xref: /libCEED/interface/ceed-preconditioning.c (revision 07d5b98a8feba68a643190b8ea9bcdac5c3e6570)
1 // Copyright (c) 2017-2024, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
2 // All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
3 //
4 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
5 //
6 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
7 
8 #include <ceed-impl.h>
9 #include <ceed.h>
10 #include <ceed/backend.h>
11 #include <assert.h>
12 #include <math.h>
13 #include <stdbool.h>
14 #include <stdio.h>
15 #include <string.h>
16 
17 /// @file
18 /// Implementation of CeedOperator preconditioning interfaces
19 
20 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
21 /// CeedOperator Library Internal Preconditioning Functions
22 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
23 /// @addtogroup CeedOperatorDeveloper
24 /// @{
25 
26 /**
27   @brief Duplicate a `CeedQFunction` with a reference `Ceed` to fallback for advanced `CeedOperator` functionality
28 
29   @param[in]  fallback_ceed `Ceed` on which to create fallback `CeedQFunction`
30   @param[in]  qf            `CeedQFunction` to create fallback for
31   @param[out] qf_fallback   Fallback `CeedQFunction`
32 
33   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
34 
35   @ref Developer
36 **/
37 static int CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(Ceed fallback_ceed, CeedQFunction qf, CeedQFunction *qf_fallback) {
38   char               *source_path_with_name = NULL;
39   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
40   Ceed                ceed;
41   CeedQFunctionField *input_fields, *output_fields;
42 
43   // Check if NULL qf passed in
44   if (!qf) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
45 
46   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetCeed(qf, &ceed));
47   CeedDebug256(ceed, 1, "---------- CeedOperator Fallback ----------\n");
48   CeedDebug(ceed, "Creating fallback CeedQFunction\n");
49 
50   if (qf->source_path) {
51     size_t path_len = strlen(qf->source_path), name_len = strlen(qf->kernel_name);
52     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(path_len + name_len + 2, &source_path_with_name));
53     memcpy(source_path_with_name, qf->source_path, path_len);
54     memcpy(&source_path_with_name[path_len], ":", 1);
55     memcpy(&source_path_with_name[path_len + 1], qf->kernel_name, name_len);
56   } else {
57     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &source_path_with_name));
58   }
59 
60   {
61     CeedInt           vec_length;
62     CeedQFunctionUser f;
63 
64     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetVectorLength(qf, &vec_length));
65     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetUserFunction(qf, &f));
66     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInterior(fallback_ceed, vec_length, f, source_path_with_name, qf_fallback));
67   }
68   {
69     CeedQFunctionContext ctx;
70 
71     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetContext(qf, &ctx));
72     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(*qf_fallback, ctx));
73   }
74   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
75   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
76     const char  *field_name;
77     CeedInt      size;
78     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
79 
80     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetData(input_fields[i], &field_name, &size, &eval_mode));
81     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(*qf_fallback, field_name, size, eval_mode));
82   }
83   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
84     const char  *field_name;
85     CeedInt      size;
86     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
87 
88     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetData(output_fields[i], &field_name, &size, &eval_mode));
89     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(*qf_fallback, field_name, size, eval_mode));
90   }
91   CeedCall(CeedFree(&source_path_with_name));
92   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
93 }
94 
95 /**
96   @brief Duplicate a `CeedOperator` with a reference `Ceed` to fallback for advanced `CeedOperator` functionality
97 
98   @param[in,out] op `CeedOperator` to create fallback for
99 
100   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
101 
102   @ref Developer
103 **/
104 static int CeedOperatorCreateFallback(CeedOperator op) {
105   bool         is_composite;
106   Ceed         ceed, ceed_fallback;
107   CeedOperator op_fallback;
108 
109   // Check not already created
110   if (op->op_fallback) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
111 
112   // Fallback Ceed
113   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
114   CeedCall(CeedGetOperatorFallbackCeed(ceed, &ceed_fallback));
115   if (!ceed_fallback) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
116 
117   CeedDebug256(ceed, 1, "---------- CeedOperator Fallback ----------\n");
118   CeedDebug(ceed, "Creating fallback CeedOperator\n");
119 
120   // Clone Op
121   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
122   if (is_composite) {
123     CeedInt       num_suboperators;
124     CeedOperator *sub_operators;
125 
126     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorCreate(ceed_fallback, &op_fallback));
127     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
128     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
129     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_suboperators; i++) {
130       CeedOperator op_sub_fallback;
131 
132       CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(sub_operators[i], &op_sub_fallback));
133       CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorAddSub(op_fallback, op_sub_fallback));
134     }
135   } else {
136     CeedInt            num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
137     CeedQFunction      qf_fallback = NULL, dqf_fallback = NULL, dqfT_fallback = NULL;
138     CeedOperatorField *input_fields, *output_fields;
139 
140     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(ceed_fallback, op->qf, &qf_fallback));
141     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(ceed_fallback, op->dqf, &dqf_fallback));
142     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(ceed_fallback, op->dqfT, &dqfT_fallback));
143     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed_fallback, qf_fallback, dqf_fallback, dqfT_fallback, &op_fallback));
144     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
145     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
146       const char         *field_name;
147       CeedVector          vec;
148       CeedElemRestriction rstr;
149       CeedBasis           basis;
150 
151       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetData(input_fields[i], &field_name, &rstr, &basis, &vec));
152       CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(op_fallback, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
153     }
154     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
155       const char         *field_name;
156       CeedVector          vec;
157       CeedElemRestriction rstr;
158       CeedBasis           basis;
159 
160       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetData(output_fields[i], &field_name, &rstr, &basis, &vec));
161       CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(op_fallback, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
162     }
163     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReferenceCopy(op->qf_assembled, &op_fallback->qf_assembled));
164     // Cleanup
165     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_fallback));
166     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&dqf_fallback));
167     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&dqfT_fallback));
168   }
169   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(op_fallback, op->name));
170   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fallback));
171   // Note: No ref-counting here so we don't get caught in a reference loop.
172   //       The op holds the only reference to op_fallback and is responsible for deleting itself and op_fallback.
173   op->op_fallback                 = op_fallback;
174   op_fallback->op_fallback_parent = op;
175   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
176 }
177 
178 /**
179   @brief Core logic for assembling operator diagonal or point block diagonal
180 
181   @param[in]  op             `CeedOperator` to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
182   @param[in]  request        Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
183   @param[in]  is_point_block Boolean flag to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
184   @param[out] assembled      `CeedVector` to store assembled diagonal
185 
186   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
187 
188   @ref Developer
189 **/
190 static inline int CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Mesh(CeedOperator op, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block,
191                                                                    CeedVector assembled) {
192   Ceed ceed;
193   bool is_composite;
194 
195   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
196   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
197   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
198 
199   // Assemble QFunction
200   CeedInt             layout_qf[3];
201   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
202   CeedVector          assembled_qf        = NULL;
203   CeedElemRestriction assembled_elem_rstr = NULL;
204 
205   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_elem_rstr, request));
206   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(assembled_elem_rstr, layout_qf));
207   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_elem_rstr));
208   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_HOST, &assembled_qf_array));
209 
210   // Get assembly data
211   const CeedEvalMode     **eval_modes_in, **eval_modes_out;
212   CeedInt                  num_active_bases_in, *num_eval_modes_in, num_active_bases_out, *num_eval_modes_out;
213   CeedSize               **eval_mode_offsets_in, **eval_mode_offsets_out, num_output_components;
214   CeedBasis               *active_bases_in, *active_bases_out;
215   CeedElemRestriction     *active_elem_rstrs_in, *active_elem_rstrs_out;
216   CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
217 
218   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(op, &data));
219   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetEvalModes(data, &num_active_bases_in, &num_eval_modes_in, &eval_modes_in, &eval_mode_offsets_in,
220                                                 &num_active_bases_out, &num_eval_modes_out, &eval_modes_out, &eval_mode_offsets_out,
221                                                 &num_output_components));
222   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetBases(data, NULL, &active_bases_in, NULL, NULL, &active_bases_out, NULL));
223   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(data, NULL, &active_elem_rstrs_in, NULL, &active_elem_rstrs_out));
224 
225   // Loop over all active bases (find matching input/output pairs)
226   for (CeedInt b = 0; b < CeedIntMin(num_active_bases_in, num_active_bases_out); b++) {
227     CeedInt             b_in, b_out, num_elem, num_nodes, num_qpts, num_comp;
228     bool                has_eval_none = false;
229     CeedScalar         *elem_diag_array, *identity = NULL;
230     CeedVector          elem_diag;
231     CeedElemRestriction diag_elem_rstr;
232 
233     if (num_active_bases_in <= num_active_bases_out) {
234       b_in = b;
235       for (b_out = 0; b_out < num_active_bases_out; b_out++) {
236         if (active_bases_in[b_in] == active_bases_out[b_out]) {
237           break;
238         }
239       }
240       if (b_out == num_active_bases_out) {
241         continue;
242       }  // No matching output basis found
243     } else {
244       b_out = b;
245       for (b_in = 0; b_in < num_active_bases_in; b_in++) {
246         if (active_bases_in[b_in] == active_bases_out[b_out]) {
247           break;
248         }
249       }
250       if (b_in == num_active_bases_in) {
251         continue;
252       }  // No matching output basis found
253     }
254     CeedCheck(active_elem_rstrs_in[b_in] == active_elem_rstrs_out[b_out], ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
255               "Cannot assemble operator diagonal with different input and output active element restrictions");
256 
257     // Assemble point block diagonal restriction, if needed
258     if (is_point_block) {
259       CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(active_elem_rstrs_in[b_in], &diag_elem_rstr));
260     } else {
261       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(active_elem_rstrs_in[b_in], &diag_elem_rstr));
262     }
263 
264     // Create diagonal vector
265     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag_elem_rstr, NULL, &elem_diag));
266 
267     // Assemble element operator diagonals
268     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_diag, 0.0));
269     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArray(elem_diag, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_diag_array));
270     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(diag_elem_rstr, &num_elem));
271     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(active_bases_in[b_in], &num_nodes));
272     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(active_bases_in[b_in], &num_comp));
273     if (active_bases_in[b_in] == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
274     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(active_bases_in[b_in], &num_qpts));
275 
276     // Construct identity matrix for basis if required
277     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in[b_in]; i++) {
278       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[b_in][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
279     }
280     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out[b_out]; i++) {
281       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[b_out][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
282     }
283     if (has_eval_none) {
284       CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes, &identity));
285       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
286     }
287 
288     // Compute the diagonal of B^T D B
289     // Each element
290     for (CeedSize e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
291       // Each basis eval mode pair
292       CeedInt      d_out              = 0, q_comp_out;
293       CeedEvalMode eval_mode_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
294 
295       for (CeedInt e_out = 0; e_out < num_eval_modes_out[b_out]; e_out++) {
296         CeedInt           d_in              = 0, q_comp_in;
297         const CeedScalar *B_t               = NULL;
298         CeedEvalMode      eval_mode_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
299 
300         CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(active_bases_out[b_out], eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out], identity, &B_t));
301         CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(active_bases_out[b_out], eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out], &q_comp_out));
302         if (q_comp_out > 1) {
303           if (e_out == 0 || eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out] != eval_mode_out_prev) d_out = 0;
304           else B_t = &B_t[(++d_out) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
305         }
306         eval_mode_out_prev = eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out];
307 
308         for (CeedInt e_in = 0; e_in < num_eval_modes_in[b_in]; e_in++) {
309           const CeedScalar *B = NULL;
310 
311           CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(active_bases_in[b_in], eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in], identity, &B));
312           CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(active_bases_in[b_in], eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in], &q_comp_in));
313           if (q_comp_in > 1) {
314             if (e_in == 0 || eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in] != eval_mode_in_prev) d_in = 0;
315             else B = &B[(++d_in) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
316           }
317           eval_mode_in_prev = eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in];
318 
319           // Each component
320           for (CeedInt c_out = 0; c_out < num_comp; c_out++) {
321             // Each qpt/node pair
322             for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
323               if (is_point_block) {
324                 // Point Block Diagonal
325                 for (CeedInt c_in = 0; c_in < num_comp; c_in++) {
326                   const CeedSize c_offset =
327                       (eval_mode_offsets_in[b_in][e_in] + c_in) * num_output_components + eval_mode_offsets_out[b_out][e_out] + c_out;
328                   const CeedScalar qf_value = assembled_qf_array[q * layout_qf[0] + c_offset * layout_qf[1] + e * layout_qf[2]];
329 
330                   for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
331                     elem_diag_array[((e * num_comp + c_out) * num_comp + c_in) * num_nodes + n] +=
332                         B_t[q * num_nodes + n] * qf_value * B[q * num_nodes + n];
333                   }
334                 }
335               } else {
336                 // Diagonal Only
337                 const CeedInt c_offset =
338                     (eval_mode_offsets_in[b_in][e_in] + c_out) * num_output_components + eval_mode_offsets_out[b_out][e_out] + c_out;
339                 const CeedScalar qf_value = assembled_qf_array[q * layout_qf[0] + c_offset * layout_qf[1] + e * layout_qf[2]];
340 
341                 for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
342                   elem_diag_array[(e * num_comp + c_out) * num_nodes + n] += B_t[q * num_nodes + n] * qf_value * B[q * num_nodes + n];
343                 }
344               }
345             }
346           }
347         }
348       }
349     }
350     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(elem_diag, &elem_diag_array));
351 
352     // Assemble local operator diagonal
353     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(diag_elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, elem_diag, assembled, request));
354 
355     // Cleanup
356     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&diag_elem_rstr));
357     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&elem_diag));
358     CeedCall(CeedFree(&identity));
359   }
360   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
361   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
362   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
363 }
364 
365 /**
366   @brief Core logic for assembling operator diagonal or point block diagonal
367 
368   @param[in]  op             `CeedOperator` to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
369   @param[in]  request        Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
370   @param[in]  is_point_block Boolean flag to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
371   @param[out] assembled      `CeedVector` to store assembled diagonal
372 
373   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
374 
375   @ref Developer
376 **/
377 static inline int CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block,
378                                                               CeedVector assembled) {
379   Ceed ceed;
380   bool is_at_points;
381 
382   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
383   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsAtPoints(op, &is_at_points));
384   CeedCheck(!is_at_points, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "AtPoints operator not supported");
385   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Mesh(op, request, is_point_block, assembled));
386   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
387 }
388 
389 /**
390   @brief Core logic for assembling composite operator diagonal
391 
392   @param[in]  op             `CeedOperator` to assemble point block diagonal
393   @param[in]  request        Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
394   @param[in]  is_point_block Boolean flag to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
395   @param[out] assembled      `CeedVector` to store assembled diagonal
396 
397   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
398 
399   @ref Developer
400 **/
401 static inline int CeedCompositeOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block,
402                                                                  CeedVector assembled) {
403   CeedInt       num_sub;
404   CeedOperator *suboperators;
405 
406   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_sub));
407   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &suboperators));
408   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_sub; i++) {
409     if (is_point_block) {
410       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(suboperators[i], assembled, request));
411     } else {
412       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(suboperators[i], assembled, request));
413     }
414   }
415   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
416 }
417 
418 /**
419   @brief Build nonzero pattern for non-composite CeedOperator`.
