xref: /libCEED/interface/ceed-preconditioning.c (revision 09095aca422b15880569a45d175edb3ff947d935)
1 // Copyright (c) 2017-2022, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
2 // All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
3 //
4 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
5 //
6 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
7 
8 #include <ceed-impl.h>
9 #include <ceed.h>
10 #include <ceed/backend.h>
11 #include <assert.h>
12 #include <math.h>
13 #include <stdbool.h>
14 #include <stdio.h>
15 #include <string.h>
16 
17 /// @file
18 /// Implementation of CeedOperator preconditioning interfaces
19 
20 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
21 /// CeedOperator Library Internal Preconditioning Functions
22 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
23 /// @addtogroup CeedOperatorDeveloper
24 /// @{
25 
26 /**
27   @brief Duplicate a `CeedQFunction` with a reference `Ceed` to fallback for advanced `CeedOperator` functionality
28 
29   @param[in]  fallback_ceed `Ceed` on which to create fallback `CeedQFunction`
30   @param[in]  qf            `CeedQFunction` to create fallback for
31   @param[out] qf_fallback   Fallback `CeedQFunction`
32 
33   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
34 
35   @ref Developer
36 **/
37 static int CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(Ceed fallback_ceed, CeedQFunction qf, CeedQFunction *qf_fallback) {
38   char               *source_path_with_name = NULL;
39   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
40   Ceed                ceed;
41   CeedQFunctionField *input_fields, *output_fields;
42 
43   // Check if NULL qf passed in
44   if (!qf) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
45 
46   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetCeed(qf, &ceed));
47   CeedDebug256(ceed, 1, "---------- CeedOperator Fallback ----------\n");
48   CeedDebug(ceed, "Creating fallback CeedQFunction\n");
49 
50   if (qf->source_path) {
51     size_t path_len = strlen(qf->source_path), name_len = strlen(qf->kernel_name);
52     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(path_len + name_len + 2, &source_path_with_name));
53     memcpy(source_path_with_name, qf->source_path, path_len);
54     memcpy(&source_path_with_name[path_len], ":", 1);
55     memcpy(&source_path_with_name[path_len + 1], qf->kernel_name, name_len);
56   } else {
57     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &source_path_with_name));
58   }
59 
60   {
61     CeedInt           vec_length;
62     CeedQFunctionUser f;
63 
64     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetVectorLength(qf, &vec_length));
65     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetUserFunction(qf, &f));
66     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInterior(fallback_ceed, vec_length, f, source_path_with_name, qf_fallback));
67   }
68   {
69     CeedQFunctionContext ctx;
70 
71     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetContext(qf, &ctx));
72     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(*qf_fallback, ctx));
73   }
74   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
75   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
76     const char  *field_name;
77     CeedInt      size;
78     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
79 
80     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetData(input_fields[i], &field_name, &size, &eval_mode));
81     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(*qf_fallback, field_name, size, eval_mode));
82   }
83   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
84     const char  *field_name;
85     CeedInt      size;
86     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
87 
88     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetData(output_fields[i], &field_name, &size, &eval_mode));
89     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(*qf_fallback, field_name, size, eval_mode));
90   }
91   CeedCall(CeedFree(&source_path_with_name));
92   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
93 }
94 
95 /**
96   @brief Duplicate a `CeedOperator` with a reference `Ceed` to fallback for advanced `CeedOperator` functionality
97 
98   @param[in,out] op `CeedOperator` to create fallback for
99 
100   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
101 
102   @ref Developer
103 **/
104 static int CeedOperatorCreateFallback(CeedOperator op) {
105   bool         is_composite;
106   Ceed         ceed, ceed_fallback;
107   CeedOperator op_fallback;
108 
109   // Check not already created
110   if (op->op_fallback) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
111 
112   // Fallback Ceed
113   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
114   CeedCall(CeedGetOperatorFallbackCeed(ceed, &ceed_fallback));
115   if (!ceed_fallback) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
116 
117   CeedDebug256(ceed, 1, "---------- CeedOperator Fallback ----------\n");
118   CeedDebug(ceed, "Creating fallback CeedOperator\n");
119 
120   // Clone Op
121   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
122   if (is_composite) {
123     CeedInt       num_suboperators;
124     CeedOperator *sub_operators;
125 
126     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorCreate(ceed_fallback, &op_fallback));
127     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
128     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
129     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_suboperators; i++) {
130       CeedOperator op_sub_fallback;
131 
132       CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(sub_operators[i], &op_sub_fallback));
133       CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorAddSub(op_fallback, op_sub_fallback));
134     }
135   } else {
136     CeedInt            num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
137     CeedQFunction      qf_fallback = NULL, dqf_fallback = NULL, dqfT_fallback = NULL;
138     CeedOperatorField *input_fields, *output_fields;
139 
140     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(ceed_fallback, op->qf, &qf_fallback));
141     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(ceed_fallback, op->dqf, &dqf_fallback));
142     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(ceed_fallback, op->dqfT, &dqfT_fallback));
143     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed_fallback, qf_fallback, dqf_fallback, dqfT_fallback, &op_fallback));
144     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
145     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
146       const char         *field_name;
147       CeedVector          vec;
148       CeedElemRestriction rstr;
149       CeedBasis           basis;
150 
151       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetData(input_fields[i], &field_name, &rstr, &basis, &vec));
152       CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(op_fallback, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
153     }
154     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
155       const char         *field_name;
156       CeedVector          vec;
157       CeedElemRestriction rstr;
158       CeedBasis           basis;
159 
160       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetData(output_fields[i], &field_name, &rstr, &basis, &vec));
161       CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(op_fallback, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
162     }
163     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReferenceCopy(op->qf_assembled, &op_fallback->qf_assembled));
164     // Cleanup
165     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_fallback));
166     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&dqf_fallback));
167     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&dqfT_fallback));
168   }
169   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(op_fallback, op->name));
170   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fallback));
171   // Note: No ref-counting here so we don't get caught in a reference loop.
172   //       The op holds the only reference to op_fallback and is responsible for deleting itself and op_fallback.
173   op->op_fallback                 = op_fallback;
174   op_fallback->op_fallback_parent = op;
175   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
176 }
177 
178 /**
179   @brief Core logic for assembling operator diagonal or point block diagonal
180 
181   @param[in]  op             `CeedOperator` to assemble point block diagonal
182   @param[in]  request        Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
183   @param[in]  is_point_block Boolean flag to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
184   @param[out] assembled      `CeedVector` to store assembled diagonal
185 
186   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
187 
188   @ref Developer
189 **/
190 static inline int CeedSingleOperatorAssembleAddDiagonal_Core(CeedOperator op, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block, CeedVector assembled) {
191   Ceed ceed;
192   bool is_composite;
193 
194   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
195   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
196   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
197 
198   // Assemble QFunction
199   CeedInt             layout_qf[3];
200   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
201   CeedVector          assembled_qf        = NULL;
202   CeedElemRestriction assembled_elem_rstr = NULL;
203 
204   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_elem_rstr, request));
205   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(assembled_elem_rstr, layout_qf));
206   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_elem_rstr));
207   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_HOST, &assembled_qf_array));
208 
209   // Get assembly data
210   const CeedEvalMode     **eval_modes_in, **eval_modes_out;
211   CeedInt                  num_active_bases_in, *num_eval_modes_in, num_active_bases_out, *num_eval_modes_out;
212   CeedSize               **eval_mode_offsets_in, **eval_mode_offsets_out, num_output_components;
213   CeedBasis               *active_bases_in, *active_bases_out;
214   CeedElemRestriction     *active_elem_rstrs_in, *active_elem_rstrs_out;
215   CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
216 
217   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(op, &data));
218   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetEvalModes(data, &num_active_bases_in, &num_eval_modes_in, &eval_modes_in, &eval_mode_offsets_in,
219                                                 &num_active_bases_out, &num_eval_modes_out, &eval_modes_out, &eval_mode_offsets_out,
220                                                 &num_output_components));
221   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetBases(data, NULL, &active_bases_in, NULL, NULL, &active_bases_out, NULL));
222   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(data, NULL, &active_elem_rstrs_in, NULL, &active_elem_rstrs_out));
223 
224   // Loop over all active bases (find matching input/output pairs)
225   for (CeedInt b = 0; b < CeedIntMin(num_active_bases_in, num_active_bases_out); b++) {
226     CeedInt             b_in, b_out, num_elem, num_nodes, num_qpts, num_comp;
227     bool                has_eval_none = false;
228     CeedScalar         *elem_diag_array, *identity = NULL;
229     CeedVector          elem_diag;
230     CeedElemRestriction diag_elem_rstr;
231 
232     if (num_active_bases_in <= num_active_bases_out) {
233       b_in = b;
234       for (b_out = 0; b_out < num_active_bases_out; b_out++) {
235         if (active_bases_in[b_in] == active_bases_out[b_out]) {
236           break;
237         }
238       }
239       if (b_out == num_active_bases_out) {
240         continue;
241       }  // No matching output basis found
242     } else {
243       b_out = b;
244       for (b_in = 0; b_in < num_active_bases_in; b_in++) {
245         if (active_bases_in[b_in] == active_bases_out[b_out]) {
246           break;
247         }
248       }
249       if (b_in == num_active_bases_in) {
250         continue;
251       }  // No matching output basis found
252     }
253     CeedCheck(active_elem_rstrs_in[b_in] == active_elem_rstrs_out[b_out], ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
254               "Cannot assemble operator diagonal with different input and output active element restrictions");
255 
256     // Assemble point block diagonal restriction, if needed
257     if (is_point_block) {
258       CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(active_elem_rstrs_in[b_in], &diag_elem_rstr));
259     } else {
260       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(active_elem_rstrs_in[b_in], &diag_elem_rstr));
261     }
262 
263     // Create diagonal vector
264     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag_elem_rstr, NULL, &elem_diag));
265 
266     // Assemble element operator diagonals
267     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_diag, 0.0));
268     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArray(elem_diag, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_diag_array));
269     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(diag_elem_rstr, &num_elem));
270     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(active_bases_in[b_in], &num_nodes));
271     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(active_bases_in[b_in], &num_comp));
272     if (active_bases_in[b_in] == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
273     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(active_bases_in[b_in], &num_qpts));
274 
275     // Construct identity matrix for basis if required
276     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in[b_in]; i++) {
277       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[b_in][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
278     }
279     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out[b_out]; i++) {
280       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[b_out][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
281     }
282     if (has_eval_none) {
283       CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes, &identity));
284       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
285     }
286 
287     // Compute the diagonal of B^T D B
288     // Each element
289     for (CeedSize e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
290       // Each basis eval mode pair
291       CeedInt      d_out              = 0, q_comp_out;
292       CeedEvalMode eval_mode_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
293 
294       for (CeedInt e_out = 0; e_out < num_eval_modes_out[b_out]; e_out++) {
295         CeedInt           d_in              = 0, q_comp_in;
296         const CeedScalar *B_t               = NULL;
297         CeedEvalMode      eval_mode_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
298 
299         CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(active_bases_out[b_out], eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out], identity, &B_t));
300         CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(active_bases_out[b_out], eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out], &q_comp_out));
301         if (q_comp_out > 1) {
302           if (e_out == 0 || eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out] != eval_mode_out_prev) d_out = 0;
303           else B_t = &B_t[(++d_out) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
304         }
305         eval_mode_out_prev = eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out];
306 
307         for (CeedInt e_in = 0; e_in < num_eval_modes_in[b_in]; e_in++) {
308           const CeedScalar *B = NULL;
309 
310           CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(active_bases_in[b_in], eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in], identity, &B));
311           CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(active_bases_in[b_in], eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in], &q_comp_in));
312           if (q_comp_in > 1) {
313             if (e_in == 0 || eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in] != eval_mode_in_prev) d_in = 0;
314             else B = &B[(++d_in) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
315           }
316           eval_mode_in_prev = eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in];
317 
318           // Each component
319           for (CeedInt c_out = 0; c_out < num_comp; c_out++) {
320             // Each qpt/node pair
321             for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
322               if (is_point_block) {
323                 // Point Block Diagonal
324                 for (CeedInt c_in = 0; c_in < num_comp; c_in++) {
325                   const CeedSize c_offset =
326                       (eval_mode_offsets_in[b_in][e_in] + c_in) * num_output_components + eval_mode_offsets_out[b_out][e_out] + c_out;
327                   const CeedScalar qf_value = assembled_qf_array[q * layout_qf[0] + c_offset * layout_qf[1] + e * layout_qf[2]];
328 
329                   for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
330                     elem_diag_array[((e * num_comp + c_out) * num_comp + c_in) * num_nodes + n] +=
331                         B_t[q * num_nodes + n] * qf_value * B[q * num_nodes + n];
332                   }
333                 }
334               } else {
335                 // Diagonal Only
336                 const CeedInt c_offset =
337                     (eval_mode_offsets_in[b_in][e_in] + c_out) * num_output_components + eval_mode_offsets_out[b_out][e_out] + c_out;
338                 const CeedScalar qf_value = assembled_qf_array[q * layout_qf[0] + c_offset * layout_qf[1] + e * layout_qf[2]];
339 
340                 for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
341                   elem_diag_array[(e * num_comp + c_out) * num_nodes + n] += B_t[q * num_nodes + n] * qf_value * B[q * num_nodes + n];
342                 }
343               }
344             }
345           }
346         }
347       }
348     }
349     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(elem_diag, &elem_diag_array));
350 
351     // Assemble local operator diagonal
352     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(diag_elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, elem_diag, assembled, request));
353 
354     // Cleanup
355     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&diag_elem_rstr));
356     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&elem_diag));
357     CeedCall(CeedFree(&identity));
358   }
359   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
360   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
361   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
362 }
363 
364 /**
365   @brief Core logic for assembling composite operator diagonal
366 
367   @param[in]  op             `CeedOperator` to assemble point block diagonal
368   @param[in]  request        Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
369   @param[in]  is_point_block Boolean flag to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
370   @param[out] assembled      `CeedVector` to store assembled diagonal
371 
372   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
373 
374   @ref Developer
375 **/
376 static inline int CeedCompositeOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block,
377                                                                  CeedVector assembled) {
378   CeedInt       num_sub;
379   CeedOperator *suboperators;
380 
381   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_sub));
382   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &suboperators));
383   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_sub; i++) {
384     if (is_point_block) {
385       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(suboperators[i], assembled, request));
386     } else {
387       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(suboperators[i], assembled, request));
388     }
389   }
390   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
391 }
392 
393 /**
394   @brief Build nonzero pattern for non-composite CeedOperator`.
