532       if (q_comp > 1) {
1533         if (i == 0 || eval_modes_in[i] != eval_modes_in_prev) d_in = 0;
1534         else h_B_in = &h_B_in[(++d_in) * elem_size_in * num_qpts_in];
1535       }
1536       eval_modes_in_prev = eval_modes_in[i];
1537 
1538       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(&asmb->d_B_in[i * elem_size_in * num_qpts_in], h_B_in, elem_size_in * num_qpts_in * sizeof(CeedScalar),
1539                                     cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1540     }
1541 
1542     if (identity) {
1543       CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1544     }
1545   }
1546 
1547   // Load into B_out, in order that they will be used in eval_modes_out
1548   {
1549     const CeedInt out_bytes           = elem_size_out * num_qpts_out * num_eval_modes_out * sizeof(CeedScalar);
1550     CeedInt       d_out               = 0;
1551     CeedEvalMode  eval_modes_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1552     bool          has_eval_none       = false;
1553     CeedScalar   *identity            = NULL;
1554 
1555     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) {
1556       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1557     }
1558     if (has_eval_none) {
1559       CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * num_qpts_out, &identity));
1560       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (elem_size_out < num_qpts_out ? elem_size_out : num_qpts_out); i++) identity[i * elem_size_out + i] = 1.0;
1561     }
1562 
1563     CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMalloc((void **)&asmb->d_B_out, out_bytes));
1564     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out; i++) {
1565       const CeedScalar *h_B_out;
1566 
1567       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(basis_out, eval_modes_out[i], identity, &h_B_out));
1568       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_modes_out[i], &q_comp));
1569       if (q_comp > 1) {
1570         if (i == 0 || eval_modes_out[i] != eval_modes_out_prev) d_out = 0;
1571         else h_B_out = &h_B_out[(++d_out) * elem_size_out * num_qpts_out];
1572       }
1573       eval_modes_out_prev = eval_modes_out[i];
1574 
1575       CeedCallCuda(ceed, cudaMemcpy(&asmb->d_B_out[i * elem_size_out * num_qpts_out], h_B_out, elem_size_out * num_qpts_out * sizeof(CeedScalar),
1576                                     cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
1577     }
1578 
1579     if (identity) {
1580       CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&identity));
1581     }
1582   }
1583   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1584 }
1585 
1586 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1587 // Assemble matrix data for COO matrix of assembled operator.
1588 // The sparsity pattern is set by CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic.
1589 //
1590 // Note that this (and other assembly routines) currently assume only one active input restriction/basis per operator
1591 // (could have multiple basis eval modes).
1592 // TODO: allow multiple active input restrictions/basis objects
1593 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1594 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssemble_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedVector values) {
1595   Ceed                ceed;
1596   CeedSize            values_length = 0, assembled_qf_length = 0;
1597   CeedInt             use_ceedsize_idx = 0, num_elem_in, num_elem_out, elem_size_in, elem_size_out;
1598   CeedScalar         *values_array;
1599   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
1600   CeedVector          assembled_qf   = NULL;
1601   CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL, rstr_in, rstr_out;
1602   CeedRestrictionType rstr_type_in, rstr_type_out;
1603   const bool         *orients_in = NULL, *orients_out = NULL;
1604   const CeedInt8     *curl_orients_in = NULL, *curl_orients_out = NULL;
1605   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1606 
1607   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1608   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1609 
1610   // Assemble QFunction
1611   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_rstr, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
1612   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1613   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &assembled_qf_array));
1614 
1615   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(values, &values_length));
1616   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_length));
1617   if ((values_length > INT_MAX) || (assembled_qf_length > INT_MAX)) use_ceedsize_idx = 1;
1618 
1619   // Setup
1620   if (!impl->asmb) CeedCallBackend(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSetup_Cuda(op, use_ceedsize_idx));
1621   CeedOperatorAssemble_Cuda *asmb = impl->asmb;
1622 
1623   assert(asmb != NULL);
1624 
1625   // Assemble element operator
1626   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArray(values, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &values_array));
1627   values_array += offset;
1628 
1629   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
1630   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
1631   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
1632 
1633   CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_in, &rstr_type_in));
1634   if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1635     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(rstr_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &orients_in));
1636   } else if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1637     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(rstr_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &curl_orients_in));
1638   }
1639 
1640   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
1641     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
1642     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
1643               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements");