420 
421   Users should generally use @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic().
422 
423   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` to assemble nonzero pattern
424   @param[in]  offset Offset for number of entries
425   @param[out] rows   Row number for each entry
426   @param[out] cols   Column number for each entry
427 
428   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
429 
430   @ref Developer
431 **/
432 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSymbolic(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedInt *rows, CeedInt *cols) {
433   Ceed                ceed;
434   bool                is_composite;
435   CeedSize            num_nodes_in, num_nodes_out, local_num_entries, count = 0;
436   CeedInt             num_elem_in, elem_size_in, num_comp_in, layout_er_in[3];
437   CeedInt             num_elem_out, elem_size_out, num_comp_out, layout_er_out[3];
438   CeedScalar         *array;
439   const CeedScalar   *elem_dof_a_in, *elem_dof_a_out;
440   CeedVector          index_vec_in, index_vec_out, elem_dof_in, elem_dof_out;
441   CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr_in, elem_rstr_out, index_elem_rstr_in, index_elem_rstr_out;
442 
443   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
444   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
445   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
446 
447   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &num_nodes_in, &num_nodes_out));
448   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_out));
449   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
450   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
451   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
452   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(elem_rstr_in, layout_er_in));
453 
454   // Determine elem_dof relation for input
455   CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_nodes_in, &index_vec_in));
456   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(index_vec_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &array));
457   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_nodes_in; i++) array[i] = i;
458   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(index_vec_in, &array));
459   CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_elem_in * elem_size_in * num_comp_in, &elem_dof_in));
460   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_dof_in, 0.0));
461   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnorientedCopy(elem_rstr_in, &index_elem_rstr_in));
462   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(index_elem_rstr_in, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, index_vec_in, elem_dof_in, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
463   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(elem_dof_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_dof_a_in));
464   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&index_vec_in));
465   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&index_elem_rstr_in));
466 
467   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
468     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
469     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
470               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements");
471     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
472     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
473     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(elem_rstr_out, layout_er_out));
474 
475     // Determine elem_dof relation for output
476     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_nodes_out, &index_vec_out));
477     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(index_vec_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &array));
478     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_nodes_out; i++) array[i] = i;
479     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(index_vec_out, &array));
480     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_elem_out * elem_size_out * num_comp_out, &elem_dof_out));
481     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_dof_out, 0.0));
482     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnorientedCopy(elem_rstr_out, &index_elem_rstr_out));
483     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(index_elem_rstr_out, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, index_vec_out, elem_dof_out, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
484     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(elem_dof_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_dof_a_out));
485     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&index_vec_out));
486     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&index_elem_rstr_out));
487   } else {
488     num_elem_out     = num_elem_in;
489     elem_size_out    = elem_size_in;
490     num_comp_out     = num_comp_in;
491     layout_er_out[0] = layout_er_in[0];
492     layout_er_out[1] = layout_er_in[1];
493     layout_er_out[2] = layout_er_in[2];
494     elem_dof_a_out   = elem_dof_a_in;
495   }
496   local_num_entries = elem_size_out * num_comp_out * elem_size_in * num_comp_in * num_elem_in;
497 
498   // Determine i, j locations for element matrices
499   for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem_in; e++) {
500     for (CeedInt comp_in = 0; comp_in < num_comp_in; comp_in++) {
501       for (CeedInt comp_out = 0; comp_out < num_comp_out; comp_out++) {
502         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
503           for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
504             const CeedInt elem_dof_index_row = i * layout_er_out[0] + comp_out * layout_er_out[1] + e * layout_er_out[2];
505             const CeedInt elem_dof_index_col = j * layout_er_in[0] + comp_in * layout_er_in[1] + e * layout_er_in[2];
506             const CeedInt row                = elem_dof_a_out[elem_dof_index_row];
507             const CeedInt col                = elem_dof_a_in[elem_dof_index_col];
508 
509             rows[offset + count] = row;
510             cols[offset + count] = col;
511             count++;
512           }
513         }
514       }
515     }
516   }
517   CeedCheck(count == local_num_entries, ceed, CEED_ERROR_MAJOR, "Error computing assembled entries");
518   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(elem_dof_in, &elem_dof_a_in));
519   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&elem_dof_in));
520   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
521     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(elem_dof_out, &elem_dof_a_out));
522     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&elem_dof_out));
523   }
524   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
525 }
526 
527 /**
528   @brief Assemble nonzero entries for non-composite `CeedOperator`.
529 
530   Users should generally use @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemble().
531 
532   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` to assemble
533   @param[in]  offset Offset for number of entries
534   @param[out] values Values to assemble into matrix
535 
536   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
537 
538   @ref Developer
539 **/
540 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedVector values) {
541   Ceed ceed;
542   bool is_composite;
543 
544   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
545   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
546   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
547 
548   // Early exit for empty operator
549   {
550     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
551 
552     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
553     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
554   }
555 
556   if (op->LinearAssembleSingle) {
557     // Backend version
558     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleSingle(op, offset, values));
559     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
560   } else {
561     // Operator fallback
562     CeedOperator op_fallback;
563 
564     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
565     if (op_fallback) {
566       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(op_fallback, offset, values));
567       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
568     }
569   }
570 
571   // Assemble QFunction
572   CeedInt             layout_qf[3];
573   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
574   CeedVector          assembled_qf        = NULL;
575   CeedElemRestriction assembled_elem_rstr = NULL;
576 
577   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_elem_rstr, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
578   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(assembled_elem_rstr, layout_qf));
579   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_elem_rstr));
580   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_HOST, &assembled_qf_array));
581 
582   // Get assembly data
583   CeedInt                  num_elem_in, elem_size_in, num_comp_in, num_qpts_in;
584   CeedInt                  num_elem_out, elem_size_out, num_comp_out, num_qpts_out;
585   CeedSize                 local_num_entries, count = 0;
586   const CeedEvalMode     **eval_modes_in, **eval_modes_out;
587   CeedInt                  num_active_bases_in, *num_eval_modes_in, num_active_bases_out, *num_eval_modes_out;
588   CeedBasis               *active_bases_in, *active_bases_out, basis_in, basis_out;
589   const CeedScalar       **B_mats_in, **B_mats_out, *B_mat_in, *B_mat_out;
590   CeedElemRestriction      elem_rstr_in, elem_rstr_out;
591   CeedRestrictionType      elem_rstr_type_in, elem_rstr_type_out;
592   const bool              *elem_rstr_orients_in = NULL, *elem_rstr_orients_out = NULL;
593   const CeedInt8          *elem_rstr_curl_orients_in = NULL, *elem_rstr_curl_orients_out = NULL;
594   CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
595 
596   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(op, &data));
597   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetEvalModes(data, &num_active_bases_in, &num_eval_modes_in, &eval_modes_in, NULL, &num_active_bases_out,
598                                                 &num_eval_modes_out, &eval_modes_out, NULL, NULL));
599 
600   CeedCheck(num_active_bases_in == num_active_bases_out && num_active_bases_in == 1, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
601             "Cannot assemble operator with multiple active bases");
602   CeedCheck(num_eval_modes_in[0] > 0 && num_eval_modes_out[0] > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Cannot assemble operator without inputs/outputs");
603 
604   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetBases(data, NULL, &active_bases_in, &B_mats_in, NULL, &active_bases_out, &B_mats_out));
605   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_out));
606   basis_in  = active_bases_in[0];
607   basis_out = active_bases_out[0];
608   B_mat_in  = B_mats_in[0];
609   B_mat_out = B_mats_out[0];
610 
611   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
612   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
613   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
614   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_in = elem_size_in;
615   else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts_in));
616 
617   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_type_in));
618   if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
619     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(elem_rstr_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_orients_in));
620   } else if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
621     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_in));
622   }
623 
624   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
625     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
626     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
627               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements");
628     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
629     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
630     if (basis_out == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_out = elem_size_out;
631     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_out, &num_qpts_out));
632     CeedCheck(num_qpts_in == num_qpts_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
633               "Active input and output bases must have the same number of quadrature points");
634 
635     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr_out, &elem_rstr_type_out));
636     if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
637       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(elem_rstr_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_orients_out));
638     } else if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
639       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_out));
640     }
641   } else {
642     num_elem_out  = num_elem_in;
643     elem_size_out = elem_size_in;
644     num_comp_out  = num_comp_in;
645     num_qpts_out  = num_qpts_in;
646 
647     elem_rstr_orients_out      = elem_rstr_orients_in;
648     elem_rstr_curl_orients_out = elem_rstr_curl_orients_in;
649   }
650   local_num_entries = elem_size_out * num_comp_out * elem_size_in * num_comp_in * num_elem_in;
651 
652   // Loop over elements and put in data structure
653   // We store B_mat_in, B_mat_out, BTD, elem_mat in row-major order
654   CeedTensorContract contract;
655   CeedScalar        *vals, *BTD_mat = NULL, *elem_mat = NULL, *elem_mat_b = NULL;
656 
657   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetTensorContract(basis_in, &contract));
658   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0], &BTD_mat));
659   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * elem_size_in, &elem_mat));
660   if (elem_rstr_curl_orients_in || elem_rstr_curl_orients_out) CeedCall(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * elem_size_in, &elem_mat_b));
661 
662   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArray(values, CEED_MEM_HOST, &vals));
663   for (CeedSize e = 0; e < num_elem_in; e++) {
664     for (CeedInt comp_in = 0; comp_in < num_comp_in; comp_in++) {
665       for (CeedInt comp_out = 0; comp_out < num_comp_out; comp_out++) {
666         // Compute B^T*D
667         for (CeedSize n = 0; n < elem_size_out; n++) {
668           for (CeedSize q = 0; q < num_qpts_in; q++) {
669             for (CeedInt e_in = 0; e_in < num_eval_modes_in[0]; e_in++) {
670               const CeedSize btd_index = n * (num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0]) + q * num_eval_modes_in[0] + e_in;
671               CeedScalar     sum       = 0.0;
672 
673               for (CeedInt e_out = 0; e_out < num_eval_modes_out[0]; e_out++) {
674                 const CeedSize b_out_index     = (q * num_eval_modes_out[0] + e_out) * elem_size_out + n;
675                 const CeedSize eval_mode_index = ((e_in * num_comp_in + comp_in) * num_eval_modes_out[0] + e_out) * num_comp_out + comp_out;
676                 const CeedSize qf_index        = q * layout_qf[0] + eval_mode_index * layout_qf[1] + e * layout_qf[2];
677 
678                 sum += B_mat_out[b_out_index] * assembled_qf_array[qf_index];
679               }
680               BTD_mat[btd_index] = sum;
681             }
682           }
683         }
684 
685         // Form element matrix itself (for each block component)
686         if (contract) {
687           CeedCall(CeedTensorContractApply(contract, 1, num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0], elem_size_in, elem_size_out, BTD_mat, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE,
688                                            false, B_mat_in, elem_mat));
689         } else {
690           CeedCall(CeedMatrixMatrixMultiply(ceed, BTD_mat, B_mat_in, elem_mat, elem_size_out, elem_size_in, num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0]));
691         }
692 
693         // Transform the element matrix if required
694         if (elem_rstr_orients_out) {
695           const bool *elem_orients = &elem_rstr_orients_out[e * elem_size_out];
696 
697           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
698             const double orient = elem_orients[i] ? -1.0 : 1.0;
699 
700             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
701               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] *= orient;
702             }
703           }
704         } else if (elem_rstr_curl_orients_out) {
705           const CeedInt8 *elem_curl_orients = &elem_rstr_curl_orients_out[e * 3 * elem_size_out];
706 
707           // T^T*(B^T*D*B)
708           memcpy(elem_mat_b, elem_mat, elem_size_out * elem_size_in * sizeof(CeedScalar));
709           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
710             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
711               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] = elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * i + 1] +
712                                                (i > 0 ? elem_mat_b[(i - 1) * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * i - 1] : 0.0) +
713                                                (i < elem_size_out - 1 ? elem_mat_b[(i + 1) * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * i + 3] : 0.0);
714             }
715           }
716         }
717         if (elem_rstr_orients_in) {
718           const bool *elem_orients = &elem_rstr_orients_in[e * elem_size_in];
719 
720           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
721             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
722               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] *= elem_orients[j] ? -1.0 : 1.0;
723             }
724           }
725         } else if (elem_rstr_curl_orients_in) {
726           const CeedInt8 *elem_curl_orients = &elem_rstr_curl_orients_in[e * 3 * elem_size_in];
727 
728           // (B^T*D*B)*T
729           memcpy(elem_mat_b, elem_mat, elem_size_out * elem_size_in * sizeof(CeedScalar));
730           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
731             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
732               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] = elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * j + 1] +
733                                                (j > 0 ? elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j - 1] * elem_curl_orients[3 * j - 1] : 0.0) +
734                                                (j < elem_size_in - 1 ? elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j + 1] * elem_curl_orients[3 * j + 3] : 0.0);
735             }
736           }
737         }
738 
739         // Put element matrix in coordinate data structure
740         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
741           for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
742             vals[offset + count] = elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j];
743             count++;
744           }
745         }
746       }
747     }
748   }
749   CeedCheck(count == local_num_entries, ceed, CEED_ERROR_MAJOR, "Error computing entries");
750   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(values, &vals));
751 
752   // Cleanup