395 
396   Users should generally use @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic().
397 
398   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` to assemble nonzero pattern
399   @param[in]  offset Offset for number of entries
400   @param[out] rows   Row number for each entry
401   @param[out] cols   Column number for each entry
402 
403   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
404 
405   @ref Developer
406 **/
407 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSymbolic(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedInt *rows, CeedInt *cols) {
408   Ceed                ceed;
409   bool                is_composite;
410   CeedSize            num_nodes_in, num_nodes_out, count = 0;
411   CeedInt             num_elem_in, elem_size_in, num_comp_in, layout_er_in[3];
412   CeedInt             num_elem_out, elem_size_out, num_comp_out, layout_er_out[3], local_num_entries;
413   CeedScalar         *array;
414   const CeedScalar   *elem_dof_a_in, *elem_dof_a_out;
415   CeedVector          index_vec_in, index_vec_out, elem_dof_in, elem_dof_out;
416   CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr_in, elem_rstr_out, index_elem_rstr_in, index_elem_rstr_out;
417 
418   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
419   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
420   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
421 
422   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &num_nodes_in, &num_nodes_out));
423   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_out));
424   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
425   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
426   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
427   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(elem_rstr_in, layout_er_in));
428 
429   // Determine elem_dof relation for input
430   CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_nodes_in, &index_vec_in));
431   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(index_vec_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &array));
432   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_nodes_in; i++) array[i] = i;
433   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(index_vec_in, &array));
434   CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_elem_in * elem_size_in * num_comp_in, &elem_dof_in));
435   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_dof_in, 0.0));
436   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnorientedCopy(elem_rstr_in, &index_elem_rstr_in));
437   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(index_elem_rstr_in, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, index_vec_in, elem_dof_in, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
438   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(elem_dof_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_dof_a_in));
439   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&index_vec_in));
440   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&index_elem_rstr_in));
441 
442   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
443     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
444     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
445               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements");
446     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
447     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
448     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(elem_rstr_out, layout_er_out));
449 
450     // Determine elem_dof relation for output
451     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_nodes_out, &index_vec_out));
452     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(index_vec_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &array));
453     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_nodes_out; i++) array[i] = i;
454     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(index_vec_out, &array));
455     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_elem_out * elem_size_out * num_comp_out, &elem_dof_out));
456     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_dof_out, 0.0));
457     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnorientedCopy(elem_rstr_out, &index_elem_rstr_out));
458     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(index_elem_rstr_out, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, index_vec_out, elem_dof_out, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
459     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(elem_dof_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_dof_a_out));
460     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&index_vec_out));
461     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&index_elem_rstr_out));
462   } else {
463     num_elem_out     = num_elem_in;
464     elem_size_out    = elem_size_in;
465     num_comp_out     = num_comp_in;
466     layout_er_out[0] = layout_er_in[0];
467     layout_er_out[1] = layout_er_in[1];
468     layout_er_out[2] = layout_er_in[2];
469     elem_dof_a_out   = elem_dof_a_in;
470   }
471   local_num_entries = elem_size_out * num_comp_out * elem_size_in * num_comp_in * num_elem_in;
472 
473   // Determine i, j locations for element matrices
474   for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem_in; e++) {
475     for (CeedInt comp_in = 0; comp_in < num_comp_in; comp_in++) {
476       for (CeedInt comp_out = 0; comp_out < num_comp_out; comp_out++) {
477         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
478           for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
479             const CeedInt elem_dof_index_row = i * layout_er_out[0] + comp_out * layout_er_out[1] + e * layout_er_out[2];
480             const CeedInt elem_dof_index_col = j * layout_er_in[0] + comp_in * layout_er_in[1] + e * layout_er_in[2];
481             const CeedInt row                = elem_dof_a_out[elem_dof_index_row];
482             const CeedInt col                = elem_dof_a_in[elem_dof_index_col];
483 
484             rows[offset + count] = row;
485             cols[offset + count] = col;
486             count++;
487           }
488         }
489       }
490     }
491   }
492   CeedCheck(count == local_num_entries, ceed, CEED_ERROR_MAJOR, "Error computing assembled entries");
493   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(elem_dof_in, &elem_dof_a_in));
494   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&elem_dof_in));
495   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
496     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(elem_dof_out, &elem_dof_a_out));
497     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&elem_dof_out));
498   }
499   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
500 }
501 
502 /**
503   @brief Assemble nonzero entries for non-composite `CeedOperator`.
504 
505   Users should generally use @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemble().
506 
507   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` to assemble
508   @param[in]  offset Offset for number of entries
509   @param[out] values Values to assemble into matrix
510 
511   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
512 
513   @ref Developer
514 **/
515 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedVector values) {
516   Ceed ceed;
517   bool is_composite;
518 
519   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
520   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
521   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
522 
523   // Early exit for empty operator
524   {
525     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
526 
527     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
528     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
529   }
530 
531   if (op->LinearAssembleSingle) {
532     // Backend version
533     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleSingle(op, offset, values));
534     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
535   } else {
536     // Operator fallback
537     CeedOperator op_fallback;
538 
539     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
540     if (op_fallback) {
541       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(op_fallback, offset, values));
542       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
543     }
544   }
545 
546   // Assemble QFunction
547   CeedInt             layout_qf[3];
548   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
549   CeedVector          assembled_qf        = NULL;
550   CeedElemRestriction assembled_elem_rstr = NULL;
551 
552   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_elem_rstr, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
553   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(assembled_elem_rstr, layout_qf));
554   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_elem_rstr));
555   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_HOST, &assembled_qf_array));
556 
557   // Get assembly data
558   CeedInt                  num_elem_in, elem_size_in, num_comp_in, num_qpts_in;
559   CeedInt                  num_elem_out, elem_size_out, num_comp_out, num_qpts_out, local_num_entries;
560   const CeedEvalMode     **eval_modes_in, **eval_modes_out;
561   CeedInt                  num_active_bases_in, *num_eval_modes_in, num_active_bases_out, *num_eval_modes_out;
562   CeedBasis               *active_bases_in, *active_bases_out, basis_in, basis_out;
563   const CeedScalar       **B_mats_in, **B_mats_out, *B_mat_in, *B_mat_out;
564   CeedElemRestriction      elem_rstr_in, elem_rstr_out;
565   CeedRestrictionType      elem_rstr_type_in, elem_rstr_type_out;
566   const bool              *elem_rstr_orients_in = NULL, *elem_rstr_orients_out = NULL;
567   const CeedInt8          *elem_rstr_curl_orients_in = NULL, *elem_rstr_curl_orients_out = NULL;
568   CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
569 
570   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(op, &data));
571   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetEvalModes(data, &num_active_bases_in, &num_eval_modes_in, &eval_modes_in, NULL, &num_active_bases_out,
572                                                 &num_eval_modes_out, &eval_modes_out, NULL, NULL));
573 
574   CeedCheck(num_active_bases_in == num_active_bases_out && num_active_bases_in == 1, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
575             "Cannot assemble operator with multiple active bases");
576   CeedCheck(num_eval_modes_in[0] > 0 && num_eval_modes_out[0] > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Cannot assemble operator without inputs/outputs");
577 
578   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetBases(data, NULL, &active_bases_in, &B_mats_in, NULL, &active_bases_out, &B_mats_out));
579   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_out));
580   basis_in  = active_bases_in[0];
581   basis_out = active_bases_out[0];
582   B_mat_in  = B_mats_in[0];
583   B_mat_out = B_mats_out[0];
584 
585   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
586   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
587   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
588   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_in = elem_size_in;
589   else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts_in));
590 
591   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_type_in));
592   if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
593     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(elem_rstr_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_orients_in));
594   } else if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
595     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_in));
596   }
597 
598   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
599     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
600     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
601               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements");
602     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
603     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
604     if (basis_out == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_out = elem_size_out;
605     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_out, &num_qpts_out));
606     CeedCheck(num_qpts_in == num_qpts_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
607               "Active input and output bases must have the same number of quadrature points");
608 
609     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr_out, &elem_rstr_type_out));
610     if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
611       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(elem_rstr_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_orients_out));
612     } else if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
613       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_out));
614     }
615   } else {
616     num_elem_out  = num_elem_in;
617     elem_size_out = elem_size_in;
618     num_comp_out  = num_comp_in;
619     num_qpts_out  = num_qpts_in;
620 
621     elem_rstr_orients_out      = elem_rstr_orients_in;
622     elem_rstr_curl_orients_out = elem_rstr_curl_orients_in;
623   }
624   local_num_entries = elem_size_out * num_comp_out * elem_size_in * num_comp_in * num_elem_in;
625 
626   // Loop over elements and put in data structure
627   // We store B_mat_in, B_mat_out, BTD, elem_mat in row-major order
628   CeedTensorContract contract;
629   CeedSize           count = 0;
630   CeedScalar        *vals, *BTD_mat = NULL, *elem_mat = NULL, *elem_mat_b = NULL;
631 
632   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetTensorContract(basis_in, &contract));
633   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0], &BTD_mat));
634   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * elem_size_in, &elem_mat));
635   if (elem_rstr_curl_orients_in || elem_rstr_curl_orients_out) CeedCall(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * elem_size_in, &elem_mat_b));
636 
637   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArray(values, CEED_MEM_HOST, &vals));
638   for (CeedSize e = 0; e < num_elem_in; e++) {
639     for (CeedInt comp_in = 0; comp_in < num_comp_in; comp_in++) {
640       for (CeedInt comp_out = 0; comp_out < num_comp_out; comp_out++) {
641         // Compute B^T*D
642         for (CeedSize n = 0; n < elem_size_out; n++) {
643           for (CeedSize q = 0; q < num_qpts_in; q++) {
644             for (CeedInt e_in = 0; e_in < num_eval_modes_in[0]; e_in++) {
645               const CeedSize btd_index = n * (num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0]) + q * num_eval_modes_in[0] + e_in;
646               CeedScalar     sum       = 0.0;
647 
648               for (CeedInt e_out = 0; e_out < num_eval_modes_out[0]; e_out++) {
649                 const CeedSize b_out_index     = (q * num_eval_modes_out[0] + e_out) * elem_size_out + n;
650                 const CeedSize eval_mode_index = ((e_in * num_comp_in + comp_in) * num_eval_modes_out[0] + e_out) * num_comp_out + comp_out;
651                 const CeedSize qf_index        = q * layout_qf[0] + eval_mode_index * layout_qf[1] + e * layout_qf[2];
652 
653                 sum += B_mat_out[b_out_index] * assembled_qf_array[qf_index];
654               }
655               BTD_mat[btd_index] = sum;
656             }
657           }
658         }
659 
660         // Form element matrix itself (for each block component)
661         if (contract) {
662           CeedCall(CeedTensorContractApply(contract, 1, num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0], elem_size_in, elem_size_out, BTD_mat, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE,
663                                            false, B_mat_in, elem_mat));
664         } else {
665           CeedCall(CeedMatrixMatrixMultiply(ceed, BTD_mat, B_mat_in, elem_mat, elem_size_out, elem_size_in, num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0]));
666         }
667 
668         // Transform the element matrix if required
669         if (elem_rstr_orients_out) {
670           const bool *elem_orients = &elem_rstr_orients_out[e * elem_size_out];
671 
672           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
673             const double orient = elem_orients[i] ? -1.0 : 1.0;
674 
675             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
676               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] *= orient;
677             }
678           }
679         } else if (elem_rstr_curl_orients_out) {
680           const CeedInt8 *elem_curl_orients = &elem_rstr_curl_orients_out[e * 3 * elem_size_out];
681 
682           // T^T*(B^T*D*B)
683           memcpy(elem_mat_b, elem_mat, elem_size_out * elem_size_in * sizeof(CeedScalar));
684           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
685             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
686               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] = elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * i + 1] +
687                                                (i > 0 ? elem_mat_b[(i - 1) * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * i - 1] : 0.0) +
688                                                (i < elem_size_out - 1 ? elem_mat_b[(i + 1) * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * i + 3] : 0.0);
689             }
690           }
691         }
692         if (elem_rstr_orients_in) {
693           const bool *elem_orients = &elem_rstr_orients_in[e * elem_size_in];
694 
695           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
696             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
697               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] *= elem_orients[j] ? -1.0 : 1.0;
698             }
699           }
700         } else if (elem_rstr_curl_orients_in) {
701           const CeedInt8 *elem_curl_orients = &elem_rstr_curl_orients_in[e * 3 * elem_size_in];
702 
703           // (B^T*D*B)*T
704           memcpy(elem_mat_b, elem_mat, elem_size_out * elem_size_in * sizeof(CeedScalar));
705           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
706             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
707               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] = elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * j + 1] +
708                                                (j > 0 ? elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j - 1] * elem_curl_orients[3 * j - 1] : 0.0) +
709                                                (j < elem_size_in - 1 ? elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j + 1] * elem_curl_orients[3 * j + 3] : 0.0);
710             }
711           }
712         }
713 
714         // Put element matrix in coordinate data structure
715         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
716           for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
717             vals[offset + count] = elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j];
718             count++;
719           }
720         }
721       }
722     }
723   }
724   CeedCheck(count == local_num_entries, ceed, CEED_ERROR_MAJOR, "Error computing entries");
725   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(values, &vals));
726 
727   // Cleanup
