xref: /libCEED/interface/ceed-preconditioning.c (revision 8a297abd0abffb6af7c8cbd4ffcd5e5f554c8ef0)
1 // Copyright (c) 2017-2024, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
2 // All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
3 //
4 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
5 //
6 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
7 
8 #include <ceed-impl.h>
9 #include <ceed.h>
10 #include <ceed/backend.h>
11 #include <assert.h>
12 #include <math.h>
13 #include <stdbool.h>
14 #include <stdio.h>
15 #include <string.h>
16 
17 /// @file
18 /// Implementation of CeedOperator preconditioning interfaces
19 
20 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
21 /// CeedOperator Library Internal Preconditioning Functions
22 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
23 /// @addtogroup CeedOperatorDeveloper
24 /// @{
25 
26 /**
27   @brief Duplicate a `CeedQFunction` with a reference `Ceed` to fallback for advanced `CeedOperator` functionality
28 
29   @param[in]  fallback_ceed `Ceed` on which to create fallback `CeedQFunction`
30   @param[in]  qf            `CeedQFunction` to create fallback for
31   @param[out] qf_fallback   Fallback `CeedQFunction`
32 
33   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
34 
35   @ref Developer
36 **/
37 static int CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(Ceed fallback_ceed, CeedQFunction qf, CeedQFunction *qf_fallback) {
38   char               *source_path_with_name = NULL;
39   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
40   Ceed                ceed;
41   CeedQFunctionField *input_fields, *output_fields;
42 
43   // Check if NULL qf passed in
44   if (!qf) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
45 
46   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetCeed(qf, &ceed));
47   CeedDebug256(ceed, 1, "---------- CeedOperator Fallback ----------\n");
48   CeedDebug(ceed, "Creating fallback CeedQFunction\n");
49 
50   if (qf->source_path) {
51     size_t path_len = strlen(qf->source_path), name_len = strlen(qf->kernel_name);
52     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(path_len + name_len + 2, &source_path_with_name));
53     memcpy(source_path_with_name, qf->source_path, path_len);
54     memcpy(&source_path_with_name[path_len], ":", 1);
55     memcpy(&source_path_with_name[path_len + 1], qf->kernel_name, name_len);
56   } else {
57     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &source_path_with_name));
58   }
59 
60   {
61     CeedInt           vec_length;
62     CeedQFunctionUser f;
63 
64     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetVectorLength(qf, &vec_length));
65     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetUserFunction(qf, &f));
66     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInterior(fallback_ceed, vec_length, f, source_path_with_name, qf_fallback));
67   }
68   {
69     CeedQFunctionContext ctx;
70 
71     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetContext(qf, &ctx));
72     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(*qf_fallback, ctx));
73   }
74   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
75   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
76     const char  *field_name;
77     CeedInt      size;
78     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
79 
80     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetData(input_fields[i], &field_name, &size, &eval_mode));
81     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(*qf_fallback, field_name, size, eval_mode));
82   }
83   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
84     const char  *field_name;
85     CeedInt      size;
86     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
87 
88     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetData(output_fields[i], &field_name, &size, &eval_mode));
89     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(*qf_fallback, field_name, size, eval_mode));
90   }
91   CeedCall(CeedFree(&source_path_with_name));
92   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
93 }
94 
95 /**
96   @brief Duplicate a `CeedOperator` with a reference `Ceed` to fallback for advanced `CeedOperator` functionality
97 
98   @param[in,out] op `CeedOperator` to create fallback for
99 
100   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
101 
102   @ref Developer
103 **/
104 static int CeedOperatorCreateFallback(CeedOperator op) {
105   bool         is_composite;
106   Ceed         ceed, ceed_fallback;
107   CeedOperator op_fallback;
108 
109   // Check not already created
110   if (op->op_fallback) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
111 
112   // Fallback Ceed
113   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
114   CeedCall(CeedGetOperatorFallbackCeed(ceed, &ceed_fallback));
115   if (!ceed_fallback) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
116 
117   CeedDebug256(ceed, 1, "---------- CeedOperator Fallback ----------\n");
118   CeedDebug(ceed, "Creating fallback CeedOperator\n");
119 
120   // Clone Op
121   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
122   if (is_composite) {
123     CeedInt       num_suboperators;
124     CeedOperator *sub_operators;
125 
126     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorCreate(ceed_fallback, &op_fallback));
127     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
128     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
129     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_suboperators; i++) {
130       CeedOperator op_sub_fallback;
131 
132       CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(sub_operators[i], &op_sub_fallback));
133       CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorAddSub(op_fallback, op_sub_fallback));
134     }
135   } else {
136     CeedInt            num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
137     CeedQFunction      qf_fallback = NULL, dqf_fallback = NULL, dqfT_fallback = NULL;
138     CeedOperatorField *input_fields, *output_fields;
139 
140     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(ceed_fallback, op->qf, &qf_fallback));
141     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(ceed_fallback, op->dqf, &dqf_fallback));
142     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(ceed_fallback, op->dqfT, &dqfT_fallback));
143     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed_fallback, qf_fallback, dqf_fallback, dqfT_fallback, &op_fallback));
144     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
145     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
146       const char         *field_name;
147       CeedVector          vec;
148       CeedElemRestriction rstr;
149       CeedBasis           basis;
150 
151       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetData(input_fields[i], &field_name, &rstr, &basis, &vec));
152       CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(op_fallback, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
153     }
154     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
155       const char         *field_name;
156       CeedVector          vec;
157       CeedElemRestriction rstr;
158       CeedBasis           basis;
159 
160       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetData(output_fields[i], &field_name, &rstr, &basis, &vec));
161       CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(op_fallback, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
162     }
163     {
164       CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data;
165 
166       CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunctionAssemblyData(op, &data));
167       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReferenceCopy(data, &op_fallback->qf_assembled));
168     }
169     // Cleanup
170     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_fallback));
171     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&dqf_fallback));
172     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&dqfT_fallback));
173   }
174   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(op_fallback, op->name));
175   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fallback));
176   // Note: No ref-counting here so we don't get caught in a reference loop.
177   //       The op holds the only reference to op_fallback and is responsible for deleting itself and op_fallback.
178   op->op_fallback                 = op_fallback;
179   op_fallback->op_fallback_parent = op;
180   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
181 }
182 
183 /**
184   @brief Core logic for assembling operator diagonal or point block diagonal
185 
186   @param[in]  op             `CeedOperator` to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
187   @param[in]  request        Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
188   @param[in]  is_point_block Boolean flag to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
189   @param[out] assembled      `CeedVector` to store assembled diagonal
190 
191   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
192 
193   @ref Developer
194 **/
195 static inline int CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Mesh(CeedOperator op, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block,
196                                                                    CeedVector assembled) {
197   Ceed ceed;
198   bool is_composite;
199 
200   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
201   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
202   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
203 
204   // Assemble QFunction
205   CeedInt             layout_qf[3];
206   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
207   CeedVector          assembled_qf        = NULL;
208   CeedElemRestriction assembled_elem_rstr = NULL;
209 
210   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_elem_rstr, request));
211   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(assembled_elem_rstr, layout_qf));
212   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_elem_rstr));
213   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_HOST, &assembled_qf_array));
214 
215   // Get assembly data
216   const CeedEvalMode     **eval_modes_in, **eval_modes_out;
217   CeedInt                  num_active_bases_in, *num_eval_modes_in, num_active_bases_out, *num_eval_modes_out;
218   CeedSize               **eval_mode_offsets_in, **eval_mode_offsets_out, num_output_components;
219   CeedBasis               *active_bases_in, *active_bases_out;
220   CeedElemRestriction     *active_elem_rstrs_in, *active_elem_rstrs_out;
221   CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
222 
223   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(op, &data));
224   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetEvalModes(data, &num_active_bases_in, &num_eval_modes_in, &eval_modes_in, &eval_mode_offsets_in,
225                                                 &num_active_bases_out, &num_eval_modes_out, &eval_modes_out, &eval_mode_offsets_out,
226                                                 &num_output_components));
227   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetBases(data, NULL, &active_bases_in, NULL, NULL, &active_bases_out, NULL));
228   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(data, NULL, &active_elem_rstrs_in, NULL, &active_elem_rstrs_out));
229 
230   // Loop over all active bases (find matching input/output pairs)
231   for (CeedInt b = 0; b < CeedIntMin(num_active_bases_in, num_active_bases_out); b++) {
232     CeedInt             b_in, b_out, num_elem, num_nodes, num_qpts, num_comp;
233     bool                has_eval_none = false;
234     CeedScalar         *elem_diag_array, *identity = NULL;
235     CeedVector          elem_diag;
236     CeedElemRestriction diag_elem_rstr;
237 
238     if (num_active_bases_in <= num_active_bases_out) {
239       b_in = b;
240       for (b_out = 0; b_out < num_active_bases_out; b_out++) {
241         if (active_bases_in[b_in] == active_bases_out[b_out]) {
242           break;
243         }
244       }
245       if (b_out == num_active_bases_out) {
246         continue;
247       }  // No matching output basis found
248     } else {
249       b_out = b;
250       for (b_in = 0; b_in < num_active_bases_in; b_in++) {
251         if (active_bases_in[b_in] == active_bases_out[b_out]) {
252           break;
253         }
254       }
255       if (b_in == num_active_bases_in) {
256         continue;
257       }  // No matching output basis found
258     }
259     CeedCheck(active_elem_rstrs_in[b_in] == active_elem_rstrs_out[b_out], ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
260               "Cannot assemble operator diagonal with different input and output active element restrictions");
261 
262     // Assemble point block diagonal restriction, if needed
263     if (is_point_block) {
264       CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(active_elem_rstrs_in[b_in], &diag_elem_rstr));
265     } else {
266       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(active_elem_rstrs_in[b_in], &diag_elem_rstr));
267     }
268 
269     // Create diagonal vector
270     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag_elem_rstr, NULL, &elem_diag));
271 
272     // Assemble element operator diagonals
273     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_diag, 0.0));
274     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArray(elem_diag, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_diag_array));
275     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(diag_elem_rstr, &num_elem));
276     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(active_bases_in[b_in], &num_nodes));
277     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(active_bases_in[b_in], &num_comp));
278     if (active_bases_in[b_in] == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
279     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(active_bases_in[b_in], &num_qpts));
280 
281     // Construct identity matrix for basis if required
282     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in[b_in]; i++) {
283       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[b_in][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
284     }
285     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out[b_out]; i++) {
286       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[b_out][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
287     }
288     if (has_eval_none) {
289       CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes, &identity));
290       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
291     }
292 
293     // Compute the diagonal of B^T D B
294     // Each element
295     for (CeedSize e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
296       // Each basis eval mode pair
297       CeedInt      d_out              = 0, q_comp_out;
298       CeedEvalMode eval_mode_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
299 
300       for (CeedInt e_out = 0; e_out < num_eval_modes_out[b_out]; e_out++) {
301         CeedInt           d_in              = 0, q_comp_in;
302         const CeedScalar *B_t               = NULL;
303         CeedEvalMode      eval_mode_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
304 
305         CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(active_bases_out[b_out], eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out], identity, &B_t));
306         CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(active_bases_out[b_out], eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out], &q_comp_out));
307         if (q_comp_out > 1) {
308           if (e_out == 0 || eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out] != eval_mode_out_prev) d_out = 0;
309           else B_t = &B_t[(++d_out) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
310         }
311         eval_mode_out_prev = eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out];
312 
313         for (CeedInt e_in = 0; e_in < num_eval_modes_in[b_in]; e_in++) {
314           const CeedScalar *B = NULL;
315 
316           CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(active_bases_in[b_in], eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in], identity, &B));
317           CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(active_bases_in[b_in], eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in], &q_comp_in));
318           if (q_comp_in > 1) {
319             if (e_in == 0 || eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in] != eval_mode_in_prev) d_in = 0;
320             else B = &B[(++d_in) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
321           }
322           eval_mode_in_prev = eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in];
323 
324           // Each component
325           for (CeedInt c_out = 0; c_out < num_comp; c_out++) {
326             // Each qpt/node pair
327             for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
328               if (is_point_block) {
329                 // Point Block Diagonal
330                 for (CeedInt c_in = 0; c_in < num_comp; c_in++) {
331                   const CeedSize c_offset =
332                       (eval_mode_offsets_in[b_in][e_in] + c_in) * num_output_components + eval_mode_offsets_out[b_out][e_out] + c_out;
333                   const CeedScalar qf_value = assembled_qf_array[q * layout_qf[0] + c_offset * layout_qf[1] + e * layout_qf[2]];
334 
335                   for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
336                     elem_diag_array[((e * num_comp + c_out) * num_comp + c_in) * num_nodes + n] +=
337                         B_t[q * num_nodes + n] * qf_value * B[q * num_nodes + n];
338                   }
339                 }
340               } else {
341                 // Diagonal Only
342                 const CeedInt c_offset =
343                     (eval_mode_offsets_in[b_in][e_in] + c_out) * num_output_components + eval_mode_offsets_out[b_out][e_out] + c_out;
344                 const CeedScalar qf_value = assembled_qf_array[q * layout_qf[0] + c_offset * layout_qf[1] + e * layout_qf[2]];
345 
346                 for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
347                   elem_diag_array[(e * num_comp + c_out) * num_nodes + n] += B_t[q * num_nodes + n] * qf_value * B[q * num_nodes + n];
348                 }
349               }
350             }
351           }
352         }
353       }
354     }
355     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(elem_diag, &elem_diag_array));
356 
357     // Assemble local operator diagonal
358     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(diag_elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, elem_diag, assembled, request));
359 
360     // Cleanup
361     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&diag_elem_rstr));
362     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&elem_diag));
363     CeedCall(CeedFree(&identity));
364   }
365   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
366   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
367   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
368 }
369 
370 /**
371   @brief Core logic for assembling operator diagonal or point block diagonal
372 
373   @param[in]  op             `CeedOperator` to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
374   @param[in]  request        Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
375   @param[in]  is_point_block Boolean flag to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
376   @param[out] assembled      `CeedVector` to store assembled diagonal
377 
378   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
379 
380   @ref Developer
381 **/
382 static inline int CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block,
383                                                               CeedVector assembled) {
384   Ceed ceed;
385   bool is_at_points;
386 
387   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
388   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsAtPoints(op, &is_at_points));
389   CeedCheck(!is_at_points, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "AtPoints operator not supported");
390   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Mesh(op, request, is_point_block, assembled));
391   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
392 }
393 
394 /**
395   @brief Core logic for assembling composite operator diagonal
396 
397   @param[in]  op             `CeedOperator` to assemble point block diagonal
398   @param[in]  request        Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
399   @param[in]  is_point_block Boolean flag to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
400   @param[out] assembled      `CeedVector` to store assembled diagonal
401 
402   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
403 
404   @ref Developer
405 **/
406 static inline int CeedCompositeOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block,
407                                                                  CeedVector assembled) {
408   CeedInt       num_sub;
409   CeedOperator *suboperators;
410 
411   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_sub));
412   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &suboperators));
413   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_sub; i++) {
414     if (is_point_block) {
415       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(suboperators[i], assembled, request));
416     } else {
417       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(suboperators[i], assembled, request));
418     }
419   }
420   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
421 }
422 
423 /**
424   @brief Build nonzero pattern for non-composite CeedOperator`.