753   CeedCall(CeedFree(&BTD_mat));
754   CeedCall(CeedFree(&elem_mat));
755   CeedCall(CeedFree(&elem_mat_b));
756   if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
757     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_orients_in));
758   } else if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
759     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_in));
760   }
761   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
762     if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
763       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(elem_rstr_out, &elem_rstr_orients_out));
764     } else if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
765       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_out, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_out));
766     }
767   }
768   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
769   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
770   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
771 }
772 
773 /**
774   @brief Count number of entries for assembled `CeedOperator`
775 
776   @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to assemble
777   @param[out] num_entries Number of entries in assembled representation
778 
779   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
780 
781   @ref Utility
782 **/
783 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(CeedOperator op, CeedSize *num_entries) {
784   bool                is_composite;
785   CeedInt             num_elem_in, elem_size_in, num_comp_in, num_elem_out, elem_size_out, num_comp_out;
786   Ceed                ceed;
787   CeedElemRestriction rstr_in, rstr_out;
788 
789   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
790   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
791   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
792 
793   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
794   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
795   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
796   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
797   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
798     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
799     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
800               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements");
801     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
802     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
803   } else {
804     num_elem_out  = num_elem_in;
805     elem_size_out = elem_size_in;
806     num_comp_out  = num_comp_in;
807   }
808   *num_entries = (CeedSize)elem_size_in * num_comp_in * elem_size_out * num_comp_out * num_elem_in;
809   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
810 }
811 
812 /**
813   @brief Common code for creating a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator`
814 
815   @param[in]  op_fine      Fine grid `CeedOperator`
816   @param[in]  p_mult_fine  L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
817   @param[in]  rstr_coarse  Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
818   @param[in]  basis_coarse Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
819   @param[in]  basis_c_to_f `CeedBasis` for coarse to fine interpolation, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction operators
820   @param[out] op_coarse    Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
821   @param[out] op_prolong   Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
822   @param[out] op_restrict  Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
823 
824   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
825 
826   @ref Developer
827 **/
828 static int CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
829                                             CeedBasis basis_c_to_f, CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong, CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
830   bool                is_composite;
831   Ceed                ceed;
832   CeedInt             num_comp, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
833   CeedVector          mult_vec         = NULL;
834   CeedElemRestriction rstr_p_mult_fine = NULL, rstr_fine = NULL;
835   CeedOperatorField  *input_fields, *output_fields;
836 
837   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op_fine, &ceed));
838 
839   // Check for composite operator
840   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op_fine, &is_composite));
841   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Automatic multigrid setup for composite operators not supported");
842 
843   // Coarse Grid
844   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, op_fine->qf, op_fine->dqf, op_fine->dqfT, op_coarse));
845   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op_fine, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
846   // -- Clone input fields
847   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
848     const char         *field_name;
849     CeedVector          vec;
850     CeedElemRestriction rstr;
851     CeedBasis           basis;
852 
853     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetName(input_fields[i], &field_name));
854     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(input_fields[i], &vec));
855     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
856       rstr  = rstr_coarse;
857       basis = basis_coarse;
858       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &rstr_fine));
859     } else {
860       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &rstr));
861       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(input_fields[i], &basis));
862     }
863     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_coarse, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
864   }
865   // -- Clone output fields
866   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
867     const char         *field_name;
868     CeedVector          vec;
869     CeedElemRestriction rstr;
870     CeedBasis           basis;
871 
872     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetName(output_fields[i], &field_name));
873     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(output_fields[i], &vec));
874     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
875       rstr  = rstr_coarse;
876       basis = basis_coarse;
877       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &rstr_fine));
878     } else {
879       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &rstr));
880       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(output_fields[i], &basis));
881     }
882     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_coarse, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
883   }
884   // -- Clone QFunctionAssemblyData
885   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReferenceCopy(op_fine->qf_assembled, &(*op_coarse)->qf_assembled));
886 
887   // Multiplicity vector
888   if (op_restrict || op_prolong) {
889     CeedVector          mult_e_vec;
890     CeedRestrictionType rstr_type;
891 
892     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_fine, &rstr_type));
893     CeedCheck(rstr_type != CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
894               "Element restrictions created with CeedElemRestrictionCreateCurlOriented are not supported");
895     CeedCheck(p_mult_fine, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE, "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires fine grid multiplicity vector");
896     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(rstr_fine, &rstr_p_mult_fine));
897     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_fine, &mult_vec, &mult_e_vec));
898     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(mult_e_vec, 0.0));
899     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, p_mult_fine, mult_e_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
900     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(mult_vec, 0.0));
901     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_TRANSPOSE, mult_e_vec, mult_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
902     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&mult_e_vec));
903     CeedCall(CeedVectorReciprocal(mult_vec));
904   }
905 
906   // Clone name
907   bool   has_name = op_fine->name;
908   size_t name_len = op_fine->name ? strlen(op_fine->name) : 0;
909   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(*op_coarse, op_fine->name));
910 
911   // Check that coarse to fine basis is provided if prolong/restrict operators are requested
912   CeedCheck(basis_c_to_f || (!op_restrict && !op_prolong), ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
913             "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires coarse-to-fine basis");
914 
915   // Restriction/Prolongation Operators
916   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_coarse, &num_comp));
917 
918   // Restriction
919   if (op_restrict) {
920     CeedInt             *num_comp_r_data;
921     CeedQFunctionContext ctx_r;
922     CeedQFunction        qf_restrict;
923 
924     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInteriorByName(ceed, "Scale", &qf_restrict));
925     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &num_comp_r_data));
926     num_comp_r_data[0] = num_comp;
927     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextCreate(ceed, &ctx_r));
928     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextSetData(ctx_r, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER, sizeof(*num_comp_r_data), num_comp_r_data));
929     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(qf_restrict, ctx_r));
930     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextDestroy(&ctx_r));
931     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_restrict, "input", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
932     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_restrict, "scale", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
933     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_restrict, "output", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
934     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetUserFlopsEstimate(qf_restrict, num_comp));
935 
936     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, qf_restrict, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, op_restrict));
937     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_restrict, "input", rstr_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
938     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_restrict, "scale", rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, mult_vec));
939     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_restrict, "output", rstr_coarse, basis_c_to_f, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
940 
941     // Set name
942     char *restriction_name;
943 
944     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(17 + name_len, &restriction_name));
945     sprintf(restriction_name, "restriction%s%s", has_name ? " for " : "", has_name ? op_fine->name : "");
946     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(*op_restrict, restriction_name));
947     CeedCall(CeedFree(&restriction_name));
948 
949     // Check
950     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(*op_restrict));
951 
952     // Cleanup
953     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_restrict));
954   }
955 
956   // Prolongation
957   if (op_prolong) {
958     CeedInt             *num_comp_p_data;
959     CeedQFunctionContext ctx_p;
960     CeedQFunction        qf_prolong;
961 
962     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInteriorByName(ceed, "Scale", &qf_prolong));
963     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &num_comp_p_data));
964     num_comp_p_data[0] = num_comp;
965     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextCreate(ceed, &ctx_p));
966     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextSetData(ctx_p, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER, sizeof(*num_comp_p_data), num_comp_p_data));
967     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(qf_prolong, ctx_p));
968     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextDestroy(&ctx_p));
969     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_prolong, "input", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
970     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_prolong, "scale", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
971     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_prolong, "output", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
972     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetUserFlopsEstimate(qf_prolong, num_comp));
973 
974     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, qf_prolong, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, op_prolong));
975     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_prolong, "input", rstr_coarse, basis_c_to_f, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
976     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_prolong, "scale", rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, mult_vec));
977     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_prolong, "output", rstr_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
978 
979     // Set name
980     char *prolongation_name;
981 
982     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(18 + name_len, &prolongation_name));
983     sprintf(prolongation_name, "prolongation%s%s", has_name ? " for " : "", has_name ? op_fine->name : "");
984     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(*op_prolong, prolongation_name));
985     CeedCall(CeedFree(&prolongation_name));
986 
987     // Check
988     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(*op_prolong));
989 
990     // Cleanup
991     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_prolong));
992   }
993 
994   // Check
995   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(*op_coarse));
996 
997   // Cleanup
998   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&mult_vec));
999   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_p_mult_fine));
1000   CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_c_to_f));
1001   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1002 }
1003 
1004 /**
1005   @brief Build 1D mass matrix and Laplacian with perturbation
1006 
1007   @param[in]  interp_1d   Interpolation matrix in one dimension
1008   @param[in]  grad_1d     Gradient matrix in one dimension
1009   @param[in]  q_weight_1d Quadrature weights in one dimension
1010   @param[in]  P_1d        Number of basis nodes in one dimension
1011   @param[in]  Q_1d        Number of quadrature points in one dimension
1012   @param[in]  dim         Dimension of basis
1013   @param[out] mass        Assembled mass matrix in one dimension
1014   @param[out] laplace     Assembled perturbed Laplacian in one dimension
1015 
1016   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1017 
1018   @ref Developer
1019 **/
1020 CeedPragmaOptimizeOff
1021 static int CeedBuildMassLaplace(const CeedScalar *interp_1d, const CeedScalar *grad_1d, const CeedScalar *q_weight_1d, CeedInt P_1d, CeedInt Q_1d,
1022                                 CeedInt dim, CeedScalar *mass, CeedScalar *laplace) {
1023   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) {
1024     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < P_1d; j++) {
1025       CeedScalar sum = 0.0;
1026       for (CeedInt k = 0; k < Q_1d; k++) sum += interp_1d[k * P_1d + i] * q_weight_1d[k] * interp_1d[k * P_1d + j];
1027       mass[i + j * P_1d] = sum;
1028     }
1029   }
1030   // -- Laplacian
1031   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) {
1032     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < P_1d; j++) {
1033       CeedScalar sum = 0.0;
1034 
1035       for (CeedInt k = 0; k < Q_1d; k++) sum += grad_1d[k * P_1d + i] * q_weight_1d[k] * grad_1d[k * P_1d + j];
1036       laplace[i + j * P_1d] = sum;
1037     }
1038   }
1039   CeedScalar perturbation = dim > 2 ? 1e-6 : 1e-4;
1040   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) laplace[i + P_1d * i] += perturbation;
1041   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1042 }
1043 CeedPragmaOptimizeOn
1044 
1045 /// @}
1046 
1047 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1048 /// CeedOperator Backend API
1049 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1050 /// @addtogroup CeedOperatorBackend
1051 /// @{
1052 
1053 /**
1054   @brief Select correct basis matrix pointer based on @ref CeedEvalMode
1055 
1056   @param[in]  basis     `CeedBasis` from which to get the basis matrix
1057   @param[in]  eval_mode Current basis evaluation mode
1058   @param[in]  identity  Pointer to identity matrix
1059   @param[out] basis_ptr `CeedBasis` pointer to set
1060 
1061   @ref Backend
1062 **/
1063 int CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(CeedBasis basis, CeedEvalMode eval_mode, const CeedScalar *identity, const CeedScalar **basis_ptr) {
1064   switch (eval_mode) {
1065     case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
1066       *basis_ptr = identity;
1067       break;
1068     case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
1069       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, basis_ptr));
1070       break;
1071     case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
1072       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetGrad(basis, basis_ptr));
1073       break;
1074     case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
1075       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDiv(basis, basis_ptr));
1076       break;
1077     case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
1078       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetCurl(basis, basis_ptr));
1079       break;
1080     case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
1081       break;  // Caught by QF Assembly
1082   }
1083   assert(*basis_ptr != NULL);
1084   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1085 }
1086 
1087 /**
1088   @brief Create point block restriction for active `CeedOperatorField`
1089 
1090   @param[in]  rstr             Original `CeedElemRestriction` for active field
1091   @param[out] point_block_rstr Address of the variable where the newly created `CeedElemRestriction` will be stored
1092 
1093   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1094 
1095   @ref Backend
1096 **/
1097 int CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(CeedElemRestriction rstr, CeedElemRestriction *point_block_rstr) {
1098   Ceed           ceed;
1099   CeedInt        num_elem, num_comp, shift, elem_size, comp_stride, *point_block_offsets;
1100   CeedSize       l_size;
1101   const CeedInt *offsets;
1102 
1103   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCeed(rstr, &ceed));
1104   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOffsets(rstr, CEED_MEM_HOST, &offsets));
1105 
1106   // Expand offsets
1107   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr, &num_elem));
1108   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr, &num_comp));
1109   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr, &elem_size));
1110   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(rstr, &comp_stride));