728   CeedCall(CeedFree(&BTD_mat));
729   CeedCall(CeedFree(&elem_mat));
730   CeedCall(CeedFree(&elem_mat_b));
731   if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
732     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_orients_in));
733   } else if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
734     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_in));
735   }
736   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
737     if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
738       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(elem_rstr_out, &elem_rstr_orients_out));
739     } else if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
740       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_out, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_out));
741     }
742   }
743   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
744   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
745   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
746 }
747 
748 /**
749   @brief Count number of entries for assembled `CeedOperator`
750 
751   @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to assemble
752   @param[out] num_entries Number of entries in assembled representation
753 
754   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
755 
756   @ref Utility
757 **/
758 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(CeedOperator op, CeedSize *num_entries) {
759   bool                is_composite;
760   CeedInt             num_elem_in, elem_size_in, num_comp_in, num_elem_out, elem_size_out, num_comp_out;
761   Ceed                ceed;
762   CeedElemRestriction rstr_in, rstr_out;
763 
764   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
765   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
766   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
767 
768   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
769   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
770   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
771   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
772   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
773     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
774     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
775               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements");
776     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
777     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
778   } else {
779     num_elem_out  = num_elem_in;
780     elem_size_out = elem_size_in;
781     num_comp_out  = num_comp_in;
782   }
783   *num_entries = (CeedSize)elem_size_in * num_comp_in * elem_size_out * num_comp_out * num_elem_in;
784   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
785 }
786 
787 /**
788   @brief Common code for creating a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator`
789 
790   @param[in]  op_fine      Fine grid `CeedOperator`
791   @param[in]  p_mult_fine  L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
792   @param[in]  rstr_coarse  Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
793   @param[in]  basis_coarse Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
794   @param[in]  basis_c_to_f `CeedBasis` for coarse to fine interpolation, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction operators
795   @param[out] op_coarse    Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
796   @param[out] op_prolong   Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
797   @param[out] op_restrict  Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
798 
799   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
800 
801   @ref Developer
802 **/
803 static int CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
804                                             CeedBasis basis_c_to_f, CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong, CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
805   bool                is_composite;
806   Ceed                ceed;
807   CeedInt             num_comp, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
808   CeedVector          mult_vec         = NULL;
809   CeedElemRestriction rstr_p_mult_fine = NULL, rstr_fine = NULL;
810   CeedOperatorField  *input_fields, *output_fields;
811 
812   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op_fine, &ceed));
813 
814   // Check for composite operator
815   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op_fine, &is_composite));
816   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Automatic multigrid setup for composite operators not supported");
817 
818   // Coarse Grid
819   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, op_fine->qf, op_fine->dqf, op_fine->dqfT, op_coarse));
820   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op_fine, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
821   // -- Clone input fields
822   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
823     const char         *field_name;
824     CeedVector          vec;
825     CeedElemRestriction rstr;
826     CeedBasis           basis;
827 
828     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetName(input_fields[i], &field_name));
829     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(input_fields[i], &vec));
830     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
831       rstr  = rstr_coarse;
832       basis = basis_coarse;
833       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &rstr_fine));
834     } else {
835       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &rstr));
836       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(input_fields[i], &basis));
837     }
838     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_coarse, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
839   }
840   // -- Clone output fields
841   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
842     const char         *field_name;
843     CeedVector          vec;
844     CeedElemRestriction rstr;
845     CeedBasis           basis;
846 
847     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetName(output_fields[i], &field_name));
848     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(output_fields[i], &vec));
849     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
850       rstr  = rstr_coarse;
851       basis = basis_coarse;
852       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &rstr_fine));
853     } else {
854       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &rstr));
855       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(output_fields[i], &basis));
856     }
857     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_coarse, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
858   }
859   // -- Clone QFunctionAssemblyData
860   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReferenceCopy(op_fine->qf_assembled, &(*op_coarse)->qf_assembled));
861 
862   // Multiplicity vector
863   if (op_restrict || op_prolong) {
864     CeedVector          mult_e_vec;
865     CeedRestrictionType rstr_type;
866 
867     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_fine, &rstr_type));
868     CeedCheck(rstr_type != CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
869               "Element restrictions created with CeedElemRestrictionCreateCurlOriented are not supported");
870     CeedCheck(p_mult_fine, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE, "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires fine grid multiplicity vector");
871     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(rstr_fine, &rstr_p_mult_fine));
872     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_fine, &mult_vec, &mult_e_vec));
873     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(mult_e_vec, 0.0));
874     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, p_mult_fine, mult_e_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
875     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(mult_vec, 0.0));
876     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_TRANSPOSE, mult_e_vec, mult_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
877     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&mult_e_vec));
878     CeedCall(CeedVectorReciprocal(mult_vec));
879   }
880 
881   // Clone name
882   bool   has_name = op_fine->name;
883   size_t name_len = op_fine->name ? strlen(op_fine->name) : 0;
884   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(*op_coarse, op_fine->name));
885 
886   // Check that coarse to fine basis is provided if prolong/restrict operators are requested
887   CeedCheck(basis_c_to_f || (!op_restrict && !op_prolong), ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
888             "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires coarse-to-fine basis");
889 
890   // Restriction/Prolongation Operators
891   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_coarse, &num_comp));
892 
893   // Restriction
894   if (op_restrict) {
895     CeedInt             *num_comp_r_data;
896     CeedQFunctionContext ctx_r;
897     CeedQFunction        qf_restrict;
898 
899     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInteriorByName(ceed, "Scale", &qf_restrict));
900     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &num_comp_r_data));
901     num_comp_r_data[0] = num_comp;
902     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextCreate(ceed, &ctx_r));
903     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextSetData(ctx_r, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER, sizeof(*num_comp_r_data), num_comp_r_data));
904     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(qf_restrict, ctx_r));
905     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextDestroy(&ctx_r));
906     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_restrict, "input", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
907     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_restrict, "scale", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
908     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_restrict, "output", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
909     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetUserFlopsEstimate(qf_restrict, num_comp));
910 
911     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, qf_restrict, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, op_restrict));
912     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_restrict, "input", rstr_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
913     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_restrict, "scale", rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, mult_vec));
914     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_restrict, "output", rstr_coarse, basis_c_to_f, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
915 
916     // Set name
917     char *restriction_name;
918 
919     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(17 + name_len, &restriction_name));
920     sprintf(restriction_name, "restriction%s%s", has_name ? " for " : "", has_name ? op_fine->name : "");
921     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(*op_restrict, restriction_name));
922     CeedCall(CeedFree(&restriction_name));
923 
924     // Check
925     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(*op_restrict));
926 
927     // Cleanup
928     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_restrict));
929   }
930 
931   // Prolongation
932   if (op_prolong) {
933     CeedInt             *num_comp_p_data;
934     CeedQFunctionContext ctx_p;
935     CeedQFunction        qf_prolong;
936 
937     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInteriorByName(ceed, "Scale", &qf_prolong));
938     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &num_comp_p_data));
939     num_comp_p_data[0] = num_comp;
940     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextCreate(ceed, &ctx_p));
941     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextSetData(ctx_p, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER, sizeof(*num_comp_p_data), num_comp_p_data));
942     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(qf_prolong, ctx_p));
943     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextDestroy(&ctx_p));
944     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_prolong, "input", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
945     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_prolong, "scale", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
946     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_prolong, "output", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
947     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetUserFlopsEstimate(qf_prolong, num_comp));
948 
949     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, qf_prolong, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, op_prolong));
950     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_prolong, "input", rstr_coarse, basis_c_to_f, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
951     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_prolong, "scale", rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, mult_vec));
952     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_prolong, "output", rstr_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
953 
954     // Set name
955     char *prolongation_name;
956 
957     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(18 + name_len, &prolongation_name));
958     sprintf(prolongation_name, "prolongation%s%s", has_name ? " for " : "", has_name ? op_fine->name : "");
959     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(*op_prolong, prolongation_name));
960     CeedCall(CeedFree(&prolongation_name));
961 
962     // Check
963     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(*op_prolong));
964 
965     // Cleanup
966     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_prolong));
967   }
968 
969   // Check
970   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(*op_coarse));
971 
972   // Cleanup
973   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&mult_vec));
974   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_p_mult_fine));
975   CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_c_to_f));
976   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
977 }
978 
979 /**
980   @brief Build 1D mass matrix and Laplacian with perturbation
981 
982   @param[in]  interp_1d   Interpolation matrix in one dimension
983   @param[in]  grad_1d     Gradient matrix in one dimension
984   @param[in]  q_weight_1d Quadrature weights in one dimension
985   @param[in]  P_1d        Number of basis nodes in one dimension
986   @param[in]  Q_1d        Number of quadrature points in one dimension
987   @param[in]  dim         Dimension of basis
988   @param[out] mass        Assembled mass matrix in one dimension
989   @param[out] laplace     Assembled perturbed Laplacian in one dimension
990 
991   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
992 
993   @ref Developer
994 **/
995 CeedPragmaOptimizeOff
996 static int CeedBuildMassLaplace(const CeedScalar *interp_1d, const CeedScalar *grad_1d, const CeedScalar *q_weight_1d, CeedInt P_1d, CeedInt Q_1d,
997                                 CeedInt dim, CeedScalar *mass, CeedScalar *laplace) {
998   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) {
999     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < P_1d; j++) {
1000       CeedScalar sum = 0.0;
1001       for (CeedInt k = 0; k < Q_1d; k++) sum += interp_1d[k * P_1d + i] * q_weight_1d[k] * interp_1d[k * P_1d + j];
1002       mass[i + j * P_1d] = sum;
1003     }
1004   }
1005   // -- Laplacian
1006   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) {
1007     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < P_1d; j++) {
1008       CeedScalar sum = 0.0;
1009 
1010       for (CeedInt k = 0; k < Q_1d; k++) sum += grad_1d[k * P_1d + i] * q_weight_1d[k] * grad_1d[k * P_1d + j];
1011       laplace[i + j * P_1d] = sum;
1012     }
1013   }
1014   CeedScalar perturbation = dim > 2 ? 1e-6 : 1e-4;
1015   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) laplace[i + P_1d * i] += perturbation;
1016   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1017 }
1018 CeedPragmaOptimizeOn
1019 
1020 /// @}
1021 
1022 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1023 /// CeedOperator Backend API
1024 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1025 /// @addtogroup CeedOperatorBackend
1026 /// @{
1027 
1028 /**
1029   @brief Select correct basis matrix pointer based on @ref CeedEvalMode
1030 
1031   @param[in]  basis     `CeedBasis` from which to get the basis matrix
1032   @param[in]  eval_mode Current basis evaluation mode
1033   @param[in]  identity  Pointer to identity matrix
1034   @param[out] basis_ptr `CeedBasis` pointer to set
1035 
1036   @ref Backend
1037 **/
1038 int CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(CeedBasis basis, CeedEvalMode eval_mode, const CeedScalar *identity, const CeedScalar **basis_ptr) {
1039   switch (eval_mode) {
1040     case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
1041       *basis_ptr = identity;
1042       break;
1043     case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
1044       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, basis_ptr));
1045       break;
1046     case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
1047       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetGrad(basis, basis_ptr));
1048       break;
1049     case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
1050       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDiv(basis, basis_ptr));
1051       break;
1052     case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
1053       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetCurl(basis, basis_ptr));
1054       break;
1055     case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
1056       break;  // Caught by QF Assembly
1057   }
1058   assert(*basis_ptr != NULL);
1059   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1060 }
1061 
1062 /**
1063   @brief Create point block restriction for active `CeedOperatorField`
1064 
1065   @param[in]  rstr             Original `CeedElemRestriction` for active field
1066   @param[out] point_block_rstr Address of the variable where the newly created `CeedElemRestriction` will be stored
1067 
1068   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1069 
1070   @ref Backend
1071 **/
1072 int CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(CeedElemRestriction rstr, CeedElemRestriction *point_block_rstr) {
1073   Ceed           ceed;
1074   CeedInt        num_elem, num_comp, shift, elem_size, comp_stride, *point_block_offsets;
1075   CeedSize       l_size;
1076   const CeedInt *offsets;
1077 
1078   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCeed(rstr, &ceed));
1079   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOffsets(rstr, CEED_MEM_HOST, &offsets));
1080 
1081   // Expand offsets
1082   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr, &num_elem));
1083   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr, &num_comp));
1084   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr, &elem_size));
1085   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(rstr, &comp_stride));
