xref: /libCEED/backends/sycl-ref/ceed-sycl-ref-basis.sycl.cpp (revision 65ba01bacbd880ac02417e3beef888a59c9c103d)
1 // Copyright (c) 2017-2022, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
2 // All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
3 //
4 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
5 //
6 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
7 
8 #include <ceed/backend.h>
9 #include <ceed/ceed.h>
10 #include <ceed/jit-tools.h>
11 
12 #include <sycl/sycl.hpp>
13 #include <vector>
14 
15 #include "../sycl/ceed-sycl-compile.hpp"
16 #include "ceed-sycl-ref.hpp"
17 
18 template <int>
19 class CeedBasisSyclInterp;
20 template <int>
21 class CeedBasisSyclGrad;
22 class CeedBasisSyclWeight;
23 
24 class CeedBasisSyclInterpNT;
25 class CeedBasisSyclGradNT;
26 class CeedBasisSyclWeightNT;
27 
28 using SpecID = sycl::specialization_id<CeedInt>;
29 
30 static constexpr SpecID BASIS_DIM_ID;
31 static constexpr SpecID BASIS_NUM_COMP_ID;
32 static constexpr SpecID BASIS_P_1D_ID;
33 static constexpr SpecID BASIS_Q_1D_ID;
34 
35 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
36 // Interpolation kernel - tensor
37 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
38 template <int transpose>
39 static int CeedBasisApplyInterp_Sycl(sycl::queue &sycl_queue, const SyclModule_t &sycl_module, CeedInt num_elem, const CeedBasis_Sycl *impl,
40                                      const CeedScalar *u, CeedScalar *v) {
41   const CeedInt     buf_len   = impl->buf_len;
42   const CeedInt     op_len    = impl->op_len;
43   const CeedScalar *interp_1d = impl->d_interp_1d;
44 
45   const sycl::device &sycl_device         = sycl_queue.get_device();
46   const CeedInt       max_work_group_size = 32;
47   const CeedInt       work_group_size     = CeedIntMin(impl->num_qpts, max_work_group_size);
48   sycl::range<1>      local_range(work_group_size);
49   sycl::range<1>      global_range(num_elem * work_group_size);
50   sycl::nd_range<1>   kernel_range(global_range, local_range);
51 
52   // Order queue
53   sycl::event e = sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
54   sycl_queue.submit([&](sycl::handler &cgh) {
55     cgh.depends_on({e});
56     cgh.use_kernel_bundle(sycl_module);
57 
58     sycl::local_accessor<CeedScalar> s_mem(op_len + 2 * buf_len, cgh);
59 
60     cgh.parallel_for<CeedBasisSyclInterp<transpose>>(kernel_range, [=](sycl::nd_item<1> work_item, sycl::kernel_handler kh) {
61       //-------------------------------------------------------------->
62       // Retrieve spec constant values
63       const CeedInt dim      = kh.get_specialization_constant<BASIS_DIM_ID>();
64       const CeedInt num_comp = kh.get_specialization_constant<BASIS_NUM_COMP_ID>();
65       const CeedInt P_1d     = kh.get_specialization_constant<BASIS_P_1D_ID>();
66       const CeedInt Q_1d     = kh.get_specialization_constant<BASIS_Q_1D_ID>();
67       //-------------------------------------------------------------->
68       const CeedInt num_nodes     = CeedIntPow(P_1d, dim);
69       const CeedInt num_qpts      = CeedIntPow(Q_1d, dim);
70       const CeedInt P             = transpose ? Q_1d : P_1d;
71       const CeedInt Q             = transpose ? P_1d : Q_1d;
72       const CeedInt stride_0      = transpose ? 1 : P_1d;
73       const CeedInt stride_1      = transpose ? P_1d : 1;
74       const CeedInt u_stride      = transpose ? num_qpts : num_nodes;
75       const CeedInt v_stride      = transpose ? num_nodes : num_qpts;
76       const CeedInt u_comp_stride = num_elem * u_stride;
77       const CeedInt v_comp_stride = num_elem * v_stride;
78       const CeedInt u_size        = u_stride;
79 
80       sycl::group   work_group = work_item.get_group();
81       const CeedInt i          = work_item.get_local_linear_id();
82       const CeedInt group_size = work_group.get_local_linear_range();
83       const CeedInt elem       = work_group.get_group_linear_id();
84 
85       CeedScalar *s_interp_1d = s_mem.get_pointer();
86       CeedScalar *s_buffer_1  = s_interp_1d + Q * P;
87       CeedScalar *s_buffer_2  = s_buffer_1 + buf_len;
