xref: /libCEED/rust/libceed-sys/c-src/backends/sycl-ref/ceed-sycl-ref-basis.sycl.cpp (revision 4e3038a58c29aaa28aa8eaaef94bbc7eab6ca469)
1 // Copyright (c) 2017-2022, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
2 // All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
3 //
4 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
5 //
6 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
7 
8 #include <ceed/backend.h>
9 #include <ceed/ceed.h>
10 #include <ceed/jit-tools.h>
11 
12 #include <sycl/sycl.hpp>
13 #include <vector>
14 
15 #include "../sycl/ceed-sycl-compile.hpp"
16 #include "ceed-sycl-ref.hpp"
17 
18 template <int>
19 class CeedBasisSyclInterp;
20 template <int>
21 class CeedBasisSyclGrad;
22 class CeedBasisSyclWeight;
23 
24 class CeedBasisSyclInterpNT;
25 class CeedBasisSyclGradNT;
26 class CeedBasisSyclWeightNT;
27 
28 using SpecID = sycl::specialization_id<CeedInt>;
29 
30 static constexpr SpecID BASIS_DIM_ID;
31 static constexpr SpecID BASIS_NUM_COMP_ID;
32 static constexpr SpecID BASIS_P_1D_ID;
33 static constexpr SpecID BASIS_Q_1D_ID;
34 
35 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
36 // Interpolation kernel - tensor
37 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
38 template <int transpose>
39 static int CeedBasisApplyInterp_Sycl(sycl::queue &sycl_queue, const SyclModule_t &sycl_module, CeedInt num_elem, const CeedBasis_Sycl *impl,
40                                      const CeedScalar *u, CeedScalar *v) {
41   const CeedInt     buf_len   = impl->buf_len;
42   const CeedInt     op_len    = impl->op_len;
43   const CeedScalar *interp_1d = impl->d_interp_1d;
44 
45   const sycl::device &sycl_device         = sycl_queue.get_device();
46   const CeedInt       max_work_group_size = 32;
47   const CeedInt       work_group_size     = CeedIntMin(impl->num_qpts, max_work_group_size);
48   sycl::range<1>      local_range(work_group_size);
49   sycl::range<1>      global_range(num_elem * work_group_size);
50   sycl::nd_range<1>   kernel_range(global_range, local_range);
51 
52   // Order queue
53   sycl::event e = sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
54   sycl_queue.submit([&](sycl::handler &cgh) {
55     cgh.depends_on({e});
56     cgh.use_kernel_bundle(sycl_module);
57 
58     sycl::local_accessor<CeedScalar> s_mem(op_len + 2 * buf_len, cgh);
59 
60     cgh.parallel_for<CeedBasisSyclInterp<transpose>>(kernel_range, [=](sycl::nd_item<1> work_item, sycl::kernel_handler kh) {
61       //-------------------------------------------------------------->
62       // Retrieve spec constant values
63       const CeedInt dim      = kh.get_specialization_constant<BASIS_DIM_ID>();
64       const CeedInt num_comp = kh.get_specialization_constant<BASIS_NUM_COMP_ID>();
65       const CeedInt P_1d     = kh.get_specialization_constant<BASIS_P_1D_ID>();
66       const CeedInt Q_1d     = kh.get_specialization_constant<BASIS_Q_1D_ID>();
67       //-------------------------------------------------------------->
68       const CeedInt num_nodes     = CeedIntPow(P_1d, dim);
69       const CeedInt num_qpts      = CeedIntPow(Q_1d, dim);
70       const CeedInt P             = transpose ? Q_1d : P_1d;
71       const CeedInt Q             = transpose ? P_1d : Q_1d;
72       const CeedInt stride_0      = transpose ? 1 : P_1d;
73       const CeedInt stride_1      = transpose ? P_1d : 1;
74       const CeedInt u_stride      = transpose ? num_qpts : num_nodes;
75       const CeedInt v_stride      = transpose ? num_nodes : num_qpts;
76       const CeedInt u_comp_stride = num_elem * u_stride;
77       const CeedInt v_comp_stride = num_elem * v_stride;
78       const CeedInt u_size        = u_stride;
79 
80       sycl::group   work_group = work_item.get_group();
81       const CeedInt i          = work_item.get_local_linear_id();
82       const CeedInt group_size = work_group.get_local_linear_range();
83       const CeedInt elem       = work_group.get_group_linear_id();
84 
85       CeedScalar *s_interp_1d = s_mem.get_multi_ptr<sycl::access::decorated::yes>().get();