1086   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetLVectorSize(rstr, &l_size));
1087   shift = num_comp;
1088   if (comp_stride != 1) shift *= num_comp;
1089   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_elem * elem_size, &point_block_offsets));
1090   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_elem * elem_size; i++) {
1091     point_block_offsets[i] = offsets[i] * shift;
1092   }
1093 
1094   // Create new restriction
1095   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreate(ceed, num_elem, elem_size, num_comp * num_comp, 1, l_size * num_comp, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER,
1096                                      point_block_offsets, point_block_rstr));
1097 
1098   // Cleanup
1099   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOffsets(rstr, &offsets));
1100   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1101 }
1102 
1103 /**
1104   @brief Create object holding `CeedQFunction` assembly data for `CeedOperator`
1105 
1106   @param[in]  ceed `Ceed` object used to create the `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1107   @param[out] data Address of the variable where the newly created `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` will be stored
1108 
1109   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1110 
1111   @ref Backend
1112 **/
1113 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataCreate(Ceed ceed, CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data) {
1114   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, data));
1115   (*data)->ref_count = 1;
1116   (*data)->ceed      = ceed;
1117   CeedCall(CeedReference(ceed));
1118   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1119 }
1120 
1121 /**
1122   @brief Increment the reference counter for a `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1123 
1124   @param[in,out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to increment the reference counter
1125 
1126   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1127 
1128   @ref Backend
1129 **/
1130 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReference(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data) {
1131   data->ref_count++;
1132   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1133 }
1134 
1135 /**
1136   @brief Set re-use of `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1137 
1138   @param[in,out] data       `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to mark for reuse
1139   @param[in]     reuse_data Boolean flag indicating data re-use
1140 
1141   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1142 
1143   @ref Backend
1144 **/
1145 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetReuse(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool reuse_data) {
1146   data->reuse_data        = reuse_data;
1147   data->needs_data_update = true;
1148   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1149 }
1150 
1151 /**
1152   @brief Mark `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` as stale
1153 
1154   @param[in,out] data              `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to mark as stale
1155   @param[in]     needs_data_update Boolean flag indicating if update is needed or completed
1156 
1157   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1158 
1159   @ref Backend
1160 **/
1161 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetUpdateNeeded(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool needs_data_update) {
1162   data->needs_data_update = needs_data_update;
1163   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1164 }
1165 
1166 /**
1167   @brief Determine if `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` needs update
1168 
1169   @param[in]  data             `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to mark as stale
1170   @param[out] is_update_needed Boolean flag indicating if re-assembly is required
1171 
1172   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1173 
1174   @ref Backend
1175 **/
1176 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsUpdateNeeded(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool *is_update_needed) {
1177   *is_update_needed = !data->reuse_data || data->needs_data_update;
1178   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1179 }
1180 
1181 /**
1182   @brief Copy the pointer to a `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`.
1183 
1184   Both pointers should be destroyed with @ref CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataDestroy().
1185 
1186   Note: If the value of ` *data_copy` passed to this function is non-`NULL` , then it is assumed that ` *data_copy` is a pointer to a `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`.
1187         This `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` will be destroyed if ` *data_copy` is the only reference to this `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`.
1188 
1189   @param[in]     data      `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to copy reference to
1190   @param[in,out] data_copy Variable to store copied reference
1191 
1192   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1193 
1194   @ref Backend
1195 **/
1196 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReferenceCopy(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data_copy) {
1197   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReference(data));
1198   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataDestroy(data_copy));
1199   *data_copy = data;
1200   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1201 }
1202 
1203 /**
1204   @brief Get setup status for internal objects for `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1205 
1206   @param[in]  data     `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to retrieve status
1207   @param[out] is_setup Boolean flag for setup status
1208 
1209   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1210 
1211   @ref Backend
1212 **/
1213 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsSetup(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool *is_setup) {
1214   *is_setup = data->is_setup;
1215   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1216 }
1217 
1218 /**
1219   @brief Set internal objects for `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1220 
1221   @param[in,out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to set objects
1222   @param[in]     vec  `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1223   @param[in]     rstr `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1224 
1225   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1226 
1227   @ref Backend
1228 **/
1229 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetObjects(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, CeedVector vec, CeedElemRestriction rstr) {
1230   CeedCall(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(vec, &data->vec));
1231   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(rstr, &data->rstr));
1232 
1233   data->is_setup = true;
1234   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1235 }
1236 
1237 /**
1238   @brief Get internal objects for `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1239 
1240   @param[in,out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to set objects
1241   @param[out]    vec  `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1242   @param[out]    rstr `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1243 
1244   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1245 
1246   @ref Backend
1247 **/
1248 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataGetObjects(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, CeedVector *vec, CeedElemRestriction *rstr) {
1249   CeedCheck(data->is_setup, data->ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPLETE, "Internal objects not set; must call CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetObjects first.");
1250 
1251   CeedCall(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(data->vec, vec));
1252   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(data->rstr, rstr));
1253   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1254 }
1255 
1256 /**
1257   @brief Destroy `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1258 
1259   @param[in,out] data  `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to destroy
1260 
1261   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1262 
1263   @ref Backend
1264 **/
1265 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataDestroy(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data) {
1266   if (!*data || --(*data)->ref_count > 0) {
1267     *data = NULL;
1268     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1269   }
1270   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&(*data)->ceed));
1271   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&(*data)->vec));
1272   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&(*data)->rstr));
1273 
1274   CeedCall(CeedFree(data));
1275   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1276 }
1277 
1278 /**
1279   @brief Get `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1280 
1281   @param[in]  op   `CeedOperator` to assemble
1282   @param[out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1283 
1284   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1285 
1286   @ref Backend
1287 **/
1288 int CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(CeedOperator op, CeedOperatorAssemblyData *data) {
1289   if (!op->op_assembled) {
1290     CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
1291 
1292     CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate(op->ceed, op, &data));
1293     op->op_assembled = data;
1294   }
1295   *data = op->op_assembled;
1296   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1297 }
1298 
1299 /**
1300   @brief Create object holding `CeedOperator` assembly data.
1301 
1302   The `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` holds an array with references to every active `CeedBasis` used in the `CeedOperator`.
1303   An array with references to the corresponding active `CeedElemRestriction` is also stored.
1304   For each active `CeedBasis, the `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` holds an array of all input and output @ref CeedEvalMode for this `CeedBasis`.
1305   The `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` holds an array of offsets for indexing into the assembled `CeedQFunction` arrays to the row representing each @ref CeedEvalMode.
1306   The number of input columns across all active bases for the assembled `CeedQFunction` is also stored.
1307   Lastly, the `CeedOperatorAssembly` data holds assembled matrices representing the full action of the `CeedBasis` for all @ref CeedEvalMode.
1308 
1309   @param[in]  ceed `Ceed` object used to create the `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1310   @param[in]  op   `CeedOperator` to be assembled
1311   @param[out] data Address of the variable where the newly created `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` will be stored
1312 
1313   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1314 
1315   @ref Backend
1316 **/
1317 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate(Ceed ceed, CeedOperator op, CeedOperatorAssemblyData *data) {
1318   CeedInt             num_active_bases_in = 0, num_active_bases_out = 0, offset = 0;
1319   CeedInt             num_input_fields, *num_eval_modes_in = NULL, num_output_fields, *num_eval_modes_out = NULL;
1320   CeedSize          **eval_mode_offsets_in = NULL, **eval_mode_offsets_out = NULL;
1321   CeedEvalMode      **eval_modes_in = NULL, **eval_modes_out = NULL;
1322   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1323   CeedQFunction       qf;
1324   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
1325   bool                is_composite;
1326 
1327   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
1328   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE, "Can only create CeedOperator assembly data for non-composite operators.");
1329 
1330   // Allocate
1331   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, data));
1332   (*data)->ceed = ceed;
1333   CeedCall(CeedReference(ceed));
1334 
1335   // Build OperatorAssembly data
1336   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1337 
1338   // Determine active input basis
1339   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, &num_input_fields, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1340   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
1341   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1342     CeedVector vec;
1343 
1344     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1345     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1346       CeedInt      index = -1, num_comp, q_comp;
1347       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1348       CeedBasis    basis_in = NULL;
1349 
1350       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_in));
1351       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1352       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_in, &num_comp));
1353       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1354       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_active_bases_in; i++) {
1355         if ((*data)->active_bases_in[i] == basis_in) index = i;
1356       }
1357       if (index == -1) {
1358         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr_in;
1359 
1360         index = num_active_bases_in;
1361         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &(*data)->active_bases_in));
1362         (*data)->active_bases_in[num_active_bases_in] = NULL;
1363         CeedCall(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis_in, &(*data)->active_bases_in[num_active_bases_in]));
1364         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in));
1365         (*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in[num_active_bases_in] = NULL;
1366         CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr_in));
1367         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(elem_rstr_in, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in[num_active_bases_in]));
1368         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &num_eval_modes_in));
1369         num_eval_modes_in[index] = 0;
1370         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &eval_modes_in));
1371         eval_modes_in[index] = NULL;
1372         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &eval_mode_offsets_in));
1373         eval_mode_offsets_in[index] = NULL;
1374         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &(*data)->assembled_bases_in));
1375         (*data)->assembled_bases_in[index] = NULL;
1376         num_active_bases_in++;
1377       }
1378       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1379         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1380         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in[index] + q_comp, &eval_modes_in[index]));
1381         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in[index] + q_comp, &eval_mode_offsets_in[index]));
1382         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1383           eval_modes_in[index][num_eval_modes_in[index] + d]        = eval_mode;
1384           eval_mode_offsets_in[index][num_eval_modes_in[index] + d] = offset;
1385           offset += num_comp;
1386         }
1387         num_eval_modes_in[index] += q_comp;
1388       }
1389     }
1390   }
1391 
1392   // Determine active output basis
1393   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, &num_output_fields, &qf_fields));
1394   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
1395   offset = 0;
1396   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1397     CeedVector vec;
1398 
1399     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1400     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1401       CeedInt      index = -1, num_comp, q_comp;
1402       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1403       CeedBasis    basis_out = NULL;
1404 
1405       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_out));
1406       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1407       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_out, &num_comp));
1408       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1409       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_active_bases_out; i++) {
1410         if ((*data)->active_bases_out[i] == basis_out) index = i;
1411       }
1412       if (index == -1) {
1413         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr_out;
1414 
1415         index = num_active_bases_out;
1416         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &(*data)->active_bases_out));
1417         (*data)->active_bases_out[num_active_bases_out] = NULL;
1418         CeedCall(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis_out, &(*data)->active_bases_out[num_active_bases_out]));
1419         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out));
1420         (*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out[num_active_bases_out] = NULL;
1421         CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr_out));
1422         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(elem_rstr_out, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out[num_active_bases_out]));
1423         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &num_eval_modes_out));
1424         num_eval_modes_out[index] = 0;
1425         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &eval_modes_out));
1426         eval_modes_out[index] = NULL;
1427         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &eval_mode_offsets_out));
1428         eval_mode_offsets_out[index] = NULL;
1429         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &(*data)->assembled_bases_out));
1430         (*data)->assembled_bases_out[index] = NULL;
1431         num_active_bases_out++;
1432       }
1433       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1434         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1435         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out[index] + q_comp, &eval_modes_out[index]));
1436         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out[index] + q_comp, &eval_mode_offsets_out[index]));
1437         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1438           eval_modes_out[index][num_eval_modes_out[index] + d]        = eval_mode;
1439           eval_mode_offsets_out[index][num_eval_modes_out[index] + d] = offset;
1440           offset += num_comp;
1441         }
1442         num_eval_modes_out[index] += q_comp;
1443       }
1444     }
1445   }
1446   (*data)->num_active_bases_in   = num_active_bases_in;
1447   (*data)->num_eval_modes_in     = num_eval_modes_in;
1448   (*data)->eval_modes_in         = eval_modes_in;
1449   (*data)->eval_mode_offsets_in  = eval_mode_offsets_in;
1450   (*data)->num_active_bases_out  = num_active_bases_out;
1451   (*data)->num_eval_modes_out    = num_eval_modes_out;
1452   (*data)->eval_modes_out        = eval_modes_out;
1453   (*data)->eval_mode_offsets_out = eval_mode_offsets_out;
1454   (*data)->num_output_components = offset;
1455   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1456 }
1457 
1458 /**
1459   @brief Get `CeedOperator` @ref CeedEvalMode for assembly.