1111   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetLVectorSize(rstr, &l_size));
1112   shift = num_comp;
1113   if (comp_stride != 1) shift *= num_comp;
1114   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_elem * elem_size, &point_block_offsets));
1115   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_elem * elem_size; i++) {
1116     point_block_offsets[i] = offsets[i] * shift;
1117   }
1118 
1119   // Create new restriction
1120   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreate(ceed, num_elem, elem_size, num_comp * num_comp, 1, l_size * num_comp, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER,
1121                                      point_block_offsets, point_block_rstr));
1122 
1123   // Cleanup
1124   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOffsets(rstr, &offsets));
1125   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1126 }
1127 
1128 /**
1129   @brief Create object holding `CeedQFunction` assembly data for `CeedOperator`
1130 
1131   @param[in]  ceed `Ceed` object used to create the `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1132   @param[out] data Address of the variable where the newly created `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` will be stored
1133 
1134   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1135 
1136   @ref Backend
1137 **/
1138 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataCreate(Ceed ceed, CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data) {
1139   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, data));
1140   (*data)->ref_count = 1;
1141   (*data)->ceed      = ceed;
1142   CeedCall(CeedReference(ceed));
1143   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1144 }
1145 
1146 /**
1147   @brief Increment the reference counter for a `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1148 
1149   @param[in,out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to increment the reference counter
1150 
1151   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1152 
1153   @ref Backend
1154 **/
1155 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReference(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data) {
1156   data->ref_count++;
1157   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1158 }
1159 
1160 /**
1161   @brief Set re-use of `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1162 
1163   @param[in,out] data       `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to mark for reuse
1164   @param[in]     reuse_data Boolean flag indicating data re-use
1165 
1166   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1167 
1168   @ref Backend
1169 **/
1170 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetReuse(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool reuse_data) {
1171   data->reuse_data        = reuse_data;
1172   data->needs_data_update = true;
1173   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1174 }
1175 
1176 /**
1177   @brief Mark `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` as stale
1178 
1179   @param[in,out] data              `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to mark as stale
1180   @param[in]     needs_data_update Boolean flag indicating if update is needed or completed
1181 
1182   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1183 
1184   @ref Backend
1185 **/
1186 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetUpdateNeeded(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool needs_data_update) {
1187   data->needs_data_update = needs_data_update;
1188   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1189 }
1190 
1191 /**
1192   @brief Determine if `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` needs update
1193 
1194   @param[in]  data             `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to mark as stale
1195   @param[out] is_update_needed Boolean flag indicating if re-assembly is required
1196 
1197   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1198 
1199   @ref Backend
1200 **/
1201 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsUpdateNeeded(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool *is_update_needed) {
1202   *is_update_needed = !data->reuse_data || data->needs_data_update;
1203   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1204 }
1205 
1206 /**
1207   @brief Copy the pointer to a `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`.
1208 
1209   Both pointers should be destroyed with @ref CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataDestroy().
1210 
1211   Note: If the value of ` *data_copy` passed to this function is non-`NULL` , then it is assumed that ` *data_copy` is a pointer to a `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`.
1212         This `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` will be destroyed if ` *data_copy` is the only reference to this `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`.
1213 
1214   @param[in]     data      `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to copy reference to
1215   @param[in,out] data_copy Variable to store copied reference
1216 
1217   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1218 
1219   @ref Backend
1220 **/
1221 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReferenceCopy(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data_copy) {
1222   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReference(data));
1223   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataDestroy(data_copy));
1224   *data_copy = data;
1225   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1226 }
1227 
1228 /**
1229   @brief Get setup status for internal objects for `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1230 
1231   @param[in]  data     `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to retrieve status
1232   @param[out] is_setup Boolean flag for setup status
1233 
1234   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1235 
1236   @ref Backend
1237 **/
1238 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsSetup(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool *is_setup) {
1239   *is_setup = data->is_setup;
1240   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1241 }
1242 
1243 /**
1244   @brief Set internal objects for `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1245 
1246   @param[in,out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to set objects
1247   @param[in]     vec  `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1248   @param[in]     rstr `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1249 
1250   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1251 
1252   @ref Backend
1253 **/
1254 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetObjects(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, CeedVector vec, CeedElemRestriction rstr) {
1255   CeedCall(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(vec, &data->vec));
1256   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(rstr, &data->rstr));
1257 
1258   data->is_setup = true;
1259   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1260 }
1261 
1262 /**
1263   @brief Get internal objects for `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1264 
1265   @param[in,out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to set objects
1266   @param[out]    vec  `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1267   @param[out]    rstr `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1268 
1269   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1270 
1271   @ref Backend
1272 **/
1273 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataGetObjects(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, CeedVector *vec, CeedElemRestriction *rstr) {
1274   CeedCheck(data->is_setup, data->ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPLETE, "Internal objects not set; must call CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetObjects first.");
1275 
1276   CeedCall(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(data->vec, vec));
1277   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(data->rstr, rstr));
1278   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1279 }
1280 
1281 /**
1282   @brief Destroy `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1283 
1284   @param[in,out] data  `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to destroy
1285 
1286   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1287 
1288   @ref Backend
1289 **/
1290 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataDestroy(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data) {
1291   if (!*data || --(*data)->ref_count > 0) {
1292     *data = NULL;
1293     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1294   }
1295   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&(*data)->ceed));
1296   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&(*data)->vec));
1297   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&(*data)->rstr));
1298 
1299   CeedCall(CeedFree(data));
1300   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1301 }
1302 
1303 /**
1304   @brief Get `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1305 
1306   @param[in]  op   `CeedOperator` to assemble
1307   @param[out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1308 
1309   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1310 
1311   @ref Backend
1312 **/
1313 int CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(CeedOperator op, CeedOperatorAssemblyData *data) {
1314   if (!op->op_assembled) {
1315     CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
1316 
1317     CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate(op->ceed, op, &data));
1318     op->op_assembled = data;
1319   }
1320   *data = op->op_assembled;
1321   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1322 }
1323 
1324 /**
1325   @brief Create object holding `CeedOperator` assembly data.
1326 
1327   The `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` holds an array with references to every active `CeedBasis` used in the `CeedOperator`.
1328   An array with references to the corresponding active `CeedElemRestriction` is also stored.
1329   For each active `CeedBasis, the `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` holds an array of all input and output @ref CeedEvalMode for this `CeedBasis`.
1330   The `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` holds an array of offsets for indexing into the assembled `CeedQFunction` arrays to the row representing each @ref CeedEvalMode.
1331   The number of input columns across all active bases for the assembled `CeedQFunction` is also stored.
1332   Lastly, the `CeedOperatorAssembly` data holds assembled matrices representing the full action of the `CeedBasis` for all @ref CeedEvalMode.
1333 
1334   @param[in]  ceed `Ceed` object used to create the `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1335   @param[in]  op   `CeedOperator` to be assembled
1336   @param[out] data Address of the variable where the newly created `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` will be stored
1337 
1338   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1339 
1340   @ref Backend
1341 **/
1342 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate(Ceed ceed, CeedOperator op, CeedOperatorAssemblyData *data) {
1343   CeedInt             num_active_bases_in = 0, num_active_bases_out = 0, offset = 0;
1344   CeedInt             num_input_fields, *num_eval_modes_in = NULL, num_output_fields, *num_eval_modes_out = NULL;
1345   CeedSize          **eval_mode_offsets_in = NULL, **eval_mode_offsets_out = NULL;
1346   CeedEvalMode      **eval_modes_in = NULL, **eval_modes_out = NULL;
1347   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1348   CeedQFunction       qf;
1349   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
1350   bool                is_composite;
1351 
1352   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
1353   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE, "Can only create CeedOperator assembly data for non-composite operators.");
1354 
1355   // Allocate
1356   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, data));
1357   (*data)->ceed = ceed;
1358   CeedCall(CeedReference(ceed));
1359 
1360   // Build OperatorAssembly data
1361   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1362 
1363   // Determine active input basis
1364   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, &num_input_fields, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1365   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
1366   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1367     CeedVector vec;
1368 
1369     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1370     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1371       CeedInt      index = -1, num_comp, q_comp;
1372       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1373       CeedBasis    basis_in = NULL;
1374 
1375       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_in));
1376       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1377       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_in, &num_comp));
1378       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1379       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_active_bases_in; i++) {
1380         if ((*data)->active_bases_in[i] == basis_in) index = i;
1381       }
1382       if (index == -1) {
1383         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr_in;
1384 
1385         index = num_active_bases_in;
1386         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &(*data)->active_bases_in));
1387         (*data)->active_bases_in[num_active_bases_in] = NULL;
1388         CeedCall(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis_in, &(*data)->active_bases_in[num_active_bases_in]));
1389         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in));
1390         (*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in[num_active_bases_in] = NULL;
1391         CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr_in));
1392         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(elem_rstr_in, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in[num_active_bases_in]));
1393         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &num_eval_modes_in));
1394         num_eval_modes_in[index] = 0;
1395         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &eval_modes_in));
1396         eval_modes_in[index] = NULL;
1397         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &eval_mode_offsets_in));
1398         eval_mode_offsets_in[index] = NULL;
1399         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &(*data)->assembled_bases_in));
1400         (*data)->assembled_bases_in[index] = NULL;
1401         num_active_bases_in++;
1402       }
1403       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1404         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1405         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in[index] + q_comp, &eval_modes_in[index]));
1406         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in[index] + q_comp, &eval_mode_offsets_in[index]));
1407         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1408           eval_modes_in[index][num_eval_modes_in[index] + d]        = eval_mode;
1409           eval_mode_offsets_in[index][num_eval_modes_in[index] + d] = offset;
1410           offset += num_comp;
1411         }
1412         num_eval_modes_in[index] += q_comp;
1413       }
1414     }
1415   }
1416 
1417   // Determine active output basis
1418   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, &num_output_fields, &qf_fields));
1419   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
1420   offset = 0;
1421   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1422     CeedVector vec;
1423 
1424     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1425     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1426       CeedInt      index = -1, num_comp, q_comp;
1427       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1428       CeedBasis    basis_out = NULL;
1429 
1430       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_out));
1431       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1432       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_out, &num_comp));
1433       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1434       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_active_bases_out; i++) {
1435         if ((*data)->active_bases_out[i] == basis_out) index = i;
1436       }
1437       if (index == -1) {
1438         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr_out;
1439 
1440         index = num_active_bases_out;
1441         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &(*data)->active_bases_out));
1442         (*data)->active_bases_out[num_active_bases_out] = NULL;
1443         CeedCall(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis_out, &(*data)->active_bases_out[num_active_bases_out]));
1444         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out));
1445         (*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out[num_active_bases_out] = NULL;
1446         CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr_out));
1447         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(elem_rstr_out, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out[num_active_bases_out]));
1448         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &num_eval_modes_out));
1449         num_eval_modes_out[index] = 0;
1450         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &eval_modes_out));
1451         eval_modes_out[index] = NULL;
1452         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &eval_mode_offsets_out));
1453         eval_mode_offsets_out[index] = NULL;
1454         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &(*data)->assembled_bases_out));
1455         (*data)->assembled_bases_out[index] = NULL;
1456         num_active_bases_out++;
1457       }
1458       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1459         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1460         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out[index] + q_comp, &eval_modes_out[index]));
1461         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out[index] + q_comp, &eval_mode_offsets_out[index]));
1462         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1463           eval_modes_out[index][num_eval_modes_out[index] + d]        = eval_mode;
1464           eval_mode_offsets_out[index][num_eval_modes_out[index] + d] = offset;
1465           offset += num_comp;
1466         }
1467         num_eval_modes_out[index] += q_comp;
1468       }
1469     }
1470   }
1471   (*data)->num_active_bases_in   = num_active_bases_in;
1472   (*data)->num_eval_modes_in     = num_eval_modes_in;
1473   (*data)->eval_modes_in         = eval_modes_in;
1474   (*data)->eval_mode_offsets_in  = eval_mode_offsets_in;
1475   (*data)->num_active_bases_out  = num_active_bases_out;
1476   (*data)->num_eval_modes_out    = num_eval_modes_out;
1477   (*data)->eval_modes_out        = eval_modes_out;
1478   (*data)->eval_mode_offsets_out = eval_mode_offsets_out;
1479   (*data)->num_output_components = offset;
1480   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1481 }
1482 
1483 /**
1484   @brief Get `CeedOperator` @ref CeedEvalMode for assembly.