1644     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
1645 
1646     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_out, &rstr_type_out));
1647     if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1648       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(rstr_out, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &orients_out));
1649     } else if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1650       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(rstr_out, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &curl_orients_out));
1651     }
1652   } else {
1653     elem_size_out    = elem_size_in;
1654     orients_out      = orients_in;
1655     curl_orients_out = curl_orients_in;
1656   }
1657 
1658   // Compute B^T D B
1659   CeedInt shared_mem =
1660       ((curl_orients_in || curl_orients_out ? elem_size_in * elem_size_out : 0) + (curl_orients_in ? elem_size_in * asmb->block_size_y : 0)) *
1661       sizeof(CeedScalar);
1662   CeedInt grid   = CeedDivUpInt(num_elem_in, asmb->elems_per_block);
1663   void   *args[] = {(void *)&num_elem_in, &asmb->d_B_in,     &asmb->d_B_out,      &orients_in,  &curl_orients_in,
1664                     &orients_out,         &curl_orients_out, &assembled_qf_array, &values_array};
1665 
1666   CeedCallBackend(
1667       CeedRunKernelDimShared_Cuda(ceed, asmb->LinearAssemble, grid, asmb->block_size_x, asmb->block_size_y, asmb->elems_per_block, shared_mem, args));
1668 
1669   // Restore arrays
1670   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(values, &values_array));
1671   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
1672 
1673   // Cleanup
1674   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
1675   if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1676     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(rstr_in, &orients_in));
1677   } else if (rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1678     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(rstr_in, &curl_orients_in));
1679   }
1680   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
1681     if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
1682       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(rstr_out, &orients_out));
1683     } else if (rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
1684       CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(rstr_out, &curl_orients_out));
1685     }
1686   }
1687   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1688 }
1689 
1690 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1691 // Assemble Linear QFunction AtPoints
1692 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1693 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1694   return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "Backend does not implement CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction");
1695 }
1696 
1697 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1698 // Assemble Linear Diagonal AtPoints
1699 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1700 static int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonalAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1701   CeedInt             max_num_points, *num_points, num_elem, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
1702   Ceed                ceed;
1703   CeedVector          active_e_vec_in, active_e_vec_out;
1704   CeedQFunctionField *qf_input_fields, *qf_output_fields;
1705   CeedQFunction       qf;
1706   CeedOperatorField  *op_input_fields, *op_output_fields;
1707   CeedOperator_Cuda  *impl;
1708 
1709   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1710   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetData(op, &impl));
1711   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1712   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
1713   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_input_fields, &num_output_fields, &op_output_fields));
1714   CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_input_fields, NULL, &qf_output_fields));
1715 
1716   // Setup
1717   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetupAtPoints_Cuda(op));
1718   num_points     = impl->num_points;
1719   max_num_points = impl->max_num_points;
1720 
1721   // Work vector
1722   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(ceed, impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &active_e_vec_in));
1723   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetWorkVector(ceed, impl->max_active_e_vec_len, &active_e_vec_out));
1724   {
1725     CeedSize length_in, length_out;
1726 
1727     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(active_e_vec_in, &length_in));
1728     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(active_e_vec_out, &length_out));
1729     // Need input e_vec to be longer
1730     if (length_in < length_out) {
1731       CeedVector temp = active_e_vec_in;
1732 
1733       active_e_vec_in  = active_e_vec_out;
1734       active_e_vec_out = temp;
1735     }
1736   }
1737 
1738   // Get point coordinates
1739   if (!impl->point_coords_elem) {
1740     CeedVector          point_coords = NULL;
1741     CeedElemRestriction rstr_points  = NULL;
1742 
1743     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, &point_coords));
1744     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_points, NULL, &impl->point_coords_elem));
1745     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, point_coords, impl->point_coords_elem, request));
1746   }
1747 
1748   // Process inputs
1749   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1750     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestrict_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, true, impl, request));
1751     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputBasisAtPoints_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, num_elem, num_points, true, impl));
1752   }
1753 
1754   // Clear active input Qvecs
1755   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1756     CeedVector vec;
