xref: /libCEED/examples/petsc/bpsraw.c (revision 9b072555b57804a6f4e0fc2b1ad83be89838f0e5)

// Copyright (c) 2017, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. Produced at
// the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. LLNL-CODE-734707. All Rights
// reserved. See files LICENSE and NOTICE for details.
//
// This file is part of CEED, a collection of benchmarks, miniapps, software
// libraries and APIs for efficient high-order finite element and spectral
// element discretizations for exascale applications. For more information and
// source code availability see http://github.com/ceed.
//
// The CEED research is supported by the Exascale Computing Project 17-SC-20-SC,
// a collaborative effort of two U.S. Department of Energy organizations (Office
// of Science and the National Nuclear Security Administration) responsible for
// the planning and preparation of a capable exascale ecosystem, including
// software, applications, hardware, advanced system engineering and early
// testbed platforms, in support of the nation's exascale computing imperative.

//                        libCEED + PETSc Example: CEED BPs
//
// This example demonstrates a simple usage of libCEED with PETSc to solve the
// CEED BP benchmark problems, see http://ceed.exascaleproject.org/bps.
//
// The code is intentionally "raw", using only low-level communication
// primitives.
//
// Build with:
//
//     make bpsraw [PETSC_DIR=</path/to/petsc>] [CEED_DIR=</path/to/libceed>]
//
// Sample runs:
//
//     ./bpsraw -problem bp1
//     ./bpsraw -problem bp2
//     ./bpsraw -problem bp3
//     ./bpsraw -problem bp4
//     ./bpsraw -problem bp5 -ceed /cpu/self
//     ./bpsraw -problem bp6 -ceed /gpu/cuda
//
//TESTARGS -ceed {ceed_resource} -test -problem bp2 -degree 5 -q_extra 1 -ksp_max_it_clip 15,15

/// @file
/// CEED BPs example using PETSc
/// See bps.c for an implementation using DMPlex unstructured grids.
const char help[] = "Solve CEED BPs using PETSc\n";

#include <ceed.h>
#include <petscksp.h>
#include <petscsys.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "qfunctions/bps/bp1.h"
#include "qfunctions/bps/bp2.h"
#include "qfunctions/bps/bp3.h"
#include "qfunctions/bps/bp4.h"
#include "qfunctions/bps/common.h"

#if PETSC_VERSION_LT(3,12,0)
#ifdef PETSC_HAVE_CUDA
#include <petsccuda.h>
// Note: With PETSc prior to version 3.12.0, providing the source path to
//       include 'cublas_v2.h' will be needed to use 'petsccuda.h'.
#endif
#endif

static CeedMemType MemTypeP2C(PetscMemType mem_type) {
  return PetscMemTypeDevice(mem_type) ? CEED_MEM_DEVICE : CEED_MEM_HOST;
}

static void Split3(PetscInt size, PetscInt m[3], bool reverse) {
  for (PetscInt d=0, size_left=size; d<3; d++) {
    PetscInt try = (PetscInt)PetscCeilReal(PetscPowReal(size_left, 1./(3 - d)));
    while (try * (size_left / try) != size_left) try++;
    m[reverse ? 2-d : d] = try;
    size_left /= try;
  }
}

static PetscInt Max3(const PetscInt a[3]) {
  return PetscMax(a[0], PetscMax(a[1], a[2]));
}
static PetscInt Min3(const PetscInt a[3]) {
  return PetscMin(a[0], PetscMin(a[1], a[2]));
}
static void GlobalNodes(const PetscInt p[3], const PetscInt i_rank[3],
                        PetscInt degree, const PetscInt mesh_elem[3],
                        PetscInt m_nodes[3]) {
  for (int d=0; d<3; d++)
    m_nodes[d] = degree*mesh_elem[d] + (i_rank[d] == p[d]-1);
}
static PetscInt GlobalStart(const PetscInt p[3], const PetscInt i_rank[3],
                            PetscInt degree, const PetscInt mesh_elem[3]) {
  PetscInt start = 0;
  // Dumb brute-force is easier to read
  for (PetscInt i=0; i<p[0]; i++) {
    for (PetscInt j=0; j<p[1]; j++) {
      for (PetscInt k=0; k<p[2]; k++) {
        PetscInt m_nodes[3], ijk_rank[] = {i,j,k};
        if (i == i_rank[0] && j == i_rank[1] && k == i_rank[2]) return start;
        GlobalNodes(p, ijk_rank, degree, mesh_elem, m_nodes);
        start += m_nodes[0] * m_nodes[1] * m_nodes[2];
      }
    }
  }
  return -1;
}
static int CreateRestriction(Ceed ceed, const CeedInt mesh_elem[3], CeedInt P,
                             CeedInt num_comp, CeedElemRestriction *elem_restr) {
  const PetscInt num_elem = mesh_elem[0]*mesh_elem[1]*mesh_elem[2];
  PetscInt m_nodes[3], *idx, *idx_p;

  // Get indicies
  for (int d=0; d<3; d++) m_nodes[d] = mesh_elem[d]*(P-1) + 1;
  idx_p = idx = malloc(num_elem*P*P*P*sizeof idx[0]);
  for (CeedInt i=0; i<mesh_elem[0]; i++)
    for (CeedInt j=0; j<mesh_elem[1]; j++)
      for (CeedInt k=0; k<mesh_elem[2]; k++,idx_p += P*P*P)
        for (CeedInt ii=0; ii<P; ii++)
          for (CeedInt jj=0; jj<P; jj++)
            for (CeedInt kk=0; kk<P; kk++) {
              if (0) { // This is the C-style (i,j,k) ordering that I prefer
                idx_p[(ii*P+jj)*P+kk] = num_comp*(((i*(P-1)+ii)*m_nodes[1]
                                                   + (j*(P-1)+jj))*m_nodes[2]
                                                  + (k*(P-1)+kk));
              } else { // (k,j,i) ordering for consistency with MFEM example
                idx_p[ii+P*(jj+P*kk)] = num_comp*(((i*(P-1)+ii)*m_nodes[1]
                                                   + (j*(P-1)+jj))*m_nodes[2]
                                                  + (k*(P-1)+kk));
              }
            }