1485 
1486   Note: See @ref CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate() for a full description of the data stored in this object.
1487 
1488   @param[in]  data                  `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1489   @param[out] num_active_bases_in   Total number of active bases for input
1490   @param[out] num_eval_modes_in     Pointer to hold array of numbers of input @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`.
1491                                       `eval_modes_in[0]` holds an array of eval modes for the first active `CeedBasis`.
1492   @param[out] eval_modes_in         Pointer to hold arrays of input @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`
1493   @param[out] eval_mode_offsets_in  Pointer to hold arrays of input offsets at each quadrature point
1494   @param[out] num_active_bases_out  Total number of active bases for output
1495   @param[out] num_eval_modes_out    Pointer to hold array of numbers of output @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`
1496   @param[out] eval_modes_out        Pointer to hold arrays of output @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`
1497   @param[out] eval_mode_offsets_out Pointer to hold arrays of output offsets at each quadrature point
1498   @param[out] num_output_components The number of columns in the assembled `CeedQFunction` matrix for each quadrature point, including contributions of all active bases
1499 
1500   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1501 
1502   @ref Backend
1503 **/
1504 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetEvalModes(CeedOperatorAssemblyData data, CeedInt *num_active_bases_in, CeedInt **num_eval_modes_in,
1505                                          const CeedEvalMode ***eval_modes_in, CeedSize ***eval_mode_offsets_in, CeedInt *num_active_bases_out,
1506                                          CeedInt **num_eval_modes_out, const CeedEvalMode ***eval_modes_out, CeedSize ***eval_mode_offsets_out,
1507                                          CeedSize *num_output_components) {
1508   if (num_active_bases_in) *num_active_bases_in = data->num_active_bases_in;
1509   if (num_eval_modes_in) *num_eval_modes_in = data->num_eval_modes_in;
1510   if (eval_modes_in) *eval_modes_in = (const CeedEvalMode **)data->eval_modes_in;
1511   if (eval_mode_offsets_in) *eval_mode_offsets_in = data->eval_mode_offsets_in;
1512   if (num_active_bases_out) *num_active_bases_out = data->num_active_bases_out;
1513   if (num_eval_modes_out) *num_eval_modes_out = data->num_eval_modes_out;
1514   if (eval_modes_out) *eval_modes_out = (const CeedEvalMode **)data->eval_modes_out;
1515   if (eval_mode_offsets_out) *eval_mode_offsets_out = data->eval_mode_offsets_out;
1516   if (num_output_components) *num_output_components = data->num_output_components;
1517   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1518 }
1519 
1520 /**
1521   @brief Get `CeedOperator` `CeedBasis` data for assembly.
1522 
1523   Note: See @ref CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate() for a full description of the data stored in this object.
1524 
1525   @param[in]  data                 `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1526   @param[out] num_active_bases_in  Number of active input bases, or `NULL`
1527   @param[out] active_bases_in      Pointer to hold active input `CeedBasis`, or `NULL`
1528   @param[out] assembled_bases_in   Pointer to hold assembled active input `B` , or `NULL`
1529   @param[out] num_active_bases_out Number of active output bases, or `NULL`
1530   @param[out] active_bases_out     Pointer to hold active output `CeedBasis`, or `NULL`
1531   @param[out] assembled_bases_out  Pointer to hold assembled active output `B` , or `NULL`
1532 
1533   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1534 
1535   @ref Backend
1536 **/
1537 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetBases(CeedOperatorAssemblyData data, CeedInt *num_active_bases_in, CeedBasis **active_bases_in,
1538                                      const CeedScalar ***assembled_bases_in, CeedInt *num_active_bases_out, CeedBasis **active_bases_out,
1539                                      const CeedScalar ***assembled_bases_out) {
1540   // Assemble B_in, B_out if needed
1541   if (assembled_bases_in && !data->assembled_bases_in[0]) {
1542     CeedInt num_qpts;
1543 
1544     if (data->active_bases_in[0] == CEED_BASIS_NONE) CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_in[0], &num_qpts));
1545     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(data->active_bases_in[0], &num_qpts));
1546     for (CeedInt b = 0; b < data->num_active_bases_in; b++) {
1547       bool        has_eval_none = false;
1548       CeedInt     num_nodes;
1549       CeedScalar *B_in = NULL, *identity = NULL;
1550 
1551       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_in[b], &num_nodes));
1552       CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes * data->num_eval_modes_in[b], &B_in));
1553 
1554       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < data->num_eval_modes_in[b]; i++) {
1555         has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (data->eval_modes_in[b][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1556       }
1557       if (has_eval_none) {
1558         CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes, &identity));
1559         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) {
1560           identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
1561         }
1562       }
1563 
1564       for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
1565         for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
1566           CeedInt      d_in              = 0, q_comp_in;
1567           CeedEvalMode eval_mode_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1568 
1569           for (CeedInt e_in = 0; e_in < data->num_eval_modes_in[b]; e_in++) {
1570             const CeedInt     qq = data->num_eval_modes_in[b] * q;
1571             const CeedScalar *B  = NULL;
1572 
1573             CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(data->active_bases_in[b], data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in], identity, &B));
1574             CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(data->active_bases_in[b], data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in], &q_comp_in));
1575             if (q_comp_in > 1) {
1576               if (e_in == 0 || data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in] != eval_mode_in_prev) d_in = 0;
1577               else B = &B[(++d_in) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
1578             }
1579             eval_mode_in_prev                 = data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in];
1580             B_in[(qq + e_in) * num_nodes + n] = B[q * num_nodes + n];
1581           }
1582         }
1583       }
1584       if (identity) CeedCall(CeedFree(&identity));
1585       data->assembled_bases_in[b] = B_in;
1586     }
1587   }
1588 
1589   if (assembled_bases_out && !data->assembled_bases_out[0]) {
1590     CeedInt num_qpts;
1591 
1592     if (data->active_bases_out[0] == CEED_BASIS_NONE) CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_out[0], &num_qpts));
1593     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(data->active_bases_out[0], &num_qpts));
1594     for (CeedInt b = 0; b < data->num_active_bases_out; b++) {
1595       bool        has_eval_none = false;
1596       CeedInt     num_nodes;
1597       CeedScalar *B_out = NULL, *identity = NULL;
1598 
1599       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_out[b], &num_nodes));
1600       CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes * data->num_eval_modes_out[b], &B_out));
1601 
1602       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < data->num_eval_modes_out[b]; i++) {
1603         has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (data->eval_modes_out[b][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1604       }
1605       if (has_eval_none) {
1606         CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes, &identity));
1607         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) {
1608           identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
1609         }
1610       }
1611 
1612       for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
1613         for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
1614           CeedInt      d_out              = 0, q_comp_out;
1615           CeedEvalMode eval_mode_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1616 
1617           for (CeedInt e_out = 0; e_out < data->num_eval_modes_out[b]; e_out++) {
1618             const CeedInt     qq = data->num_eval_modes_out[b] * q;
1619             const CeedScalar *B  = NULL;
1620 
1621             CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(data->active_bases_out[b], data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out], identity, &B));
1622             CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(data->active_bases_out[b], data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out], &q_comp_out));
1623             if (q_comp_out > 1) {
1624               if (e_out == 0 || data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out] != eval_mode_out_prev) d_out = 0;
1625               else B = &B[(++d_out) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
1626             }
1627             eval_mode_out_prev                  = data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out];
1628             B_out[(qq + e_out) * num_nodes + n] = B[q * num_nodes + n];
1629           }
1630         }
1631       }
1632       if (identity) CeedCall(CeedFree(&identity));
1633       data->assembled_bases_out[b] = B_out;
1634     }
1635   }
1636 
1637   // Pass out assembled data
1638   if (num_active_bases_in) *num_active_bases_in = data->num_active_bases_in;
1639   if (active_bases_in) *active_bases_in = data->active_bases_in;
1640   if (assembled_bases_in) *assembled_bases_in = (const CeedScalar **)data->assembled_bases_in;
1641   if (num_active_bases_out) *num_active_bases_out = data->num_active_bases_out;
1642   if (active_bases_out) *active_bases_out = data->active_bases_out;
1643   if (assembled_bases_out) *assembled_bases_out = (const CeedScalar **)data->assembled_bases_out;
1644   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1645 }
1646 
1647 /**
1648   @brief Get `CeedOperator` `CeedBasis` data for assembly.
1649 
1650   Note: See @ref CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate() for a full description of the data stored in this object.
1651 
1652   @param[in]  data                      `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1653   @param[out] num_active_elem_rstrs_in  Number of active input element restrictions, or `NULL`
1654   @param[out] active_elem_rstrs_in      Pointer to hold active input `CeedElemRestriction`, or `NULL`
1655   @param[out] num_active_elem_rstrs_out Number of active output element restrictions, or `NULL`
1656   @param[out] active_elem_rstrs_out     Pointer to hold active output `CeedElemRestriction`, or `NULL`
1657 
1658   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1659 
1660   @ref Backend
1661 **/
1662 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(CeedOperatorAssemblyData data, CeedInt *num_active_elem_rstrs_in,
1663                                                 CeedElemRestriction **active_elem_rstrs_in, CeedInt *num_active_elem_rstrs_out,
1664                                                 CeedElemRestriction **active_elem_rstrs_out) {
1665   if (num_active_elem_rstrs_in) *num_active_elem_rstrs_in = data->num_active_bases_in;
1666   if (active_elem_rstrs_in) *active_elem_rstrs_in = data->active_elem_rstrs_in;
1667   if (num_active_elem_rstrs_out) *num_active_elem_rstrs_out = data->num_active_bases_out;
1668   if (active_elem_rstrs_out) *active_elem_rstrs_out = data->active_elem_rstrs_out;
1669   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1670 }
1671 
1672 /**
1673   @brief Destroy `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1674 
1675   @param[in,out] data `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` to destroy
1676 
1677   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1678 
1679   @ref Backend
1680 **/
1681 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataDestroy(CeedOperatorAssemblyData *data) {
1682   if (!*data) {
1683     *data = NULL;
1684     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1685   }
1686   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&(*data)->ceed));
1687   for (CeedInt b = 0; b < (*data)->num_active_bases_in; b++) {
1688     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&(*data)->active_bases_in[b]));
1689     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in[b]));
1690     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_in[b]));
1691     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_in[b]));
1692     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_in[b]));
1693   }
1694   for (CeedInt b = 0; b < (*data)->num_active_bases_out; b++) {
1695     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&(*data)->active_bases_out[b]));
1696     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out[b]));
1697     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_out[b]));
1698     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_out[b]));
1699     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_out[b]));
1700   }
1701   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_bases_in));
1702   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_bases_out));
1703   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in));
1704   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out));
1705   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->num_eval_modes_in));
1706   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->num_eval_modes_out));
1707   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_in));
1708   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_out));
1709   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_in));
1710   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_out));
1711   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_in));
1712   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_out));
1713 
1714   CeedCall(CeedFree(data));
1715   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1716 }
1717 
1718 /**
1719   @brief Retrieve fallback `CeedOperator` with a reference `Ceed` for advanced `CeedOperator` functionality
1720 
1721   @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to retrieve fallback for
1722   @param[out] op_fallback Fallback `CeedOperator`
1723 
1724   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1725 
1726   @ref Backend
1727 **/
1728 int CeedOperatorGetFallback(CeedOperator op, CeedOperator *op_fallback) {
1729   // Create if needed
1730   if (!op->op_fallback) CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateFallback(op));
1731   if (op->op_fallback) {
1732     bool is_debug;
1733     Ceed ceed;
1734 
1735     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1736     CeedCall(CeedIsDebug(ceed, &is_debug));
1737     if (is_debug) {
1738       Ceed        ceed_fallback;
1739       const char *resource, *resource_fallback;
1740 
1741       CeedCall(CeedGetOperatorFallbackCeed(ceed, &ceed_fallback));
1742       CeedCall(CeedGetResource(ceed, &resource));
1743       CeedCall(CeedGetResource(ceed_fallback, &resource_fallback));
1744 
1745       CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "---------- CeedOperator Fallback ----------\n");
1746       CeedDebug(ceed, "Falling back from %s operator at address %p to %s operator at address %p\n", resource, op, resource_fallback, op->op_fallback);
1747     }
1748   }
1749   *op_fallback = op->op_fallback;
1750   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1751 }
1752 
1753 /**
1754   @brief Get the parent `CeedOperator` for a fallback `CeedOperator`
1755 
1756   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` context
1757   @param[out] parent Variable to store parent `CeedOperator` context
1758 
1759   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1760 
1761   @ref Backend
1762 **/
1763 int CeedOperatorGetFallbackParent(CeedOperator op, CeedOperator *parent) {
1764   *parent = op->op_fallback_parent ? op->op_fallback_parent : NULL;
1765   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1766 }
1767 
1768 /**
1769   @brief Get the `Ceed` context of the parent `CeedOperator` for a fallback `CeedOperator`
1770 
1771   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` context
1772   @param[out] parent Variable to store parent `Ceed` context
1773 
1774   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1775 
1776   @ref Backend
1777 **/
1778 int CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(CeedOperator op, Ceed *parent) {
1779   *parent = op->op_fallback_parent ? op->op_fallback_parent->ceed : op->ceed;
1780   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1781 }
1782 
1783 /// @}
1784 
1785 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1786 /// CeedOperator Public API
1787 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1788 /// @addtogroup CeedOperatorUser
1789 /// @{
1790 
1791 /**
1792   @brief Assemble a linear `CeedQFunction` associated with a `CeedOperator`.