86       CeedScalar *s_buffer_1  = s_interp_1d + Q * P;
87       CeedScalar *s_buffer_2  = s_buffer_1 + buf_len;
88 
89       for (CeedInt k = i; k < P * Q; k += group_size) {
90         s_interp_1d[k] = interp_1d[k];
91       }
92 
93       // Apply basis element by element
94       for (CeedInt comp = 0; comp < num_comp; comp++) {
95         const CeedScalar *cur_u = u + elem * u_stride + comp * u_comp_stride;
96         CeedScalar       *cur_v = v + elem * v_stride + comp * v_comp_stride;
97 
98         for (CeedInt k = i; k < u_size; k += group_size) {
99           s_buffer_1[k] = cur_u[k];
100         }
101 
102         CeedInt pre  = u_size;
103         CeedInt post = 1;
104 
105         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < dim; d++) {
106           // Use older version of sycl workgroup barrier for performance reasons
107           // Can be updated in future to align with SYCL2020 spec if performance bottleneck is removed
108           // sycl::group_barrier(work_group);
109           work_item.barrier(sycl::access::fence_space::local_space);
110 
111           pre /= P;
112           const CeedScalar *in  = d % 2 ? s_buffer_2 : s_buffer_1;
113           CeedScalar       *out = d == dim - 1 ? cur_v : (d % 2 ? s_buffer_1 : s_buffer_2);
114 
115           // Contract along middle index
116           const CeedInt writeLen = pre * post * Q;
117           for (CeedInt k = i; k < writeLen; k += group_size) {
118             const CeedInt c = k % post;
119             const CeedInt j = (k / post) % Q;
120             const CeedInt a = k / (post * Q);
121 
122             CeedScalar vk = 0;
123             for (CeedInt b = 0; b < P; b++) {
124               vk += s_interp_1d[j * stride_0 + b * stride_1] * in[(a * P + b) * post + c];
125             }
126             out[k] = vk;
127           }
128           post *= Q;
129         }
130       }
131     });
132   });
133   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
134 }
135 
136 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
137 // Gradient kernel - tensor
138 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
139 template <int transpose>
140 static int CeedBasisApplyGrad_Sycl(sycl::queue &sycl_queue, const SyclModule_t &sycl_module, CeedInt num_elem, const CeedBasis_Sycl *impl,
141                                    const CeedScalar *u, CeedScalar *v) {
142   const CeedInt     buf_len   = impl->buf_len;
143   const CeedInt     op_len    = impl->op_len;
144   const CeedScalar *interp_1d = impl->d_interp_1d;
145   const CeedScalar *grad_1d   = impl->d_grad_1d;
146 
147   const sycl::device &sycl_device     = sycl_queue.get_device();
148   const CeedInt       work_group_size = 32;
149   sycl::range<1>      local_range(work_group_size);
150   sycl::range<1>      global_range(num_elem * work_group_size);
151   sycl::nd_range<1>   kernel_range(global_range, local_range);
152 
153   // Order queue
154   sycl::event e = sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
155   sycl_queue.submit([&](sycl::handler &cgh) {
156     cgh.depends_on({e});
157     cgh.use_kernel_bundle(sycl_module);
158 
159     sycl::local_accessor<CeedScalar> s_mem(2 * (op_len + buf_len), cgh);
160 
161     cgh.parallel_for<CeedBasisSyclGrad<transpose>>(kernel_range, [=](sycl::nd_item<1> work_item, sycl::kernel_handler kh) {
162       //-------------------------------------------------------------->
163       // Retrieve spec constant values
164       const CeedInt dim      = kh.get_specialization_constant<BASIS_DIM_ID>();
165       const CeedInt num_comp = kh.get_specialization_constant<BASIS_NUM_COMP_ID>();
166       const CeedInt P_1d     = kh.get_specialization_constant<BASIS_P_1D_ID>();
167       const CeedInt Q_1d     = kh.get_specialization_constant<BASIS_Q_1D_ID>();
168       //-------------------------------------------------------------->
169       const CeedInt num_nodes     = CeedIntPow(P_1d, dim);
170       const CeedInt num_qpts      = CeedIntPow(Q_1d, dim);
171       const CeedInt P             = transpose ? Q_1d : P_1d;