1757 
1758     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &vec));
1759     if (vec != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
1760     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(impl->q_vecs_in[i], 0.0));
1761   }
1762 
1763   // Output pointers, as necessary
1764   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1765     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1766 
1767     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1768     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
1769       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
1770 
1771       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(impl->e_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
1772       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(impl->q_vecs_out[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_vec_array));
1773     }
1774   }
1775 
1776   // Loop over active fields
1777   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1778     bool                is_active_at_points = true;
1779     CeedInt             elem_size = 1, num_comp_active = 1, e_vec_size = 0;
1780     CeedRestrictionType rstr_type;
1781     CeedVector          l_vec;
1782     CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1783 
1784     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &l_vec));
1785     // -- Skip non-active input
1786     if (l_vec != CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) continue;
1787 
1788     // -- Get active restriction type
1789     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_input_fields[i], &elem_rstr));
1790     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr, &rstr_type));
1791     is_active_at_points = rstr_type == CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS;
1792     if (!is_active_at_points) CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1793     else elem_size = max_num_points;
1794     CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr, &num_comp_active));
1795 
1796     e_vec_size = elem_size * num_comp_active;
1797     for (CeedInt s = 0; s < e_vec_size; s++) {
1798       bool         is_active_input = false;
1799       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1800       CeedVector   l_vec, q_vec = impl->q_vecs_in[i];
1801       CeedBasis    basis;
1802 
1803       CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_input_fields[i], &l_vec));
1804       // Skip non-active input
1805       is_active_input = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
1806       if (!is_active_input) continue;
1807 
1808       // Update unit vector
1809       if (s == 0) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(active_e_vec_in, 0.0));
1810       else CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValueStrided(active_e_vec_in, s - 1, e_vec_size, 0.0));
1811       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValueStrided(active_e_vec_in, s, e_vec_size, 1.0));
1812 
1813       // Basis action
1814       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_input_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1815       switch (eval_mode) {
1816         case CEED_EVAL_NONE: {
1817           const CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
1818 
1819           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(active_e_vec_in, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
1820           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, (CeedScalar *)e_vec_array));
1821           break;
1822         }
1823         case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
1824         case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
1825         case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
1826         case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
1827           CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_input_fields[i], &basis));
1828           CeedCallBackend(
1829               CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, active_e_vec_in, q_vec));
1830           break;
1831         case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
1832           break;  // No action
1833       }
1834 
1835       // Q function
1836       CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionApply(qf, num_elem * max_num_points, impl->q_vecs_in, impl->q_vecs_out));
1837 
1838       // Output basis apply if needed
1839       for (CeedInt j = 0; j < num_output_fields; j++) {
1840         bool                is_active_output = false;
1841         CeedInt             elem_size        = 0;
1842         CeedRestrictionType rstr_type;
1843         CeedEvalMode        eval_mode;
1844         CeedVector          l_vec, e_vec = impl->e_vecs_out[j], q_vec = impl->q_vecs_out[j];
1845         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr;
1846         CeedBasis           basis;
1847 
1848         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_output_fields[j], &l_vec));
1849         // ---- Skip non-active output
1850         is_active_output = l_vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE;
1851         if (!is_active_output) continue;
1852         if (!e_vec) e_vec = active_e_vec_out;
1853 
1854         // ---- Check if elem size matches
1855         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &elem_rstr));
1856         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr, &rstr_type));
1857         if (is_active_at_points && rstr_type != CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS) continue;
1858         if (rstr_type == CEED_RESTRICTION_POINTS) {
1859           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetMaxPointsInElement(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1860         } else {
1861           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr, &elem_size));
1862         }
1863         {
1864           CeedInt num_comp = 0;
1865 
1866           CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr, &num_comp));
1867           if (e_vec_size != num_comp * elem_size) continue;
1868         }
1869 