1793 
1794   This returns a `CeedVector` containing a matrix at each quadrature point providing the action of the `CeedQFunction` associated with the `CeedOperator`.
1795   The vector `assembled` is of shape `[num_elements, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_quad_points]` and contains column-major matrices representing the action of the `CeedQFunction` for a corresponding quadrature point on an element.
1796 
1797   Inputs and outputs are in the order provided by the user when adding `CeedOperator` fields.
1798   For example, a `CeedQFunction` with inputs `u` and `gradu` and outputs `gradv` and `v` , provided in that order, would result in an assembled `CeedQFunction` that consists of `(1 + dim) x (dim + 1)` matrices at each quadrature point acting on the input ` [u, du_0, du_1]` and producing the output `[dv_0, dv_1, v]`.
1799 
1800   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
1801 
1802   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
1803   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1804   @param[out] rstr      `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1805   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
1806 
1807   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1808 
1809   @ref User
1810 **/
1811 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1812   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
1813 
1814   if (op->LinearAssembleQFunction) {
1815     // Backend version
1816     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleQFunction(op, assembled, rstr, request));
1817   } else {
1818     // Operator fallback
1819     Ceed         ceed;
1820     CeedOperator op_fallback;
1821 
1822     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1823     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
1824     if (op_fallback) CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction(op_fallback, assembled, rstr, request));
1825     else return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Backend does not support CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction");
1826   }
1827   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1828 }
1829 
1830 /**
1831   @brief Assemble `CeedQFunction` and store result internally.
1832 
1833   Return copied references of stored data to the caller.
1834   Caller is responsible for ownership and destruction of the copied references.
1835   See also @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction().
1836 
1837   Note: If the value of `assembled` or `rstr` passed to this function are non-`NULL` , then it is assumed that they hold valid pointers.
1838         These objects will be destroyed if `*assembled` or `*rstr` is the only reference to the object.
1839 
1840   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
1841   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1842   @param[out] rstr      `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1843   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
1844 
1845   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1846 
1847   @ref User
1848 **/
1849 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1850   int (*LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate)(CeedOperator, CeedVector, CeedElemRestriction, CeedRequest *) = NULL;
1851   CeedOperator op_assemble                                                                           = NULL;
1852   CeedOperator op_fallback_parent                                                                    = NULL;
1853 
1854   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
1855 
1856   // Determine if fallback parent or operator has implementation
1857   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParent(op, &op_fallback_parent));
1858   if (op_fallback_parent && op_fallback_parent->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate) {
1859     // -- Backend version for op fallback parent is faster, if it exists
1860     LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate = op_fallback_parent->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate;
1861     op_assemble                   = op_fallback_parent;
1862   } else if (op->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate) {
1863     // -- Backend version for op
1864     LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate = op->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate;
1865     op_assemble                   = op;
1866   }
1867 
1868   // Assemble QFunction
1869   if (LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate) {
1870     // Backend or fallback parent version
1871     bool                qf_assembled_is_setup;
1872     CeedVector          assembled_vec  = NULL;
1873     CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL;
1874 
1875     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsSetup(op->qf_assembled, &qf_assembled_is_setup));
1876     if (qf_assembled_is_setup) {
1877       bool update_needed;
1878 
1879       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataGetObjects(op->qf_assembled, &assembled_vec, &assembled_rstr));
1880       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsUpdateNeeded(op->qf_assembled, &update_needed));
1881       if (update_needed) CeedCall(LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate(op_assemble, assembled_vec, assembled_rstr, request));
1882     } else {
1883       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction(op_assemble, &assembled_vec, &assembled_rstr, request));
1884       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetObjects(op->qf_assembled, assembled_vec, assembled_rstr));
1885     }
1886     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetUpdateNeeded(op->qf_assembled, false));
1887 
1888     // Copy reference from internally held copy
1889     CeedCall(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(assembled_vec, assembled));
1890     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(assembled_rstr, rstr));
1891     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_vec));
1892     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1893   } else {
1894     // Operator fallback
1895     Ceed         ceed;
1896     CeedOperator op_fallback;
1897 
1898     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1899     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
1900     if (op_fallback) CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op_fallback, assembled, rstr, request));
1901     else return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Backend does not support CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate");
1902   }
1903   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1904 }
1905 
1906 /**
1907   @brief Assemble the diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`
1908 
1909   This overwrites a `CeedVector` with the diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
1910 
1911   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
1912 
1913   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
1914 
1915   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
1916   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedOperator` diagonal
1917   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
1918 
1919   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1920 
1921   @ref User
1922 **/
1923 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1924   bool     is_composite;
1925   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
1926   Ceed     ceed;
1927 
1928   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1929   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
1930   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
1931 
1932   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
1933   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
1934 
1935   // Early exit for empty operator
1936   if (!is_composite) {
1937     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
1938 
1939     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
1940     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1941   }
1942 
1943   if (op->LinearAssembleDiagonal) {
1944     // Backend version
1945     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
1946     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1947   } else if (op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal) {
1948     // Backend version with zeroing first
1949     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
1950     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
1951     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1952   } else {
1953     // Operator fallback
1954     CeedOperator op_fallback;
1955 
1956     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
1957     if (op_fallback) {
1958       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
1959       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1960     }
1961   }
1962   // Default interface implementation
1963   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
1964   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
1965   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1966 }
1967 
1968 /**
1969   @brief Assemble the diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`.
1970 
1971   This sums into a `CeedVector` the diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
1972 
1973   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
1974 
1975   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the CeedOperator as immutable.
1976 
1977   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
1978   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedOperator` diagonal
1979   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
1980 
1981   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1982 
1983   @ref User
1984 **/
1985 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1986   bool     is_composite;
1987   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
1988   Ceed     ceed;
1989 
1990   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1991   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
1992   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
1993 
1994   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
1995   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
1996 
1997   // Early exit for empty operator
1998   if (!is_composite) {
1999     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2000 
2001     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2002     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2003   }
2004 
2005   if (op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal) {
2006     // Backend version
2007     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2008     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2009   } else {
2010     // Operator fallback
2011     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2012 
2013     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2014     if (op_fallback) {
2015       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
2016       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2017     }
2018   }
2019   // Default interface implementation
2020   if (is_composite) {
2021     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, false, assembled));
2022   } else {
2023     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, false, assembled));
2024   }
2025   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2026 }
2027 
2028 /**
2029    @brief Fully assemble the point-block diagonal pattern of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2030 
2031    Expected to be used in conjunction with @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal().
2032 
2033    The assembly routines use coordinate format, with `num_entries` tuples of the form `(i, j, value)` which indicate that value should be added to the matrix in entry `(i, j)`.
2034    Note that the `(i, j)` pairs are unique.
2035    This function returns the number of entries and their `(i, j)` locations, while @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal() provides the values in the same ordering.
2036 
2037    This will generally be slow unless your operator is low-order.
2038 
2039    Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2040 
2041    @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to assemble
2042    @param[out] num_entries Number of entries in coordinate nonzero pattern
2043    @param[out] rows        Row number for each entry
2044    @param[out] cols        Column number for each entry
2045 
2046    @ref User
2047 **/
2048 int CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonalSymbolic(CeedOperator op, CeedSize *num_entries, CeedInt **rows, CeedInt **cols) {
2049   Ceed          ceed;
2050   bool          is_composite;
2051   CeedInt       num_active_components, num_sub_operators;
2052   CeedOperator *sub_operators;
2053 
2054   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2055   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2056 
2057   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2058   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2059   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2060 
2061   if (is_composite) {
2062     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_sub_operators));
2063     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2064   } else {
2065     sub_operators     = &op;
2066     num_sub_operators = 1;
2067   }
2068 
2069   // Verify operator can be assembled correctly
2070   {
2071     CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
2072     CeedInt                  num_active_elem_rstrs, comp_stride;
2073     CeedElemRestriction     *active_elem_rstrs;
2074 
2075     // Get initial values to check against
2076     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(sub_operators[0], &data));
2077     CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(data, &num_active_elem_rstrs, &active_elem_rstrs, NULL, NULL));
2078     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(active_elem_rstrs[0], &comp_stride));
2079     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(active_elem_rstrs[0], &num_active_components));
2080 
2081     // Verify that all active element restrictions have same component stride and number of components
2082     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_sub_operators; k++) {
2083       CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(sub_operators[k], &data));
2084       CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(data, &num_active_elem_rstrs, &active_elem_rstrs, NULL, NULL));
2085       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_active_elem_rstrs; i++) {
2086         CeedInt comp_stride_sub, num_active_components_sub;
2087 
2088         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(active_elem_rstrs[i], &comp_stride_sub));
2089         CeedCheck(comp_stride == comp_stride_sub, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
2090                   "Active element restrictions must have the same component stride: %d vs %d", comp_stride, comp_stride_sub);
2091         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(active_elem_rstrs[i], &num_active_components_sub));
2092         CeedCheck(num_active_components == num_active_components_sub, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
2093                   "All suboperators must have the same number of output components");
2094       }
2095     }
2096   }
2097   *num_entries = input_size * num_active_components;
2098   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, rows));
2099   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, cols));
2100 
2101   for (CeedInt o = 0; o < num_sub_operators; o++) {
2102     CeedElemRestriction active_elem_rstr, point_block_active_elem_rstr;
2103     CeedInt             comp_stride, num_elem, elem_size;
2104     const CeedInt      *offsets, *point_block_offsets;
2105 
2106     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestriction(sub_operators[o], &active_elem_rstr));
2107     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(active_elem_rstr, &comp_stride));
2108     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(active_elem_rstr, &num_elem));
2109     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(active_elem_rstr, &elem_size));
2110     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOffsets(active_elem_rstr, CEED_MEM_HOST, &offsets));
2111 
2112     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(active_elem_rstr, &point_block_active_elem_rstr));
2113     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOffsets(point_block_active_elem_rstr, CEED_MEM_HOST, &point_block_offsets));
2114 
2115     for (CeedSize i = 0; i < num_elem * elem_size; i++) {
2116       for (CeedInt c_out = 0; c_out < num_active_components; c_out++) {
2117         for (CeedInt c_in = 0; c_in < num_active_components; c_in++) {
2118           (*rows)[point_block_offsets[i] + c_out * num_active_components + c_in] = offsets[i] + c_out * comp_stride;
2119           (*cols)[point_block_offsets[i] + c_out * num_active_components + c_in] = offsets[i] + c_in * comp_stride;
2120         }
2121       }
2122     }
2123 
2124     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOffsets(active_elem_rstr, &offsets));
2125     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOffsets(point_block_active_elem_rstr, &point_block_offsets));
2126     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&point_block_active_elem_rstr));
2127   }
2128   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2129 }
2130 
2131 /**
2132   @brief Assemble the point block diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`.