425 
426   Users should generally use @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic().
427 
428   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` to assemble nonzero pattern
429   @param[in]  offset Offset for number of entries
430   @param[out] rows   Row number for each entry
431   @param[out] cols   Column number for each entry
432 
433   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
434 
435   @ref Developer
436 **/
437 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSymbolic(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedInt *rows, CeedInt *cols) {
438   Ceed                ceed;
439   bool                is_composite;
440   CeedSize            num_nodes_in, num_nodes_out, local_num_entries, count = 0;
441   CeedInt             num_elem_in, elem_size_in, num_comp_in, layout_er_in[3];
442   CeedInt             num_elem_out, elem_size_out, num_comp_out, layout_er_out[3];
443   CeedScalar         *array;
444   const CeedScalar   *elem_dof_a_in, *elem_dof_a_out;
445   CeedVector          index_vec_in, index_vec_out, elem_dof_in, elem_dof_out;
446   CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr_in, elem_rstr_out, index_elem_rstr_in, index_elem_rstr_out;
447 
448   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
449   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
450   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
451 
452   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &num_nodes_in, &num_nodes_out));
453   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_out));
454   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
455   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
456   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
457   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(elem_rstr_in, layout_er_in));
458 
459   // Determine elem_dof relation for input
460   CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_nodes_in, &index_vec_in));
461   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(index_vec_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &array));
462   for (CeedSize i = 0; i < num_nodes_in; i++) array[i] = i;
463   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(index_vec_in, &array));
464   CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_elem_in * elem_size_in * num_comp_in, &elem_dof_in));
465   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_dof_in, 0.0));
466   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnorientedCopy(elem_rstr_in, &index_elem_rstr_in));
467   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(index_elem_rstr_in, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, index_vec_in, elem_dof_in, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
468   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(elem_dof_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_dof_a_in));
469   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&index_vec_in));
470   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&index_elem_rstr_in));
471 
472   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
473     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
474     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
475               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements."
476               " Input has %" CeedInt_FMT " elements; output has %" CeedInt_FMT "elements.",
477               num_elem_in, num_elem_out);
478     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
479     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
480     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(elem_rstr_out, layout_er_out));
481 
482     // Determine elem_dof relation for output
483     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_nodes_out, &index_vec_out));
484     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(index_vec_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &array));
485     for (CeedSize i = 0; i < num_nodes_out; i++) array[i] = i;
486     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(index_vec_out, &array));
487     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_elem_out * elem_size_out * num_comp_out, &elem_dof_out));
488     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_dof_out, 0.0));
489     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnorientedCopy(elem_rstr_out, &index_elem_rstr_out));
490     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(index_elem_rstr_out, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, index_vec_out, elem_dof_out, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
491     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(elem_dof_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_dof_a_out));
492     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&index_vec_out));
493     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&index_elem_rstr_out));
494   } else {
495     num_elem_out     = num_elem_in;
496     elem_size_out    = elem_size_in;
497     num_comp_out     = num_comp_in;
498     layout_er_out[0] = layout_er_in[0];
499     layout_er_out[1] = layout_er_in[1];
500     layout_er_out[2] = layout_er_in[2];
501     elem_dof_a_out   = elem_dof_a_in;
502   }
503   local_num_entries = (CeedSize)elem_size_out * num_comp_out * elem_size_in * num_comp_in * num_elem_in;
504 
505   // Determine i, j locations for element matrices
506   for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem_in; e++) {
507     for (CeedInt comp_in = 0; comp_in < num_comp_in; comp_in++) {
508       for (CeedInt comp_out = 0; comp_out < num_comp_out; comp_out++) {
509         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
510           for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
511             const CeedInt elem_dof_index_row = i * layout_er_out[0] + comp_out * layout_er_out[1] + e * layout_er_out[2];
512             const CeedInt elem_dof_index_col = j * layout_er_in[0] + comp_in * layout_er_in[1] + e * layout_er_in[2];
513             const CeedInt row                = elem_dof_a_out[elem_dof_index_row];
514             const CeedInt col                = elem_dof_a_in[elem_dof_index_col];
515 
516             rows[offset + count] = row;
517             cols[offset + count] = col;
518             count++;
519           }
520         }
521       }
522     }
523   }
524   CeedCheck(count == local_num_entries, ceed, CEED_ERROR_MAJOR, "Error computing assembled entries");
525   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(elem_dof_in, &elem_dof_a_in));
526   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&elem_dof_in));
527   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
528     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(elem_dof_out, &elem_dof_a_out));
529     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&elem_dof_out));
530   }
531   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
532 }
533 
534 /**
535   @brief Assemble nonzero entries for non-composite `CeedOperator`.
536 
537   Users should generally use @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemble().
538 
539   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` to assemble
540   @param[in]  offset Offset for number of entries
541   @param[out] values Values to assemble into matrix
542 
543   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
544 
545   @ref Developer
546 **/
547 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedVector values) {
548   Ceed ceed;
549   bool is_composite;
550 
551   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
552   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
553   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
554 
555   // Early exit for empty operator
556   {
557     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
558 
559     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
560     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
561   }
562 
563   if (op->LinearAssembleSingle) {
564     // Backend version
565     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleSingle(op, offset, values));
566     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
567   } else {
568     // Operator fallback
569     CeedOperator op_fallback;
570 
571     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
572     if (op_fallback) {
573       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(op_fallback, offset, values));
574       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
575     }
576   }
577 
578   // Assemble QFunction
579   CeedInt             layout_qf[3];
580   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
581   CeedVector          assembled_qf        = NULL;
582   CeedElemRestriction assembled_elem_rstr = NULL;
583 
584   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_elem_rstr, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
585   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(assembled_elem_rstr, layout_qf));
586   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_elem_rstr));
587   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_HOST, &assembled_qf_array));
588 
589   // Get assembly data
590   CeedInt                  num_elem_in, elem_size_in, num_comp_in, num_qpts_in;
591   CeedInt                  num_elem_out, elem_size_out, num_comp_out, num_qpts_out;
592   CeedSize                 local_num_entries, count = 0;
593   const CeedEvalMode     **eval_modes_in, **eval_modes_out;
594   CeedInt                  num_active_bases_in, *num_eval_modes_in, num_active_bases_out, *num_eval_modes_out;
595   CeedBasis               *active_bases_in, *active_bases_out, basis_in, basis_out;
596   const CeedScalar       **B_mats_in, **B_mats_out, *B_mat_in, *B_mat_out;
597   CeedElemRestriction      elem_rstr_in, elem_rstr_out;
598   CeedRestrictionType      elem_rstr_type_in, elem_rstr_type_out;
599   const bool              *elem_rstr_orients_in = NULL, *elem_rstr_orients_out = NULL;
600   const CeedInt8          *elem_rstr_curl_orients_in = NULL, *elem_rstr_curl_orients_out = NULL;
601   CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
602 
603   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(op, &data));
604   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetEvalModes(data, &num_active_bases_in, &num_eval_modes_in, &eval_modes_in, NULL, &num_active_bases_out,
605                                                 &num_eval_modes_out, &eval_modes_out, NULL, NULL));
606 
607   CeedCheck(num_active_bases_in == 1 && num_active_bases_out == 1, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
608             "Cannot assemble operator with multiple active bases");
609   CeedCheck(num_eval_modes_in[0] > 0 && num_eval_modes_out[0] > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Cannot assemble operator without inputs/outputs");
610 
611   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetBases(data, NULL, &active_bases_in, &B_mats_in, NULL, &active_bases_out, &B_mats_out));
612   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_out));
613   basis_in  = active_bases_in[0];
614   basis_out = active_bases_out[0];
615   B_mat_in  = B_mats_in[0];
616   B_mat_out = B_mats_out[0];
617 
618   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
619   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
620   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
621   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_in = elem_size_in;
622   else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts_in));
623 
624   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_type_in));
625   if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
626     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(elem_rstr_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_orients_in));
627   } else if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
628     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_in));
629   }
630 
631   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
632     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
633     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
634               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements."
635               " Input has %" CeedInt_FMT " elements; output has %" CeedInt_FMT "elements.",
636               num_elem_in, num_elem_out);
637     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
638     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
639     if (basis_out == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_out = elem_size_out;
640     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_out, &num_qpts_out));
641     CeedCheck(num_qpts_in == num_qpts_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
642               "Active input and output bases must have the same number of quadrature points."