172       const CeedInt Q             = transpose ? P_1d : Q_1d;
173       const CeedInt stride_0      = transpose ? 1 : P_1d;
174       const CeedInt stride_1      = transpose ? P_1d : 1;
175       const CeedInt u_stride      = transpose ? num_qpts : num_nodes;
176       const CeedInt v_stride      = transpose ? num_nodes : num_qpts;
177       const CeedInt u_comp_stride = num_elem * u_stride;
178       const CeedInt v_comp_stride = num_elem * v_stride;
179       const CeedInt u_dim_stride  = transpose ? num_elem * num_qpts * num_comp : 0;
180       const CeedInt v_dim_stride  = transpose ? 0 : num_elem * num_qpts * num_comp;
181       sycl::group   work_group    = work_item.get_group();
182       const CeedInt i             = work_item.get_local_linear_id();
183       const CeedInt group_size    = work_group.get_local_linear_range();
184       const CeedInt elem          = work_group.get_group_linear_id();
185 
186       CeedScalar *s_interp_1d = s_mem.get_multi_ptr<sycl::access::decorated::yes>().get();
187       CeedScalar *s_grad_1d   = s_interp_1d + P * Q;
188       CeedScalar *s_buffer_1  = s_grad_1d + P * Q;
189       CeedScalar *s_buffer_2  = s_buffer_1 + buf_len;
190 
191       for (CeedInt k = i; k < P * Q; k += group_size) {
192         s_interp_1d[k] = interp_1d[k];
193         s_grad_1d[k]   = grad_1d[k];
194       }
195 
196       // Apply basis element by element
197       for (CeedInt comp = 0; comp < num_comp; comp++) {
198         for (CeedInt dim_1 = 0; dim_1 < dim; dim_1++) {
199           CeedInt           pre   = transpose ? num_qpts : num_nodes;
200           CeedInt           post  = 1;
201           const CeedScalar *cur_u = u + elem * u_stride + dim_1 * u_dim_stride + comp * u_comp_stride;
202           CeedScalar       *cur_v = v + elem * v_stride + dim_1 * v_dim_stride + comp * v_comp_stride;
203 
204           for (CeedInt dim_2 = 0; dim_2 < dim; dim_2++) {
205             // Use older version of sycl workgroup barrier for performance reasons
206             // Can be updated in future to align with SYCL2020 spec if performance bottleneck is removed
207             // sycl::group_barrier(work_group);
208             work_item.barrier(sycl::access::fence_space::local_space);
209 
210             pre /= P;
211             const CeedScalar *op  = dim_1 == dim_2 ? s_grad_1d : s_interp_1d;
212             const CeedScalar *in  = (dim_2 == 0 ? cur_u : (dim_2 % 2 ? s_buffer_2 : s_buffer_1));
213             CeedScalar       *out = dim_2 == dim - 1 ? cur_v : (dim_2 % 2 ? s_buffer_1 : s_buffer_2);
214 
215             // Contract along middle index
216             const CeedInt writeLen = pre * post * Q;
217             for (CeedInt k = i; k < writeLen; k += group_size) {
218               const CeedInt c = k % post;
219               const CeedInt j = (k / post) % Q;
220               const CeedInt a = k / (post * Q);
221 
222               CeedScalar v_k = 0;
223               for (CeedInt b = 0; b < P; b++) v_k += op[j * stride_0 + b * stride_1] * in[(a * P + b) * post + c];
224 
225               if (transpose && dim_2 == dim - 1) out[k] += v_k;
226               else out[k] = v_k;
227             }
228 
229             post *= Q;
230           }
231         }
232       }
233     });
234   });
235   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
236 }
237 
238 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
239 // Weight kernel - tensor
240 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
241 static int CeedBasisApplyWeight_Sycl(sycl::queue &sycl_queue, CeedInt num_elem, const CeedBasis_Sycl *impl, CeedScalar *w) {
242   const CeedInt     dim         = impl->dim;
243   const CeedInt     Q_1d        = impl->Q_1d;
244   const CeedScalar *q_weight_1d = impl->d_q_weight_1d;
245 
246   const CeedInt  num_quad_x = Q_1d;
247   const CeedInt  num_quad_y = (dim > 1) ? Q_1d : 1;
248   const CeedInt  num_quad_z = (dim > 2) ? Q_1d : 1;
249   sycl::range<3> kernel_range(num_elem * num_quad_z, num_quad_y, num_quad_x);
250 