2133 
2134   This overwrites a `CeedVector` with the point block diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2135 
2136   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
2137 
2138   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2139 
2140   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
2141   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedOperator` point block diagonal, provided in row-major form with an `num_comp * num_comp` block at each node.
2142                           The dimensions of this vector are derived from the active vector for the `CeedOperator`.
2143                           The array has shape `[nodes, component out, component in]`.
2144   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2145 
2146   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2147 
2148   @ref User
2149 **/
2150 int CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
2151   bool     is_composite;
2152   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2153   Ceed     ceed;
2154 
2155   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2156   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2157   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2158 
2159   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2160   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2161 
2162   // Early exit for empty operator
2163   if (!is_composite) {
2164     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2165 
2166     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2167     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2168   }
2169 
2170   if (op->LinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal) {
2171     // Backend version
2172     CeedCall(op->LinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2173     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2174   } else if (op->LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal) {
2175     // Backend version with zeroing first
2176     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
2177     CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2178     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2179   } else {
2180     // Operator fallback
2181     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2182 
2183     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2184     if (op_fallback) {
2185       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
2186       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2187     }
2188   }
2189   // Default interface implementation
2190   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
2191   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2192   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2193 }
2194 
2195 /**
2196   @brief Assemble the point block diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`.
2197 
2198   This sums into a `CeedVector` with the point block diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2199 
2200   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
2201 
2202   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2203 
2204   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
2205   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled CeedOperator point block diagonal, provided in row-major form with an `num_comp * num_comp` block at each node.
2206                           The dimensions of this vector are derived from the active vector for the `CeedOperator`.
2207                           The array has shape `[nodes, component out, component in]`.
2208   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2209 
2210   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2211 
2212   @ref User
2213 **/
2214 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
2215   bool     is_composite;
2216   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2217   Ceed     ceed;
2218 
2219   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2220   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2221   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2222 
2223   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2224   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2225 
2226   // Early exit for empty operator
2227   if (!is_composite) {
2228     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2229 
2230     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2231     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2232   }
2233 
2234   if (op->LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal) {
2235     // Backend version
2236     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2237     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2238   } else {
2239     // Operator fallback
2240     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2241 
2242     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2243     if (op_fallback) {
2244       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
2245       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2246     }
2247   }
2248   // Default interface implementation
2249   if (is_composite) {
2250     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, true, assembled));
2251   } else {
2252     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, true, assembled));
2253   }
2254   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2255 }
2256 
2257 /**
2258    @brief Fully assemble the nonzero pattern of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2259 
2260    Expected to be used in conjunction with @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemble().
2261 
2262    The assembly routines use coordinate format, with `num_entries` tuples of the form `(i, j, value)` which indicate that value should be added to the matrix in entry `(i, j)`.
2263    Note that the `(i, j)` pairs are not unique and may repeat.
2264    This function returns the number of entries and their `(i, j)` locations, while @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemble() provides the values in the same ordering.
2265 
2266    This will generally be slow unless your operator is low-order.
2267 
2268    Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2269 
2270    @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to assemble
2271    @param[out] num_entries Number of entries in coordinate nonzero pattern
2272    @param[out] rows        Row number for each entry
2273    @param[out] cols        Column number for each entry
2274 
2275    @ref User
2276 **/
2277 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic(CeedOperator op, CeedSize *num_entries, CeedInt **rows, CeedInt **cols) {
2278   bool          is_composite;
2279   CeedInt       num_suboperators, offset = 0;
2280   CeedSize      single_entries;
2281   CeedOperator *sub_operators;
2282 
2283   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2284   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2285 
2286   if (op->LinearAssembleSymbolic) {
2287     // Backend version
2288     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleSymbolic(op, num_entries, rows, cols));
2289     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2290   } else {
2291     // Operator fallback
2292     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2293 
2294     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2295     if (op_fallback) {
2296       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic(op_fallback, num_entries, rows, cols));
2297       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2298     }
2299   }
2300 
2301   // Default interface implementation
2302 
2303   // Count entries and allocate rows, cols arrays
2304   *num_entries = 0;
2305   if (is_composite) {
2306     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2307     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2308     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_suboperators; ++k) {
2309       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(sub_operators[k], &single_entries));
2310       *num_entries += single_entries;
2311     }
2312   } else {
2313     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(op, &single_entries));
2314     *num_entries += single_entries;
2315   }
2316   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, rows));
2317   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, cols));
2318 
2319   // Assemble nonzero locations
2320   if (is_composite) {
2321     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2322     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2323     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_suboperators; ++k) {
2324       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSymbolic(sub_operators[k], offset, *rows, *cols));
2325       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(sub_operators[k], &single_entries));
2326       offset += single_entries;
2327     }
2328   } else {
2329     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSymbolic(op, offset, *rows, *cols));
2330   }
2331   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2332 }
2333 
2334 /**
2335    @brief Fully assemble the nonzero entries of a linear operator.
2336 
2337    Expected to be used in conjunction with @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic().
2338 
2339    The assembly routines use coordinate format, with `num_entries` tuples of the form `(i, j, value)` which indicate that value should be added to the matrix in entry `(i, j)`.
2340    Note that the `(i, j)` pairs are not unique and may repeat.
2341    This function returns the values of the nonzero entries to be added, their `(i, j)` locations are provided by @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic().
2342 
2343    This will generally be slow unless your operator is low-order.
2344 
2345    Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2346 
2347    @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` to assemble
2348    @param[out] values Values to assemble into matrix
2349 
2350    @ref User
2351 **/
2352 int CeedOperatorLinearAssemble(CeedOperator op, CeedVector values) {
2353   bool          is_composite;
2354   CeedInt       num_suboperators, offset = 0;
2355   CeedSize      single_entries = 0;
2356   CeedOperator *sub_operators;
2357 
2358   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2359   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2360 
2361   // Early exit for empty operator
2362   if (!is_composite) {
2363     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2364 
2365     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2366     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2367   }
2368 
2369   if (op->LinearAssemble) {
2370     // Backend version
2371     CeedCall(op->LinearAssemble(op, values));
2372     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2373   } else {
2374     // Operator fallback
2375     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2376 
2377     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2378     if (op_fallback) {
2379       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssemble(op_fallback, values));
2380       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2381     }
2382   }
2383 
2384   // Default interface implementation
2385   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(values, 0.0));
2386   if (is_composite) {
2387     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2388     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2389     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_suboperators; k++) {
2390       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(sub_operators[k], offset, values));
2391       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(sub_operators[k], &single_entries));
2392       offset += single_entries;
2393     }
2394   } else {
2395     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(op, offset, values));
2396   }
2397   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2398 }
2399 
2400 /**
2401   @brief Get the multiplicity of nodes across sub-operators in a composite `CeedOperator`.
2402 
2403   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2404 
2405   @param[in]  op               Composite `CeedOperator`
2406   @param[in]  num_skip_indices Number of sub-operators to skip
2407   @param[in]  skip_indices     Array of indices of sub-operators to skip
2408   @param[out] mult             Vector to store multiplicity (of size `l_size` )
2409 
2410   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2411 
2412   @ref User
2413 **/
2414 int CeedCompositeOperatorGetMultiplicity(CeedOperator op, CeedInt num_skip_indices, CeedInt *skip_indices, CeedVector mult) {
2415   Ceed                ceed;
2416   CeedInt             num_suboperators;
2417   CeedSize            l_vec_len;
2418   CeedScalar         *mult_array;
2419   CeedVector          ones_l_vec;
2420   CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr, mult_elem_rstr;
2421   CeedOperator       *sub_operators;
2422 
2423   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2424 
2425   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2426 
2427   // Zero mult vector
2428   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(mult, 0.0));
2429 
2430   // Get suboperators
2431   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2432   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2433   if (num_suboperators == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2434 
2435   // Work vector
2436   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetLength(mult, &l_vec_len));
2437   CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, l_vec_len, &ones_l_vec));
2438   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(ones_l_vec, 1.0));
2439   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArray(mult, CEED_MEM_HOST, &mult_array));
2440 
2441   // Compute multiplicity across suboperators
2442   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_suboperators; i++) {
2443     const CeedScalar *sub_mult_array;
2444     CeedVector        sub_mult_l_vec, ones_e_vec;
2445 
2446     // -- Check for suboperator to skip
2447     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < num_skip_indices; j++) {
2448       if (skip_indices[j] == i) continue;
2449     }
2450 
2451     // -- Sub operator multiplicity
2452     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestriction(sub_operators[i], &elem_rstr));
2453     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnorientedCopy(elem_rstr, &mult_elem_rstr));
2454     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(mult_elem_rstr, &sub_mult_l_vec, &ones_e_vec));
2455     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(sub_mult_l_vec, 0.0));
2456     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(mult_elem_rstr, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, ones_l_vec, ones_e_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
2457     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(mult_elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, ones_e_vec, sub_mult_l_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
2458     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(sub_mult_l_vec, CEED_MEM_HOST, &sub_mult_array));
2459     // ---- Flag every node present in the current suboperator
2460     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < l_vec_len; j++) {
2461       if (sub_mult_array[j] > 0.0) mult_array[j] += 1.0;
2462     }
2463     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(sub_mult_l_vec, &sub_mult_array));
2464     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&sub_mult_l_vec));
2465     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&ones_e_vec));
2466     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&mult_elem_rstr));
2467   }
2468   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(mult, &mult_array));
2469   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&ones_l_vec));
2470   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2471 }
2472 
2473 /**
2474   @brief Create a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator`, creating the prolongation basis from the fine and coarse grid interpolation.
2475 
2476   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets all four `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2477 
2478   @param[in]  op_fine      Fine grid `CeedOperator`
2479   @param[in]  p_mult_fine  L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2480   @param[in]  rstr_coarse  Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
2481   @param[in]  basis_coarse Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
2482   @param[out] op_coarse    Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
2483   @param[out] op_prolong   Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2484   @param[out] op_restrict  Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2485 
2486   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2487 
2488   @ref User
2489 **/
2490 int CeedOperatorMultigridLevelCreate(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
2491                                      CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong, CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
2492   CeedBasis basis_c_to_f = NULL;
2493 
2494   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fine));
2495 
2496   // Build prolongation matrix, if required
2497   if (op_prolong || op_restrict) {
2498     CeedBasis basis_fine;
2499 
2500     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveBasis(op_fine, &basis_fine));
2501     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateProjection(basis_coarse, basis_fine, &basis_c_to_f));
2502   }
2503 
2504   // Core code
2505   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(op_fine, p_mult_fine, rstr_coarse, basis_coarse, basis_c_to_f, op_coarse, op_prolong, op_restrict));
2506   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2507 }
2508 
2509 /**
2510   @brief Create a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator` with a tensor basis for the active basis.