1870         // Basis action
1871         CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[j], &eval_mode));
1872         switch (eval_mode) {
1873           case CEED_EVAL_NONE: {
1874             CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
1875 
1876             CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
1877             CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(e_vec, &e_vec_array));
1878             break;
1879           }
1880           case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
1881           case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
1882           case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
1883           case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
1884             CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_output_fields[j], &basis));
1885             CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyAtPoints(basis, num_elem, num_points, CEED_TRANSPOSE, eval_mode, impl->point_coords_elem, q_vec, e_vec));
1886             break;
1887           // LCOV_EXCL_START
1888           case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
1889             return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT cannot be an output evaluation mode");
1890             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
1891           }
1892         }
1893 
1894         // Mask output e-vec
1895         CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorPointwiseMult(e_vec, active_e_vec_in, e_vec));
1896 
1897         // Restrict
1898         CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_output_fields[j], &elem_rstr));
1899         CeedCallBackend(CeedElemRestrictionApply(elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, e_vec, assembled, request));
1900 
1901         // Reset q_vec for
1902         if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
1903           CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
1904 
1905           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(e_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
1906           CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetArray(q_vec, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, CEED_USE_POINTER, e_vec_array));
1907         }
1908       }
1909 
1910       // Reset vec
1911       if (s == e_vec_size - 1 && i != num_input_fields - 1) CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorSetValue(q_vec, 0.0));
1912     }
1913   }
1914 
1915   // Restore CEED_EVAL_NONE
1916   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1917     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1918 
1919     // Get eval_mode
1920     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1921 
1922     // Restore evec
1923     CeedCallBackend(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_output_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1924     if (eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_NONE) {
1925       CeedScalar *e_vec_array;
1926 
1927       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorTakeArray(impl->q_vecs_in[i], CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &e_vec_array));
1928       CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(impl->e_vecs_in[i], &e_vec_array));
1929     }
1930   }
1931 
1932   // Restore input arrays
1933   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1934     CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorInputRestore_Cuda(op_input_fields[i], qf_input_fields[i], i, NULL, NULL, true, impl));
1935   }
1936   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1937 }
1938 
1939 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1940 // Create operator
1941 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1942 int CeedOperatorCreate_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
1943   Ceed               ceed;
1944   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
1945 
1946   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1947   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
1948   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetData(op, impl));
1949 
1950   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunction", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction_Cuda));
1951   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate_Cuda));
1952   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Cuda));
1953   CeedCallBackend(
1954       CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal_Cuda));
1955   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleSingle", CeedSingleOperatorAssemble_Cuda));
1956   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "ApplyAdd", CeedOperatorApplyAdd_Cuda));
1957   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "Destroy", CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda));
1958   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1959 }
1960 
1961 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1962 // Create operator AtPoints
1963 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1964 int CeedOperatorCreateAtPoints_Cuda(CeedOperator op) {
1965   Ceed               ceed;
1966   CeedOperator_Cuda *impl;
1967 
1968   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1969   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
1970   CeedCallBackend(CeedOperatorSetData(op, impl));
1971 
1972   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleQFunction", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionAtPoints_Cuda));
1973   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "LinearAssembleAddDiagonal", CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonalAtPoints_Cuda));
1974   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "ApplyAdd", CeedOperatorApplyAddAtPoints_Cuda));
1975   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunction(ceed, "Operator", op, "Destroy", CeedOperatorDestroy_Cuda));
1976   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1977 }
1978 
1979 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1980