88 
89       for (CeedInt k = i; k < P * Q; k += group_size) {
90         s_interp_1d[k] = interp_1d[k];
91       }
92 
93       // Apply basis element by element
94       for (CeedInt comp = 0; comp < num_comp; comp++) {
95         const CeedScalar *cur_u = u + elem * u_stride + comp * u_comp_stride;
96         CeedScalar       *cur_v = v + elem * v_stride + comp * v_comp_stride;
97 
98         for (CeedInt k = i; k < u_size; k += group_size) {
99           s_buffer_1[k] = cur_u[k];
100         }
101 
102         CeedInt pre  = u_size;
103         CeedInt post = 1;
104 
105         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < dim; d++) {
106           // Use older version of sycl workgroup barrier for performance reasons
107           // Can be updated in future to align with SYCL2020 spec if performance bottleneck is removed
108           // sycl::group_barrier(work_group);
109           work_item.barrier(sycl::access::fence_space::local_space);
110 
111           pre /= P;
112           const CeedScalar *in  = d % 2 ? s_buffer_2 : s_buffer_1;
113           CeedScalar       *out = d == dim - 1 ? cur_v : (d % 2 ? s_buffer_1 : s_buffer_2);
114 
115           // Contract along middle index
116           const CeedInt writeLen = pre * post * Q;
117           for (CeedInt k = i; k < writeLen; k += group_size) {
118             const CeedInt c = k % post;
119             const CeedInt j = (k / post) % Q;
120             const CeedInt a = k / (post * Q);
121 
122             CeedScalar vk = 0;
123             for (CeedInt b = 0; b < P; b++) {
124               vk += s_interp_1d[j * stride_0 + b * stride_1] * in[(a * P + b) * post + c];
125             }
126             out[k] = vk;
127           }
128           post *= Q;
129         }
130       }
131     });
132   });
133   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
134 }
135 
136 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
137 // Gradient kernel - tensor
138 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
139 template <int transpose>
140 static int CeedBasisApplyGrad_Sycl(sycl::queue &sycl_queue, const SyclModule_t &sycl_module, CeedInt num_elem, const CeedBasis_Sycl *impl,
141                                    const CeedScalar *u, CeedScalar *v) {
142   const CeedInt     buf_len   = impl->buf_len;
143   const CeedInt     op_len    = impl->op_len;
144   const CeedScalar *interp_1d = impl->d_interp_1d;
145   const CeedScalar *grad_1d   = impl->d_grad_1d;
146 
147   const sycl::device &sycl_device     = sycl_queue.get_device();
148   const CeedInt       work_group_size = 32;
149   sycl::range<1>      local_range(work_group_size);
150   sycl::range<1>      global_range(num_elem * work_group_size);
151   sycl::nd_range<1>   kernel_range(global_range, local_range);
152 
153   // Order queue
154   sycl::event e = sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
155   sycl_queue.submit([&](sycl::handler &cgh) {
156     cgh.depends_on({e});
157     cgh.use_kernel_bundle(sycl_module);
158 
159     sycl::local_accessor<CeedScalar> s_mem(2 * (op_len + buf_len), cgh);
160 
161     cgh.parallel_for<CeedBasisSyclGrad<transpose>>(kernel_range, [=](sycl::nd_item<1> work_item, sycl::kernel_handler kh) {
162       //-------------------------------------------------------------->
163       // Retrieve spec constant values
164       const CeedInt dim      = kh.get_specialization_constant<BASIS_DIM_ID>();
165       const CeedInt num_comp = kh.get_specialization_constant<BASIS_NUM_COMP_ID>();
166       const CeedInt P_1d     = kh.get_specialization_constant<BASIS_P_1D_ID>();
167       const CeedInt Q_1d     = kh.get_specialization_constant<BASIS_Q_1D_ID>();
168       //-------------------------------------------------------------->
169       const CeedInt num_nodes     = CeedIntPow(P_1d, dim);
170       const CeedInt num_qpts      = CeedIntPow(Q_1d, dim);
171       const CeedInt P             = transpose ? Q_1d : P_1d;
172       const CeedInt Q             = transpose ? P_1d : Q_1d;
173       const CeedInt stride_0      = transpose ? 1 : P_1d;
174       const CeedInt stride_1      = transpose ? P_1d : 1;