251   // Order queue
252   sycl::event e = sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
253   sycl_queue.parallel_for<CeedBasisSyclWeight>(kernel_range, {e}, [=](sycl::item<3> work_item) {
254     if (dim == 1) w[work_item.get_linear_id()] = q_weight_1d[work_item[2]];
255     if (dim == 2) w[work_item.get_linear_id()] = q_weight_1d[work_item[2]] * q_weight_1d[work_item[1]];
256     if (dim == 3) w[work_item.get_linear_id()] = q_weight_1d[work_item[2]] * q_weight_1d[work_item[1]] * q_weight_1d[work_item[0] % Q_1d];
257   });
258   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
259 }
260 
261 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
262 // Basis apply - tensor
263 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
264 static int CeedBasisApply_Sycl(CeedBasis basis, const CeedInt num_elem, CeedTransposeMode t_mode, CeedEvalMode eval_mode, CeedVector u,
265                                CeedVector v) {
266   Ceed ceed;
267   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCeed(basis, &ceed));
268   Ceed_Sycl *data;
269   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &data));
270   CeedBasis_Sycl *impl;
271   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetData(basis, &impl));
272 
273   const CeedInt transpose = t_mode == CEED_TRANSPOSE;
274 
275   // Read vectors
276   const CeedScalar *d_u;
277   CeedScalar       *d_v;
278   if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
279     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(u, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &d_u));
280   }
281   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(v, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &d_v));
282 
283   // Clear v for transpose operation
284   if (t_mode == CEED_TRANSPOSE) {
285     CeedSize length;
286     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(v, &length));
287     // Order queue
288     sycl::event e = data->sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
289     data->sycl_queue.fill<CeedScalar>(d_v, 0, length, {e});
290   }
291 
292   // Basis action
293   switch (eval_mode) {
294     case CEED_EVAL_INTERP: {
295       if (transpose) {
296         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyInterp_Sycl<CEED_TRANSPOSE>(data->sycl_queue, *impl->sycl_module, num_elem, impl, d_u, d_v));
297       } else {
298         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyInterp_Sycl<CEED_NOTRANSPOSE>(data->sycl_queue, *impl->sycl_module, num_elem, impl, d_u, d_v));
299       }
300     } break;
301     case CEED_EVAL_GRAD: {
302       if (transpose) {
303         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyGrad_Sycl<1>(data->sycl_queue, *impl->sycl_module, num_elem, impl, d_u, d_v));
304       } else {
305         CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyGrad_Sycl<0>(data->sycl_queue, *impl->sycl_module, num_elem, impl, d_u, d_v));
306       }
307     } break;
308     case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
309       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyWeight_Sycl(data->sycl_queue, num_elem, impl, d_v));
310     } break;
311     // LCOV_EXCL_START
312     case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
313     case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
314       return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "%s not supported", CeedEvalModes[eval_mode]);
315     case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
316       return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_NONE does not make sense in this context");
317       // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
318   }
319 
320   // Restore vectors
321   if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
322     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(u, &d_u));
323   }
324   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(v, &d_v));
325   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
326 }
327 
328 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