  // Setup CEED restriction
  CeedElemRestrictionCreate(ceed, num_elem, P*P*P, num_comp, 1,
                            m_nodes[0]*m_nodes[1]*m_nodes[2]*num_comp,
                            CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER, idx, elem_restr);

  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

// Data for PETSc
typedef struct User_ *User;
struct User_ {
  MPI_Comm comm;
  VecScatter l_to_g;              // Scatter for all entries
  VecScatter l_to_g_0;            // Skip Dirichlet values
  VecScatter g_to_g_D;            // global-to-global; only Dirichlet values
  Vec X_loc, Y_loc;
  CeedVector x_ceed, y_ceed;
  CeedOperator op;
  CeedVector q_data;
  Ceed ceed;
};

// BP Options
typedef enum {
  CEED_BP1 = 0, CEED_BP2 = 1, CEED_BP3 = 2,
  CEED_BP4 = 3, CEED_BP5 = 4, CEED_BP6 = 5
} BPType;
static const char *const bp_types[] = {"bp1","bp2","bp3","bp4","bp5","bp6",
                                       "BPType","CEED_BP",0
                                      };

// BP specific data
typedef struct {
  CeedInt num_comp_u, q_data_size, q_extra;
  CeedQFunctionUser setup_geo, setup_rhs, apply, error;
  const char *setup_geo_loc, *setup_rhs_loc, *apply_loc, *error_loc;
  CeedEvalMode in_mode, out_mode;
  CeedQuadMode q_mode;
} BPData;

BPData bp_options[6] = {
  [CEED_BP1] = {
    .num_comp_u = 1,
    .q_data_size = 1,
    .q_extra = 1,
    .setup_geo = SetupMassGeo,
    .setup_rhs = SetupMassRhs,
    .apply = Mass,
    .error = Error,
    .setup_geo_loc = SetupMassGeo_loc,
    .setup_rhs_loc = SetupMassRhs_loc,
    .apply_loc = Mass_loc,
    .error_loc = Error_loc,
    .in_mode = CEED_EVAL_INTERP,
    .out_mode = CEED_EVAL_INTERP,
    .q_mode = CEED_GAUSS
  },
  [CEED_BP2] = {
    .num_comp_u = 3,
    .q_data_size = 1,
    .q_extra = 1,
    .setup_geo = SetupMassGeo,
    .setup_rhs = SetupMassRhs3,
    .apply = Mass3,
    .error = Error3,
    .setup_geo_loc = SetupMassGeo_loc,
    .setup_rhs_loc = SetupMassRhs3_loc,
    .apply_loc = Mass3_loc,
    .error_loc = Error3_loc,
    .in_mode = CEED_EVAL_INTERP,
    .out_mode = CEED_EVAL_INTERP,
    .q_mode = CEED_GAUSS
  },
  [CEED_BP3] = {
    .num_comp_u = 1,
    .q_data_size = 7,
    .q_extra = 1,
    .setup_geo = SetupDiffGeo,
    .setup_rhs = SetupDiffRhs,
    .apply = Diff,
    .error = Error,
    .setup_geo_loc = SetupDiffGeo_loc,
    .setup_rhs_loc = SetupDiffRhs_loc,
    .apply_loc = Diff_loc,
    .error_loc = Error_loc,
    .in_mode = CEED_EVAL_GRAD,
    .out_mode = CEED_EVAL_GRAD,
    .q_mode = CEED_GAUSS
  },
  [CEED_BP4] = {
    .num_comp_u = 3,
    .q_data_size = 7,
    .q_extra = 1,
    .setup_geo = SetupDiffGeo,
    .setup_rhs = SetupDiffRhs3,
    .apply = Diff3,
    .error = Error3,
    .setup_geo_loc = SetupDiffGeo_loc,
    .setup_rhs_loc = SetupDiffRhs3_loc,
    .apply_loc = Diff3_loc,
    .error_loc = Error3_loc,
    .in_mode = CEED_EVAL_GRAD,
    .out_mode = CEED_EVAL_GRAD,
    .q_mode = CEED_GAUSS
  },
  [CEED_BP5] = {
    .num_comp_u = 1,
    .q_data_size = 7,
    .q_extra = 0,
    .setup_geo = SetupDiffGeo,
    .setup_rhs = SetupDiffRhs,
    .apply = Diff,
    .error = Error,
    .setup_geo_loc = SetupDiffGeo_loc,
    .setup_rhs_loc = SetupDiffRhs_loc,
    .apply_loc = Diff_loc,
    .error_loc = Error_loc,
    .in_mode = CEED_EVAL_GRAD,
    .out_mode = CEED_EVAL_GRAD,
    .q_mode = CEED_GAUSS_LOBATTO
  },
  [CEED_BP6] = {
    .num_comp_u = 3,
    .q_data_size = 7,
    .q_extra = 0,
    .setup_geo = SetupDiffGeo,
    .setup_rhs = SetupDiffRhs3,
    .apply = Diff3,
    .error = Error3,
    .setup_geo_loc = SetupDiffGeo_loc,
    .setup_rhs_loc = SetupDiffRhs3_loc,
    .apply_loc = Diff3_loc,
    .error_loc = Error3_loc,
    .in_mode = CEED_EVAL_GRAD,
    .out_mode = CEED_EVAL_GRAD,
    .q_mode = CEED_GAUSS_LOBATTO
  }
};