175       const CeedInt u_stride      = transpose ? num_qpts : num_nodes;
176       const CeedInt v_stride      = transpose ? num_nodes : num_qpts;
177       const CeedInt u_comp_stride = num_elem * u_stride;
178       const CeedInt v_comp_stride = num_elem * v_stride;
179       const CeedInt u_dim_stride  = transpose ? num_elem * num_qpts * num_comp : 0;
180       const CeedInt v_dim_stride  = transpose ? 0 : num_elem * num_qpts * num_comp;
181 
182       sycl::group   work_group = work_item.get_group();
183       const CeedInt i          = work_item.get_local_linear_id();
184       const CeedInt group_size = work_group.get_local_linear_range();
185       const CeedInt elem       = work_group.get_group_linear_id();
186 
187       CeedScalar *s_interp_1d = s_mem.get_pointer();
188       CeedScalar *s_grad_1d   = s_interp_1d + P * Q;
189       CeedScalar *s_buffer_1  = s_grad_1d + P * Q;
190       CeedScalar *s_buffer_2  = s_buffer_1 + buf_len;
191 
192       for (CeedInt k = i; k < P * Q; k += group_size) {
193         s_interp_1d[k] = interp_1d[k];
194         s_grad_1d[k]   = grad_1d[k];
195       }
196 
197       // Apply basis element by element
198       for (CeedInt comp = 0; comp < num_comp; comp++) {
199         for (CeedInt dim_1 = 0; dim_1 < dim; dim_1++) {
200           CeedInt           pre   = transpose ? num_qpts : num_nodes;
201           CeedInt           post  = 1;
202           const CeedScalar *cur_u = u + elem * u_stride + dim_1 * u_dim_stride + comp * u_comp_stride;
203           CeedScalar       *cur_v = v + elem * v_stride + dim_1 * v_dim_stride + comp * v_comp_stride;
204 
205           for (CeedInt dim_2 = 0; dim_2 < dim; dim_2++) {
206             // Use older version of sycl workgroup barrier for performance reasons
207             // Can be updated in future to align with SYCL2020 spec if performance bottleneck is removed
208             // sycl::group_barrier(work_group);
209             work_item.barrier(sycl::access::fence_space::local_space);
210 
211             pre /= P;
212             const CeedScalar *op  = dim_1 == dim_2 ? s_grad_1d : s_interp_1d;
213             const CeedScalar *in  = (dim_2 == 0 ? cur_u : (dim_2 % 2 ? s_buffer_2 : s_buffer_1));
214             CeedScalar       *out = dim_2 == dim - 1 ? cur_v : (dim_2 % 2 ? s_buffer_1 : s_buffer_2);
215 
216             // Contract along middle index
217             const CeedInt writeLen = pre * post * Q;
218             for (CeedInt k = i; k < writeLen; k += group_size) {
219               const CeedInt c = k % post;
220               const CeedInt j = (k / post) % Q;
221               const CeedInt a = k / (post * Q);
222 
223               CeedScalar v_k = 0;
224               for (CeedInt b = 0; b < P; b++) v_k += op[j * stride_0 + b * stride_1] * in[(a * P + b) * post + c];
225 
226               if (transpose && dim_2 == dim - 1) out[k] += v_k;
227               else out[k] = v_k;
228             }
229 
230             post *= Q;
231           }
232         }
233       }
234     });
235   });
236   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
237 }
238 
239 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
240 // Weight kernel - tensor
241 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
242 static int CeedBasisApplyWeight_Sycl(sycl::queue &sycl_queue, CeedInt num_elem, const CeedBasis_Sycl *impl, CeedScalar *w) {
243   const CeedInt     dim         = impl->dim;
244   const CeedInt     Q_1d        = impl->Q_1d;
245   const CeedScalar *q_weight_1d = impl->d_q_weight_1d;
246 
247   const CeedInt  num_quad_x = Q_1d;
248   const CeedInt  num_quad_y = (dim > 1) ? Q_1d : 1;
249   const CeedInt  num_quad_z = (dim > 2) ? Q_1d : 1;
250   sycl::range<3> kernel_range(num_elem * num_quad_z, num_quad_y, num_quad_x);
251 
252   // Order queue
253   sycl::event e = sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
254   sycl_queue.parallel_for<CeedBasisSyclWeight>(kernel_range, {e}, [=](sycl::item<3> work_item) {
255     if (dim == 1) w[work_item.get_linear_id()] = q_weight_1d[work_item[2]];