329 // Interpolation kernel - non-tensor
330 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
331 static int CeedBasisApplyNonTensorInterp_Sycl(sycl::queue &sycl_queue, CeedInt num_elem, CeedInt transpose, const CeedBasisNonTensor_Sycl *impl,
332                                               const CeedScalar *d_U, CeedScalar *d_V) {
333   const CeedInt     num_comp      = impl->num_comp;
334   const CeedInt     P             = transpose ? impl->num_qpts : impl->num_nodes;
335   const CeedInt     Q             = transpose ? impl->num_nodes : impl->num_qpts;
336   const CeedInt     stride_0      = transpose ? 1 : impl->num_nodes;
337   const CeedInt     stride_1      = transpose ? impl->num_nodes : 1;
338   const CeedInt     u_stride      = P;
339   const CeedInt     v_stride      = Q;
340   const CeedInt     u_comp_stride = u_stride * num_elem;
341   const CeedInt     v_comp_stride = v_stride * num_elem;
342   const CeedInt     u_size        = P;
343   const CeedInt     v_size        = Q;
344   const CeedScalar *d_B           = impl->d_interp;
345 
346   sycl::range<2> kernel_range(num_elem, v_size);
347 
348   // Order queue
349   sycl::event e = sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
350   sycl_queue.parallel_for<CeedBasisSyclInterpNT>(kernel_range, {e}, [=](sycl::id<2> indx) {
351     const CeedInt i    = indx[1];
352     const CeedInt elem = indx[0];
353 
354     for (CeedInt comp = 0; comp < num_comp; comp++) {
355       const CeedScalar *U = d_U + elem * u_stride + comp * u_comp_stride;
356       CeedScalar        V = 0.0;
357 
358       for (CeedInt j = 0; j < u_size; ++j) {
359         V += d_B[i * stride_0 + j * stride_1] * U[j];
360       }
361       d_V[i + elem * v_stride + comp * v_comp_stride] = V;
362     }
363   });
364   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
365 }
366 
367 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
368 // Gradient kernel - non-tensor
369 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
370 static int CeedBasisApplyNonTensorGrad_Sycl(sycl::queue &sycl_queue, CeedInt num_elem, CeedInt transpose, const CeedBasisNonTensor_Sycl *impl,
371                                             const CeedScalar *d_U, CeedScalar *d_V) {
372   const CeedInt     num_comp      = impl->num_comp;
373   const CeedInt     P             = transpose ? impl->num_qpts : impl->num_nodes;
374   const CeedInt     Q             = transpose ? impl->num_nodes : impl->num_qpts;
375   const CeedInt     stride_0      = transpose ? 1 : impl->num_nodes;
376   const CeedInt     stride_1      = transpose ? impl->num_nodes : 1;
377   const CeedInt     g_dim_stride  = P * Q;
378   const CeedInt     u_stride      = P;
379   const CeedInt     v_stride      = Q;
380   const CeedInt     u_comp_stride = u_stride * num_elem;
381   const CeedInt     v_comp_stride = v_stride * num_elem;
382   const CeedInt     u_dim_stride  = u_comp_stride * num_comp;
383   const CeedInt     v_dim_stride  = v_comp_stride * num_comp;
384   const CeedInt     u_size        = P;
385   const CeedInt     v_size        = Q;
386   const CeedInt     in_dim        = transpose ? impl->dim : 1;
387   const CeedInt     out_dim       = transpose ? 1 : impl->dim;
388   const CeedScalar *d_G           = impl->d_grad;
389 
390   sycl::range<2> kernel_range(num_elem, v_size);
391 
392   // Order queue
393   sycl::event e = sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
394   sycl_queue.parallel_for<CeedBasisSyclGradNT>(kernel_range, {e}, [=](sycl::id<2> indx) {
395     const CeedInt i    = indx[1];
396     const CeedInt elem = indx[0];
397 
398     for (CeedInt comp = 0; comp < num_comp; comp++) {
399       CeedScalar V[3] = {0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
400 
401       for (CeedInt d1 = 0; d1 < in_dim; ++d1) {
402         const CeedScalar *U = d_U + elem * u_stride + comp * u_comp_stride + d1 * u_dim_stride;
403         const CeedScalar *G = d_G + i * stride_0 + d1 * g_dim_stride;
404 
405         for (CeedInt j = 0; j < u_size; ++j) {