643               " Input has %" CeedInt_FMT " points; output has %" CeedInt_FMT "points.",
644               num_qpts_in, num_qpts_out);
645 
646     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr_out, &elem_rstr_type_out));
647     if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
648       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(elem_rstr_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_orients_out));
649     } else if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
650       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_out));
651     }
652   } else {
653     num_elem_out  = num_elem_in;
654     elem_size_out = elem_size_in;
655     num_comp_out  = num_comp_in;
656     num_qpts_out  = num_qpts_in;
657 
658     elem_rstr_orients_out      = elem_rstr_orients_in;
659     elem_rstr_curl_orients_out = elem_rstr_curl_orients_in;
660   }
661   local_num_entries = (CeedSize)elem_size_out * num_comp_out * elem_size_in * num_comp_in * num_elem_in;
662 
663   // Loop over elements and put in data structure
664   // We store B_mat_in, B_mat_out, BTD, elem_mat in row-major order
665   CeedTensorContract contract;
666   CeedScalar        *vals, *BTD_mat = NULL, *elem_mat = NULL, *elem_mat_b = NULL;
667 
668   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetTensorContract(basis_in, &contract));
669   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0], &BTD_mat));
670   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * elem_size_in, &elem_mat));
671   if (elem_rstr_curl_orients_in || elem_rstr_curl_orients_out) CeedCall(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * elem_size_in, &elem_mat_b));
672 
673   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArray(values, CEED_MEM_HOST, &vals));
674   for (CeedSize e = 0; e < num_elem_in; e++) {
675     for (CeedInt comp_in = 0; comp_in < num_comp_in; comp_in++) {
676       for (CeedInt comp_out = 0; comp_out < num_comp_out; comp_out++) {
677         // Compute B^T*D
678         for (CeedSize n = 0; n < elem_size_out; n++) {
679           for (CeedSize q = 0; q < num_qpts_in; q++) {
680             for (CeedInt e_in = 0; e_in < num_eval_modes_in[0]; e_in++) {
681               const CeedSize btd_index = n * (num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0]) + q * num_eval_modes_in[0] + e_in;
682               CeedScalar     sum       = 0.0;
683 
684               for (CeedInt e_out = 0; e_out < num_eval_modes_out[0]; e_out++) {
685                 const CeedSize b_out_index     = (q * num_eval_modes_out[0] + e_out) * elem_size_out + n;
686                 const CeedSize eval_mode_index = ((e_in * num_comp_in + comp_in) * num_eval_modes_out[0] + e_out) * num_comp_out + comp_out;
687                 const CeedSize qf_index        = q * layout_qf[0] + eval_mode_index * layout_qf[1] + e * layout_qf[2];
688 
689                 sum += B_mat_out[b_out_index] * assembled_qf_array[qf_index];
690               }
691               BTD_mat[btd_index] = sum;
692             }
693           }
694         }
695 
696         // Form element matrix itself (for each block component)
697         if (contract) {
698           CeedCall(CeedTensorContractApply(contract, 1, num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0], elem_size_in, elem_size_out, BTD_mat, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE,
699                                            false, B_mat_in, elem_mat));
700         } else {
701           CeedCall(CeedMatrixMatrixMultiply(ceed, BTD_mat, B_mat_in, elem_mat, elem_size_out, elem_size_in, num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0]));
702         }
703 
704         // Transform the element matrix if required
705         if (elem_rstr_orients_out) {
706           const bool *elem_orients = &elem_rstr_orients_out[e * elem_size_out];
707 
708           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
709             const double orient = elem_orients[i] ? -1.0 : 1.0;
710 
711             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
712               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] *= orient;
713             }
714           }
715         } else if (elem_rstr_curl_orients_out) {
716           const CeedInt8 *elem_curl_orients = &elem_rstr_curl_orients_out[e * 3 * elem_size_out];
717 
718           // T^T*(B^T*D*B)
719           memcpy(elem_mat_b, elem_mat, elem_size_out * elem_size_in * sizeof(CeedScalar));
720           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
721             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
722               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] = elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * i + 1] +
723                                                (i > 0 ? elem_mat_b[(i - 1) * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * i - 1] : 0.0) +
724                                                (i < elem_size_out - 1 ? elem_mat_b[(i + 1) * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * i + 3] : 0.0);
725             }
726           }
727         }
728         if (elem_rstr_orients_in) {
729           const bool *elem_orients = &elem_rstr_orients_in[e * elem_size_in];
730 
731           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
732             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
733               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] *= elem_orients[j] ? -1.0 : 1.0;
734             }
735           }
736         } else if (elem_rstr_curl_orients_in) {
737           const CeedInt8 *elem_curl_orients = &elem_rstr_curl_orients_in[e * 3 * elem_size_in];
738 
739           // (B^T*D*B)*T
740           memcpy(elem_mat_b, elem_mat, elem_size_out * elem_size_in * sizeof(CeedScalar));
741           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
742             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
743               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] = elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * j + 1] +
744                                                (j > 0 ? elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j - 1] * elem_curl_orients[3 * j - 1] : 0.0) +
745                                                (j < elem_size_in - 1 ? elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j + 1] * elem_curl_orients[3 * j + 3] : 0.0);
746             }
747           }
748         }
749 
750         // Put element matrix in coordinate data structure
751         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
752           for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
753             vals[offset + count] = elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j];
754             count++;
755           }
756         }
757       }
758     }
759   }
760   CeedCheck(count == local_num_entries, ceed, CEED_ERROR_MAJOR, "Error computing entries");
761   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(values, &vals));
762 
763   // Cleanup
764   CeedCall(CeedFree(&BTD_mat));
765   CeedCall(CeedFree(&elem_mat));
766   CeedCall(CeedFree(&elem_mat_b));
767   if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
768     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_orients_in));
769   } else if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
770     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_in));
771   }
772   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
773     if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
774       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(elem_rstr_out, &elem_rstr_orients_out));
775     } else if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
776       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_out, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_out));
777     }
778   }
779   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
780   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
781   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
782 }
783 
784 /**
785   @brief Count number of entries for assembled `CeedOperator`
786 
787   @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to assemble
788   @param[out] num_entries Number of entries in assembled representation
789 
790   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
791 
792   @ref Utility
793 **/
794 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(CeedOperator op, CeedSize *num_entries) {
795   bool                is_composite;
796   CeedInt             num_elem_in, elem_size_in, num_comp_in, num_elem_out, elem_size_out, num_comp_out;
797   Ceed                ceed;
798   CeedElemRestriction rstr_in, rstr_out;
799 
800   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
801   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
802   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
803 
804   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
805   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
806   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
807   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
808   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
809     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
810     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
811               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements."
812               " Input has %" CeedInt_FMT " elements; output has %" CeedInt_FMT "elements.",
813               num_elem_in, num_elem_out);
814     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
815     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
816   } else {
817     num_elem_out  = num_elem_in;
818     elem_size_out = elem_size_in;
819     num_comp_out  = num_comp_in;
820   }
821   *num_entries = (CeedSize)elem_size_in * num_comp_in * elem_size_out * num_comp_out * num_elem_in;
822   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
823 }
824 
825 /**
826   @brief Common code for creating a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator`
827 
828   @param[in]  op_fine      Fine grid `CeedOperator`
829   @param[in]  p_mult_fine  L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
830   @param[in]  rstr_coarse  Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
831   @param[in]  basis_coarse Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
832   @param[in]  basis_c_to_f `CeedBasis` for coarse to fine interpolation, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction operators
833   @param[out] op_coarse    Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
834   @param[out] op_prolong   Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
835   @param[out] op_restrict  Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
836 
837   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
838 
839   @ref Developer
840 **/
841 static int CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
842                                             CeedBasis basis_c_to_f, CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong, CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
843   bool                is_composite;
844   Ceed                ceed;
845   CeedInt             num_comp, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
846   CeedVector          mult_vec         = NULL;
847   CeedElemRestriction rstr_p_mult_fine = NULL, rstr_fine = NULL;
848   CeedOperatorField  *input_fields, *output_fields;
849 
850   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op_fine, &ceed));
851 
852   // Check for composite operator
853   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op_fine, &is_composite));
854   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Automatic multigrid setup for composite operators not supported");
855 
856   // Coarse Grid
857   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, op_fine->qf, op_fine->dqf, op_fine->dqfT, op_coarse));
858   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op_fine, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
859   // -- Clone input fields
860   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
861     const char         *field_name;
862     CeedVector          vec;
863     CeedElemRestriction rstr;
864     CeedBasis           basis;
865 
866     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetName(input_fields[i], &field_name));
867     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(input_fields[i], &vec));
868     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
869       rstr  = rstr_coarse;
870       basis = basis_coarse;
871       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &rstr_fine));
872     } else {
873       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &rstr));
874       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(input_fields[i], &basis));
875     }
876     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_coarse, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
877   }
878   // -- Clone output fields
879   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
880     const char         *field_name;
881     CeedVector          vec;
882     CeedElemRestriction rstr;
883     CeedBasis           basis;
884 
885     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetName(output_fields[i], &field_name));
886     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(output_fields[i], &vec));
887     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
888       rstr  = rstr_coarse;
889       basis = basis_coarse;
890       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &rstr_fine));
891     } else {
892       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &rstr));
893       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(output_fields[i], &basis));
894     }
895     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_coarse, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
896   }
897   // -- Clone QFunctionAssemblyData
898   {
899     CeedQFunctionAssemblyData fine_data;
900 
901     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunctionAssemblyData(op_fine, &fine_data));
902     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReferenceCopy(fine_data, &(*op_coarse)->qf_assembled));
903   }
904 
905   // Multiplicity vector
906   if (op_restrict || op_prolong) {
907     CeedVector          mult_e_vec;
908     CeedRestrictionType rstr_type;
909 
910     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_fine, &rstr_type));
911     CeedCheck(rstr_type != CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
912               "Element restrictions created with CeedElemRestrictionCreateCurlOriented are not supported");
913     CeedCheck(p_mult_fine, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE, "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires fine grid multiplicity vector");
914     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(rstr_fine, &rstr_p_mult_fine));
915     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_fine, &mult_vec, &mult_e_vec));
916     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(mult_e_vec, 0.0));
917     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, p_mult_fine, mult_e_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
918     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(mult_vec, 0.0));
919     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_TRANSPOSE, mult_e_vec, mult_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
920     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&mult_e_vec));
921     CeedCall(CeedVectorReciprocal(mult_vec));
922   }
923 
924   // Clone name
925   bool   has_name = op_fine->name;
926   size_t name_len = op_fine->name ? strlen(op_fine->name) : 0;
927   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(*op_coarse, op_fine->name));
928 
929   // Check that coarse to fine basis is provided if prolong/restrict operators are requested
930   CeedCheck(basis_c_to_f || (!op_restrict && !op_prolong), ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
931             "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires coarse-to-fine basis");
932 
933   // Restriction/Prolongation Operators
934   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_coarse, &num_comp));
935 
936   // Restriction
937   if (op_restrict) {
938     CeedInt             *num_comp_r_data;
939     CeedQFunctionContext ctx_r;
940     CeedQFunction        qf_restrict;
941 
942     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInteriorByName(ceed, "Scale", &qf_restrict));
943     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &num_comp_r_data));
944     num_comp_r_data[0] = num_comp;
945     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextCreate(ceed, &ctx_r));
946     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextSetData(ctx_r, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER, sizeof(*num_comp_r_data), num_comp_r_data));
947     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(qf_restrict, ctx_r));
948     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextDestroy(&ctx_r));
949     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_restrict, "input", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
950     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_restrict, "scale", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
951     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_restrict, "output", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
952     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetUserFlopsEstimate(qf_restrict, num_comp));
953 
954     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, qf_restrict, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, op_restrict));
955     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_restrict, "input", rstr_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
956     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_restrict, "scale", rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, mult_vec));
957     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_restrict, "output", rstr_coarse, basis_c_to_f, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
958 
959     // Set name
960     char *restriction_name;
961 
962     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(17 + name_len, &restriction_name));
963     sprintf(restriction_name, "restriction%s%s", has_name ? " for " : "", has_name ? op_fine->name : "");
964     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(*op_restrict, restriction_name));
965     CeedCall(CeedFree(&restriction_name));
966 
967     // Check
968     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(*op_restrict));
969 
970     // Cleanup
971     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_restrict));
972   }
973 
974   // Prolongation
975   if (op_prolong) {
976     CeedInt             *num_comp_p_data;
977     CeedQFunctionContext ctx_p;
978     CeedQFunction        qf_prolong;
979 
980     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInteriorByName(ceed, "Scale", &qf_prolong));
981     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &num_comp_p_data));
982     num_comp_p_data[0] = num_comp;
983     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextCreate(ceed, &ctx_p));
984     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextSetData(ctx_p, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER, sizeof(*num_comp_p_data), num_comp_p_data));
985     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(qf_prolong, ctx_p));
986     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextDestroy(&ctx_p));
987     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_prolong, "input", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
988     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_prolong, "scale", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
989     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_prolong, "output", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
990     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetUserFlopsEstimate(qf_prolong, num_comp));
991 
992     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, qf_prolong, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, op_prolong));
993     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_prolong, "input", rstr_coarse, basis_c_to_f, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
994     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_prolong, "scale", rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, mult_vec));
995     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_prolong, "output", rstr_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
996 
997     // Set name
998     char *prolongation_name;
999 
1000     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(18 + name_len, &prolongation_name));
1001     sprintf(prolongation_name, "prolongation%s%s", has_name ? " for " : "", has_name ? op_fine->name : "");
1002     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(*op_prolong, prolongation_name));
1003     CeedCall(CeedFree(&prolongation_name));
1004 
1005     // Check
1006     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(*op_prolong));
1007 
1008     // Cleanup
1009     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_prolong));
1010   }
1011 
1012   // Check
1013   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(*op_coarse));
1014 
1015   // Cleanup
1016   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&mult_vec));
1017   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_p_mult_fine));
1018   CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_c_to_f));
1019   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1020 }
1021 
1022 /**
1023   @brief Build 1D mass matrix and Laplacian with perturbation
1024 
1025   @param[in]  interp_1d   Interpolation matrix in one dimension
1026   @param[in]  grad_1d     Gradient matrix in one dimension
1027   @param[in]  q_weight_1d Quadrature weights in one dimension
1028   @param[in]  P_1d        Number of basis nodes in one dimension
1029   @param[in]  Q_1d        Number of quadrature points in one dimension
1030   @param[in]  dim         Dimension of basis
1031   @param[out] mass        Assembled mass matrix in one dimension
1032   @param[out] laplace     Assembled perturbed Laplacian in one dimension
1033 
1034   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1035 
1036   @ref Developer
1037 **/
1038 CeedPragmaOptimizeOff
1039 static int CeedBuildMassLaplace(const CeedScalar *interp_1d, const CeedScalar *grad_1d, const CeedScalar *q_weight_1d, CeedInt P_1d, CeedInt Q_1d,
1040                                 CeedInt dim, CeedScalar *mass, CeedScalar *laplace) {
1041   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) {
1042     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < P_1d; j++) {
1043       CeedScalar sum = 0.0;
1044       for (CeedInt k = 0; k < Q_1d; k++) sum += interp_1d[k * P_1d + i] * q_weight_1d[k] * interp_1d[k * P_1d + j];
1045       mass[i + j * P_1d] = sum;
1046     }
1047   }
1048   // -- Laplacian
1049   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) {
1050     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < P_1d; j++) {
1051       CeedScalar sum = 0.0;
1052 
1053       for (CeedInt k = 0; k < Q_1d; k++) sum += grad_1d[k * P_1d + i] * q_weight_1d[k] * grad_1d[k * P_1d + j];
1054       laplace[i + j * P_1d] = sum;
1055     }
1056   }
1057   CeedScalar perturbation = dim > 2 ? 1e-6 : 1e-4;