256     if (dim == 2) w[work_item.get_linear_id()] = q_weight_1d[work_item[2]] * q_weight_1d[work_item[1]];
257     if (dim == 3) w[work_item.get_linear_id()] = q_weight_1d[work_item[2]] * q_weight_1d[work_item[1]] * q_weight_1d[work_item[0] % Q_1d];
258   });
259   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
260 }
261 
262 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
263 // Basis apply - tensor
264 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
265 static int CeedBasisApply_Sycl(CeedBasis basis, const CeedInt num_elem, CeedTransposeMode t_mode, CeedEvalMode eval_mode, CeedVector u,
266                                CeedVector v) {
267   Ceed ceed;
268   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCeed(basis, &ceed));
269   Ceed_Sycl *data;
270   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &data));
271   CeedBasis_Sycl *impl;
272   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetData(basis, &impl));
273 
274   const CeedInt transpose = t_mode == CEED_TRANSPOSE;
275 
276   // Read vectors
277   const CeedScalar *d_u;
278   CeedScalar       *d_v;
279   if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
280     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(u, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &d_u));
281   }
282   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(v, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &d_v));
283 
284   // Clear v for transpose operation
285   if (t_mode == CEED_TRANSPOSE) {
286     CeedSize length;
287     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(v, &length));
288     // Order queue
289     sycl::event e = data->sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
290     data->sycl_queue.fill<CeedScalar>(d_v, 0, length, {e});
291   }
292 
293   // Basis action
294   switch (eval_mode) {
295     case CEED_EVAL_INTERP: {
296       if (transpose) {
297         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyInterp_Sycl<CEED_TRANSPOSE>(data->sycl_queue, *impl->sycl_module, num_elem, impl, d_u, d_v));
298       } else {
299         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyInterp_Sycl<CEED_NOTRANSPOSE>(data->sycl_queue, *impl->sycl_module, num_elem, impl, d_u, d_v));
300       }
301     } break;
302     case CEED_EVAL_GRAD: {
303       if (transpose) {
304         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyGrad_Sycl<1>(data->sycl_queue, *impl->sycl_module, num_elem, impl, d_u, d_v));
305       } else {
306         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyGrad_Sycl<0>(data->sycl_queue, *impl->sycl_module, num_elem, impl, d_u, d_v));
307       }
308     } break;
309     case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
310       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyWeight_Sycl(data->sycl_queue, num_elem, impl, d_v));
311     } break;
312     // LCOV_EXCL_START
313     // Evaluate the divergence to/from the quadrature points
314     case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
315       return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_DIV not supported");
316     // Evaluate the curl to/from the quadrature points
317     case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
318       return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_CURL not supported");
319     // Take no action, BasisApply should not have been called
320     case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
321       return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_NONE does not make sense in this context");
322       // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
323   }
324 
325   // Restore vectors
326   if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
327     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(u, &d_u));
328   }
329   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(v, &d_v));
330   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
331 }
332 
333 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
334 // Interpolation kernel - non-tensor
335 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