1460 
1461   Note: See @ref CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate() for a full description of the data stored in this object.
1462 
1463   @param[in]  data                  `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1464   @param[out] num_active_bases_in   Total number of active bases for input
1465   @param[out] num_eval_modes_in     Pointer to hold array of numbers of input @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`.
1466                                       `eval_modes_in[0]` holds an array of eval modes for the first active `CeedBasis`.
1467   @param[out] eval_modes_in         Pointer to hold arrays of input @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`
1468   @param[out] eval_mode_offsets_in  Pointer to hold arrays of input offsets at each quadrature point
1469   @param[out] num_active_bases_out  Total number of active bases for output
1470   @param[out] num_eval_modes_out    Pointer to hold array of numbers of output @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`
1471   @param[out] eval_modes_out        Pointer to hold arrays of output @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`
1472   @param[out] eval_mode_offsets_out Pointer to hold arrays of output offsets at each quadrature point
1473   @param[out] num_output_components The number of columns in the assembled `CeedQFunction` matrix for each quadrature point, including contributions of all active bases
1474 
1475   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1476 
1477   @ref Backend
1478 **/
1479 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetEvalModes(CeedOperatorAssemblyData data, CeedInt *num_active_bases_in, CeedInt **num_eval_modes_in,
1480                                          const CeedEvalMode ***eval_modes_in, CeedSize ***eval_mode_offsets_in, CeedInt *num_active_bases_out,
1481                                          CeedInt **num_eval_modes_out, const CeedEvalMode ***eval_modes_out, CeedSize ***eval_mode_offsets_out,
1482                                          CeedSize *num_output_components) {
1483   if (num_active_bases_in) *num_active_bases_in = data->num_active_bases_in;
1484   if (num_eval_modes_in) *num_eval_modes_in = data->num_eval_modes_in;
1485   if (eval_modes_in) *eval_modes_in = (const CeedEvalMode **)data->eval_modes_in;
1486   if (eval_mode_offsets_in) *eval_mode_offsets_in = data->eval_mode_offsets_in;
1487   if (num_active_bases_out) *num_active_bases_out = data->num_active_bases_out;
1488   if (num_eval_modes_out) *num_eval_modes_out = data->num_eval_modes_out;
1489   if (eval_modes_out) *eval_modes_out = (const CeedEvalMode **)data->eval_modes_out;
1490   if (eval_mode_offsets_out) *eval_mode_offsets_out = data->eval_mode_offsets_out;
1491   if (num_output_components) *num_output_components = data->num_output_components;
1492   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1493 }
1494 
1495 /**
1496   @brief Get `CeedOperator` `CeedBasis` data for assembly.
1497 
1498   Note: See @ref CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate() for a full description of the data stored in this object.
1499 
1500   @param[in]  data                 `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1501   @param[out] num_active_bases_in  Number of active input bases, or `NULL`
1502   @param[out] active_bases_in      Pointer to hold active input `CeedBasis`, or `NULL`
1503   @param[out] assembled_bases_in   Pointer to hold assembled active input `B` , or `NULL`
1504   @param[out] num_active_bases_out Number of active output bases, or `NULL`
1505   @param[out] active_bases_out     Pointer to hold active output `CeedBasis`, or `NULL`
1506   @param[out] assembled_bases_out  Pointer to hold assembled active output `B` , or `NULL`
1507 
1508   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1509 
1510   @ref Backend
1511 **/
1512 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetBases(CeedOperatorAssemblyData data, CeedInt *num_active_bases_in, CeedBasis **active_bases_in,
1513                                      const CeedScalar ***assembled_bases_in, CeedInt *num_active_bases_out, CeedBasis **active_bases_out,
1514                                      const CeedScalar ***assembled_bases_out) {
1515   // Assemble B_in, B_out if needed
1516   if (assembled_bases_in && !data->assembled_bases_in[0]) {
1517     CeedInt num_qpts;
1518 
1519     if (data->active_bases_in[0] == CEED_BASIS_NONE) CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_in[0], &num_qpts));
1520     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(data->active_bases_in[0], &num_qpts));
1521     for (CeedInt b = 0; b < data->num_active_bases_in; b++) {
1522       bool        has_eval_none = false;
1523       CeedInt     num_nodes;
1524       CeedScalar *B_in = NULL, *identity = NULL;
1525 
1526       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_in[b], &num_nodes));
1527       CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes * data->num_eval_modes_in[b], &B_in));
1528 
1529       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < data->num_eval_modes_in[b]; i++) {
1530         has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (data->eval_modes_in[b][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1531       }
1532       if (has_eval_none) {
1533         CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes, &identity));
1534         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) {
1535           identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
1536         }
1537       }
1538 
1539       for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
1540         for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
1541           CeedInt      d_in              = 0, q_comp_in;
1542           CeedEvalMode eval_mode_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1543 
1544           for (CeedInt e_in = 0; e_in < data->num_eval_modes_in[b]; e_in++) {
1545             const CeedInt     qq = data->num_eval_modes_in[b] * q;
1546             const CeedScalar *B  = NULL;
1547 
1548             CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(data->active_bases_in[b], data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in], identity, &B));
1549             CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(data->active_bases_in[b], data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in], &q_comp_in));
1550             if (q_comp_in > 1) {
1551               if (e_in == 0 || data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in] != eval_mode_in_prev) d_in = 0;
1552               else B = &B[(++d_in) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
1553             }
1554             eval_mode_in_prev                 = data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in];
1555             B_in[(qq + e_in) * num_nodes + n] = B[q * num_nodes + n];
1556           }
1557         }
1558       }
1559       if (identity) CeedCall(CeedFree(&identity));
1560       data->assembled_bases_in[b] = B_in;
1561     }
1562   }
1563 
1564   if (assembled_bases_out && !data->assembled_bases_out[0]) {
1565     CeedInt num_qpts;
1566 
1567     if (data->active_bases_out[0] == CEED_BASIS_NONE) CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_out[0], &num_qpts));
1568     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(data->active_bases_out[0], &num_qpts));
1569     for (CeedInt b = 0; b < data->num_active_bases_out; b++) {
1570       bool        has_eval_none = false;
1571       CeedInt     num_nodes;
1572       CeedScalar *B_out = NULL, *identity = NULL;
1573 
1574       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_out[b], &num_nodes));
1575       CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes * data->num_eval_modes_out[b], &B_out));
1576 
1577       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < data->num_eval_modes_out[b]; i++) {
1578         has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (data->eval_modes_out[b][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1579       }
1580       if (has_eval_none) {
1581         CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes, &identity));
1582         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) {
1583           identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
1584         }
1585       }
1586 
1587       for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
1588         for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
1589           CeedInt      d_out              = 0, q_comp_out;
1590           CeedEvalMode eval_mode_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1591 
1592           for (CeedInt e_out = 0; e_out < data->num_eval_modes_out[b]; e_out++) {
1593             const CeedInt     qq = data->num_eval_modes_out[b] * q;
1594             const CeedScalar *B  = NULL;
1595 
1596             CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(data->active_bases_out[b], data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out], identity, &B));
1597             CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(data->active_bases_out[b], data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out], &q_comp_out));
1598             if (q_comp_out > 1) {
1599               if (e_out == 0 || data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out] != eval_mode_out_prev) d_out = 0;
1600               else B = &B[(++d_out) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
1601             }
1602             eval_mode_out_prev                  = data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out];
1603             B_out[(qq + e_out) * num_nodes + n] = B[q * num_nodes + n];
1604           }
1605         }
1606       }
1607       if (identity) CeedCall(CeedFree(&identity));
1608       data->assembled_bases_out[b] = B_out;
1609     }
1610   }
1611 
1612   // Pass out assembled data
1613   if (num_active_bases_in) *num_active_bases_in = data->num_active_bases_in;
1614   if (active_bases_in) *active_bases_in = data->active_bases_in;
1615   if (assembled_bases_in) *assembled_bases_in = (const CeedScalar **)data->assembled_bases_in;
1616   if (num_active_bases_out) *num_active_bases_out = data->num_active_bases_out;
1617   if (active_bases_out) *active_bases_out = data->active_bases_out;
1618   if (assembled_bases_out) *assembled_bases_out = (const CeedScalar **)data->assembled_bases_out;
1619   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1620 }
1621 
1622 /**
1623   @brief Get `CeedOperator` `CeedBasis` data for assembly.
1624 
1625   Note: See @ref CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate() for a full description of the data stored in this object.
1626 
1627   @param[in]  data                      `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1628   @param[out] num_active_elem_rstrs_in  Number of active input element restrictions, or `NULL`
1629   @param[out] active_elem_rstrs_in      Pointer to hold active input `CeedElemRestriction`, or `NULL`
1630   @param[out] num_active_elem_rstrs_out Number of active output element restrictions, or `NULL`
1631   @param[out] active_elem_rstrs_out     Pointer to hold active output `CeedElemRestriction`, or `NULL`
1632 
1633   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1634 
1635   @ref Backend
1636 **/
1637 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(CeedOperatorAssemblyData data, CeedInt *num_active_elem_rstrs_in,
1638                                                 CeedElemRestriction **active_elem_rstrs_in, CeedInt *num_active_elem_rstrs_out,
1639                                                 CeedElemRestriction **active_elem_rstrs_out) {
1640   if (num_active_elem_rstrs_in) *num_active_elem_rstrs_in = data->num_active_bases_in;
1641   if (active_elem_rstrs_in) *active_elem_rstrs_in = data->active_elem_rstrs_in;
1642   if (num_active_elem_rstrs_out) *num_active_elem_rstrs_out = data->num_active_bases_out;
1643   if (active_elem_rstrs_out) *active_elem_rstrs_out = data->active_elem_rstrs_out;
1644   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1645 }
1646 
1647 /**
1648   @brief Destroy `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1649 
1650   @param[in,out] data `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` to destroy
1651 
1652   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1653 
1654   @ref Backend
1655 **/
1656 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataDestroy(CeedOperatorAssemblyData *data) {
1657   if (!*data) {
1658     *data = NULL;
1659     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1660   }
1661   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&(*data)->ceed));
1662   for (CeedInt b = 0; b < (*data)->num_active_bases_in; b++) {
1663     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&(*data)->active_bases_in[b]));
1664     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in[b]));
1665     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_in[b]));
1666     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_in[b]));
1667     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_in[b]));
1668   }
1669   for (CeedInt b = 0; b < (*data)->num_active_bases_out; b++) {
1670     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&(*data)->active_bases_out[b]));
1671     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out[b]));
1672     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_out[b]));
1673     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_out[b]));
1674     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_out[b]));
1675   }
1676   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_bases_in));
1677   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_bases_out));
1678   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in));
1679   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out));
1680   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->num_eval_modes_in));
1681   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->num_eval_modes_out));
1682   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_in));
1683   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_out));
1684   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_in));
1685   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_out));
1686   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_in));
1687   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_out));
1688 
1689   CeedCall(CeedFree(data));
1690   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1691 }
1692 
1693 /**
1694   @brief Retrieve fallback `CeedOperator` with a reference `Ceed` for advanced `CeedOperator` functionality
1695 
1696   @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to retrieve fallback for
1697   @param[out] op_fallback Fallback `CeedOperator`
1698 
1699   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1700 
1701   @ref Backend
1702 **/
1703 int CeedOperatorGetFallback(CeedOperator op, CeedOperator *op_fallback) {
1704   // Create if needed
1705   if (!op->op_fallback) CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateFallback(op));
1706   if (op->op_fallback) {
1707     bool is_debug;
1708     Ceed ceed;
1709 
1710     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1711     CeedCall(CeedIsDebug(ceed, &is_debug));
1712     if (is_debug) {
1713       Ceed        ceed_fallback;
1714       const char *resource, *resource_fallback;
1715 
1716       CeedCall(CeedGetOperatorFallbackCeed(ceed, &ceed_fallback));
1717       CeedCall(CeedGetResource(ceed, &resource));
1718       CeedCall(CeedGetResource(ceed_fallback, &resource_fallback));
1719 
1720       CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "---------- CeedOperator Fallback ----------\n");
1721       CeedDebug(ceed, "Falling back from %s operator at address %p to %s operator at address %p\n", resource, op, resource_fallback, op->op_fallback);
1722     }
1723   }
1724   *op_fallback = op->op_fallback;
1725   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1726 }
1727 
1728 /**
1729   @brief Get the parent `CeedOperator` for a fallback `CeedOperator`
1730 
1731   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` context
1732   @param[out] parent Variable to store parent `CeedOperator` context
1733 
1734   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1735 
1736   @ref Backend
1737 **/
1738 int CeedOperatorGetFallbackParent(CeedOperator op, CeedOperator *parent) {
1739   *parent = op->op_fallback_parent ? op->op_fallback_parent : NULL;
1740   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1741 }
1742 
1743 /**
1744   @brief Get the `Ceed` context of the parent `CeedOperator` for a fallback `CeedOperator`
1745 
1746   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` context
1747   @param[out] parent Variable to store parent `Ceed` context
1748 
1749   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1750 
1751   @ref Backend
1752 **/
1753 int CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(CeedOperator op, Ceed *parent) {
1754   *parent = op->op_fallback_parent ? op->op_fallback_parent->ceed : op->ceed;
1755   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1756 }
1757 
1758 /// @}
1759 
1760 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1761 /// CeedOperator Public API
1762 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1763 /// @addtogroup CeedOperatorUser
1764 /// @{
1765 
1766 /**
1767   @brief Assemble a linear `CeedQFunction` associated with a `CeedOperator`.