// This function uses libCEED to compute the action of the mass matrix
static PetscErrorCode MatMult_Mass(Mat A, Vec X, Vec Y) {
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  User user;
  PetscScalar *x, *y;
  PetscMemType x_mem_type, y_mem_type;

  PetscFunctionBeginUser;

  ierr = MatShellGetContext(A, &user); CHKERRQ(ierr);

  // Global-to-local
  ierr = VecScatterBegin(user->l_to_g, X, user->X_loc, INSERT_VALUES,
                         SCATTER_REVERSE); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecScatterEnd(user->l_to_g, X, user->X_loc, INSERT_VALUES,
                       SCATTER_REVERSE); CHKERRQ(ierr);

  // Setup libCEED vectors
  ierr = VecGetArrayReadAndMemType(user->X_loc, (const PetscScalar **)&x,
                                   &x_mem_type); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecGetArrayAndMemType(user->Y_loc, &y, &y_mem_type); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  CeedVectorSetArray(user->x_ceed, MemTypeP2C(x_mem_type), CEED_USE_POINTER, x);
  CeedVectorSetArray(user->y_ceed, MemTypeP2C(y_mem_type), CEED_USE_POINTER, y);

  // Apply libCEED operator
  CeedOperatorApply(user->op, user->x_ceed, user->y_ceed,
                    CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE);

  // Restore PETSc vectors
  CeedVectorTakeArray(user->x_ceed, MemTypeP2C(x_mem_type), NULL);
  CeedVectorTakeArray(user->y_ceed, MemTypeP2C(y_mem_type), NULL);
  ierr = VecRestoreArrayReadAndMemType(user->X_loc, (const PetscScalar **)&x);
  CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecRestoreArrayAndMemType(user->Y_loc, &y); CHKERRQ(ierr);

  // Local-to-global
  if (Y) {
    ierr = VecZeroEntries(Y); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = VecScatterBegin(user->l_to_g, user->Y_loc, Y, ADD_VALUES,
                           SCATTER_FORWARD); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = VecScatterEnd(user->l_to_g, user->Y_loc, Y, ADD_VALUES,
                         SCATTER_FORWARD); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

// This function uses libCEED to compute the action of the Laplacian with
// Dirichlet boundary conditions
static PetscErrorCode MatMult_Diff(Mat A, Vec X, Vec Y) {
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  User user;
  PetscScalar *x, *y;
  PetscMemType x_mem_type, y_mem_type;

  PetscFunctionBeginUser;

  ierr = MatShellGetContext(A, &user); CHKERRQ(ierr);

  // Global-to-local
  ierr = VecScatterBegin(user->l_to_g_0, X, user->X_loc, INSERT_VALUES,
                         SCATTER_REVERSE); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecScatterEnd(user->l_to_g_0, X, user->X_loc, INSERT_VALUES,
                       SCATTER_REVERSE);
  CHKERRQ(ierr);

  // Setup libCEED vectors
  ierr = VecGetArrayReadAndMemType(user->X_loc, (const PetscScalar **)&x,
                                   &x_mem_type); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecGetArrayAndMemType(user->Y_loc, &y, &y_mem_type); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  CeedVectorSetArray(user->x_ceed, MemTypeP2C(x_mem_type), CEED_USE_POINTER, x);
  CeedVectorSetArray(user->y_ceed, MemTypeP2C(y_mem_type), CEED_USE_POINTER, y);

  // Apply libCEED operator
  CeedOperatorApply(user->op, user->x_ceed, user->y_ceed,
                    CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE);

  // Restore PETSc vectors
  CeedVectorTakeArray(user->x_ceed, MemTypeP2C(x_mem_type), NULL);
  CeedVectorTakeArray(user->y_ceed, MemTypeP2C(y_mem_type), NULL);
  ierr = VecRestoreArrayReadAndMemType(user->X_loc, (const PetscScalar **)&x);
  CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecRestoreArrayAndMemType(user->Y_loc, &y); CHKERRQ(ierr);

  // Local-to-global
  ierr = VecZeroEntries(Y); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecScatterBegin(user->g_to_g_D, X, Y, INSERT_VALUES, SCATTER_FORWARD);
  CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecScatterEnd(user->g_to_g_D, X, Y, INSERT_VALUES, SCATTER_FORWARD);
  CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecScatterBegin(user->l_to_g_0, user->Y_loc, Y, ADD_VALUES,
                         SCATTER_FORWARD); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecScatterEnd(user->l_to_g_0, user->Y_loc, Y, ADD_VALUES,
                       SCATTER_FORWARD);
  CHKERRQ(ierr);

  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

// This function calculates the error in the final solution
static PetscErrorCode ComputeErrorMax(User user, CeedOperator op_error, Vec X,
                                      CeedVector target, PetscReal *max_error) {
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PetscScalar *x;
  PetscMemType mem_type;
  CeedVector collocated_error;
  CeedInt length;

  PetscFunctionBeginUser;

  CeedVectorGetLength(target, &length);
  CeedVectorCreate(user->ceed, length, &collocated_error);

  // Global-to-local
  ierr = VecScatterBegin(user->l_to_g, X, user->X_loc, INSERT_VALUES,
                         SCATTER_REVERSE); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecScatterEnd(user->l_to_g, X, user->X_loc, INSERT_VALUES,
                       SCATTER_REVERSE); CHKERRQ(ierr);

  // Setup libCEED vector
  ierr = VecGetArrayReadAndMemType(user->X_loc, (const PetscScalar **)&x,
                                   &mem_type); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  CeedVectorSetArray(user->x_ceed, MemTypeP2C(mem_type), CEED_USE_POINTER, x);

  // Apply libCEED operator
  CeedOperatorApply(op_error, user->x_ceed, collocated_error,
                    CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE);