336 static int CeedBasisApplyNonTensorInterp_Sycl(sycl::queue &sycl_queue, CeedInt num_elem, CeedInt transpose, const CeedBasisNonTensor_Sycl *impl,
337                                               const CeedScalar *d_U, CeedScalar *d_V) {
338   const CeedInt     num_comp      = impl->num_comp;
339   const CeedInt     P             = transpose ? impl->num_qpts : impl->num_nodes;
340   const CeedInt     Q             = transpose ? impl->num_nodes : impl->num_qpts;
341   const CeedInt     stride_0      = transpose ? 1 : impl->num_nodes;
342   const CeedInt     stride_1      = transpose ? impl->num_nodes : 1;
343   const CeedInt     u_stride      = P;
344   const CeedInt     v_stride      = Q;
345   const CeedInt     u_comp_stride = u_stride * num_elem;
346   const CeedInt     v_comp_stride = v_stride * num_elem;
347   const CeedInt     u_size        = P;
348   const CeedInt     v_size        = Q;
349   const CeedScalar *d_B           = impl->d_interp;
350 
351   sycl::range<2> kernel_range(num_elem, v_size);
352 
353   // Order queue
354   sycl::event e = sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
355   sycl_queue.parallel_for<CeedBasisSyclInterpNT>(kernel_range, {e}, [=](sycl::id<2> indx) {
356     const CeedInt i    = indx[1];
357     const CeedInt elem = indx[0];
358 
359     for (CeedInt comp = 0; comp < num_comp; comp++) {
360       const CeedScalar *U = d_U + elem * u_stride + comp * u_comp_stride;
361       CeedScalar        V = 0.0;
362 
363       for (CeedInt j = 0; j < u_size; ++j) {
364         V += d_B[i * stride_0 + j * stride_1] * U[j];
365       }
366       d_V[i + elem * v_stride + comp * v_comp_stride] = V;
367     }
368   });
369   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
370 }
371 
372 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
373 // Gradient kernel - non-tensor
374 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
375 static int CeedBasisApplyNonTensorGrad_Sycl(sycl::queue &sycl_queue, CeedInt num_elem, CeedInt transpose, const CeedBasisNonTensor_Sycl *impl,
376                                             const CeedScalar *d_U, CeedScalar *d_V) {
377   const CeedInt     num_comp      = impl->num_comp;
378   const CeedInt     P             = transpose ? impl->num_qpts : impl->num_nodes;
379   const CeedInt     Q             = transpose ? impl->num_nodes : impl->num_qpts;
380   const CeedInt     stride_0      = transpose ? 1 : impl->num_nodes;
381   const CeedInt     stride_1      = transpose ? impl->num_nodes : 1;
382   const CeedInt     g_dim_stride  = P * Q;
383   const CeedInt     u_stride      = P;
384   const CeedInt     v_stride      = Q;
385   const CeedInt     u_comp_stride = u_stride * num_elem;
386   const CeedInt     v_comp_stride = v_stride * num_elem;
387   const CeedInt     u_dim_stride  = u_comp_stride * num_comp;
388   const CeedInt     v_dim_stride  = v_comp_stride * num_comp;
389   const CeedInt     u_size        = P;
390   const CeedInt     v_size        = Q;
391   const CeedInt     in_dim        = transpose ? impl->dim : 1;
392   const CeedInt     out_dim       = transpose ? 1 : impl->dim;
393   const CeedScalar *d_G           = impl->d_grad;
394 
395   sycl::range<2> kernel_range(num_elem, v_size);
396 
397   // Order queue
398   sycl::event e = sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
399   sycl_queue.parallel_for<CeedBasisSyclGradNT>(kernel_range, {e}, [=](sycl::id<2> indx) {
400     const CeedInt i    = indx[1];
401     const CeedInt elem = indx[0];
402 
403     for (CeedInt comp = 0; comp < num_comp; comp++) {
404       CeedScalar V[3] = {0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
405 
406       for (CeedInt d1 = 0; d1 < in_dim; ++d1) {
407         const CeedScalar *U = d_U + elem * u_stride + comp * u_comp_stride + d1 * u_dim_stride;
408         const CeedScalar *G = d_G + i * stride_0 + d1 * g_dim_stride;
409 
410         for (CeedInt j = 0; j < u_size; ++j) {
411           const CeedScalar Uj = U[j];
412 
413           for (CeedInt d0 = 0; d0 < out_dim; ++d0) {
414             V[d0] += G[j * stride_1 + d0 * g_dim_stride] * Uj;
415           }
416         }