1768 
1769   This returns a `CeedVector` containing a matrix at each quadrature point providing the action of the `CeedQFunction` associated with the `CeedOperator`.
1770   The vector `assembled` is of shape `[num_elements, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_quad_points]` and contains column-major matrices representing the action of the `CeedQFunction` for a corresponding quadrature point on an element.
1771 
1772   Inputs and outputs are in the order provided by the user when adding `CeedOperator` fields.
1773   For example, a `CeedQFunction` with inputs `u` and `gradu` and outputs `gradv` and `v` , provided in that order, would result in an assembled `CeedQFunction` that consists of `(1 + dim) x (dim + 1)` matrices at each quadrature point acting on the input ` [u, du_0, du_1]` and producing the output `[dv_0, dv_1, v]`.
1774 
1775   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
1776 
1777   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
1778   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1779   @param[out] rstr      `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1780   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
1781 
1782   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1783 
1784   @ref User
1785 **/
1786 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1787   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
1788 
1789   if (op->LinearAssembleQFunction) {
1790     // Backend version
1791     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleQFunction(op, assembled, rstr, request));
1792   } else {
1793     // Operator fallback
1794     Ceed         ceed;
1795     CeedOperator op_fallback;
1796 
1797     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1798     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
1799     if (op_fallback) CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction(op_fallback, assembled, rstr, request));
1800     else return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Backend does not support CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction");
1801   }
1802   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1803 }
1804 
1805 /**
1806   @brief Assemble `CeedQFunction` and store result internally.
1807 
1808   Return copied references of stored data to the caller.
1809   Caller is responsible for ownership and destruction of the copied references.
1810   See also @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction().
1811 
1812   Note: If the value of `assembled` or `rstr` passed to this function are non-`NULL` , then it is assumed that they hold valid pointers.
1813         These objects will be destroyed if `*assembled` or `*rstr` is the only reference to the object.
1814 
1815   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
1816   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1817   @param[out] rstr      `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1818   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
1819 
1820   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1821 
1822   @ref User
1823 **/
1824 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1825   int (*LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate)(CeedOperator, CeedVector, CeedElemRestriction, CeedRequest *) = NULL;
1826   CeedOperator op_assemble                                                                           = NULL;
1827   CeedOperator op_fallback_parent                                                                    = NULL;
1828 
1829   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
1830 
1831   // Determine if fallback parent or operator has implementation
1832   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParent(op, &op_fallback_parent));
1833   if (op_fallback_parent && op_fallback_parent->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate) {
1834     // -- Backend version for op fallback parent is faster, if it exists
1835     LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate = op_fallback_parent->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate;
1836     op_assemble                   = op_fallback_parent;
1837   } else if (op->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate) {
1838     // -- Backend version for op
1839     LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate = op->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate;
1840     op_assemble                   = op;
1841   }
1842 
1843   // Assemble QFunction
1844   if (LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate) {
1845     // Backend or fallback parent version
1846     bool                qf_assembled_is_setup;
1847     CeedVector          assembled_vec  = NULL;
1848     CeedElemRestriction assembled_rstr = NULL;
1849 
1850     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsSetup(op->qf_assembled, &qf_assembled_is_setup));
1851     if (qf_assembled_is_setup) {
1852       bool update_needed;
1853 
1854       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataGetObjects(op->qf_assembled, &assembled_vec, &assembled_rstr));
1855       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsUpdateNeeded(op->qf_assembled, &update_needed));
1856       if (update_needed) CeedCall(LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate(op_assemble, assembled_vec, assembled_rstr, request));
1857     } else {
1858       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction(op_assemble, &assembled_vec, &assembled_rstr, request));
1859       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetObjects(op->qf_assembled, assembled_vec, assembled_rstr));
1860     }
1861     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetUpdateNeeded(op->qf_assembled, false));
1862 
1863     // Copy reference from internally held copy
1864     CeedCall(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(assembled_vec, assembled));
1865     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(assembled_rstr, rstr));
1866     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_vec));
1867     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1868   } else {
1869     // Operator fallback
1870     Ceed         ceed;
1871     CeedOperator op_fallback;
1872 
1873     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1874     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
1875     if (op_fallback) CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op_fallback, assembled, rstr, request));
1876     else return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Backend does not support CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate");
1877   }
1878   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1879 }
1880 
1881 /**
1882   @brief Assemble the diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`
1883 
1884   This overwrites a `CeedVector` with the diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
1885 
1886   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
1887 
1888   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
1889 
1890   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
1891   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedOperator` diagonal
1892   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
1893 
1894   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1895 
1896   @ref User
1897 **/
1898 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1899   bool     is_composite;
1900   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
1901   Ceed     ceed;
1902 
1903   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1904   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
1905   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
1906 
1907   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
1908   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
1909 
1910   // Early exit for empty operator
1911   if (!is_composite) {
1912     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
1913 
1914     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
1915     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1916   }
1917 
1918   if (op->LinearAssembleDiagonal) {
1919     // Backend version
1920     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
1921     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1922   } else if (op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal) {
1923     // Backend version with zeroing first
1924     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
1925     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
1926     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1927   } else {
1928     // Operator fallback
1929     CeedOperator op_fallback;
1930 
1931     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
1932     if (op_fallback) {
1933       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
1934       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1935     }
1936   }
1937   // Default interface implementation
1938   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
1939   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
1940   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1941 }
1942 
1943 /**
1944   @brief Assemble the diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`.
1945 
1946   This sums into a `CeedVector` the diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
1947 
1948   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
1949 
1950   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the CeedOperator as immutable.
1951 
1952   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
1953   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedOperator` diagonal
1954   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
1955 
1956   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1957 
1958   @ref User
1959 **/
1960 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1961   bool     is_composite;
1962   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
1963   Ceed     ceed;
1964 
1965   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1966   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
1967   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
1968 
1969   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
1970   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
1971 
1972   // Early exit for empty operator
1973   if (!is_composite) {
1974     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
1975 
1976     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
1977     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1978   }
1979 
1980   if (op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal) {
1981     // Backend version
1982     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
1983     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1984   } else {
1985     // Operator fallback
1986     CeedOperator op_fallback;
1987 
1988     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
1989     if (op_fallback) {
1990       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
1991       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1992     }
1993   }
1994   // Default interface implementation
1995   if (is_composite) {
1996     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, false, assembled));
1997   } else {
1998     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleAddDiagonal_Core(op, request, false, assembled));
1999   }
2000   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2001 }
2002 
2003 /**
2004    @brief Fully assemble the point-block diagonal pattern of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2005 
2006    Expected to be used in conjunction with @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal().
2007 
2008    The assembly routines use coordinate format, with `num_entries` tuples of the form `(i, j, value)` which indicate that value should be added to the matrix in entry `(i, j)`.
2009    Note that the `(i, j)` pairs are unique.
2010    This function returns the number of entries and their `(i, j)` locations, while @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal() provides the values in the same ordering.
2011 
2012    This will generally be slow unless your operator is low-order.
2013 
2014    Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2015 
2016    @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to assemble
2017    @param[out] num_entries Number of entries in coordinate nonzero pattern
2018    @param[out] rows        Row number for each entry
2019    @param[out] cols        Column number for each entry
2020 
2021    @ref User
2022 **/
2023 int CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonalSymbolic(CeedOperator op, CeedSize *num_entries, CeedInt **rows, CeedInt **cols) {
2024   Ceed          ceed;
2025   bool          is_composite;
2026   CeedInt       num_active_components, num_sub_operators;
2027   CeedOperator *sub_operators;
2028 
2029   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2030   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2031 
2032   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2033   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2034   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2035 
2036   if (is_composite) {
2037     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_sub_operators));
2038     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2039   } else {
2040     sub_operators     = &op;
2041     num_sub_operators = 1;
2042   }
2043 
2044   // Verify operator can be assembled correctly
2045   {
2046     CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
2047     CeedInt                  num_active_elem_rstrs, comp_stride;
2048     CeedElemRestriction     *active_elem_rstrs;
2049 
2050     // Get initial values to check against
2051     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(sub_operators[0], &data));
2052     CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(data, &num_active_elem_rstrs, &active_elem_rstrs, NULL, NULL));
2053     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(active_elem_rstrs[0], &comp_stride));
2054     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(active_elem_rstrs[0], &num_active_components));
2055 
2056     // Verify that all active element restrictions have same component stride and number of components
2057     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_sub_operators; k++) {
2058       CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(sub_operators[k], &data));
2059       CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(data, &num_active_elem_rstrs, &active_elem_rstrs, NULL, NULL));
2060       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_active_elem_rstrs; i++) {
2061         CeedInt comp_stride_sub, num_active_components_sub;
2062 
2063         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(active_elem_rstrs[i], &comp_stride_sub));
2064         CeedCheck(comp_stride == comp_stride_sub, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
2065                   "Active element restrictions must have the same component stride: %d vs %d", comp_stride, comp_stride_sub);
2066         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(active_elem_rstrs[i], &num_active_components_sub));
2067         CeedCheck(num_active_components == num_active_components_sub, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
2068                   "All suboperators must have the same number of output components");
2069       }
2070     }
2071   }
2072   *num_entries = input_size * num_active_components;
2073   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, rows));
2074   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, cols));
2075 
2076   for (CeedInt o = 0; o < num_sub_operators; o++) {
2077     CeedElemRestriction active_elem_rstr, point_block_active_elem_rstr;
2078     CeedInt             comp_stride, num_elem, elem_size;
2079     const CeedInt      *offsets, *point_block_offsets;
2080 
2081     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestriction(sub_operators[o], &active_elem_rstr));
2082     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(active_elem_rstr, &comp_stride));
2083     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(active_elem_rstr, &num_elem));
2084     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(active_elem_rstr, &elem_size));
2085     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOffsets(active_elem_rstr, CEED_MEM_HOST, &offsets));
2086 
2087     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(active_elem_rstr, &point_block_active_elem_rstr));
2088     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOffsets(point_block_active_elem_rstr, CEED_MEM_HOST, &point_block_offsets));
2089 
2090     for (CeedSize i = 0; i < num_elem * elem_size; i++) {
2091       for (CeedInt c_out = 0; c_out < num_active_components; c_out++) {
2092         for (CeedInt c_in = 0; c_in < num_active_components; c_in++) {
2093           (*rows)[point_block_offsets[i] + c_out * num_active_components + c_in] = offsets[i] + c_out * comp_stride;
2094           (*cols)[point_block_offsets[i] + c_out * num_active_components + c_in] = offsets[i] + c_in * comp_stride;
2095         }
2096       }
2097     }
2098 
2099     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOffsets(active_elem_rstr, &offsets));
2100     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOffsets(point_block_active_elem_rstr, &point_block_offsets));
2101     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&point_block_active_elem_rstr));
2102   }
2103   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2104 }
2105 
2106 /**
2107   @brief Assemble the point block diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`.