1058   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) laplace[i + P_1d * i] += perturbation;
1059   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1060 }
1061 CeedPragmaOptimizeOn
1062 
1063 /// @}
1064 
1065 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1066 /// CeedOperator Backend API
1067 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1068 /// @addtogroup CeedOperatorBackend
1069 /// @{
1070 
1071 /**
1072   @brief Select correct basis matrix pointer based on @ref CeedEvalMode
1073 
1074   @param[in]  basis     `CeedBasis` from which to get the basis matrix
1075   @param[in]  eval_mode Current basis evaluation mode
1076   @param[in]  identity  Pointer to identity matrix
1077   @param[out] basis_ptr `CeedBasis` pointer to set
1078 
1079   @ref Backend
1080 **/
1081 int CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(CeedBasis basis, CeedEvalMode eval_mode, const CeedScalar *identity, const CeedScalar **basis_ptr) {
1082   switch (eval_mode) {
1083     case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
1084       *basis_ptr = identity;
1085       break;
1086     case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
1087       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, basis_ptr));
1088       break;
1089     case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
1090       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetGrad(basis, basis_ptr));
1091       break;
1092     case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
1093       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDiv(basis, basis_ptr));
1094       break;
1095     case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
1096       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetCurl(basis, basis_ptr));
1097       break;
1098     case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
1099       break;  // Caught by QF Assembly
1100   }
1101   assert(*basis_ptr != NULL);
1102   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1103 }
1104 
1105 /**
1106   @brief Create point block restriction for active `CeedOperatorField`
1107 
1108   @param[in]  rstr             Original `CeedElemRestriction` for active field
1109   @param[out] point_block_rstr Address of the variable where the newly created `CeedElemRestriction` will be stored
1110 
1111   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1112 
1113   @ref Backend
1114 **/
1115 int CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(CeedElemRestriction rstr, CeedElemRestriction *point_block_rstr) {
1116   Ceed           ceed;
1117   CeedInt        num_elem, num_comp, shift, elem_size, comp_stride, *point_block_offsets;
1118   CeedSize       l_size;
1119   const CeedInt *offsets;
1120 
1121   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCeed(rstr, &ceed));
1122   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOffsets(rstr, CEED_MEM_HOST, &offsets));
1123 
1124   // Expand offsets
1125   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr, &num_elem));
1126   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr, &num_comp));
1127   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr, &elem_size));
1128   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(rstr, &comp_stride));
1129   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetLVectorSize(rstr, &l_size));
1130   shift = num_comp;
1131   if (comp_stride != 1) shift *= num_comp;
1132   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_elem * elem_size, &point_block_offsets));
1133   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_elem * elem_size; i++) {
1134     point_block_offsets[i] = offsets[i] * shift;
1135   }
1136 
1137   // Create new restriction
1138   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreate(ceed, num_elem, elem_size, num_comp * num_comp, 1, l_size * num_comp, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER,
1139                                      point_block_offsets, point_block_rstr));
1140 
1141   // Cleanup
1142   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOffsets(rstr, &offsets));
1143   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1144 }
1145 
1146 /**
1147   @brief Get `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1148 
1149   @param[in]  op   `CeedOperator` to assemble
1150   @param[out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1151 
1152   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1153 
1154   @ref Backend
1155 **/
1156 int CeedOperatorGetQFunctionAssemblyData(CeedOperator op, CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data) {
1157   if (!op->qf_assembled) {
1158     CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data;
1159 
1160     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataCreate(op->ceed, &data));
1161     op->qf_assembled = data;
1162   }
1163   *data = op->qf_assembled;
1164   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1165 }
1166 
1167 /**
1168   @brief Create object holding `CeedQFunction` assembly data for `CeedOperator`
1169 
1170   @param[in]  ceed `Ceed` object used to create the `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1171   @param[out] data Address of the variable where the newly created `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` will be stored
1172 
1173   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1174 
1175   @ref Backend
1176 **/
1177 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataCreate(Ceed ceed, CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data) {
1178   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, data));
1179   (*data)->ref_count = 1;
1180   (*data)->ceed      = ceed;
1181   CeedCall(CeedReference(ceed));
1182   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1183 }
1184 
1185 /**
1186   @brief Increment the reference counter for a `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1187 
1188   @param[in,out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to increment the reference counter
1189 
1190   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1191 
1192   @ref Backend
1193 **/
1194 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReference(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data) {
1195   data->ref_count++;
1196   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1197 }
1198 
1199 /**
1200   @brief Set re-use of `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1201 
1202   @param[in,out] data       `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to mark for reuse
1203   @param[in]     reuse_data Boolean flag indicating data re-use
1204 
1205   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1206 
1207   @ref Backend
1208 **/
1209 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetReuse(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool reuse_data) {
1210   data->reuse_data        = reuse_data;
1211   data->needs_data_update = true;
1212   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1213 }
1214 
1215 /**
1216   @brief Mark `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` as stale
1217 
1218   @param[in,out] data              `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to mark as stale
1219   @param[in]     needs_data_update Boolean flag indicating if update is needed or completed
1220 
1221   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1222 
1223   @ref Backend
1224 **/
1225 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetUpdateNeeded(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool needs_data_update) {
1226   data->needs_data_update = needs_data_update;
1227   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1228 }
1229 
1230 /**
1231   @brief Determine if `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` needs update
1232 
1233   @param[in]  data             `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to mark as stale
1234   @param[out] is_update_needed Boolean flag indicating if re-assembly is required
1235 
1236   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1237 
1238   @ref Backend
1239 **/
1240 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsUpdateNeeded(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool *is_update_needed) {
1241   *is_update_needed = !data->reuse_data || data->needs_data_update;
1242   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1243 }
1244 
1245 /**
1246   @brief Copy the pointer to a `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`.
1247 
1248   Both pointers should be destroyed with @ref CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataDestroy().
1249 
1250   Note: If the value of ` *data_copy` passed to this function is non-`NULL` , then it is assumed that ` *data_copy` is a pointer to a `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`.
1251         This `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` will be destroyed if ` *data_copy` is the only reference to this `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`.
1252 
1253   @param[in]     data      `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to copy reference to
1254   @param[in,out] data_copy Variable to store copied reference
1255 
1256   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1257 
1258   @ref Backend
1259 **/
1260 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReferenceCopy(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data_copy) {
1261   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReference(data));
1262   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataDestroy(data_copy));
1263   *data_copy = data;
1264   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1265 }
1266 
1267 /**
1268   @brief Get setup status for internal objects for `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1269 
1270   @param[in]  data     `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to retrieve status
1271   @param[out] is_setup Boolean flag for setup status
1272 
1273   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1274 
1275   @ref Backend
1276 **/
1277 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsSetup(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool *is_setup) {
1278   *is_setup = data->is_setup;
1279   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1280 }
1281 
1282 /**
1283   @brief Set internal objects for `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1284 
1285   @param[in,out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to set objects
1286   @param[in]     vec  `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1287   @param[in]     rstr `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1288 
1289   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1290 
1291   @ref Backend
1292 **/
1293 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetObjects(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, CeedVector vec, CeedElemRestriction rstr) {
1294   CeedCall(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(vec, &data->vec));
1295   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(rstr, &data->rstr));
1296 
1297   data->is_setup = true;
1298   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1299 }
1300 
1301 /**
1302   @brief Get internal objects for `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1303 
1304   @param[in,out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to set objects
1305   @param[out]    vec  `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1306   @param[out]    rstr `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1307 
1308   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1309 
1310   @ref Backend
1311 **/
1312 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataGetObjects(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, CeedVector *vec, CeedElemRestriction *rstr) {
1313   CeedCheck(data->is_setup, data->ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPLETE, "Internal objects not set; must call CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetObjects first.");
1314 
1315   CeedCall(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(data->vec, vec));
1316   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(data->rstr, rstr));
1317   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1318 }
1319 
1320 /**
1321   @brief Destroy `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1322 
1323   @param[in,out] data  `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to destroy
1324 
1325   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1326 
1327   @ref Backend
1328 **/
1329 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataDestroy(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data) {
1330   if (!*data || --(*data)->ref_count > 0) {
1331     *data = NULL;
1332     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1333   }
1334   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&(*data)->ceed));
1335   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&(*data)->vec));
1336   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&(*data)->rstr));
1337 
1338   CeedCall(CeedFree(data));
1339   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1340 }
1341 
1342 /**
1343   @brief Get `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1344 
1345   @param[in]  op   `CeedOperator` to assemble
1346   @param[out] data `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1347 
1348   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1349 
1350   @ref Backend
1351 **/
1352 int CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(CeedOperator op, CeedOperatorAssemblyData *data) {
1353   if (!op->op_assembled) {
1354     CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
1355 
1356     CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate(op->ceed, op, &data));
1357     op->op_assembled = data;
1358   }
1359   *data = op->op_assembled;
1360   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1361 }
1362 
1363 /**
1364   @brief Create object holding `CeedOperator` assembly data.
1365 
1366   The `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` holds an array with references to every active `CeedBasis` used in the `CeedOperator`.
1367   An array with references to the corresponding active `CeedElemRestriction` is also stored.
1368   For each active `CeedBasis, the `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` holds an array of all input and output @ref CeedEvalMode for this `CeedBasis`.
1369   The `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` holds an array of offsets for indexing into the assembled `CeedQFunction` arrays to the row representing each @ref CeedEvalMode.
1370   The number of input columns across all active bases for the assembled `CeedQFunction` is also stored.
1371   Lastly, the `CeedOperatorAssembly` data holds assembled matrices representing the full action of the `CeedBasis` for all @ref CeedEvalMode.
1372 
1373   @param[in]  ceed `Ceed` object used to create the `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1374   @param[in]  op   `CeedOperator` to be assembled
1375   @param[out] data Address of the variable where the newly created `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` will be stored
1376 
1377   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1378 
1379   @ref Backend
1380 **/
1381 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate(Ceed ceed, CeedOperator op, CeedOperatorAssemblyData *data) {
1382   CeedInt             num_active_bases_in = 0, num_active_bases_out = 0, offset = 0;
1383   CeedInt             num_input_fields, *num_eval_modes_in = NULL, num_output_fields, *num_eval_modes_out = NULL;
1384   CeedSize          **eval_mode_offsets_in = NULL, **eval_mode_offsets_out = NULL;
1385   CeedEvalMode      **eval_modes_in = NULL, **eval_modes_out = NULL;
1386   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1387   CeedQFunction       qf;
1388   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
1389   bool                is_composite;
1390 
1391   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
1392   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE, "Can only create CeedOperator assembly data for non-composite operators.");
1393 
1394   // Allocate
1395   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, data));
1396   (*data)->ceed = ceed;
1397   CeedCall(CeedReference(ceed));
1398 
1399   // Build OperatorAssembly data
1400   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1401 
1402   // Determine active input basis
1403   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, &num_input_fields, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1404   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
1405   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1406     CeedVector vec;
1407 
1408     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1409     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1410       CeedInt      index = -1, num_comp, q_comp;
1411       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1412       CeedBasis    basis_in = NULL;
1413 
1414       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_in));
1415       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1416       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_in, &num_comp));
1417       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1418       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_active_bases_in; i++) {
1419         if ((*data)->active_bases_in[i] == basis_in) index = i;
1420       }
1421       if (index == -1) {
1422         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr_in;
1423 
1424         index = num_active_bases_in;
1425         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &(*data)->active_bases_in));
1426         (*data)->active_bases_in[num_active_bases_in] = NULL;
1427         CeedCall(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis_in, &(*data)->active_bases_in[num_active_bases_in]));
1428         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in));
1429         (*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in[num_active_bases_in] = NULL;
1430         CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr_in));
1431         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(elem_rstr_in, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in[num_active_bases_in]));
1432         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &num_eval_modes_in));
1433         num_eval_modes_in[index] = 0;
1434         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &eval_modes_in));
1435         eval_modes_in[index] = NULL;
1436         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &eval_mode_offsets_in));
1437         eval_mode_offsets_in[index] = NULL;
1438         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &(*data)->assembled_bases_in));
1439         (*data)->assembled_bases_in[index] = NULL;
1440         num_active_bases_in++;
1441       }
1442       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1443         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1444         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in[index] + q_comp, &eval_modes_in[index]));
1445         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in[index] + q_comp, &eval_mode_offsets_in[index]));
1446         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1447           eval_modes_in[index][num_eval_modes_in[index] + d]        = eval_mode;
1448           eval_mode_offsets_in[index][num_eval_modes_in[index] + d] = offset;
1449           offset += num_comp;
1450         }
1451         num_eval_modes_in[index] += q_comp;
1452       }
1453     }
1454   }
1455 
1456   // Determine active output basis
1457   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, &num_output_fields, &qf_fields));
1458   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
1459   offset = 0;
1460   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1461     CeedVector vec;
1462 
1463     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1464     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1465       CeedInt      index = -1, num_comp, q_comp;
1466       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1467       CeedBasis    basis_out = NULL;
1468 
1469       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_out));
1470       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1471       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_out, &num_comp));
1472       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1473       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_active_bases_out; i++) {
1474         if ((*data)->active_bases_out[i] == basis_out) index = i;
1475       }
1476       if (index == -1) {
1477         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr_out;
1478 
1479         index = num_active_bases_out;
1480         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &(*data)->active_bases_out));
1481         (*data)->active_bases_out[num_active_bases_out] = NULL;
1482         CeedCall(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis_out, &(*data)->active_bases_out[num_active_bases_out]));
1483         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out));
1484         (*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out[num_active_bases_out] = NULL;
1485         CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr_out));
1486         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(elem_rstr_out, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out[num_active_bases_out]));
1487         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &num_eval_modes_out));
1488         num_eval_modes_out[index] = 0;
1489         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &eval_modes_out));
1490         eval_modes_out[index] = NULL;
1491         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &eval_mode_offsets_out));
1492         eval_mode_offsets_out[index] = NULL;
1493         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &(*data)->assembled_bases_out));
1494         (*data)->assembled_bases_out[index] = NULL;
1495         num_active_bases_out++;
1496       }
1497       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1498         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1499         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out[index] + q_comp, &eval_modes_out[index]));
1500         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out[index] + q_comp, &eval_mode_offsets_out[index]));
1501         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1502           eval_modes_out[index][num_eval_modes_out[index] + d]        = eval_mode;
1503           eval_mode_offsets_out[index][num_eval_modes_out[index] + d] = offset;
1504           offset += num_comp;
1505         }
1506         num_eval_modes_out[index] += q_comp;
1507       }
1508     }
1509   }
1510   (*data)->num_active_bases_in   = num_active_bases_in;
1511   (*data)->num_eval_modes_in     = num_eval_modes_in;
1512   (*data)->eval_modes_in         = eval_modes_in;
1513   (*data)->eval_mode_offsets_in  = eval_mode_offsets_in;
1514   (*data)->num_active_bases_out  = num_active_bases_out;
1515   (*data)->num_eval_modes_out    = num_eval_modes_out;
1516   (*data)->eval_modes_out        = eval_modes_out;
1517   (*data)->eval_mode_offsets_out = eval_mode_offsets_out;
1518   (*data)->num_output_components = offset;
1519   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1520 }
1521 
1522 /**
1523   @brief Get `CeedOperator` @ref CeedEvalMode for assembly.