417       }
418       for (CeedInt d0 = 0; d0 < out_dim; ++d0) {
419         d_V[i + elem * v_stride + comp * v_comp_stride + d0 * v_dim_stride] = V[d0];
420       }
421     }
422   });
423   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
424 }
425 
426 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
427 // Weight kernel - non-tensor
428 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
429 static int CeedBasisApplyNonTensorWeight_Sycl(sycl::queue &sycl_queue, CeedInt num_elem, const CeedBasisNonTensor_Sycl *impl, CeedScalar *d_V) {
430   const CeedInt     num_qpts = impl->num_qpts;
431   const CeedScalar *q_weight = impl->d_q_weight;
432 
433   sycl::range<2> kernel_range(num_elem, num_qpts);
434 
435   // Order queue
436   sycl::event e = sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
437   sycl_queue.parallel_for<CeedBasisSyclWeightNT>(kernel_range, {e}, [=](sycl::id<2> indx) {
438     const CeedInt i          = indx[1];
439     const CeedInt elem       = indx[0];
440     d_V[i + elem * num_qpts] = q_weight[i];
441   });
442   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
443 }
444 
445 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
446 // Basis apply - non-tensor
447 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
448 static int CeedBasisApplyNonTensor_Sycl(CeedBasis basis, const CeedInt num_elem, CeedTransposeMode t_mode, CeedEvalMode eval_mode, CeedVector u,
449                                         CeedVector v) {
450   Ceed ceed;
451   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCeed(basis, &ceed));
452   CeedBasisNonTensor_Sycl *impl;
453   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetData(basis, &impl));
454   Ceed_Sycl *data;
455   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &data));
456 
457   const CeedInt transpose = t_mode == CEED_TRANSPOSE;
458 
459   // Read vectors
460   const CeedScalar *d_u;
461   CeedScalar       *d_v;
462   if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
463     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(u, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &d_u));
464   }
465   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(v, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &d_v));
466 
467   // Clear v for transpose operation
468   if (transpose) {
469     CeedSize length;
470     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(v, &length));
471     // Order queue
472     sycl::event e = data->sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
473     data->sycl_queue.fill<CeedScalar>(d_v, 0, length, {e});
474   }
475 
476   // Apply basis operation
477   switch (eval_mode) {
478     case CEED_EVAL_INTERP: {
479       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyNonTensorInterp_Sycl(data->sycl_queue, num_elem, transpose, impl, d_u, d_v));
480     } break;
481     case CEED_EVAL_GRAD: {
482       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyNonTensorGrad_Sycl(data->sycl_queue, num_elem, transpose, impl, d_u, d_v));
483     } break;
484     case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
485       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyNonTensorWeight_Sycl(data->sycl_queue, num_elem, impl, d_v));
486     } break;
487     // LCOV_EXCL_START
488     // Evaluate the divergence to/from the quadrature points
489     case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
490       return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_DIV not supported");
491     // Evaluate the curl to/from the quadrature points
492     case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
493       return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_CURL not supported");
494     // Take no action, BasisApply should not have been called
495     case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
496       return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_NONE does not make sense in this context");
497       // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
498   }
499 
500   // Restore vectors
501   if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