2108 
2109   This overwrites a `CeedVector` with the point block diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2110 
2111   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
2112 
2113   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2114 
2115   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
2116   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedOperator` point block diagonal, provided in row-major form with an `num_comp * num_comp` block at each node.
2117                           The dimensions of this vector are derived from the active vector for the `CeedOperator`.
2118                           The array has shape `[nodes, component out, component in]`.
2119   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2120 
2121   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2122 
2123   @ref User
2124 **/
2125 int CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
2126   bool     is_composite;
2127   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2128   Ceed     ceed;
2129 
2130   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2131   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2132   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2133 
2134   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2135   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2136 
2137   // Early exit for empty operator
2138   if (!is_composite) {
2139     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2140 
2141     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2142     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2143   }
2144 
2145   if (op->LinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal) {
2146     // Backend version
2147     CeedCall(op->LinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2148     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2149   } else if (op->LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal) {
2150     // Backend version with zeroing first
2151     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
2152     CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2153     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2154   } else {
2155     // Operator fallback
2156     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2157 
2158     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2159     if (op_fallback) {
2160       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
2161       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2162     }
2163   }
2164   // Default interface implementation
2165   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
2166   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2167   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2168 }
2169 
2170 /**
2171   @brief Assemble the point block diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`.
2172 
2173   This sums into a `CeedVector` with the point block diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2174 
2175   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
2176 
2177   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2178 
2179   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
2180   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled CeedOperator point block diagonal, provided in row-major form with an `num_comp * num_comp` block at each node.
2181                           The dimensions of this vector are derived from the active vector for the `CeedOperator`.
2182                           The array has shape `[nodes, component out, component in]`.
2183   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2184 
2185   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2186 
2187   @ref User
2188 **/
2189 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
2190   bool     is_composite;
2191   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2192   Ceed     ceed;
2193 
2194   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2195   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2196   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2197 
2198   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2199   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2200 
2201   // Early exit for empty operator
2202   if (!is_composite) {
2203     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2204 
2205     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2206     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2207   }
2208 
2209   if (op->LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal) {
2210     // Backend version
2211     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2212     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2213   } else {
2214     // Operator fallback
2215     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2216 
2217     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2218     if (op_fallback) {
2219       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
2220       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2221     }
2222   }
2223   // Default interface implementation
2224   if (is_composite) {
2225     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, true, assembled));
2226   } else {
2227     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleAddDiagonal_Core(op, request, true, assembled));
2228   }
2229   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2230 }
2231 
2232 /**
2233    @brief Fully assemble the nonzero pattern of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2234 
2235    Expected to be used in conjunction with @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemble().
2236 
2237    The assembly routines use coordinate format, with `num_entries` tuples of the form `(i, j, value)` which indicate that value should be added to the matrix in entry `(i, j)`.
2238    Note that the `(i, j)` pairs are not unique and may repeat.
2239    This function returns the number of entries and their `(i, j)` locations, while @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemble() provides the values in the same ordering.
2240 
2241    This will generally be slow unless your operator is low-order.
2242 
2243    Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2244 
2245    @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to assemble
2246    @param[out] num_entries Number of entries in coordinate nonzero pattern
2247    @param[out] rows        Row number for each entry
2248    @param[out] cols        Column number for each entry
2249 
2250    @ref User
2251 **/
2252 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic(CeedOperator op, CeedSize *num_entries, CeedInt **rows, CeedInt **cols) {
2253   bool          is_composite;
2254   CeedInt       num_suboperators, offset = 0;
2255   CeedSize      single_entries;
2256   CeedOperator *sub_operators;
2257 
2258   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2259   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2260 
2261   if (op->LinearAssembleSymbolic) {
2262     // Backend version
2263     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleSymbolic(op, num_entries, rows, cols));
2264     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2265   } else {
2266     // Operator fallback
2267     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2268 
2269     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2270     if (op_fallback) {
2271       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic(op_fallback, num_entries, rows, cols));
2272       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2273     }
2274   }
2275 
2276   // Default interface implementation
2277 
2278   // Count entries and allocate rows, cols arrays
2279   *num_entries = 0;
2280   if (is_composite) {
2281     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2282     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2283     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_suboperators; ++k) {
2284       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(sub_operators[k], &single_entries));
2285       *num_entries += single_entries;
2286     }
2287   } else {
2288     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(op, &single_entries));
2289     *num_entries += single_entries;
2290   }
2291   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, rows));
2292   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, cols));
2293 
2294   // Assemble nonzero locations
2295   if (is_composite) {
2296     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2297     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2298     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_suboperators; ++k) {
2299       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSymbolic(sub_operators[k], offset, *rows, *cols));
2300       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(sub_operators[k], &single_entries));
2301       offset += single_entries;
2302     }
2303   } else {
2304     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSymbolic(op, offset, *rows, *cols));
2305   }
2306   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2307 }
2308 
2309 /**
2310    @brief Fully assemble the nonzero entries of a linear operator.
2311 
2312    Expected to be used in conjunction with @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic().
2313 
2314    The assembly routines use coordinate format, with `num_entries` tuples of the form `(i, j, value)` which indicate that value should be added to the matrix in entry `(i, j)`.
2315    Note that the `(i, j)` pairs are not unique and may repeat.
2316    This function returns the values of the nonzero entries to be added, their `(i, j)` locations are provided by @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic().
2317 
2318    This will generally be slow unless your operator is low-order.
2319 
2320    Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2321 
2322    @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` to assemble
2323    @param[out] values Values to assemble into matrix
2324 
2325    @ref User
2326 **/
2327 int CeedOperatorLinearAssemble(CeedOperator op, CeedVector values) {
2328   bool          is_composite;
2329   CeedInt       num_suboperators, offset = 0;
2330   CeedSize      single_entries = 0;
2331   CeedOperator *sub_operators;
2332 
2333   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2334   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2335 
2336   // Early exit for empty operator
2337   if (!is_composite) {
2338     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2339 
2340     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2341     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2342   }
2343 
2344   if (op->LinearAssemble) {
2345     // Backend version
2346     CeedCall(op->LinearAssemble(op, values));
2347     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2348   } else {
2349     // Operator fallback
2350     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2351 
2352     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2353     if (op_fallback) {
2354       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssemble(op_fallback, values));
2355       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2356     }
2357   }
2358 
2359   // Default interface implementation
2360   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(values, 0.0));
2361   if (is_composite) {
2362     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2363     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2364     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_suboperators; k++) {
2365       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(sub_operators[k], offset, values));
2366       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(sub_operators[k], &single_entries));
2367       offset += single_entries;
2368     }
2369   } else {
2370     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(op, offset, values));
2371   }
2372   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2373 }
2374 
2375 /**
2376   @brief Get the multiplicity of nodes across sub-operators in a composite `CeedOperator`.
2377 
2378   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2379 
2380   @param[in]  op               Composite `CeedOperator`
2381   @param[in]  num_skip_indices Number of sub-operators to skip
2382   @param[in]  skip_indices     Array of indices of sub-operators to skip
2383   @param[out] mult             Vector to store multiplicity (of size `l_size` )
2384 
2385   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2386 
2387   @ref User
2388 **/
2389 int CeedCompositeOperatorGetMultiplicity(CeedOperator op, CeedInt num_skip_indices, CeedInt *skip_indices, CeedVector mult) {
2390   Ceed                ceed;
2391   CeedInt             num_suboperators;
2392   CeedSize            l_vec_len;
2393   CeedScalar         *mult_array;
2394   CeedVector          ones_l_vec;
2395   CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr, mult_elem_rstr;
2396   CeedOperator       *sub_operators;
2397 
2398   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2399 
2400   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2401 
2402   // Zero mult vector
2403   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(mult, 0.0));
2404 
2405   // Get suboperators
2406   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2407   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2408   if (num_suboperators == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2409 
2410   // Work vector
2411   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetLength(mult, &l_vec_len));
2412   CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, l_vec_len, &ones_l_vec));
2413   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(ones_l_vec, 1.0));
2414   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArray(mult, CEED_MEM_HOST, &mult_array));
2415 
2416   // Compute multiplicity across suboperators
2417   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_suboperators; i++) {
2418     const CeedScalar *sub_mult_array;
2419     CeedVector        sub_mult_l_vec, ones_e_vec;
2420 
2421     // -- Check for suboperator to skip
2422     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < num_skip_indices; j++) {
2423       if (skip_indices[j] == i) continue;
2424     }
2425 
2426     // -- Sub operator multiplicity
2427     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestriction(sub_operators[i], &elem_rstr));
2428     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnorientedCopy(elem_rstr, &mult_elem_rstr));
2429     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(mult_elem_rstr, &sub_mult_l_vec, &ones_e_vec));
2430     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(sub_mult_l_vec, 0.0));
2431     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(mult_elem_rstr, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, ones_l_vec, ones_e_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
2432     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(mult_elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, ones_e_vec, sub_mult_l_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
2433     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(sub_mult_l_vec, CEED_MEM_HOST, &sub_mult_array));
2434     // ---- Flag every node present in the current suboperator
2435     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < l_vec_len; j++) {
2436       if (sub_mult_array[j] > 0.0) mult_array[j] += 1.0;
2437     }
2438     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(sub_mult_l_vec, &sub_mult_array));
2439     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&sub_mult_l_vec));
2440     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&ones_e_vec));
2441     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&mult_elem_rstr));
2442   }
2443   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(mult, &mult_array));
2444   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&ones_l_vec));
2445   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2446 }
2447 
2448 /**
2449   @brief Create a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator`, creating the prolongation basis from the fine and coarse grid interpolation.
2450 
2451   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets all four `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2452 
2453   @param[in]  op_fine      Fine grid `CeedOperator`
2454   @param[in]  p_mult_fine  L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2455   @param[in]  rstr_coarse  Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
2456   @param[in]  basis_coarse Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
2457   @param[out] op_coarse    Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
2458   @param[out] op_prolong   Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2459   @param[out] op_restrict  Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2460 
2461   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2462 
2463   @ref User
2464 **/
2465 int CeedOperatorMultigridLevelCreate(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
2466                                      CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong, CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
2467   CeedBasis basis_c_to_f = NULL;
2468 
2469   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fine));
2470 
2471   // Build prolongation matrix, if required
2472   if (op_prolong || op_restrict) {
2473     CeedBasis basis_fine;
2474 
2475     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveBasis(op_fine, &basis_fine));
2476     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateProjection(basis_coarse, basis_fine, &basis_c_to_f));
2477   }
2478 
2479   // Core code
2480   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(op_fine, p_mult_fine, rstr_coarse, basis_coarse, basis_c_to_f, op_coarse, op_prolong, op_restrict));
2481   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2482 }
2483 
2484 /**
2485   @brief Create a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator` with a tensor basis for the active basis.