1524 
1525   Note: See @ref CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate() for a full description of the data stored in this object.
1526 
1527   @param[in]  data                  `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1528   @param[out] num_active_bases_in   Total number of active bases for input
1529   @param[out] num_eval_modes_in     Pointer to hold array of numbers of input @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`.
1530                                       `eval_modes_in[0]` holds an array of eval modes for the first active `CeedBasis`.
1531   @param[out] eval_modes_in         Pointer to hold arrays of input @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`
1532   @param[out] eval_mode_offsets_in  Pointer to hold arrays of input offsets at each quadrature point
1533   @param[out] num_active_bases_out  Total number of active bases for output
1534   @param[out] num_eval_modes_out    Pointer to hold array of numbers of output @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`
1535   @param[out] eval_modes_out        Pointer to hold arrays of output @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`
1536   @param[out] eval_mode_offsets_out Pointer to hold arrays of output offsets at each quadrature point
1537   @param[out] num_output_components The number of columns in the assembled `CeedQFunction` matrix for each quadrature point, including contributions of all active bases
1538 
1539   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1540 
1541   @ref Backend
1542 **/
1543 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetEvalModes(CeedOperatorAssemblyData data, CeedInt *num_active_bases_in, CeedInt **num_eval_modes_in,
1544                                          const CeedEvalMode ***eval_modes_in, CeedSize ***eval_mode_offsets_in, CeedInt *num_active_bases_out,
1545                                          CeedInt **num_eval_modes_out, const CeedEvalMode ***eval_modes_out, CeedSize ***eval_mode_offsets_out,
1546                                          CeedSize *num_output_components) {
1547   if (num_active_bases_in) *num_active_bases_in = data->num_active_bases_in;
1548   if (num_eval_modes_in) *num_eval_modes_in = data->num_eval_modes_in;
1549   if (eval_modes_in) *eval_modes_in = (const CeedEvalMode **)data->eval_modes_in;
1550   if (eval_mode_offsets_in) *eval_mode_offsets_in = data->eval_mode_offsets_in;
1551   if (num_active_bases_out) *num_active_bases_out = data->num_active_bases_out;
1552   if (num_eval_modes_out) *num_eval_modes_out = data->num_eval_modes_out;
1553   if (eval_modes_out) *eval_modes_out = (const CeedEvalMode **)data->eval_modes_out;
1554   if (eval_mode_offsets_out) *eval_mode_offsets_out = data->eval_mode_offsets_out;
1555   if (num_output_components) *num_output_components = data->num_output_components;
1556   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1557 }
1558 
1559 /**
1560   @brief Get `CeedOperator` `CeedBasis` data for assembly.
1561 
1562   Note: See @ref CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate() for a full description of the data stored in this object.
1563 
1564   @param[in]  data                 `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1565   @param[out] num_active_bases_in  Number of active input bases, or `NULL`
1566   @param[out] active_bases_in      Pointer to hold active input `CeedBasis`, or `NULL`
1567   @param[out] assembled_bases_in   Pointer to hold assembled active input `B` , or `NULL`
1568   @param[out] num_active_bases_out Number of active output bases, or `NULL`
1569   @param[out] active_bases_out     Pointer to hold active output `CeedBasis`, or `NULL`
1570   @param[out] assembled_bases_out  Pointer to hold assembled active output `B` , or `NULL`
1571 
1572   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1573 
1574   @ref Backend
1575 **/
1576 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetBases(CeedOperatorAssemblyData data, CeedInt *num_active_bases_in, CeedBasis **active_bases_in,
1577                                      const CeedScalar ***assembled_bases_in, CeedInt *num_active_bases_out, CeedBasis **active_bases_out,
1578                                      const CeedScalar ***assembled_bases_out) {
1579   // Assemble B_in, B_out if needed
1580   if (assembled_bases_in && !data->assembled_bases_in[0]) {
1581     CeedInt num_qpts;
1582 
1583     if (data->active_bases_in[0] == CEED_BASIS_NONE) CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_in[0], &num_qpts));
1584     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(data->active_bases_in[0], &num_qpts));
1585     for (CeedInt b = 0; b < data->num_active_bases_in; b++) {
1586       bool        has_eval_none = false;
1587       CeedInt     num_nodes;
1588       CeedScalar *B_in = NULL, *identity = NULL;
1589 
1590       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_in[b], &num_nodes));
1591       CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes * data->num_eval_modes_in[b], &B_in));
1592 
1593       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < data->num_eval_modes_in[b]; i++) {
1594         has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (data->eval_modes_in[b][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1595       }
1596       if (has_eval_none) {
1597         CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes, &identity));
1598         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) {
1599           identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
1600         }
1601       }
1602 
1603       for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
1604         for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
1605           CeedInt      d_in              = 0, q_comp_in;
1606           CeedEvalMode eval_mode_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1607 
1608           for (CeedInt e_in = 0; e_in < data->num_eval_modes_in[b]; e_in++) {
1609             const CeedInt     qq = data->num_eval_modes_in[b] * q;
1610             const CeedScalar *B  = NULL;
1611 
1612             CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(data->active_bases_in[b], data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in], identity, &B));
1613             CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(data->active_bases_in[b], data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in], &q_comp_in));
1614             if (q_comp_in > 1) {
1615               if (e_in == 0 || data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in] != eval_mode_in_prev) d_in = 0;
1616               else B = &B[(++d_in) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
1617             }
1618             eval_mode_in_prev                 = data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in];
1619             B_in[(qq + e_in) * num_nodes + n] = B[q * num_nodes + n];
1620           }
1621         }
1622       }
1623       if (identity) CeedCall(CeedFree(&identity));
1624       data->assembled_bases_in[b] = B_in;
1625     }
1626   }
1627 
1628   if (assembled_bases_out && !data->assembled_bases_out[0]) {
1629     CeedInt num_qpts;
1630 
1631     if (data->active_bases_out[0] == CEED_BASIS_NONE) CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_out[0], &num_qpts));
1632     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(data->active_bases_out[0], &num_qpts));
1633     for (CeedInt b = 0; b < data->num_active_bases_out; b++) {
1634       bool        has_eval_none = false;
1635       CeedInt     num_nodes;
1636       CeedScalar *B_out = NULL, *identity = NULL;
1637 
1638       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_out[b], &num_nodes));
1639       CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes * data->num_eval_modes_out[b], &B_out));
1640 
1641       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < data->num_eval_modes_out[b]; i++) {
1642         has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (data->eval_modes_out[b][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1643       }
1644       if (has_eval_none) {
1645         CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes, &identity));
1646         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) {
1647           identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
1648         }
1649       }
1650 
1651       for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
1652         for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
1653           CeedInt      d_out              = 0, q_comp_out;
1654           CeedEvalMode eval_mode_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1655 
1656           for (CeedInt e_out = 0; e_out < data->num_eval_modes_out[b]; e_out++) {
1657             const CeedInt     qq = data->num_eval_modes_out[b] * q;
1658             const CeedScalar *B  = NULL;
1659 
1660             CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(data->active_bases_out[b], data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out], identity, &B));
1661             CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(data->active_bases_out[b], data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out], &q_comp_out));
1662             if (q_comp_out > 1) {
1663               if (e_out == 0 || data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out] != eval_mode_out_prev) d_out = 0;
1664               else B = &B[(++d_out) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
1665             }
1666             eval_mode_out_prev                  = data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out];
1667             B_out[(qq + e_out) * num_nodes + n] = B[q * num_nodes + n];
1668           }
1669         }
1670       }
1671       if (identity) CeedCall(CeedFree(&identity));
1672       data->assembled_bases_out[b] = B_out;
1673     }
1674   }
1675 
1676   // Pass out assembled data
1677   if (num_active_bases_in) *num_active_bases_in = data->num_active_bases_in;
1678   if (active_bases_in) *active_bases_in = data->active_bases_in;
1679   if (assembled_bases_in) *assembled_bases_in = (const CeedScalar **)data->assembled_bases_in;
1680   if (num_active_bases_out) *num_active_bases_out = data->num_active_bases_out;
1681   if (active_bases_out) *active_bases_out = data->active_bases_out;
1682   if (assembled_bases_out) *assembled_bases_out = (const CeedScalar **)data->assembled_bases_out;
1683   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1684 }
1685 
1686 /**
1687   @brief Get `CeedOperator` `CeedBasis` data for assembly.
1688 
1689   Note: See @ref CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate() for a full description of the data stored in this object.