502     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(u, &d_u));
503   }
504 
505   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(v, &d_v));
506   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
507 }
508 
509 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
510 // Destroy tensor basis
511 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
512 static int CeedBasisDestroy_Sycl(CeedBasis basis) {
513   Ceed ceed;
514   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCeed(basis, &ceed));
515   CeedBasis_Sycl *impl;
516   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetData(basis, &impl));
517   Ceed_Sycl *data;
518   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &data));
519 
520   // Wait for all work to finish before freeing memory
521   CeedCallSycl(ceed, data->sycl_queue.wait_and_throw());
522 
523   CeedCallSycl(ceed, sycl::free(impl->d_q_weight_1d, data->sycl_context));
524   CeedCallSycl(ceed, sycl::free(impl->d_interp_1d, data->sycl_context));
525   CeedCallSycl(ceed, sycl::free(impl->d_grad_1d, data->sycl_context));
526 
527   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl));
528 
529   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
530 }
531 
532 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
533 // Destroy non-tensor basis
534 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
535 static int CeedBasisDestroyNonTensor_Sycl(CeedBasis basis) {
536   Ceed ceed;
537   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCeed(basis, &ceed));
538   CeedBasisNonTensor_Sycl *impl;
539   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetData(basis, &impl));
540   Ceed_Sycl *data;
541   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &data));
542 
543   // Wait for all work to finish before freeing memory
544   CeedCallSycl(ceed, data->sycl_queue.wait_and_throw());
545 
546   CeedCallSycl(ceed, sycl::free(impl->d_q_weight, data->sycl_context));
547   CeedCallSycl(ceed, sycl::free(impl->d_interp, data->sycl_context));
548   CeedCallSycl(ceed, sycl::free(impl->d_grad, data->sycl_context));
549 
550   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl));
551 
552   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
553 }
554 
555 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
556 // Create tensor
557 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
558 int CeedBasisCreateTensorH1_Sycl(CeedInt dim, CeedInt P_1d, CeedInt Q_1d, const CeedScalar *interp_1d, const CeedScalar *grad_1d,
559                                  const CeedScalar *q_ref_1d, const CeedScalar *q_weight_1d, CeedBasis basis) {
560   Ceed ceed;
561   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCeed(basis, &ceed));
562   CeedBasis_Sycl *impl;
563   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
564   Ceed_Sycl *data;
565   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &data));
566 
567   CeedInt num_comp;
568   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis, &num_comp));
569 
570   const CeedInt num_nodes = CeedIntPow(P_1d, dim);
571   const CeedInt num_qpts  = CeedIntPow(Q_1d, dim);
572 
573   impl->dim       = dim;
574   impl->P_1d      = P_1d;
575   impl->Q_1d      = Q_1d;
576   impl->num_comp  = num_comp;
577   impl->num_nodes = num_nodes;
578   impl->num_qpts  = num_qpts;
579   impl->buf_len   = num_comp * CeedIntMax(num_nodes, num_qpts);
580   impl->op_len    = Q_1d * P_1d;
581 
582   // Order queue
583   sycl::event e = data->sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
584 
585   CeedCallSycl(ceed, impl->d_q_weight_1d = sycl::malloc_device<CeedScalar>(Q_1d, data->sycl_device, data->sycl_context));
586   sycl::event copy_weight = data->sycl_queue.copy<CeedScalar>(q_weight_1d, impl->d_q_weight_1d, Q_1d, {e});
587 
588   const CeedInt interp_length = Q_1d * P_1d;
589   CeedCallSycl(ceed, impl->d_interp_1d = sycl::malloc_device<CeedScalar>(interp_length, data->sycl_device, data->sycl_context));
590   sycl::event copy_interp = data->sycl_queue.copy<CeedScalar>(interp_1d, impl->d_interp_1d, interp_length, {e});
591 