406           const CeedScalar Uj = U[j];
407 
408           for (CeedInt d0 = 0; d0 < out_dim; ++d0) {
409             V[d0] += G[j * stride_1 + d0 * g_dim_stride] * Uj;
410           }
411         }
412       }
413       for (CeedInt d0 = 0; d0 < out_dim; ++d0) {
414         d_V[i + elem * v_stride + comp * v_comp_stride + d0 * v_dim_stride] = V[d0];
415       }
416     }
417   });
418   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
419 }
420 
421 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
422 // Weight kernel - non-tensor
423 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
424 static int CeedBasisApplyNonTensorWeight_Sycl(sycl::queue &sycl_queue, CeedInt num_elem, const CeedBasisNonTensor_Sycl *impl, CeedScalar *d_V) {
425   const CeedInt     num_qpts = impl->num_qpts;
426   const CeedScalar *q_weight = impl->d_q_weight;
427 
428   sycl::range<2> kernel_range(num_elem, num_qpts);
429 
430   // Order queue
431   sycl::event e = sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
432   sycl_queue.parallel_for<CeedBasisSyclWeightNT>(kernel_range, {e}, [=](sycl::id<2> indx) {
433     const CeedInt i          = indx[1];
434     const CeedInt elem       = indx[0];
435     d_V[i + elem * num_qpts] = q_weight[i];
436   });
437   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
438 }
439 
440 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
441 // Basis apply - non-tensor
442 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
443 static int CeedBasisApplyNonTensor_Sycl(CeedBasis basis, const CeedInt num_elem, CeedTransposeMode t_mode, CeedEvalMode eval_mode, CeedVector u,
444                                         CeedVector v) {
445   Ceed ceed;
446   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCeed(basis, &ceed));
447   CeedBasisNonTensor_Sycl *impl;
448   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetData(basis, &impl));
449   Ceed_Sycl *data;
450   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &data));
451 
452   const CeedInt transpose = t_mode == CEED_TRANSPOSE;
453 
454   // Read vectors
455   const CeedScalar *d_u;
456   CeedScalar       *d_v;
457   if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
458     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(u, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &d_u));
459   }
460   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(v, CEED_MEM_DEVICE, &d_v));
461 
462   // Clear v for transpose operation
463   if (transpose) {
464     CeedSize length;
465     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorGetLength(v, &length));
466     // Order queue
467     sycl::event e = data->sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
468     data->sycl_queue.fill<CeedScalar>(d_v, 0, length, {e});
469   }
470 
471   // Apply basis operation
472   switch (eval_mode) {
473     case CEED_EVAL_INTERP: {
474       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyNonTensorInterp_Sycl(data->sycl_queue, num_elem, transpose, impl, d_u, d_v));
475     } break;
476     case CEED_EVAL_GRAD: {
477       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyNonTensorGrad_Sycl(data->sycl_queue, num_elem, transpose, impl, d_u, d_v));
478     } break;
479     case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: {
480       CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisApplyNonTensorWeight_Sycl(data->sycl_queue, num_elem, impl, d_v));
481     } break;
482     // LCOV_EXCL_START
483     case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
484     case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
485       return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "%s not supported", CeeDEvalMode[eval_mode]);
486     case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
487       return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "CEED_EVAL_NONE does not make sense in this context");
488       // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
489   }
490 
491   // Restore vectors
492   if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