1690 
1691   @param[in]  data                      `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1692   @param[out] num_active_elem_rstrs_in  Number of active input element restrictions, or `NULL`
1693   @param[out] active_elem_rstrs_in      Pointer to hold active input `CeedElemRestriction`, or `NULL`
1694   @param[out] num_active_elem_rstrs_out Number of active output element restrictions, or `NULL`
1695   @param[out] active_elem_rstrs_out     Pointer to hold active output `CeedElemRestriction`, or `NULL`
1696 
1697   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1698 
1699   @ref Backend
1700 **/
1701 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(CeedOperatorAssemblyData data, CeedInt *num_active_elem_rstrs_in,
1702                                                 CeedElemRestriction **active_elem_rstrs_in, CeedInt *num_active_elem_rstrs_out,
1703                                                 CeedElemRestriction **active_elem_rstrs_out) {
1704   if (num_active_elem_rstrs_in) *num_active_elem_rstrs_in = data->num_active_bases_in;
1705   if (active_elem_rstrs_in) *active_elem_rstrs_in = data->active_elem_rstrs_in;
1706   if (num_active_elem_rstrs_out) *num_active_elem_rstrs_out = data->num_active_bases_out;
1707   if (active_elem_rstrs_out) *active_elem_rstrs_out = data->active_elem_rstrs_out;
1708   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1709 }
1710 
1711 /**
1712   @brief Destroy `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1713 
1714   @param[in,out] data `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` to destroy
1715 
1716   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1717 
1718   @ref Backend
1719 **/
1720 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataDestroy(CeedOperatorAssemblyData *data) {
1721   if (!*data) {
1722     *data = NULL;
1723     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1724   }
1725   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&(*data)->ceed));
1726   for (CeedInt b = 0; b < (*data)->num_active_bases_in; b++) {
1727     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&(*data)->active_bases_in[b]));
1728     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in[b]));
1729     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_in[b]));
1730     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_in[b]));
1731     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_in[b]));
1732   }
1733   for (CeedInt b = 0; b < (*data)->num_active_bases_out; b++) {
1734     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&(*data)->active_bases_out[b]));
1735     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out[b]));
1736     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_out[b]));
1737     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_out[b]));
1738     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_out[b]));
1739   }
1740   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_bases_in));
1741   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_bases_out));
1742   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in));
1743   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out));
1744   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->num_eval_modes_in));
1745   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->num_eval_modes_out));
1746   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_in));
1747   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_out));
1748   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_in));
1749   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_out));
1750   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_in));
1751   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_out));
1752 
1753   CeedCall(CeedFree(data));
1754   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1755 }
1756 
1757 /**
1758   @brief Retrieve fallback `CeedOperator` with a reference `Ceed` for advanced `CeedOperator` functionality
1759 
1760   @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to retrieve fallback for
1761   @param[out] op_fallback Fallback `CeedOperator`
1762 
1763   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1764 
1765   @ref Backend
1766 **/
1767 int CeedOperatorGetFallback(CeedOperator op, CeedOperator *op_fallback) {
1768   // Create if needed
1769   if (!op->op_fallback) CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateFallback(op));
1770   if (op->op_fallback) {
1771     bool is_debug;
1772     Ceed ceed;
1773 
1774     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1775     CeedCall(CeedIsDebug(ceed, &is_debug));
1776     if (is_debug) {
1777       Ceed        ceed_fallback;
1778       const char *resource, *resource_fallback;
1779 
1780       CeedCall(CeedGetOperatorFallbackCeed(ceed, &ceed_fallback));
1781       CeedCall(CeedGetResource(ceed, &resource));
1782       CeedCall(CeedGetResource(ceed_fallback, &resource_fallback));
1783 
1784       CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "---------- CeedOperator Fallback ----------\n");
1785       CeedDebug(ceed, "Falling back from %s operator at address %p to %s operator at address %p\n", resource, op, resource_fallback, op->op_fallback);
1786     }
1787   }
1788   *op_fallback = op->op_fallback;
1789   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1790 }
1791 
1792 /**
1793   @brief Get the parent `CeedOperator` for a fallback `CeedOperator`
1794 
1795   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` context
1796   @param[out] parent Variable to store parent `CeedOperator` context
1797 
1798   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1799 
1800   @ref Backend
1801 **/
1802 int CeedOperatorGetFallbackParent(CeedOperator op, CeedOperator *parent) {
1803   *parent = op->op_fallback_parent ? op->op_fallback_parent : NULL;
1804   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1805 }
1806 
1807 /**
1808   @brief Get the `Ceed` context of the parent `CeedOperator` for a fallback `CeedOperator`
1809 
1810   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` context
1811   @param[out] parent Variable to store parent `Ceed` context
1812 
1813   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1814 
1815   @ref Backend
1816 **/
1817 int CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(CeedOperator op, Ceed *parent) {
1818   *parent = op->op_fallback_parent ? op->op_fallback_parent->ceed : op->ceed;
1819   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1820 }
1821 
1822 /// @}
1823 
1824 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1825 /// CeedOperator Public API
1826 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1827 /// @addtogroup CeedOperatorUser
1828 /// @{
1829 
1830 /**
1831   @brief Assemble a linear `CeedQFunction` associated with a `CeedOperator`.
1832 
1833   This returns a `CeedVector` containing a matrix at each quadrature point providing the action of the `CeedQFunction` associated with the `CeedOperator`.
1834   The vector `assembled` is of shape `[num_elements, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_quad_points]` and contains column-major matrices representing the action of the `CeedQFunction` for a corresponding quadrature point on an element.
1835 
1836   Inputs and outputs are in the order provided by the user when adding `CeedOperator` fields.
1837   For example, a `CeedQFunction` with inputs `u` and `gradu` and outputs `gradv` and `v` , provided in that order, would result in an assembled `CeedQFunction` that consists of `(1 + dim) x (dim + 1)` matrices at each quadrature point acting on the input ` [u, du_0, du_1]` and producing the output `[dv_0, dv_1, v]`.
1838 
1839   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
1840 
1841   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
1842   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1843   @param[out] rstr      `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1844   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
1845 
1846   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1847 
1848   @ref User
1849 **/
1850 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1851   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
1852 
1853   if (op->LinearAssembleQFunction) {
1854     // Backend version
1855     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleQFunction(op, assembled, rstr, request));
1856   } else {
1857     // Operator fallback
1858     Ceed         ceed;
1859     CeedOperator op_fallback;
1860 
1861     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1862     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
1863     if (op_fallback) CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction(op_fallback, assembled, rstr, request));
1864     else return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Backend does not support CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction");
1865   }
1866   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1867 }
1868 
1869 /**
1870   @brief Assemble `CeedQFunction` and store result internally.
1871 
1872   Return copied references of stored data to the caller.
1873   Caller is responsible for ownership and destruction of the copied references.
1874   See also @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction().
1875 
1876   Note: If the value of `assembled` or `rstr` passed to this function are non-`NULL` , then it is assumed that they hold valid pointers.
1877         These objects will be destroyed if `*assembled` or `*rstr` is the only reference to the object.
1878 
1879   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
1880   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1881   @param[out] rstr      `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1882   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
1883 
1884   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1885 
1886   @ref User
1887 **/
1888 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1889   int (*LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate)(CeedOperator, CeedVector, CeedElemRestriction, CeedRequest *) = NULL;
1890   CeedOperator op_assemble                                                                           = NULL;
1891   CeedOperator op_fallback_parent                                                                    = NULL;
1892 
1893   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
1894 
1895   // Determine if fallback parent or operator has implementation
1896   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParent(op, &op_fallback_parent));
1897   if (op_fallback_parent && op_fallback_parent->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate) {
1898     // -- Backend version for op fallback parent is faster, if it exists
1899     LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate = op_fallback_parent->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate;
1900     op_assemble                   = op_fallback_parent;
1901   } else if (op->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate) {
1902     // -- Backend version for op
1903     LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate = op->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate;
1904     op_assemble                   = op;
1905   }
1906 
1907   // Assemble QFunction
1908   if (LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate) {
1909     // Backend or fallback parent version
1910     CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data;
1911     bool                      data_is_setup;
1912     CeedVector                assembled_vec  = NULL;
1913     CeedElemRestriction       assembled_rstr = NULL;
1914 
1915     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunctionAssemblyData(op, &data));
1916     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsSetup(data, &data_is_setup));
1917     if (data_is_setup) {
1918       bool update_needed;
1919 
1920       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataGetObjects(data, &assembled_vec, &assembled_rstr));
1921       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsUpdateNeeded(data, &update_needed));
1922       if (update_needed) CeedCall(LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate(op_assemble, assembled_vec, assembled_rstr, request));
1923     } else {
1924       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction(op_assemble, &assembled_vec, &assembled_rstr, request));
1925       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetObjects(data, assembled_vec, assembled_rstr));
1926     }
1927     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetUpdateNeeded(data, false));
1928 
1929     // Copy reference from internally held copy
1930     CeedCall(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(assembled_vec, assembled));
1931     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(assembled_rstr, rstr));
1932     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_vec));
1933     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1934   } else {
1935     // Operator fallback
1936     Ceed         ceed;
1937     CeedOperator op_fallback;
1938 
1939     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1940     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
1941     if (op_fallback) CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op_fallback, assembled, rstr, request));
1942     else return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Backend does not support CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate");
1943   }
1944   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1945 }
1946 
1947 /**
1948   @brief Assemble the diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`
1949 
1950   This overwrites a `CeedVector` with the diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
1951 
1952   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
1953 
1954   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
1955 
1956   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
1957   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedOperator` diagonal
1958   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
1959 
1960   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1961 
1962   @ref User
1963 **/
1964 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1965   bool     is_composite;
1966   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
1967   Ceed     ceed;
1968 
1969   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1970   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
1971   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
1972 
1973   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
1974   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
1975 
1976   // Early exit for empty operator
1977   if (!is_composite) {
1978     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
1979 
1980     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
1981     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1982   }
1983 
1984   if (op->LinearAssembleDiagonal) {
1985     // Backend version
1986     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
1987     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1988   } else if (op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal) {
1989     // Backend version with zeroing first
1990     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
1991     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
1992     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1993   } else {
1994     // Operator fallback
1995     CeedOperator op_fallback;
1996 
1997     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
1998     if (op_fallback) {
1999       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
2000       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2001     }
2002   }
2003   // Default interface implementation
2004   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
2005   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2006   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2007 }
2008 
2009 /**
2010   @brief Assemble the diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`.
2011 
2012   This sums into a `CeedVector` the diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2013 
2014   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
2015 
2016   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the CeedOperator as immutable.
2017 
2018   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
2019   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedOperator` diagonal
2020   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2021 
2022   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2023 
2024   @ref User
2025 **/
2026 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
2027   bool     is_composite;
2028   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2029   Ceed     ceed;
2030 
2031   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2032   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2033   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2034 
2035   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2036   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2037 
2038   // Early exit for empty operator
2039   if (!is_composite) {
2040     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2041 
2042     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2043     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2044   }
2045 
2046   if (op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal) {
2047     // Backend version
2048     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2049     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2050   } else {
2051     // Operator fallback
2052     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2053 
2054     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2055     if (op_fallback) {
2056       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
2057       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2058     }
2059   }
2060   // Default interface implementation
2061   if (is_composite) {
2062     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, false, assembled));
2063   } else {
2064     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, false, assembled));
2065   }
2066   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2067 }
2068 
2069 /**
2070    @brief Fully assemble the point-block diagonal pattern of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2071 
2072    Expected to be used in conjunction with @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal().
2073 
2074    The assembly routines use coordinate format, with `num_entries` tuples of the form `(i, j, value)` which indicate that value should be added to the matrix in entry `(i, j)`.
2075    Note that the `(i, j)` pairs are unique.
2076    This function returns the number of entries and their `(i, j)` locations, while @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal() provides the values in the same ordering.
2077 
2078    This will generally be slow unless your operator is low-order.
2079 
2080    Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2081 
2082    @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to assemble
2083    @param[out] num_entries Number of entries in coordinate nonzero pattern
2084    @param[out] rows        Row number for each entry
2085    @param[out] cols        Column number for each entry
2086 
2087    @ref User
2088 **/
2089 int CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonalSymbolic(CeedOperator op, CeedSize *num_entries, CeedInt **rows, CeedInt **cols) {
2090   Ceed          ceed;
2091   bool          is_composite;
2092   CeedInt       num_active_components, num_sub_operators;
2093   CeedOperator *sub_operators;
2094 
2095   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2096   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2097 
2098   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2099   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2100   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2101 
2102   if (is_composite) {
2103     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_sub_operators));
2104     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2105   } else {
2106     sub_operators     = &op;
2107     num_sub_operators = 1;
2108   }
2109 
2110   // Verify operator can be assembled correctly
2111   {
2112     CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
2113     CeedInt                  num_active_elem_rstrs, comp_stride;
2114     CeedElemRestriction     *active_elem_rstrs;
2115 
2116     // Get initial values to check against
2117     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(sub_operators[0], &data));
2118     CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(data, &num_active_elem_rstrs, &active_elem_rstrs, NULL, NULL));
2119     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(active_elem_rstrs[0], &comp_stride));
2120     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(active_elem_rstrs[0], &num_active_components));
2121 
2122     // Verify that all active element restrictions have same component stride and number of components
2123     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_sub_operators; k++) {
2124       CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(sub_operators[k], &data));
2125       CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(data, &num_active_elem_rstrs, &active_elem_rstrs, NULL, NULL));
2126       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_active_elem_rstrs; i++) {
2127         CeedInt comp_stride_sub, num_active_components_sub;
2128 
2129         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(active_elem_rstrs[i], &comp_stride_sub));
2130         CeedCheck(comp_stride == comp_stride_sub, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
2131                   "Active element restrictions must have the same component stride: %d vs %d", comp_stride, comp_stride_sub);
2132         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(active_elem_rstrs[i], &num_active_components_sub));
2133         CeedCheck(num_active_components == num_active_components_sub, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
2134                   "All suboperators must have the same number of output components."
2135                   " Previous: %" CeedInt_FMT " Current: %" CeedInt_FMT,
2136                   num_active_components, num_active_components_sub);
2137       }
2138     }
2139   }
2140   *num_entries = input_size * num_active_components;
2141   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, rows));
2142   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, cols));
2143 
2144   for (CeedInt o = 0; o < num_sub_operators; o++) {
2145     CeedElemRestriction active_elem_rstr, point_block_active_elem_rstr;
2146     CeedInt             comp_stride, num_elem, elem_size;
2147     const CeedInt      *offsets, *point_block_offsets;
2148 
2149     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestriction(sub_operators[o], &active_elem_rstr));
2150     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(active_elem_rstr, &comp_stride));
2151     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(active_elem_rstr, &num_elem));
2152     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(active_elem_rstr, &elem_size));
2153     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOffsets(active_elem_rstr, CEED_MEM_HOST, &offsets));
2154 
2155     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(active_elem_rstr, &point_block_active_elem_rstr));
2156     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOffsets(point_block_active_elem_rstr, CEED_MEM_HOST, &point_block_offsets));
2157 
2158     for (CeedSize i = 0; i < num_elem * elem_size; i++) {
2159       for (CeedInt c_out = 0; c_out < num_active_components; c_out++) {
2160         for (CeedInt c_in = 0; c_in < num_active_components; c_in++) {
2161           (*rows)[point_block_offsets[i] + c_out * num_active_components + c_in] = offsets[i] + c_out * comp_stride;
2162           (*cols)[point_block_offsets[i] + c_out * num_active_components + c_in] = offsets[i] + c_in * comp_stride;
2163         }
2164       }
2165     }
2166 
2167     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOffsets(active_elem_rstr, &offsets));
2168     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOffsets(point_block_active_elem_rstr, &point_block_offsets));
2169     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&point_block_active_elem_rstr));
2170   }
2171   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2172 }
2173 
2174 /**
2175   @brief Assemble the point block diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`.