2511 
2512   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets all four `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2513 
2514   @param[in]  op_fine       Fine grid `CeedOperator`
2515   @param[in]  p_mult_fine   L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2516   @param[in]  rstr_coarse   Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
2517   @param[in]  basis_coarse  Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
2518   @param[in]  interp_c_to_f Matrix for coarse to fine interpolation, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2519   @param[out] op_coarse     Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
2520   @param[out] op_prolong    Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2521   @param[out] op_restrict   Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2522 
2523   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2524 
2525   @ref User
2526 **/
2527 int CeedOperatorMultigridLevelCreateTensorH1(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
2528                                              const CeedScalar *interp_c_to_f, CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong,
2529                                              CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
2530   Ceed      ceed;
2531   CeedInt   Q_f, Q_c;
2532   CeedBasis basis_fine, basis_c_to_f = NULL;
2533 
2534   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fine));
2535   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op_fine, &ceed));
2536 
2537   // Check for compatible quadrature spaces
2538   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveBasis(op_fine, &basis_fine));
2539   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_fine, &Q_f));
2540   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_coarse, &Q_c));
2541   CeedCheck(Q_f == Q_c, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Bases must have compatible quadrature spaces");
2542 
2543   // Create coarse to fine basis, if required
2544   if (op_prolong || op_restrict) {
2545     CeedInt     dim, num_comp, num_nodes_c, P_1d_f, P_1d_c;
2546     CeedScalar *q_ref, *q_weight, *grad;
2547 
2548     // Check if interpolation matrix is provided
2549     CeedCheck(interp_c_to_f, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
2550               "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires coarse-to-fine interpolation matrix");
2551     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDimension(basis_fine, &dim));
2552     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_fine, &num_comp));
2553     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes1D(basis_fine, &P_1d_f));
2554     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_coarse, &num_nodes_c));
2555     P_1d_c = dim == 1 ? num_nodes_c : dim == 2 ? sqrt(num_nodes_c) : cbrt(num_nodes_c);
2556     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d_f, &q_ref));
2557     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d_f, &q_weight));
2558     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d_f * P_1d_c * dim, &grad));
2559     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateTensorH1(ceed, dim, num_comp, P_1d_c, P_1d_f, interp_c_to_f, grad, q_ref, q_weight, &basis_c_to_f));
2560     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_ref));
2561     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_weight));
2562     CeedCall(CeedFree(&grad));
2563   }
2564 
2565   // Core code
2566   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(op_fine, p_mult_fine, rstr_coarse, basis_coarse, basis_c_to_f, op_coarse, op_prolong, op_restrict));
2567   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2568 }
2569 
2570 /**
2571   @brief Create a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator` with a non-tensor basis for the active vector
2572 
2573   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets all four `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2574 
2575   @param[in]  op_fine       Fine grid `CeedOperator`
2576   @param[in]  p_mult_fine   L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2577   @param[in]  rstr_coarse   Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
2578   @param[in]  basis_coarse  Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
2579   @param[in]  interp_c_to_f Matrix for coarse to fine interpolation, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2580   @param[out] op_coarse     Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
2581   @param[out] op_prolong    Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2582   @param[out] op_restrict   Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2583 
2584   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2585 
2586   @ref User
2587 **/
2588 int CeedOperatorMultigridLevelCreateH1(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
2589                                        const CeedScalar *interp_c_to_f, CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong,
2590                                        CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
2591   Ceed      ceed;
2592   CeedInt   Q_f, Q_c;
2593   CeedBasis basis_fine, basis_c_to_f = NULL;
2594 
2595   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fine));
2596   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op_fine, &ceed));
2597 
2598   // Check for compatible quadrature spaces
2599   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveBasis(op_fine, &basis_fine));
2600   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_fine, &Q_f));
2601   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_coarse, &Q_c));
2602   CeedCheck(Q_f == Q_c, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Bases must have compatible quadrature spaces");
2603 
2604   // Coarse to fine basis
2605   if (op_prolong || op_restrict) {
2606     CeedInt          dim, num_comp, num_nodes_c, num_nodes_f;
2607     CeedScalar      *q_ref, *q_weight, *grad;
2608     CeedElemTopology topo;
2609 
2610     // Check if interpolation matrix is provided
2611     CeedCheck(interp_c_to_f, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
2612               "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires coarse-to-fine interpolation matrix");
2613     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetTopology(basis_fine, &topo));
2614     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDimension(basis_fine, &dim));
2615     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_fine, &num_comp));
2616     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_fine, &num_nodes_f));
2617     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_coarse, &num_nodes_c));
2618     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_nodes_f * dim, &q_ref));
2619     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_nodes_f, &q_weight));
2620     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_nodes_f * num_nodes_c * dim, &grad));
2621     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateH1(ceed, topo, num_comp, num_nodes_c, num_nodes_f, interp_c_to_f, grad, q_ref, q_weight, &basis_c_to_f));
2622     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_ref));
2623     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_weight));
2624     CeedCall(CeedFree(&grad));
2625   }
2626 
2627   // Core code
2628   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(op_fine, p_mult_fine, rstr_coarse, basis_coarse, basis_c_to_f, op_coarse, op_prolong, op_restrict));
2629   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2630 }
2631 
2632 /**
2633   @brief Build a FDM based approximate inverse for each element for a `CeedOperator`.
2634 
2635   This returns a `CeedOperator` and `CeedVector` to apply a Fast Diagonalization Method based approximate inverse.
2636   This function obtains the simultaneous diagonalization for the 1D mass and Laplacian operators, \f$M = V^T V, K = V^T S V\f$.
2637   The assembled `CeedQFunction` is used to modify the eigenvalues from simultaneous diagonalization and obtain an approximate inverse of the form \f$V^T \hat S V\f$.
2638   The `CeedOperator` must be linear and non-composite.
2639   The associated `CeedQFunction` must therefore also be linear.
2640 
2641   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2642 
2643   @param[in]  op      `CeedOperator` to create element inverses
2644   @param[out] fdm_inv `CeedOperator` to apply the action of a FDM based inverse for each element
2645   @param[in]  request Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2646 
2647   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2648 
2649   @ref User
2650 **/
2651 int CeedOperatorCreateFDMElementInverse(CeedOperator op, CeedOperator *fdm_inv, CeedRequest *request) {
2652   Ceed                 ceed, ceed_parent;
2653   bool                 interp = false, grad = false, is_tensor_basis = true;
2654   CeedInt              num_input_fields, P_1d, Q_1d, num_nodes, num_qpts, dim, num_comp = 1, num_elem = 1;
2655   CeedSize             l_size = 1;
2656   CeedScalar          *mass, *laplace, *x, *fdm_interp, *lambda, *elem_avg;
2657   const CeedScalar    *interp_1d, *grad_1d, *q_weight_1d;
2658   CeedVector           q_data;
2659   CeedElemRestriction  rstr  = NULL, rstr_qd_i;
2660   CeedBasis            basis = NULL, fdm_basis;
2661   CeedQFunctionContext ctx_fdm;
2662   CeedQFunctionField  *qf_fields;
2663   CeedQFunction        qf, qf_fdm;
2664   CeedOperatorField   *op_fields;
2665 
2666   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2667 
2668   if (op->CreateFDMElementInverse) {
2669     // Backend version
2670     CeedCall(op->CreateFDMElementInverse(op, fdm_inv, request));
2671     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2672   } else {
2673     // Operator fallback
2674     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2675 
2676     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2677     if (op_fallback) {
2678       CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateFDMElementInverse(op_fallback, fdm_inv, request));
2679       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2680     }
2681   }
2682 
2683   // Default interface implementation
2684   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2685   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(op, &ceed_parent));
2686   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
2687 
2688   // Determine active input basis
2689   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
2690   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
2691   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
2692     CeedVector vec;
2693 
2694     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
2695     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
2696       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
2697 
2698       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
2699       interp = interp || eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_INTERP;
2700       grad   = grad || eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_GRAD;
2701       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
2702       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &rstr));
2703     }
2704   }
2705   CeedCheck(basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "No active field set");
2706   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes1D(basis, &P_1d));
2707   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis, &num_nodes));
2708   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints1D(basis, &Q_1d));
2709   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis, &num_qpts));
2710   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDimension(basis, &dim));
2711   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis, &num_comp));
2712   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr, &num_elem));
2713   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetLVectorSize(rstr, &l_size));
2714 
2715   // Build and diagonalize 1D Mass and Laplacian
2716   CeedCall(CeedBasisIsTensor(basis, &is_tensor_basis));
2717   CeedCheck(is_tensor_basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "FDMElementInverse only supported for tensor bases");
2718   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &mass));
2719   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &laplace));
2720   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &x));
2721   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &fdm_interp));
2722   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d, &lambda));
2723   // -- Build matrices
2724   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetInterp1D(basis, &interp_1d));
2725   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetGrad1D(basis, &grad_1d));
2726   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetQWeights(basis, &q_weight_1d));
2727   CeedCall(CeedBuildMassLaplace(interp_1d, grad_1d, q_weight_1d, P_1d, Q_1d, dim, mass, laplace));
2728 
2729   // -- Diagonalize
2730   CeedCall(CeedSimultaneousDiagonalization(ceed, laplace, mass, x, lambda, P_1d));
2731   CeedCall(CeedFree(&mass));
2732   CeedCall(CeedFree(&laplace));
2733   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) {
2734     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < P_1d; j++) fdm_interp[i + j * P_1d] = x[j + i * P_1d];
2735   }
2736   CeedCall(CeedFree(&x));
2737 
2738   {
2739     CeedInt             layout[3], num_modes = (interp ? 1 : 0) + (grad ? dim : 0);
2740     CeedScalar          max_norm = 0;
2741     const CeedScalar   *assembled_array, *q_weight_array;
2742     CeedVector          assembled = NULL, q_weight;
2743     CeedElemRestriction rstr_qf   = NULL;
2744 
2745     // Assemble QFunction
2746     CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled, &rstr_qf, request));
2747     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(rstr_qf, layout));
2748     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_qf));
2749     CeedCall(CeedVectorNorm(assembled, CEED_NORM_MAX, &max_norm));
2750 
2751     // Calculate element averages
2752     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, num_qpts, &q_weight));
2753     CeedCall(CeedBasisApply(basis, 1, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_weight));
2754     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled, CEED_MEM_HOST, &assembled_array));
2755     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(q_weight, CEED_MEM_HOST, &q_weight_array));
2756     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_elem, &elem_avg));
2757     const CeedScalar qf_value_bound = max_norm * 100 * CEED_EPSILON;
2758 
2759     for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
2760       CeedInt count = 0;
2761 
2762       for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
2763         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_comp * num_comp * num_modes * num_modes; i++) {
2764           if (fabs(assembled_array[q * layout[0] + i * layout[1] + e * layout[2]]) > qf_value_bound) {
2765             elem_avg[e] += assembled_array[q * layout[0] + i * layout[1] + e * layout[2]] / q_weight_array[q];
2766             count++;
2767           }
2768         }
2769       }
2770       if (count) {
2771         elem_avg[e] /= count;
2772       } else {
2773         elem_avg[e] = 1.0;
2774       }
2775     }
2776     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled, &assembled_array));
2777     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled));
2778     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(q_weight, &q_weight_array));
2779     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&q_weight));
2780   }
2781 
2782   // Build FDM diagonal
2783   {
2784     CeedScalar *q_data_array, *fdm_diagonal;
2785 
2786     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_comp * num_nodes, &fdm_diagonal));
2787     const CeedScalar fdm_diagonal_bound = num_nodes * CEED_EPSILON;
2788     for (CeedInt c = 0; c < num_comp; c++) {
2789       for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
2790         if (interp) fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n] = 1.0;
2791         if (grad) {
2792           for (CeedInt d = 0; d < dim; d++) {
2793             CeedInt i = (n / CeedIntPow(P_1d, d)) % P_1d;
2794             fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n] += lambda[i];
2795           }
2796         }
2797         if (fabs(fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n]) < fdm_diagonal_bound) fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n] = fdm_diagonal_bound;
2798       }
2799     }
2800     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, num_elem * num_comp * num_nodes, &q_data));
2801     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(q_data, 0.0));
2802     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(q_data, CEED_MEM_HOST, &q_data_array));
2803     for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
2804       for (CeedInt c = 0; c < num_comp; c++) {
2805         for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++)
2806           q_data_array[(e * num_comp + c) * num_nodes + n] = 1. / (elem_avg[e] * fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n]);
2807       }
2808     }
2809     CeedCall(CeedFree(&elem_avg));
2810     CeedCall(CeedFree(&fdm_diagonal));
2811     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(q_data, &q_data_array));
2812   }
2813 
2814   // Setup FDM operator
2815   // -- Basis
2816   {
2817     CeedScalar *grad_dummy, *q_ref_dummy, *q_weight_dummy;
2818 
2819     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &grad_dummy));
2820     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d, &q_ref_dummy));
2821     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d, &q_weight_dummy));
2822     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateTensorH1(ceed_parent, dim, num_comp, P_1d, P_1d, fdm_interp, grad_dummy, q_ref_dummy, q_weight_dummy, &fdm_basis));
2823     CeedCall(CeedFree(&fdm_interp));
2824     CeedCall(CeedFree(&grad_dummy));
2825     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_ref_dummy));
2826     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_weight_dummy));
2827     CeedCall(CeedFree(&lambda));
2828   }
2829 
2830   // -- Restriction
2831   {
2832     CeedInt strides[3] = {1, num_nodes, num_nodes * num_comp};
2833     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided(ceed_parent, num_elem, num_nodes, num_comp, num_elem * num_comp * num_nodes, strides, &rstr_qd_i));
2834   }
2835 
2836   // -- QFunction
2837   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInteriorByName(ceed_parent, "Scale", &qf_fdm));
2838   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_fdm, "input", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
2839   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_fdm, "scale", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
2840   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_fdm, "output", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
2841   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetUserFlopsEstimate(qf_fdm, num_comp));
2842 
2843   // -- QFunction context
2844   {
2845     CeedInt *num_comp_data;
2846 
2847     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &num_comp_data));
2848     num_comp_data[0] = num_comp;
2849     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextCreate(ceed, &ctx_fdm));
2850     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextSetData(ctx_fdm, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER, sizeof(*num_comp_data), num_comp_data));
2851   }
2852   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(qf_fdm, ctx_fdm));
2853   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextDestroy(&ctx_fdm));
2854 
2855   // -- Operator
2856   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed_parent, qf_fdm, NULL, NULL, fdm_inv));
2857   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*fdm_inv, "input", rstr, fdm_basis, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
2858   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*fdm_inv, "scale", rstr_qd_i, CEED_BASIS_NONE, q_data));
2859   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*fdm_inv, "output", rstr, fdm_basis, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
2860 
2861   // Cleanup
2862   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&q_data));
2863   CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&fdm_basis));
2864   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_qd_i));
2865   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_fdm));
2866   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2867 }
2868 
2869 /// @}
2870