  // Restore PETSc vector
  CeedVectorTakeArray(user->x_ceed, MemTypeP2C(mem_type), NULL);
  ierr = VecRestoreArrayReadAndMemType(user->X_loc, (const PetscScalar **)&x);
  CHKERRQ(ierr);

  // Reduce max error
  *max_error = 0;
  const CeedScalar *e;
  CeedVectorGetArrayRead(collocated_error, CEED_MEM_HOST, &e);
  for (CeedInt i=0; i<length; i++) {
    *max_error = PetscMax(*max_error, PetscAbsScalar(e[i]));
  }
  CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(collocated_error, &e);
  ierr = MPI_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE, max_error, 1, MPIU_REAL, MPIU_MAX,
                       user->comm); CHKERRQ(ierr);

  // Cleanup
  CeedVectorDestroy(&collocated_error);

  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
  PetscInt ierr;
  MPI_Comm comm;
  char ceed_resource[PETSC_MAX_PATH_LEN] = "/cpu/self";
  double my_rt_start, my_rt, rt_min, rt_max;
  PetscInt degree, q_extra, local_nodes, local_elem, mesh_elem[3], m_nodes[3],
           p[3],
           i_rank[3], l_nodes[3], l_size, num_comp_u = 1, ksp_max_it_clip[2];
  PetscScalar *r;
  PetscBool test_mode, benchmark_mode, write_solution;
  PetscMPIInt size, rank;
  PetscLogStage solve_stage;
  Vec X, X_loc, rhs, rhs_loc;
  Mat mat;
  KSP ksp;
  VecScatter l_to_g, l_to_g_0, g_to_g_D;
  PetscMemType mem_type;
  User user;
  Ceed ceed;
  CeedBasis basis_x, basis_u;
  CeedElemRestriction elem_restr_x, elem_restr_u, elem_restr_u_i, elem_restr_qd_i;
  CeedQFunction qf_setup_geo, qf_setup_rhs, qf_apply, qf_error;
  CeedOperator op_setup_geo, op_setup_rhs, op_apply, op_error;
  CeedVector x_coord, q_data, rhs_ceed, target;
  CeedInt P, Q;
  const CeedInt dim = 3, num_comp_x = 3;
  BPType bp_choice;

  ierr = PetscInitialize(&argc, &argv, NULL, help);
  if (ierr) return ierr;
  comm = PETSC_COMM_WORLD;

  // Read command line options
  ierr = PetscOptionsBegin(comm, NULL, "CEED BPs in PETSc", NULL); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  bp_choice = CEED_BP1;
  ierr = PetscOptionsEnum("-problem",
                          "CEED benchmark problem to solve", NULL,
                          bp_types, (PetscEnum)bp_choice, (PetscEnum *)&bp_choice,
                          NULL); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  num_comp_u = bp_options[bp_choice].num_comp_u;
  test_mode = PETSC_FALSE;
  ierr = PetscOptionsBool("-test",
                          "Testing mode (do not print unless error is large)",
                          NULL, test_mode, &test_mode, NULL); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  benchmark_mode = PETSC_FALSE;
  ierr = PetscOptionsBool("-benchmark",
                          "Benchmarking mode (prints benchmark statistics)",
                          NULL, benchmark_mode, &benchmark_mode, NULL);
  CHKERRQ(ierr);
  write_solution = PETSC_FALSE;
  ierr = PetscOptionsBool("-write_solution",
                          "Write solution for visualization",
                          NULL, write_solution, &write_solution, NULL);
  CHKERRQ(ierr);
  degree = test_mode ? 3 : 1;
  ierr = PetscOptionsInt("-degree", "Polynomial degree of tensor product basis",
                         NULL, degree, &degree, NULL); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  q_extra = bp_options[bp_choice].q_extra;
  ierr = PetscOptionsInt("-q_extra", "Number of extra quadrature points",
                         NULL, q_extra, &q_extra, NULL); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscOptionsString("-ceed", "CEED resource specifier",
                            NULL, ceed_resource, ceed_resource,
                            sizeof(ceed_resource), NULL); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  local_nodes = 1000;
  ierr = PetscOptionsInt("-local",
                         "Target number of locally owned nodes per process",
                         NULL, local_nodes, &local_nodes, NULL); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  PetscInt two = 2;
  ksp_max_it_clip[0] = 5;
  ksp_max_it_clip[1] = 20;
  ierr = PetscOptionsIntArray("-ksp_max_it_clip",
                              "Min and max number of iterations to use during benchmarking",
                              NULL, ksp_max_it_clip, &two, NULL);
  CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscOptionsEnd(); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  P = degree + 1;
  Q = P + q_extra;

  // Set up libCEED
  CeedInit(ceed_resource, &ceed);
  CeedMemType mem_type_backend;
  CeedGetPreferredMemType(ceed, &mem_type_backend);

  VecType default_vec_type = NULL, vec_type;
  switch (mem_type_backend) {
  case CEED_MEM_HOST: default_vec_type = VECSTANDARD; break;
  case CEED_MEM_DEVICE: {
    const char *resolved;
    CeedGetResource(ceed, &resolved);
    if (strstr(resolved, "/gpu/cuda")) default_vec_type = VECCUDA;
    else if (strstr(resolved, "/gpu/hip/occa"))
      default_vec_type = VECSTANDARD; // https://github.com/CEED/libCEED/issues/678
    else if (strstr(resolved, "/gpu/hip")) default_vec_type = VECHIP;
    else default_vec_type = VECSTANDARD;
  }
  }

  // Determine size of process grid
  ierr = MPI_Comm_size(comm, &size); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  Split3(size, p, false);

  // Find a nicely composite number of elements no less than local_nodes
  for (local_elem = PetscMax(1, local_nodes / (degree*degree*degree)); ;
       local_elem++) {
    Split3(local_elem, mesh_elem, true);
    if (Max3(mesh_elem) / Min3(mesh_elem) <= 2) break;
  }