592   CeedCallSycl(ceed, impl->d_grad_1d = sycl::malloc_device<CeedScalar>(interp_length, data->sycl_device, data->sycl_context));
593   sycl::event copy_grad = data->sycl_queue.copy<CeedScalar>(grad_1d, impl->d_grad_1d, interp_length, {e});
594 
595   CeedCallSycl(ceed, sycl::event::wait_and_throw({copy_weight, copy_interp, copy_grad}));
596 
597   std::vector<sycl::kernel_id> kernel_ids = {sycl::get_kernel_id<CeedBasisSyclInterp<1>>(), sycl::get_kernel_id<CeedBasisSyclInterp<0>>(),
598                                              sycl::get_kernel_id<CeedBasisSyclGrad<1>>(), sycl::get_kernel_id<CeedBasisSyclGrad<0>>()};
599 
600   sycl::kernel_bundle<sycl::bundle_state::input> input_bundle = sycl::get_kernel_bundle<sycl::bundle_state::input>(data->sycl_context, kernel_ids);
601   input_bundle.set_specialization_constant<BASIS_DIM_ID>(dim);
602   input_bundle.set_specialization_constant<BASIS_NUM_COMP_ID>(num_comp);
603   input_bundle.set_specialization_constant<BASIS_Q_1D_ID>(Q_1d);
604   input_bundle.set_specialization_constant<BASIS_P_1D_ID>(P_1d);
605 
606   CeedCallSycl(ceed, impl->sycl_module = new SyclModule_t(sycl::build(input_bundle)));
607 
608   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisSetData(basis, impl));
609 
610   // Register backend functions
611   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunctionCpp(ceed, "Basis", basis, "Apply", CeedBasisApply_Sycl));
612   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunctionCpp(ceed, "Basis", basis, "Destroy", CeedBasisDestroy_Sycl));
613   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
614 }
615 
616 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
617 // Create non-tensor
618 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
619 int CeedBasisCreateH1_Sycl(CeedElemTopology topo, CeedInt dim, CeedInt num_nodes, CeedInt num_qpts, const CeedScalar *interp, const CeedScalar *grad,
620                            const CeedScalar *qref, const CeedScalar *q_weight, CeedBasis basis) {
621   Ceed ceed;
622   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCeed(basis, &ceed));
623   CeedBasisNonTensor_Sycl *impl;
624   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
625   Ceed_Sycl *data;
626   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &data));
627 
628   CeedInt num_comp;
629   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis, &num_comp));
630 
631   impl->dim       = dim;
632   impl->num_comp  = num_comp;
633   impl->num_nodes = num_nodes;
634   impl->num_qpts  = num_qpts;
635 
636   // Order queue
637   sycl::event e = data->sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
638 
639   CeedCallSycl(ceed, impl->d_q_weight = sycl::malloc_device<CeedScalar>(num_qpts, data->sycl_device, data->sycl_context));
640   sycl::event copy_weight = data->sycl_queue.copy<CeedScalar>(q_weight, impl->d_q_weight, num_qpts, {e});
641 
642   const CeedInt interp_length = num_qpts * num_nodes;
643   CeedCallSycl(ceed, impl->d_interp = sycl::malloc_device<CeedScalar>(interp_length, data->sycl_device, data->sycl_context));
644   sycl::event copy_interp = data->sycl_queue.copy<CeedScalar>(interp, impl->d_interp, interp_length, {e});
645 
646   const CeedInt grad_length = num_qpts * num_nodes * dim;
647   CeedCallSycl(ceed, impl->d_grad = sycl::malloc_device<CeedScalar>(grad_length, data->sycl_device, data->sycl_context));
648   sycl::event copy_grad = data->sycl_queue.copy<CeedScalar>(grad, impl->d_grad, grad_length, {e});
649 
650   CeedCallSycl(ceed, sycl::event::wait_and_throw({copy_weight, copy_interp, copy_grad}));
651 
652   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisSetData(basis, impl));
653 
654   // Register backend functions
655   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunctionCpp(ceed, "Basis", basis, "Apply", CeedBasisApplyNonTensor_Sycl));
656   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunctionCpp(ceed, "Basis", basis, "Destroy", CeedBasisDestroyNonTensor_Sycl));
657   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
658 }
659 
660 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
661