2176 
2177   This overwrites a `CeedVector` with the point block diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2178 
2179   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
2180 
2181   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2182 
2183   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
2184   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedOperator` point block diagonal, provided in row-major form with an `num_comp * num_comp` block at each node.
2185                           The dimensions of this vector are derived from the active vector for the `CeedOperator`.
2186                           The array has shape `[nodes, component out, component in]`.
2187   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2188 
2189   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2190 
2191   @ref User
2192 **/
2193 int CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
2194   bool     is_composite;
2195   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2196   Ceed     ceed;
2197 
2198   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2199   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2200   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2201 
2202   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2203   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2204 
2205   // Early exit for empty operator
2206   if (!is_composite) {
2207     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2208 
2209     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2210     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2211   }
2212 
2213   if (op->LinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal) {
2214     // Backend version
2215     CeedCall(op->LinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2216     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2217   } else if (op->LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal) {
2218     // Backend version with zeroing first
2219     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
2220     CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2221     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2222   } else {
2223     // Operator fallback
2224     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2225 
2226     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2227     if (op_fallback) {
2228       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
2229       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2230     }
2231   }
2232   // Default interface implementation
2233   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
2234   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2235   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2236 }
2237 
2238 /**
2239   @brief Assemble the point block diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`.
2240 
2241   This sums into a `CeedVector` with the point block diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2242 
2243   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
2244 
2245   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2246 
2247   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
2248   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled CeedOperator point block diagonal, provided in row-major form with an `num_comp * num_comp` block at each node.
2249                           The dimensions of this vector are derived from the active vector for the `CeedOperator`.
2250                           The array has shape `[nodes, component out, component in]`.
2251   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2252 
2253   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2254 
2255   @ref User
2256 **/
2257 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
2258   bool     is_composite;
2259   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2260   Ceed     ceed;
2261 
2262   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2263   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2264   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2265 
2266   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2267   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2268 
2269   // Early exit for empty operator
2270   if (!is_composite) {
2271     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2272 
2273     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2274     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2275   }
2276 
2277   if (op->LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal) {
2278     // Backend version
2279     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2280     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2281   } else {
2282     // Operator fallback
2283     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2284 
2285     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2286     if (op_fallback) {
2287       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
2288       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2289     }
2290   }
2291   // Default interface implementation
2292   if (is_composite) {
2293     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, true, assembled));
2294   } else {
2295     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, true, assembled));
2296   }
2297   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2298 }
2299 
2300 /**
2301    @brief Fully assemble the nonzero pattern of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2302 
2303    Expected to be used in conjunction with @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemble().
2304 
2305    The assembly routines use coordinate format, with `num_entries` tuples of the form `(i, j, value)` which indicate that value should be added to the matrix in entry `(i, j)`.
2306    Note that the `(i, j)` pairs are not unique and may repeat.
2307    This function returns the number of entries and their `(i, j)` locations, while @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemble() provides the values in the same ordering.
2308 
2309    This will generally be slow unless your operator is low-order.
2310 
2311    Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2312 
2313    @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to assemble
2314    @param[out] num_entries Number of entries in coordinate nonzero pattern
2315    @param[out] rows        Row number for each entry
2316    @param[out] cols        Column number for each entry
2317 
2318    @ref User
2319 **/
2320 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic(CeedOperator op, CeedSize *num_entries, CeedInt **rows, CeedInt **cols) {
2321   bool          is_composite;
2322   CeedInt       num_suboperators, offset = 0;
2323   CeedSize      single_entries;
2324   CeedOperator *sub_operators;
2325 
2326   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2327   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2328 
2329   if (op->LinearAssembleSymbolic) {
2330     // Backend version
2331     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleSymbolic(op, num_entries, rows, cols));
2332     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2333   } else {
2334     // Operator fallback
2335     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2336 
2337     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2338     if (op_fallback) {
2339       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic(op_fallback, num_entries, rows, cols));
2340       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2341     }
2342   }
2343 
2344   // Default interface implementation
2345 
2346   // Count entries and allocate rows, cols arrays
2347   *num_entries = 0;
2348   if (is_composite) {
2349     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2350     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2351     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_suboperators; ++k) {
2352       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(sub_operators[k], &single_entries));
2353       *num_entries += single_entries;
2354     }
2355   } else {
2356     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(op, &single_entries));
2357     *num_entries += single_entries;
2358   }
2359   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, rows));
2360   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, cols));
2361 
2362   // Assemble nonzero locations
2363   if (is_composite) {
2364     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2365     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2366     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_suboperators; ++k) {
2367       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSymbolic(sub_operators[k], offset, *rows, *cols));
2368       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(sub_operators[k], &single_entries));
2369       offset += single_entries;
2370     }
2371   } else {
2372     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSymbolic(op, offset, *rows, *cols));
2373   }
2374   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2375 }
2376 
2377 /**
2378    @brief Fully assemble the nonzero entries of a linear operator.
2379 
2380    Expected to be used in conjunction with @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic().
2381 
2382    The assembly routines use coordinate format, with `num_entries` tuples of the form `(i, j, value)` which indicate that value should be added to the matrix in entry `(i, j)`.
2383    Note that the `(i, j)` pairs are not unique and may repeat.
2384    This function returns the values of the nonzero entries to be added, their `(i, j)` locations are provided by @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic().
2385 
2386    This will generally be slow unless your operator is low-order.
2387 
2388    Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2389 
2390    @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` to assemble
2391    @param[out] values Values to assemble into matrix
2392 
2393    @ref User
2394 **/
2395 int CeedOperatorLinearAssemble(CeedOperator op, CeedVector values) {
2396   bool          is_composite;
2397   CeedInt       num_suboperators, offset = 0;
2398   CeedSize      single_entries = 0;
2399   CeedOperator *sub_operators;
2400 
2401   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2402   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2403 
2404   // Early exit for empty operator
2405   if (!is_composite) {
2406     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2407 
2408     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2409     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2410   }
2411 
2412   if (op->LinearAssemble) {
2413     // Backend version
2414     CeedCall(op->LinearAssemble(op, values));
2415     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2416   } else {
2417     // Operator fallback
2418     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2419 
2420     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2421     if (op_fallback) {
2422       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssemble(op_fallback, values));
2423       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2424     }
2425   }
2426 
2427   // Default interface implementation
2428   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(values, 0.0));
2429   if (is_composite) {
2430     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2431     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2432     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_suboperators; k++) {
2433       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(sub_operators[k], offset, values));
2434       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(sub_operators[k], &single_entries));
2435       offset += single_entries;
2436     }
2437   } else {
2438     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(op, offset, values));
2439   }
2440   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2441 }
2442 
2443 /**
2444   @brief Get the multiplicity of nodes across sub-operators in a composite `CeedOperator`.
2445 
2446   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2447 
2448   @param[in]  op               Composite `CeedOperator`
2449   @param[in]  num_skip_indices Number of sub-operators to skip
2450   @param[in]  skip_indices     Array of indices of sub-operators to skip
2451   @param[out] mult             Vector to store multiplicity (of size `l_size` )
2452 
2453   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2454 
2455   @ref User
2456 **/
2457 int CeedCompositeOperatorGetMultiplicity(CeedOperator op, CeedInt num_skip_indices, CeedInt *skip_indices, CeedVector mult) {
2458   Ceed                ceed;
2459   CeedInt             num_suboperators;
2460   CeedSize            l_vec_len;
2461   CeedScalar         *mult_array;
2462   CeedVector          ones_l_vec;
2463   CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr, mult_elem_rstr;
2464   CeedOperator       *sub_operators;
2465 
2466   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2467 
2468   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2469 
2470   // Zero mult vector
2471   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(mult, 0.0));
2472 
2473   // Get suboperators
2474   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2475   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2476   if (num_suboperators == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2477 
2478   // Work vector
2479   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetLength(mult, &l_vec_len));
2480   CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, l_vec_len, &ones_l_vec));
2481   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(ones_l_vec, 1.0));
2482   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArray(mult, CEED_MEM_HOST, &mult_array));
2483 
2484   // Compute multiplicity across suboperators
2485   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_suboperators; i++) {
2486     const CeedScalar *sub_mult_array;
2487     CeedVector        sub_mult_l_vec, ones_e_vec;
2488 
2489     // -- Check for suboperator to skip
2490     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < num_skip_indices; j++) {
2491       if (skip_indices[j] == i) continue;
2492     }
2493 
2494     // -- Sub operator multiplicity
2495     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestriction(sub_operators[i], &elem_rstr));
2496     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnorientedCopy(elem_rstr, &mult_elem_rstr));
2497     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(mult_elem_rstr, &sub_mult_l_vec, &ones_e_vec));
2498     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(sub_mult_l_vec, 0.0));
2499     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(mult_elem_rstr, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, ones_l_vec, ones_e_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
2500     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(mult_elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, ones_e_vec, sub_mult_l_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
2501     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(sub_mult_l_vec, CEED_MEM_HOST, &sub_mult_array));
2502     // ---- Flag every node present in the current suboperator
2503     for (CeedSize j = 0; j < l_vec_len; j++) {
2504       if (sub_mult_array[j] > 0.0) mult_array[j] += 1.0;
2505     }
2506     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(sub_mult_l_vec, &sub_mult_array));
2507     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&sub_mult_l_vec));
2508     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&ones_e_vec));
2509     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&mult_elem_rstr));
2510   }
2511   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(mult, &mult_array));
2512   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&ones_l_vec));
2513   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2514 }
2515 
2516 /**
2517   @brief Create a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator`, creating the prolongation basis from the fine and coarse grid interpolation.
2518 
2519   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets all four `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2520 
2521   @param[in]  op_fine      Fine grid `CeedOperator`
2522   @param[in]  p_mult_fine  L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2523   @param[in]  rstr_coarse  Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
2524   @param[in]  basis_coarse Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
2525   @param[out] op_coarse    Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
2526   @param[out] op_prolong   Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2527   @param[out] op_restrict  Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2528 
2529   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2530 
2531   @ref User
2532 **/
2533 int CeedOperatorMultigridLevelCreate(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
2534                                      CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong, CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
2535   CeedBasis basis_c_to_f = NULL;
2536 
2537   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fine));
2538 
2539   // Build prolongation matrix, if required
2540   if (op_prolong || op_restrict) {
2541     CeedBasis basis_fine;
2542 
2543     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveBasis(op_fine, &basis_fine));
2544     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateProjection(basis_coarse, basis_fine, &basis_c_to_f));
2545   }
2546 
2547   // Core code
2548   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(op_fine, p_mult_fine, rstr_coarse, basis_coarse, basis_c_to_f, op_coarse, op_prolong, op_restrict));
2549   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2550 }
2551 
2552 /**
2553   @brief Create a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator` with a tensor basis for the active basis.
2554 
2555   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets all four `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2556 
2557   @param[in]  op_fine       Fine grid `CeedOperator`
2558   @param[in]  p_mult_fine   L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2559   @param[in]  rstr_coarse   Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
2560   @param[in]  basis_coarse  Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
2561   @param[in]  interp_c_to_f Matrix for coarse to fine interpolation, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2562   @param[out] op_coarse     Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
2563   @param[out] op_prolong    Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2564   @param[out] op_restrict   Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2565 
2566   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2567 
2568   @ref User
2569 **/
2570 int CeedOperatorMultigridLevelCreateTensorH1(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
2571                                              const CeedScalar *interp_c_to_f, CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong,
2572                                              CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
2573   Ceed      ceed;
2574   CeedInt   Q_f, Q_c;
2575   CeedBasis basis_fine, basis_c_to_f = NULL;
2576 
2577   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fine));
2578   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op_fine, &ceed));
2579 
2580   // Check for compatible quadrature spaces
2581   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveBasis(op_fine, &basis_fine));
2582   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_fine, &Q_f));
2583   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_coarse, &Q_c));
2584   CeedCheck(Q_f == Q_c, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
2585             "Bases must have compatible quadrature spaces."