  // Find my location in the process grid
  ierr = MPI_Comm_rank(comm, &rank); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  for (int d=0, rank_left=rank; d<dim; d++) {
    const int pstride[3] = {p[1] *p[2], p[2], 1};
    i_rank[d] = rank_left / pstride[d];
    rank_left -= i_rank[d] * pstride[d];
  }

  GlobalNodes(p, i_rank, degree, mesh_elem, m_nodes);

  // Setup global vector
  ierr = VecCreate(comm, &X); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecSetType(X, default_vec_type); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecSetSizes(X, m_nodes[0]*m_nodes[1]*m_nodes[2]*num_comp_u,
                     PETSC_DECIDE);
  CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecSetFromOptions(X); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecSetUp(X); CHKERRQ(ierr);

  // Set up libCEED
  CeedInit(ceed_resource, &ceed);

  // Print summary
  CeedInt gsize;
  ierr = VecGetSize(X, &gsize); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (!test_mode) {
    const char *used_resource;
    CeedGetResource(ceed, &used_resource);

    ierr = VecGetType(X, &vec_type); CHKERRQ(ierr);

    ierr = PetscPrintf(comm,
                       "\n-- CEED Benchmark Problem %d -- libCEED + PETSc --\n"
                       "  PETSc:\n"
                       "    PETSc Vec Type                     : %s\n"
                       "  libCEED:\n"
                       "    libCEED Backend                    : %s\n"
                       "    libCEED Backend MemType            : %s\n"
                       "  Mesh:\n"
                       "    Number of 1D Basis Nodes (P)       : %d\n"
                       "    Number of 1D Quadrature Points (Q) : %d\n"
                       "    Global nodes                       : %D\n"
                       "    Process Decomposition              : %D %D %D\n"
                       "    Local Elements                     : %D = %D %D %D\n"
                       "    Owned nodes                        : %D = %D %D %D\n"
                       "    DoF per node                       : %D\n",
                       bp_choice+1, vec_type, used_resource,
                       CeedMemTypes[mem_type_backend],
                       P, Q,  gsize/num_comp_u, p[0], p[1], p[2], local_elem,
                       mesh_elem[0], mesh_elem[1], mesh_elem[2],
                       m_nodes[0]*m_nodes[1]*m_nodes[2], m_nodes[0], m_nodes[1],
                       m_nodes[2], num_comp_u); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }

  {
    l_size = 1;
    for (int d=0; d<dim; d++) {
      l_nodes[d] = mesh_elem[d]*degree + 1;
      l_size *= l_nodes[d];
    }
    ierr = VecCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, &X_loc); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = VecSetType(X_loc, default_vec_type); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = VecSetSizes(X_loc, l_size*num_comp_u, PETSC_DECIDE); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = VecSetFromOptions(X_loc); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = VecSetUp(X_loc); CHKERRQ(ierr);

    // Create local-to-global scatter
    PetscInt *l_to_g_ind, *l_to_g_ind_0, *loc_ind, l_0_count;
    IS l_to_g_is, l_to_g_is_0, loc_is;
    PetscInt g_start[2][2][2], g_m_nodes[2][2][2][dim];

    for (int i=0; i<2; i++) {
      for (int j=0; j<2; j++) {
        for (int k=0; k<2; k++) {
          PetscInt ijk_rank[3] = {i_rank[0]+i, i_rank[1]+j, i_rank[2]+k};
          g_start[i][j][k] = GlobalStart(p, ijk_rank, degree, mesh_elem);
          GlobalNodes(p, ijk_rank, degree, mesh_elem, g_m_nodes[i][j][k]);
        }
      }
    }

    ierr = PetscMalloc1(l_size, &l_to_g_ind); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = PetscMalloc1(l_size, &l_to_g_ind_0); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = PetscMalloc1(l_size, &loc_ind); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    l_0_count = 0;
    for (PetscInt i=0,ir,ii; ir=i>=m_nodes[0], ii=i-ir*m_nodes[0], i<l_nodes[0];
         i++)
      for (PetscInt j=0,jr,jj; jr=j>=m_nodes[1], jj=j-jr*m_nodes[1], j<l_nodes[1];
           j++)
        for (PetscInt k=0,kr,kk; kr=k>=m_nodes[2], kk=k-kr*m_nodes[2], k<l_nodes[2];
             k++) {
          PetscInt here = (i*l_nodes[1]+j)*l_nodes[2]+k;
          l_to_g_ind[here] =
            g_start[ir][jr][kr] + (ii*g_m_nodes[ir][jr][kr][1]+jj)*g_m_nodes[ir][jr][kr][2]
            +kk;
          if ((i_rank[0] == 0 && i == 0)
              || (i_rank[1] == 0 && j == 0)
              || (i_rank[2] == 0 && k == 0)
              || (i_rank[0]+1 == p[0] && i+1 == l_nodes[0])
              || (i_rank[1]+1 == p[1] && j+1 == l_nodes[1])
              || (i_rank[2]+1 == p[2] && k+1 == l_nodes[2]))
            continue;
          l_to_g_ind_0[l_0_count] = l_to_g_ind[here];
          loc_ind[l_0_count++] = here;
        }
    ierr = ISCreateBlock(comm, num_comp_u, l_size, l_to_g_ind, PETSC_OWN_POINTER,
                         &l_to_g_is); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = VecScatterCreate(X_loc, NULL, X, l_to_g_is, &l_to_g); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = ISCreateBlock(comm, num_comp_u, l_0_count, l_to_g_ind_0,
                         PETSC_OWN_POINTER,
                         &l_to_g_is_0); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = ISCreateBlock(comm, num_comp_u, l_0_count, loc_ind, PETSC_OWN_POINTER,
                         &loc_is); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = VecScatterCreate(X_loc, loc_is, X, l_to_g_is_0, &l_to_g_0);
    CHKERRQ(ierr);
    {
      // Create global-to-global scatter for Dirichlet values (everything not in
      // l_to_g_is_0, which is the range of l_to_g_0)
      PetscInt x_start, x_end, *ind_D, count_D = 0;
      IS is_D;
      const PetscScalar *x;
      ierr = VecZeroEntries(X_loc); CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = VecSet(X, 1.0); CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = VecScatterBegin(l_to_g_0, X_loc, X, INSERT_VALUES, SCATTER_FORWARD);
      CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = VecScatterEnd(l_to_g_0, X_loc, X, INSERT_VALUES, SCATTER_FORWARD);
      CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = VecGetOwnershipRange(X, &x_start, &x_end); CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscMalloc1(x_end-x_start, &ind_D); CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = VecGetArrayRead(X, &x); CHKERRQ(ierr);
      for (PetscInt i=0; i<x_end-x_start; i++) {
        if (x[i] == 1.) ind_D[count_D++] = x_start + i;
      }
      ierr = VecRestoreArrayRead(X, &x); CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = ISCreateGeneral(comm, count_D, ind_D, PETSC_COPY_VALUES, &is_D);
      CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscFree(ind_D); CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = VecScatterCreate(X, is_D, X, is_D, &g_to_g_D); CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = ISDestroy(&is_D); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    ierr = ISDestroy(&l_to_g_is); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = ISDestroy(&l_to_g_is_0); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = ISDestroy(&loc_is); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }

  // CEED bases
  CeedBasisCreateTensorH1Lagrange(ceed, dim, num_comp_u, P, Q,
                                  bp_options[bp_choice].q_mode, &basis_u);
  CeedBasisCreateTensorH1Lagrange(ceed, dim, num_comp_x, 2, Q,
                                  bp_options[bp_choice].q_mode, &basis_x);

  // CEED restrictions
  CreateRestriction(ceed, mesh_elem, P, num_comp_u, &elem_restr_u);
  CreateRestriction(ceed, mesh_elem, 2, dim, &elem_restr_x);
  CeedInt num_elem = mesh_elem[0]*mesh_elem[1]*mesh_elem[2];
  CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided(ceed, num_elem, Q*Q*Q, num_comp_u,
                                   num_comp_u*num_elem*Q*Q*Q,
                                   CEED_STRIDES_BACKEND, &elem_restr_u_i);
  CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided(ceed, num_elem, Q*Q*Q,
                                   bp_options[bp_choice].q_data_size,
                                   bp_options[bp_choice].q_data_size*num_elem*Q*Q*Q,
                                   CEED_STRIDES_BACKEND, &elem_restr_qd_i);
  {
    CeedScalar *x_loc;
    CeedInt shape[3] = {mesh_elem[0]+1, mesh_elem[1]+1, mesh_elem[2]+1}, len =
                         shape[0]*shape[1]*shape[2];
    x_loc = malloc(len*num_comp_x*sizeof x_loc[0]);
    for (CeedInt i=0; i<shape[0]; i++) {
      for (CeedInt j=0; j<shape[1]; j++) {
        for (CeedInt k=0; k<shape[2]; k++) {
          x_loc[dim*((i*shape[1]+j)*shape[2]+k) + 0] = 1.*(i_rank[0]*mesh_elem[0]+i) /
              (p[0]*mesh_elem[0]);
          x_loc[dim*((i*shape[1]+j)*shape[2]+k) + 1] = 1.*(i_rank[1]*mesh_elem[1]+j) /
              (p[1]*mesh_elem[1]);
          x_loc[dim*((i*shape[1]+j)*shape[2]+k) + 2] = 1.*(i_rank[2]*mesh_elem[2]+k) /
              (p[2]*mesh_elem[2]);
        }
      }
    }
    CeedVectorCreate(ceed, len*num_comp_x, &x_coord);
    CeedVectorSetArray(x_coord, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER, x_loc);
  }

  // Create the QFunction that builds the operator quadrature data
  CeedQFunctionCreateInterior(ceed, 1, bp_options[bp_choice].setup_geo,
                              bp_options[bp_choice].setup_geo_loc, &qf_setup_geo);
  CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_setup_geo, "x", num_comp_x, CEED_EVAL_INTERP);
  CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_setup_geo, "dx", num_comp_x*dim, CEED_EVAL_GRAD);
  CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_setup_geo, "weight", 1, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT);
  CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_setup_geo, "q_data",
                         bp_options[bp_choice].q_data_size,
                         CEED_EVAL_NONE);

  // Create the QFunction that sets up the RHS and true solution
  CeedQFunctionCreateInterior(ceed, 1, bp_options[bp_choice].setup_rhs,
                              bp_options[bp_choice].setup_rhs_loc, &qf_setup_rhs);
  CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_setup_rhs, "x", num_comp_x, CEED_EVAL_INTERP);
  CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_setup_rhs, "q_data", bp_options[bp_choice].q_data_size,
                        CEED_EVAL_NONE);
  CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_setup_rhs, "true_soln", num_comp_u, CEED_EVAL_NONE);
  CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_setup_rhs, "rhs", num_comp_u, CEED_EVAL_INTERP);

  // Set up PDE operator
  CeedQFunctionCreateInterior(ceed, 1, bp_options[bp_choice].apply,
                              bp_options[bp_choice].apply_loc, &qf_apply);
  // Add inputs and outputs
  CeedInt in_scale = bp_options[bp_choice].in_mode==CEED_EVAL_GRAD ? 3 : 1;
  CeedInt out_scale = bp_options[bp_choice].out_mode==CEED_EVAL_GRAD ? 3 : 1;
  CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_apply, "u", num_comp_u*in_scale,
                        bp_options[bp_choice].in_mode);
  CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_apply, "q_data", bp_options[bp_choice].q_data_size,
                        CEED_EVAL_NONE);
  CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_apply, "v", num_comp_u*out_scale,
                         bp_options[bp_choice].out_mode);