493     CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(u, &d_u));
494   }
495 
496   CeedCallBackend(CeedVectorRestoreArray(v, &d_v));
497   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
498 }
499 
500 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
501 // Destroy tensor basis
502 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
503 static int CeedBasisDestroy_Sycl(CeedBasis basis) {
504   Ceed ceed;
505   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCeed(basis, &ceed));
506   CeedBasis_Sycl *impl;
507   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetData(basis, &impl));
508   Ceed_Sycl *data;
509   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &data));
510 
511   // Wait for all work to finish before freeing memory
512   CeedCallSycl(ceed, data->sycl_queue.wait_and_throw());
513 
514   CeedCallSycl(ceed, sycl::free(impl->d_q_weight_1d, data->sycl_context));
515   CeedCallSycl(ceed, sycl::free(impl->d_interp_1d, data->sycl_context));
516   CeedCallSycl(ceed, sycl::free(impl->d_grad_1d, data->sycl_context));
517 
518   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl));
519   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
520 }
521 
522 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
523 // Destroy non-tensor basis
524 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
525 static int CeedBasisDestroyNonTensor_Sycl(CeedBasis basis) {
526   Ceed ceed;
527   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCeed(basis, &ceed));
528   CeedBasisNonTensor_Sycl *impl;
529   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetData(basis, &impl));
530   Ceed_Sycl *data;
531   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &data));
532 
533   // Wait for all work to finish before freeing memory
534   CeedCallSycl(ceed, data->sycl_queue.wait_and_throw());
535 
536   CeedCallSycl(ceed, sycl::free(impl->d_q_weight, data->sycl_context));
537   CeedCallSycl(ceed, sycl::free(impl->d_interp, data->sycl_context));
538   CeedCallSycl(ceed, sycl::free(impl->d_grad, data->sycl_context));
539 
540   CeedCallBackend(CeedFree(&impl));
541   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
542 }
543 
544 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
545 // Create tensor
546 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
547 int CeedBasisCreateTensorH1_Sycl(CeedInt dim, CeedInt P_1d, CeedInt Q_1d, const CeedScalar *interp_1d, const CeedScalar *grad_1d,
548                                  const CeedScalar *q_ref_1d, const CeedScalar *q_weight_1d, CeedBasis basis) {
549   Ceed ceed;
550   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCeed(basis, &ceed));
551   CeedBasis_Sycl *impl;
552   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
553   Ceed_Sycl *data;
554   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &data));
555 
556   CeedInt num_comp;
557   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis, &num_comp));
558 
559   const CeedInt num_nodes = CeedIntPow(P_1d, dim);
560   const CeedInt num_qpts  = CeedIntPow(Q_1d, dim);
561 
562   impl->dim       = dim;
563   impl->P_1d      = P_1d;
564   impl->Q_1d      = Q_1d;
565   impl->num_comp  = num_comp;
566   impl->num_nodes = num_nodes;
567   impl->num_qpts  = num_qpts;
568   impl->buf_len   = num_comp * CeedIntMax(num_nodes, num_qpts);
569   impl->op_len    = Q_1d * P_1d;
570 
571   // Order queue
572   sycl::event e = data->sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
573 
574   CeedCallSycl(ceed, impl->d_q_weight_1d = sycl::malloc_device<CeedScalar>(Q_1d, data->sycl_device, data->sycl_context));
575   sycl::event copy_weight = data->sycl_queue.copy<CeedScalar>(q_weight_1d, impl->d_q_weight_1d, Q_1d, {e});
576 
577   const CeedInt interp_length = Q_1d * P_1d;
578   CeedCallSycl(ceed, impl->d_interp_1d = sycl::malloc_device<CeedScalar>(interp_length, data->sycl_device, data->sycl_context));
579   sycl::event copy_interp = data->sycl_queue.copy<CeedScalar>(interp_1d, impl->d_interp_1d, interp_length, {e});