2486 
2487   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets all four `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2488 
2489   @param[in]  op_fine       Fine grid `CeedOperator`
2490   @param[in]  p_mult_fine   L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2491   @param[in]  rstr_coarse   Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
2492   @param[in]  basis_coarse  Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
2493   @param[in]  interp_c_to_f Matrix for coarse to fine interpolation, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2494   @param[out] op_coarse     Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
2495   @param[out] op_prolong    Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2496   @param[out] op_restrict   Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2497 
2498   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2499 
2500   @ref User
2501 **/
2502 int CeedOperatorMultigridLevelCreateTensorH1(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
2503                                              const CeedScalar *interp_c_to_f, CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong,
2504                                              CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
2505   Ceed      ceed;
2506   CeedInt   Q_f, Q_c;
2507   CeedBasis basis_fine, basis_c_to_f = NULL;
2508 
2509   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fine));
2510   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op_fine, &ceed));
2511 
2512   // Check for compatible quadrature spaces
2513   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveBasis(op_fine, &basis_fine));
2514   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_fine, &Q_f));
2515   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_coarse, &Q_c));
2516   CeedCheck(Q_f == Q_c, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Bases must have compatible quadrature spaces");
2517 
2518   // Create coarse to fine basis, if required
2519   if (op_prolong || op_restrict) {
2520     CeedInt     dim, num_comp, num_nodes_c, P_1d_f, P_1d_c;
2521     CeedScalar *q_ref, *q_weight, *grad;
2522 
2523     // Check if interpolation matrix is provided
2524     CeedCheck(interp_c_to_f, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
2525               "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires coarse-to-fine interpolation matrix");
2526     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDimension(basis_fine, &dim));
2527     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_fine, &num_comp));
2528     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes1D(basis_fine, &P_1d_f));
2529     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_coarse, &num_nodes_c));
2530     P_1d_c = dim == 1 ? num_nodes_c : dim == 2 ? sqrt(num_nodes_c) : cbrt(num_nodes_c);
2531     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d_f, &q_ref));
2532     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d_f, &q_weight));
2533     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d_f * P_1d_c * dim, &grad));
2534     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateTensorH1(ceed, dim, num_comp, P_1d_c, P_1d_f, interp_c_to_f, grad, q_ref, q_weight, &basis_c_to_f));
2535     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_ref));
2536     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_weight));
2537     CeedCall(CeedFree(&grad));
2538   }
2539 
2540   // Core code
2541   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(op_fine, p_mult_fine, rstr_coarse, basis_coarse, basis_c_to_f, op_coarse, op_prolong, op_restrict));
2542   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2543 }
2544 
2545 /**
2546   @brief Create a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator` with a non-tensor basis for the active vector
2547 
2548   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets all four `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2549 
2550   @param[in]  op_fine       Fine grid `CeedOperator`
2551   @param[in]  p_mult_fine   L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2552   @param[in]  rstr_coarse   Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
2553   @param[in]  basis_coarse  Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
2554   @param[in]  interp_c_to_f Matrix for coarse to fine interpolation, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2555   @param[out] op_coarse     Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
2556   @param[out] op_prolong    Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2557   @param[out] op_restrict   Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2558 
2559   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2560 
2561   @ref User
2562 **/
2563 int CeedOperatorMultigridLevelCreateH1(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
2564                                        const CeedScalar *interp_c_to_f, CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong,
2565                                        CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
2566   Ceed      ceed;
2567   CeedInt   Q_f, Q_c;
2568   CeedBasis basis_fine, basis_c_to_f = NULL;
2569 
2570   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fine));
2571   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op_fine, &ceed));
2572 
2573   // Check for compatible quadrature spaces
2574   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveBasis(op_fine, &basis_fine));
2575   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_fine, &Q_f));
2576   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_coarse, &Q_c));
2577   CeedCheck(Q_f == Q_c, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Bases must have compatible quadrature spaces");
2578 
2579   // Coarse to fine basis
2580   if (op_prolong || op_restrict) {
2581     CeedInt          dim, num_comp, num_nodes_c, num_nodes_f;
2582     CeedScalar      *q_ref, *q_weight, *grad;
2583     CeedElemTopology topo;
2584 
2585     // Check if interpolation matrix is provided
2586     CeedCheck(interp_c_to_f, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
2587               "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires coarse-to-fine interpolation matrix");
2588     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetTopology(basis_fine, &topo));
2589     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDimension(basis_fine, &dim));
2590     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_fine, &num_comp));
2591     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_fine, &num_nodes_f));
2592     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_coarse, &num_nodes_c));
2593     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_nodes_f * dim, &q_ref));
2594     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_nodes_f, &q_weight));
2595     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_nodes_f * num_nodes_c * dim, &grad));
2596     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateH1(ceed, topo, num_comp, num_nodes_c, num_nodes_f, interp_c_to_f, grad, q_ref, q_weight, &basis_c_to_f));
2597     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_ref));
2598     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_weight));
2599     CeedCall(CeedFree(&grad));
2600   }
2601 
2602   // Core code
2603   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(op_fine, p_mult_fine, rstr_coarse, basis_coarse, basis_c_to_f, op_coarse, op_prolong, op_restrict));
2604   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2605 }
2606 
2607 /**
2608   @brief Build a FDM based approximate inverse for each element for a `CeedOperator`.
2609 
2610   This returns a `CeedOperator` and `CeedVector` to apply a Fast Diagonalization Method based approximate inverse.
2611   This function obtains the simultaneous diagonalization for the 1D mass and Laplacian operators, \f$M = V^T V, K = V^T S V\f$.
2612   The assembled `CeedQFunction` is used to modify the eigenvalues from simultaneous diagonalization and obtain an approximate inverse of the form \f$V^T \hat S V\f$.
2613   The `CeedOperator` must be linear and non-composite.
2614   The associated `CeedQFunction` must therefore also be linear.
2615 
2616   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2617 
2618   @param[in]  op      `CeedOperator` to create element inverses
2619   @param[out] fdm_inv `CeedOperator` to apply the action of a FDM based inverse for each element
2620   @param[in]  request Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2621 
2622   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2623 
2624   @ref User
2625 **/
2626 int CeedOperatorCreateFDMElementInverse(CeedOperator op, CeedOperator *fdm_inv, CeedRequest *request) {
2627   Ceed                 ceed, ceed_parent;
2628   bool                 interp = false, grad = false, is_tensor_basis = true;
2629   CeedInt              num_input_fields, P_1d, Q_1d, num_nodes, num_qpts, dim, num_comp = 1, num_elem = 1;
2630   CeedSize             l_size = 1;
2631   CeedScalar          *mass, *laplace, *x, *fdm_interp, *lambda, *elem_avg;
2632   const CeedScalar    *interp_1d, *grad_1d, *q_weight_1d;
2633   CeedVector           q_data;
2634   CeedElemRestriction  rstr  = NULL, rstr_qd_i;
2635   CeedBasis            basis = NULL, fdm_basis;
2636   CeedQFunctionContext ctx_fdm;
2637   CeedQFunctionField  *qf_fields;
2638   CeedQFunction        qf, qf_fdm;
2639   CeedOperatorField   *op_fields;
2640 
2641   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2642 
2643   if (op->CreateFDMElementInverse) {
2644     // Backend version
2645     CeedCall(op->CreateFDMElementInverse(op, fdm_inv, request));
2646     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2647   } else {
2648     // Operator fallback
2649     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2650 
2651     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2652     if (op_fallback) {
2653       CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateFDMElementInverse(op_fallback, fdm_inv, request));
2654       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2655     }
2656   }
2657 
2658   // Default interface implementation
2659   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2660   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(op, &ceed_parent));
2661   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
2662 
2663   // Determine active input basis
2664   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
2665   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
2666   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
2667     CeedVector vec;
2668 
2669     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
2670     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
2671       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
2672 
2673       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
2674       interp = interp || eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_INTERP;
2675       grad   = grad || eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_GRAD;
2676       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
2677       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &rstr));
2678     }
2679   }
2680   CeedCheck(basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "No active field set");
2681   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes1D(basis, &P_1d));
2682   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis, &num_nodes));
2683   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints1D(basis, &Q_1d));
2684   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis, &num_qpts));
2685   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDimension(basis, &dim));
2686   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis, &num_comp));
2687   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr, &num_elem));
2688   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetLVectorSize(rstr, &l_size));
2689 
2690   // Build and diagonalize 1D Mass and Laplacian
2691   CeedCall(CeedBasisIsTensor(basis, &is_tensor_basis));
2692   CeedCheck(is_tensor_basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "FDMElementInverse only supported for tensor bases");
2693   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &mass));
2694   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &laplace));
2695   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &x));
2696   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &fdm_interp));
2697   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d, &lambda));
2698   // -- Build matrices
2699   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetInterp1D(basis, &interp_1d));
2700   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetGrad1D(basis, &grad_1d));
2701   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetQWeights(basis, &q_weight_1d));
2702   CeedCall(CeedBuildMassLaplace(interp_1d, grad_1d, q_weight_1d, P_1d, Q_1d, dim, mass, laplace));
2703 
2704   // -- Diagonalize
2705   CeedCall(CeedSimultaneousDiagonalization(ceed, laplace, mass, x, lambda, P_1d));
2706   CeedCall(CeedFree(&mass));
2707   CeedCall(CeedFree(&laplace));
2708   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) {
2709     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < P_1d; j++) fdm_interp[i + j * P_1d] = x[j + i * P_1d];
2710   }
2711   CeedCall(CeedFree(&x));
2712 
2713   {
2714     CeedInt             layout[3], num_modes = (interp ? 1 : 0) + (grad ? dim : 0);
2715     CeedScalar          max_norm = 0;
2716     const CeedScalar   *assembled_array, *q_weight_array;
2717     CeedVector          assembled = NULL, q_weight;
2718     CeedElemRestriction rstr_qf   = NULL;
2719 
2720     // Assemble QFunction
2721     CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled, &rstr_qf, request));
2722     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(rstr_qf, layout));
2723     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_qf));
2724     CeedCall(CeedVectorNorm(assembled, CEED_NORM_MAX, &max_norm));
2725 
2726     // Calculate element averages
2727     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, num_qpts, &q_weight));
2728     CeedCall(CeedBasisApply(basis, 1, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_weight));
2729     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled, CEED_MEM_HOST, &assembled_array));
2730     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(q_weight, CEED_MEM_HOST, &q_weight_array));
2731     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_elem, &elem_avg));
2732     const CeedScalar qf_value_bound = max_norm * 100 * CEED_EPSILON;
2733 
2734     for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
2735       CeedInt count = 0;
2736 
2737       for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
2738         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_comp * num_comp * num_modes * num_modes; i++) {
2739           if (fabs(assembled_array[q * layout[0] + i * layout[1] + e * layout[2]]) > qf_value_bound) {
2740             elem_avg[e] += assembled_array[q * layout[0] + i * layout[1] + e * layout[2]] / q_weight_array[q];
2741             count++;
2742           }
2743         }
2744       }
2745       if (count) {
2746         elem_avg[e] /= count;
2747       } else {
2748         elem_avg[e] = 1.0;
2749       }
2750     }
2751     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled, &assembled_array));
2752     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled));
2753     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(q_weight, &q_weight_array));
2754     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&q_weight));
2755   }
2756 
2757   // Build FDM diagonal
2758   {
2759     CeedScalar *q_data_array, *fdm_diagonal;
2760 
2761     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_comp * num_nodes, &fdm_diagonal));
2762     const CeedScalar fdm_diagonal_bound = num_nodes * CEED_EPSILON;
2763     for (CeedInt c = 0; c < num_comp; c++) {
2764       for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
2765         if (interp) fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n] = 1.0;
2766         if (grad) {
2767           for (CeedInt d = 0; d < dim; d++) {
2768             CeedInt i = (n / CeedIntPow(P_1d, d)) % P_1d;
2769             fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n] += lambda[i];
2770           }
2771         }
2772         if (fabs(fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n]) < fdm_diagonal_bound) fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n] = fdm_diagonal_bound;
2773       }
2774     }
2775     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, num_elem * num_comp * num_nodes, &q_data));
2776     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(q_data, 0.0));
2777     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(q_data, CEED_MEM_HOST, &q_data_array));
2778     for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
2779       for (CeedInt c = 0; c < num_comp; c++) {
2780         for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++)
2781           q_data_array[(e * num_comp + c) * num_nodes + n] = 1. / (elem_avg[e] * fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n]);
2782       }
2783     }
2784     CeedCall(CeedFree(&elem_avg));
2785     CeedCall(CeedFree(&fdm_diagonal));
2786     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(q_data, &q_data_array));
2787   }
2788 
2789   // Setup FDM operator
2790   // -- Basis
2791   {
2792     CeedScalar *grad_dummy, *q_ref_dummy, *q_weight_dummy;
2793 
2794     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &grad_dummy));
2795     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d, &q_ref_dummy));
2796     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d, &q_weight_dummy));
2797     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateTensorH1(ceed_parent, dim, num_comp, P_1d, P_1d, fdm_interp, grad_dummy, q_ref_dummy, q_weight_dummy, &fdm_basis));
2798     CeedCall(CeedFree(&fdm_interp));
2799     CeedCall(CeedFree(&grad_dummy));
2800     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_ref_dummy));
2801     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_weight_dummy));
2802     CeedCall(CeedFree(&lambda));
2803   }
2804 
2805   // -- Restriction
2806   {
2807     CeedInt strides[3] = {1, num_nodes, num_nodes * num_comp};
2808     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided(ceed_parent, num_elem, num_nodes, num_comp, num_elem * num_comp * num_nodes, strides, &rstr_qd_i));
2809   }
2810 
2811   // -- QFunction
2812   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInteriorByName(ceed_parent, "Scale", &qf_fdm));
2813   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_fdm, "input", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
2814   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_fdm, "scale", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
2815   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_fdm, "output", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
2816   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetUserFlopsEstimate(qf_fdm, num_comp));
2817 
2818   // -- QFunction context
2819   {
2820     CeedInt *num_comp_data;
2821 
2822     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &num_comp_data));
2823     num_comp_data[0] = num_comp;
2824     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextCreate(ceed, &ctx_fdm));
2825     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextSetData(ctx_fdm, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER, sizeof(*num_comp_data), num_comp_data));
2826   }
2827   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(qf_fdm, ctx_fdm));
2828   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextDestroy(&ctx_fdm));
2829 
2830   // -- Operator
2831   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed_parent, qf_fdm, NULL, NULL, fdm_inv));
2832   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*fdm_inv, "input", rstr, fdm_basis, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
2833   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*fdm_inv, "scale", rstr_qd_i, CEED_BASIS_NONE, q_data));
2834   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*fdm_inv, "output", rstr, fdm_basis, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
2835 
2836   // Cleanup
2837   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&q_data));
2838   CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&fdm_basis));
2839   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_qd_i));
2840   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_fdm));
2841   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2842 }
2843 
2844 /// @}
2845