  // Create the error qfunction
  CeedQFunctionCreateInterior(ceed, 1, bp_options[bp_choice].error,
                              bp_options[bp_choice].error_loc, &qf_error);
  CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_error, "u", num_comp_u, CEED_EVAL_INTERP);
  CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_error, "true_soln", num_comp_u, CEED_EVAL_NONE);
  CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_error, "error", num_comp_u, CEED_EVAL_NONE);

  // Create the persistent vectors that will be needed in setup
  CeedInt num_qpts;
  CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_u, &num_qpts);
  CeedVectorCreate(ceed, bp_options[bp_choice].q_data_size*num_elem*num_qpts,
                   &q_data);
  CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_elem*num_qpts*num_comp_u, &target);
  CeedVectorCreate(ceed, l_size*num_comp_u, &rhs_ceed);

  // Create the operator that builds the quadrature data for the ceed operator
  CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, qf_setup_geo, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE,
                     CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, &op_setup_geo);
  CeedOperatorSetField(op_setup_geo, "x", elem_restr_x, basis_x,
                       CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE);
  CeedOperatorSetField(op_setup_geo, "dx", elem_restr_x, basis_x,
                       CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE);
  CeedOperatorSetField(op_setup_geo, "weight", CEED_ELEMRESTRICTION_NONE, basis_x,
                       CEED_VECTOR_NONE);
  CeedOperatorSetField(op_setup_geo, "q_data", elem_restr_qd_i,
                       CEED_BASIS_COLLOCATED, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE);

  // Create the operator that builds the RHS and true solution
  CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, qf_setup_rhs, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE,
                     CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, &op_setup_rhs);
  CeedOperatorSetField(op_setup_rhs, "x", elem_restr_x, basis_x,
                       CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE);
  CeedOperatorSetField(op_setup_rhs, "q_data", elem_restr_qd_i,
                       CEED_BASIS_COLLOCATED,
                       q_data);
  CeedOperatorSetField(op_setup_rhs, "true_soln", elem_restr_u_i,
                       CEED_BASIS_COLLOCATED, target);
  CeedOperatorSetField(op_setup_rhs, "rhs", elem_restr_u, basis_u,
                       CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE);

  // Create the mass or diff operator
  CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, qf_apply, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE,
                     &op_apply);
  CeedOperatorSetField(op_apply, "u", elem_restr_u, basis_u, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE);
  CeedOperatorSetField(op_apply, "q_data", elem_restr_qd_i, CEED_BASIS_COLLOCATED,
                       q_data);
  CeedOperatorSetField(op_apply, "v", elem_restr_u, basis_u, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE);

  // Create the error operator
  CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, qf_error, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE,
                     &op_error);
  CeedOperatorSetField(op_error, "u", elem_restr_u, basis_u, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE);
  CeedOperatorSetField(op_error, "true_soln", elem_restr_u_i,
                       CEED_BASIS_COLLOCATED, target);
  CeedOperatorSetField(op_error, "error", elem_restr_u_i, CEED_BASIS_COLLOCATED,
                       CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE);

  // Set up Mat
  ierr = PetscMalloc1(1, &user); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  user->comm = comm;
  user->l_to_g = l_to_g;
  if (bp_choice != CEED_BP1 && bp_choice != CEED_BP2) {
    user->l_to_g_0 = l_to_g_0;
    user->g_to_g_D = g_to_g_D;
  }
  user->X_loc = X_loc;
  ierr = VecDuplicate(X_loc, &user->Y_loc); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  CeedVectorCreate(ceed, l_size*num_comp_u, &user->x_ceed);
  CeedVectorCreate(ceed, l_size*num_comp_u, &user->y_ceed);
  user->op = op_apply;
  user->q_data = q_data;
  user->ceed = ceed;

  ierr = MatCreateShell(comm, m_nodes[0]*m_nodes[1]*m_nodes[2]*num_comp_u,
                        m_nodes[0]*m_nodes[1]*m_nodes[2]*num_comp_u,
                        PETSC_DECIDE, PETSC_DECIDE, user, &mat); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (bp_choice == CEED_BP1 || bp_choice == CEED_BP2) {
    ierr = MatShellSetOperation(mat, MATOP_MULT, (void(*)(void))MatMult_Mass);
    CHKERRQ(ierr);
  } else {
    ierr = MatShellSetOperation(mat, MATOP_MULT, (void(*)(void))MatMult_Diff);
    CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  ierr = VecGetType(X, &vec_type); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatShellSetVecType(mat, vec_type); CHKERRQ(ierr);

  // Get RHS vector
  ierr = VecDuplicate(X, &rhs); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecDuplicate(X_loc, &rhs_loc); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecZeroEntries(rhs_loc); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecGetArrayAndMemType(rhs_loc, &r, &mem_type); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  CeedVectorSetArray(rhs_ceed, MemTypeP2C(mem_type), CEED_USE_POINTER, r);

  // Setup q_data, rhs, and target
  CeedOperatorApply(op_setup_geo, x_coord, q_data, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE);
  CeedOperatorApply(op_setup_rhs, x_coord, rhs_ceed, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE);
  CeedVectorDestroy(&x_coord);