580 
581   CeedCallSycl(ceed, impl->d_grad_1d = sycl::malloc_device<CeedScalar>(interp_length, data->sycl_device, data->sycl_context));
582   sycl::event copy_grad = data->sycl_queue.copy<CeedScalar>(grad_1d, impl->d_grad_1d, interp_length, {e});
583 
584   CeedCallSycl(ceed, sycl::event::wait_and_throw({copy_weight, copy_interp, copy_grad}));
585 
586   std::vector<sycl::kernel_id> kernel_ids = {sycl::get_kernel_id<CeedBasisSyclInterp<1>>(), sycl::get_kernel_id<CeedBasisSyclInterp<0>>(),
587                                              sycl::get_kernel_id<CeedBasisSyclGrad<1>>(), sycl::get_kernel_id<CeedBasisSyclGrad<0>>()};
588 
589   sycl::kernel_bundle<sycl::bundle_state::input> input_bundle = sycl::get_kernel_bundle<sycl::bundle_state::input>(data->sycl_context, kernel_ids);
590   input_bundle.set_specialization_constant<BASIS_DIM_ID>(dim);
591   input_bundle.set_specialization_constant<BASIS_NUM_COMP_ID>(num_comp);
592   input_bundle.set_specialization_constant<BASIS_Q_1D_ID>(Q_1d);
593   input_bundle.set_specialization_constant<BASIS_P_1D_ID>(P_1d);
594 
595   CeedCallSycl(ceed, impl->sycl_module = new SyclModule_t(sycl::build(input_bundle)));
596 
597   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisSetData(basis, impl));
598 
599   // Register backend functions
600   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunctionCpp(ceed, "Basis", basis, "Apply", CeedBasisApply_Sycl));
601   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunctionCpp(ceed, "Basis", basis, "Destroy", CeedBasisDestroy_Sycl));
602   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
603 }
604 
605 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
606 // Create non-tensor
607 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
608 int CeedBasisCreateH1_Sycl(CeedElemTopology topo, CeedInt dim, CeedInt num_nodes, CeedInt num_qpts, const CeedScalar *interp, const CeedScalar *grad,
609                            const CeedScalar *q_ref, const CeedScalar *q_weight, CeedBasis basis) {
610   Ceed ceed;
611   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetCeed(basis, &ceed));
612   CeedBasisNonTensor_Sycl *impl;
613   CeedCallBackend(CeedCalloc(1, &impl));
614   Ceed_Sycl *data;
615   CeedCallBackend(CeedGetData(ceed, &data));
616 
617   CeedInt num_comp;
618   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis, &num_comp));
619 
620   impl->dim       = dim;
621   impl->num_comp  = num_comp;
622   impl->num_nodes = num_nodes;
623   impl->num_qpts  = num_qpts;
624 
625   // Order queue
626   sycl::event e = data->sycl_queue.ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
627 
628   CeedCallSycl(ceed, impl->d_q_weight = sycl::malloc_device<CeedScalar>(num_qpts, data->sycl_device, data->sycl_context));
629   sycl::event copy_weight = data->sycl_queue.copy<CeedScalar>(q_weight, impl->d_q_weight, num_qpts, {e});
630 
631   const CeedInt interp_length = num_qpts * num_nodes;
632   CeedCallSycl(ceed, impl->d_interp = sycl::malloc_device<CeedScalar>(interp_length, data->sycl_device, data->sycl_context));
633   sycl::event copy_interp = data->sycl_queue.copy<CeedScalar>(interp, impl->d_interp, interp_length, {e});
634 
635   const CeedInt grad_length = num_qpts * num_nodes * dim;
636   CeedCallSycl(ceed, impl->d_grad = sycl::malloc_device<CeedScalar>(grad_length, data->sycl_device, data->sycl_context));
637   sycl::event copy_grad = data->sycl_queue.copy<CeedScalar>(grad, impl->d_grad, grad_length, {e});
638 
639   CeedCallSycl(ceed, sycl::event::wait_and_throw({copy_weight, copy_interp, copy_grad}));
640 
641   CeedCallBackend(CeedBasisSetData(basis, impl));
642 
643   // Register backend functions
644   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunctionCpp(ceed, "Basis", basis, "Apply", CeedBasisApplyNonTensor_Sycl));
645   CeedCallBackend(CeedSetBackendFunctionCpp(ceed, "Basis", basis, "Destroy", CeedBasisDestroyNonTensor_Sycl));
646   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
647 }
648 
649 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
650