2586             " Fine grid: %" CeedInt_FMT " points, Coarse grid: %" CeedInt_FMT " points",
2587             Q_f, Q_c);
2588 
2589   // Create coarse to fine basis, if required
2590   if (op_prolong || op_restrict) {
2591     CeedInt     dim, num_comp, num_nodes_c, P_1d_f, P_1d_c;
2592     CeedScalar *q_ref, *q_weight, *grad;
2593 
2594     // Check if interpolation matrix is provided
2595     CeedCheck(interp_c_to_f, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
2596               "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires coarse-to-fine interpolation matrix");
2597     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDimension(basis_fine, &dim));
2598     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_fine, &num_comp));
2599     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes1D(basis_fine, &P_1d_f));
2600     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_coarse, &num_nodes_c));
2601     P_1d_c = dim == 1 ? num_nodes_c : dim == 2 ? sqrt(num_nodes_c) : cbrt(num_nodes_c);
2602     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d_f, &q_ref));
2603     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d_f, &q_weight));
2604     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d_f * P_1d_c * dim, &grad));
2605     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateTensorH1(ceed, dim, num_comp, P_1d_c, P_1d_f, interp_c_to_f, grad, q_ref, q_weight, &basis_c_to_f));
2606     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_ref));
2607     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_weight));
2608     CeedCall(CeedFree(&grad));
2609   }
2610 
2611   // Core code
2612   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(op_fine, p_mult_fine, rstr_coarse, basis_coarse, basis_c_to_f, op_coarse, op_prolong, op_restrict));
2613   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2614 }
2615 
2616 /**
2617   @brief Create a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator` with a non-tensor basis for the active vector
2618 
2619   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets all four `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2620 
2621   @param[in]  op_fine       Fine grid `CeedOperator`
2622   @param[in]  p_mult_fine   L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2623   @param[in]  rstr_coarse   Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
2624   @param[in]  basis_coarse  Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
2625   @param[in]  interp_c_to_f Matrix for coarse to fine interpolation, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2626   @param[out] op_coarse     Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
2627   @param[out] op_prolong    Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2628   @param[out] op_restrict   Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2629 
2630   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2631 
2632   @ref User
2633 **/
2634 int CeedOperatorMultigridLevelCreateH1(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
2635                                        const CeedScalar *interp_c_to_f, CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong,
2636                                        CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
2637   Ceed      ceed;
2638   CeedInt   Q_f, Q_c;
2639   CeedBasis basis_fine, basis_c_to_f = NULL;
2640 
2641   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fine));
2642   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op_fine, &ceed));
2643 
2644   // Check for compatible quadrature spaces
2645   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveBasis(op_fine, &basis_fine));
2646   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_fine, &Q_f));
2647   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_coarse, &Q_c));
2648   CeedCheck(Q_f == Q_c, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Bases must have compatible quadrature spaces");
2649 
2650   // Coarse to fine basis
2651   if (op_prolong || op_restrict) {
2652     CeedInt          dim, num_comp, num_nodes_c, num_nodes_f;
2653     CeedScalar      *q_ref, *q_weight, *grad;
2654     CeedElemTopology topo;
2655 
2656     // Check if interpolation matrix is provided
2657     CeedCheck(interp_c_to_f, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
2658               "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires coarse-to-fine interpolation matrix");
2659     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetTopology(basis_fine, &topo));
2660     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDimension(basis_fine, &dim));
2661     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_fine, &num_comp));
2662     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_fine, &num_nodes_f));
2663     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_coarse, &num_nodes_c));
2664     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_nodes_f * dim, &q_ref));
2665     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_nodes_f, &q_weight));
2666     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_nodes_f * num_nodes_c * dim, &grad));
2667     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateH1(ceed, topo, num_comp, num_nodes_c, num_nodes_f, interp_c_to_f, grad, q_ref, q_weight, &basis_c_to_f));
2668     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_ref));
2669     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_weight));
2670     CeedCall(CeedFree(&grad));
2671   }
2672 
2673   // Core code
2674   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(op_fine, p_mult_fine, rstr_coarse, basis_coarse, basis_c_to_f, op_coarse, op_prolong, op_restrict));
2675   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2676 }
2677 
2678 /**
2679   @brief Build a FDM based approximate inverse for each element for a `CeedOperator`.
2680 
2681   This returns a `CeedOperator` and `CeedVector` to apply a Fast Diagonalization Method based approximate inverse.
2682   This function obtains the simultaneous diagonalization for the 1D mass and Laplacian operators, \f$M = V^T V, K = V^T S V\f$.
2683   The assembled `CeedQFunction` is used to modify the eigenvalues from simultaneous diagonalization and obtain an approximate inverse of the form \f$V^T \hat S V\f$.
2684   The `CeedOperator` must be linear and non-composite.
2685   The associated `CeedQFunction` must therefore also be linear.
2686 
2687   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2688 
2689   @param[in]  op      `CeedOperator` to create element inverses
2690   @param[out] fdm_inv `CeedOperator` to apply the action of a FDM based inverse for each element
2691   @param[in]  request Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2692 
2693   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2694 
2695   @ref User
2696 **/
2697 int CeedOperatorCreateFDMElementInverse(CeedOperator op, CeedOperator *fdm_inv, CeedRequest *request) {
2698   Ceed                 ceed, ceed_parent;
2699   bool                 interp = false, grad = false, is_tensor_basis = true;
2700   CeedInt              num_input_fields, P_1d, Q_1d, num_nodes, num_qpts, dim, num_comp = 1, num_elem = 1;
2701   CeedScalar          *mass, *laplace, *x, *fdm_interp, *lambda, *elem_avg;
2702   const CeedScalar    *interp_1d, *grad_1d, *q_weight_1d;
2703   CeedVector           q_data;
2704   CeedElemRestriction  rstr  = NULL, rstr_qd_i;
2705   CeedBasis            basis = NULL, fdm_basis;
2706   CeedQFunctionContext ctx_fdm;
2707   CeedQFunctionField  *qf_fields;
2708   CeedQFunction        qf, qf_fdm;
2709   CeedOperatorField   *op_fields;
2710 
2711   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2712 
2713   if (op->CreateFDMElementInverse) {
2714     // Backend version
2715     CeedCall(op->CreateFDMElementInverse(op, fdm_inv, request));
2716     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2717   } else {
2718     // Operator fallback
2719     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2720 
2721     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2722     if (op_fallback) {
2723       CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateFDMElementInverse(op_fallback, fdm_inv, request));
2724       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2725     }
2726   }
2727 
2728   // Default interface implementation
2729   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2730   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(op, &ceed_parent));
2731   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
2732 
2733   // Determine active input basis
2734   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
2735   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
2736   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
2737     CeedVector vec;
2738 
2739     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
2740     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
2741       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
2742 
2743       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
2744       interp = interp || eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_INTERP;
2745       grad   = grad || eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_GRAD;
2746       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
2747       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &rstr));
2748     }
2749   }
2750   CeedCheck(basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "No active field set");
2751   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes1D(basis, &P_1d));
2752   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis, &num_nodes));
2753   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints1D(basis, &Q_1d));
2754   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis, &num_qpts));
2755   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDimension(basis, &dim));
2756   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis, &num_comp));
2757   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr, &num_elem));
2758 
2759   // Build and diagonalize 1D Mass and Laplacian
2760   CeedCall(CeedBasisIsTensor(basis, &is_tensor_basis));
2761   CeedCheck(is_tensor_basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "FDMElementInverse only supported for tensor bases");
2762   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &mass));
2763   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &laplace));
2764   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &x));
2765   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &fdm_interp));
2766   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d, &lambda));
2767   // -- Build matrices
2768   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetInterp1D(basis, &interp_1d));
2769   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetGrad1D(basis, &grad_1d));
2770   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetQWeights(basis, &q_weight_1d));
2771   CeedCall(CeedBuildMassLaplace(interp_1d, grad_1d, q_weight_1d, P_1d, Q_1d, dim, mass, laplace));
2772 
2773   // -- Diagonalize
2774   CeedCall(CeedSimultaneousDiagonalization(ceed, laplace, mass, x, lambda, P_1d));
2775   CeedCall(CeedFree(&mass));
2776   CeedCall(CeedFree(&laplace));
2777   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) {
2778     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < P_1d; j++) fdm_interp[i + j * P_1d] = x[j + i * P_1d];
2779   }
2780   CeedCall(CeedFree(&x));
2781 
2782   {
2783     CeedInt             layout[3], num_modes = (interp ? 1 : 0) + (grad ? dim : 0);
2784     CeedScalar          max_norm = 0;
2785     const CeedScalar   *assembled_array, *q_weight_array;
2786     CeedVector          assembled = NULL, q_weight;
2787     CeedElemRestriction rstr_qf   = NULL;
2788 
2789     // Assemble QFunction
2790     CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled, &rstr_qf, request));
2791     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(rstr_qf, layout));
2792     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_qf));
2793     CeedCall(CeedVectorNorm(assembled, CEED_NORM_MAX, &max_norm));
2794 
2795     // Calculate element averages
2796     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, num_qpts, &q_weight));
2797     CeedCall(CeedBasisApply(basis, 1, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_weight));
2798     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled, CEED_MEM_HOST, &assembled_array));
2799     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(q_weight, CEED_MEM_HOST, &q_weight_array));
2800     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_elem, &elem_avg));
2801     const CeedScalar qf_value_bound = max_norm * 100 * CEED_EPSILON;
2802 
2803     for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
2804       CeedInt count = 0;
2805 
2806       for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
2807         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_comp * num_comp * num_modes * num_modes; i++) {
2808           if (fabs(assembled_array[q * layout[0] + i * layout[1] + e * layout[2]]) > qf_value_bound) {
2809             elem_avg[e] += assembled_array[q * layout[0] + i * layout[1] + e * layout[2]] / q_weight_array[q];
2810             count++;
2811           }
2812         }
2813       }
2814       if (count) {
2815         elem_avg[e] /= count;
2816       } else {
2817         elem_avg[e] = 1.0;
2818       }
2819     }
2820     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled, &assembled_array));
2821     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled));
2822     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(q_weight, &q_weight_array));
2823     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&q_weight));
2824   }
2825 
2826   // Build FDM diagonal
2827   {
2828     CeedScalar *q_data_array, *fdm_diagonal;
2829 
2830     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_comp * num_nodes, &fdm_diagonal));
2831     const CeedScalar fdm_diagonal_bound = num_nodes * CEED_EPSILON;
2832     for (CeedInt c = 0; c < num_comp; c++) {
2833       for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
2834         if (interp) fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n] = 1.0;
2835         if (grad) {
2836           for (CeedInt d = 0; d < dim; d++) {
2837             CeedInt i = (n / CeedIntPow(P_1d, d)) % P_1d;
2838             fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n] += lambda[i];
2839           }
2840         }
2841         if (fabs(fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n]) < fdm_diagonal_bound) fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n] = fdm_diagonal_bound;
2842       }
2843     }
2844     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, num_elem * num_comp * num_nodes, &q_data));
2845     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(q_data, 0.0));
2846     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(q_data, CEED_MEM_HOST, &q_data_array));
2847     for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
2848       for (CeedInt c = 0; c < num_comp; c++) {
2849         for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
2850           q_data_array[(e * num_comp + c) * num_nodes + n] = 1. / (elem_avg[e] * fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n]);
2851         }
2852       }
2853     }
2854     CeedCall(CeedFree(&elem_avg));
2855     CeedCall(CeedFree(&fdm_diagonal));
2856     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(q_data, &q_data_array));
2857   }
2858 
2859   // Setup FDM operator
2860   // -- Basis
2861   {
2862     CeedScalar *grad_dummy, *q_ref_dummy, *q_weight_dummy;
2863 
2864     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &grad_dummy));
2865     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d, &q_ref_dummy));
2866     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d, &q_weight_dummy));
2867     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateTensorH1(ceed_parent, dim, num_comp, P_1d, P_1d, fdm_interp, grad_dummy, q_ref_dummy, q_weight_dummy, &fdm_basis));
2868     CeedCall(CeedFree(&fdm_interp));
2869     CeedCall(CeedFree(&grad_dummy));
2870     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_ref_dummy));
2871     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_weight_dummy));
2872     CeedCall(CeedFree(&lambda));
2873   }
2874 
2875   // -- Restriction
2876   {
2877     CeedInt strides[3] = {1, num_nodes, num_nodes * num_comp};
2878     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided(ceed_parent, num_elem, num_nodes, num_comp,
2879                                               (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)num_comp * (CeedSize)num_nodes, strides, &rstr_qd_i));
2880   }
2881 
2882   // -- QFunction
2883   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInteriorByName(ceed_parent, "Scale", &qf_fdm));
2884   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_fdm, "input", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
2885   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_fdm, "scale", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
2886   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_fdm, "output", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
2887   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetUserFlopsEstimate(qf_fdm, num_comp));
2888 
2889   // -- QFunction context
2890   {
2891     CeedInt *num_comp_data;
2892 
2893     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &num_comp_data));
2894     num_comp_data[0] = num_comp;
2895     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextCreate(ceed, &ctx_fdm));
2896     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextSetData(ctx_fdm, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER, sizeof(*num_comp_data), num_comp_data));
2897   }
2898   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(qf_fdm, ctx_fdm));
2899   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextDestroy(&ctx_fdm));
2900 
2901   // -- Operator
2902   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed_parent, qf_fdm, NULL, NULL, fdm_inv));
2903   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*fdm_inv, "input", rstr, fdm_basis, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
2904   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*fdm_inv, "scale", rstr_qd_i, CEED_BASIS_NONE, q_data));
2905   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*fdm_inv, "output", rstr, fdm_basis, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
2906 
2907   // Cleanup
2908   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&q_data));
2909   CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&fdm_basis));
2910   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_qd_i));
2911   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_fdm));
2912   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2913 }
2914 
2915 /// @}
2916