  // Gather RHS
  ierr = CeedVectorTakeArray(rhs_ceed, MemTypeP2C(mem_type), NULL); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecRestoreArrayAndMemType(rhs_loc, &r); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecZeroEntries(rhs); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecScatterBegin(l_to_g, rhs_loc, rhs, ADD_VALUES, SCATTER_FORWARD);
  CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecScatterEnd(l_to_g, rhs_loc, rhs, ADD_VALUES, SCATTER_FORWARD);
  CHKERRQ(ierr);
  CeedVectorDestroy(&rhs_ceed);

  ierr = KSPCreate(comm, &ksp); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  {
    PC pc;
    ierr = KSPGetPC(ksp, &pc); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (bp_choice == CEED_BP1 || bp_choice == CEED_BP2) {
      ierr = PCSetType(pc, PCJACOBI); CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PCJacobiSetType(pc, PC_JACOBI_ROWSUM); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    } else {
      ierr = PCSetType(pc, PCNONE); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    ierr = KSPSetType(ksp, KSPCG); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = KSPSetNormType(ksp, KSP_NORM_NATURAL); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = KSPSetTolerances(ksp, 1e-10, PETSC_DEFAULT, PETSC_DEFAULT,
                            PETSC_DEFAULT); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  ierr = KSPSetOperators(ksp, mat, mat); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  // First run's performance log is not considered for benchmarking purposes
  ierr = KSPSetTolerances(ksp, 1e-10, PETSC_DEFAULT, PETSC_DEFAULT, 1);
  CHKERRQ(ierr);
  my_rt_start = MPI_Wtime();
  ierr = KSPSolve(ksp, rhs, X); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  my_rt = MPI_Wtime() - my_rt_start;
  ierr = MPI_Allreduce(MPI_IN_PLACE, &my_rt, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_MIN, comm);
  CHKERRQ(ierr);
  // Set maxits based on first iteration timing
  if (my_rt > 0.02) {
    ierr = KSPSetTolerances(ksp, 1e-10, PETSC_DEFAULT, PETSC_DEFAULT,
                            ksp_max_it_clip[0]); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  } else {
    ierr = KSPSetTolerances(ksp, 1e-10, PETSC_DEFAULT, PETSC_DEFAULT,
                            ksp_max_it_clip[1]); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  ierr = KSPSetFromOptions(ksp); CHKERRQ(ierr);

  // Timed solve
  ierr = VecZeroEntries(X); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscBarrier((PetscObject)ksp); CHKERRQ(ierr);

  // -- Performance logging
  ierr = PetscLogStageRegister("Solve Stage", &solve_stage); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscLogStagePush(solve_stage); CHKERRQ(ierr);

  // -- Solve
  my_rt_start = MPI_Wtime();
  ierr = KSPSolve(ksp, rhs, X); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  my_rt = MPI_Wtime() - my_rt_start;

  // -- Performance logging
  ierr = PetscLogStagePop();

  // Output results
  {
    KSPType ksp_type;
    KSPConvergedReason reason;
    PetscReal rnorm;
    PetscInt its;
    ierr = KSPGetType(ksp, &ksp_type); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = KSPGetConvergedReason(ksp, &reason); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = KSPGetIterationNumber(ksp, &its); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = KSPGetResidualNorm(ksp, &rnorm); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (!test_mode || reason < 0 || rnorm > 1e-9) {
      ierr = PetscPrintf(comm,
                         "  KSP:\n"
                         "    KSP Type                           : %s\n"
                         "    KSP Convergence                    : %s\n"
                         "    Total KSP Iterations               : %D\n"
                         "    Final rnorm                        : %e\n",
                         ksp_type, KSPConvergedReasons[reason], its,
                         (double)rnorm); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    if (!test_mode) {
      ierr = PetscPrintf(comm,"  Performance:\n"); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    {
      PetscReal max_error;
      ierr = ComputeErrorMax(user, op_error, X, target, &max_error);
      CHKERRQ(ierr);
      PetscReal tol = 5e-2;
      if (!test_mode || max_error > tol) {
        ierr = MPI_Allreduce(&my_rt, &rt_min, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_MIN, comm);
        CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = MPI_Allreduce(&my_rt, &rt_max, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_MAX, comm);
        CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscPrintf(comm,
                           "    Pointwise Error (max)              : %e\n"
                           "    CG Solve Time                      : %g (%g) sec\n",
                           (double)max_error, rt_max, rt_min); CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
    }
    if (!test_mode) {
      ierr = PetscPrintf(comm,
                         "    DoFs/Sec in CG                     : %g (%g) million\n",
                         1e-6*gsize*its/rt_max,
                         1e-6*gsize*its/rt_min); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  }

  if (write_solution) {
    PetscViewer vtk_viewer_soln;

    ierr = PetscViewerCreate(comm, &vtk_viewer_soln); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = PetscViewerSetType(vtk_viewer_soln, PETSCVIEWERVTK); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = PetscViewerFileSetName(vtk_viewer_soln, "solution.vtu"); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = VecView(X, vtk_viewer_soln); CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = PetscViewerDestroy(&vtk_viewer_soln); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }

  ierr = VecDestroy(&rhs); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecDestroy(&rhs_loc); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecDestroy(&X); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecDestroy(&user->X_loc); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecDestroy(&user->Y_loc); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecScatterDestroy(&l_to_g); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecScatterDestroy(&l_to_g_0); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecScatterDestroy(&g_to_g_D); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatDestroy(&mat); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = KSPDestroy(&ksp); CHKERRQ(ierr);

  CeedVectorDestroy(&user->x_ceed);
  CeedVectorDestroy(&user->y_ceed);
  CeedVectorDestroy(&user->q_data);
  CeedVectorDestroy(&target);
  CeedOperatorDestroy(&op_setup_geo);
  CeedOperatorDestroy(&op_setup_rhs);
  CeedOperatorDestroy(&op_apply);
  CeedOperatorDestroy(&op_error);
  CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_restr_u);
  CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_restr_x);
  CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_restr_u_i);
  CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_restr_qd_i);
  CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_setup_geo);
  CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_setup_rhs);
  CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_apply);
  CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_error);
  CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_u);
  CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_x);
  CeedDestroy(&ceed);
  ierr = PetscFree(user); CHKERRQ(ierr);
  return PetscFinalize();
}