c-src/interface/ceed-basis.c

// Copyright (c) 2017-2022, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
// All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
//
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
//
// This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed

#include <ceed/ceed.h>
#include <ceed/backend.h>
#include <ceed-impl.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

/// @file
/// Implementation of CeedBasis interfaces

/// @cond DOXYGEN_SKIP
static struct CeedBasis_private ceed_basis_collocated;
/// @endcond

/// @addtogroup CeedBasisUser
/// @{

/// Indicate that the quadrature points are collocated with the nodes
const CeedBasis CEED_BASIS_COLLOCATED = &ceed_basis_collocated;

/// @}

/// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
/// CeedBasis Library Internal Functions
/// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
/// @addtogroup CeedBasisDeveloper
/// @{

/**
  @brief Compute Householder reflection

    Computes A = (I - b v v^T) A
    where A is an mxn matrix indexed as A[i*row + j*col]

  @param[in,out] A  Matrix to apply Householder reflection to, in place
  @param v          Householder vector
  @param b          Scaling factor
  @param m          Number of rows in A
  @param n          Number of columns in A
  @param row        Row stride
  @param col        Col stride

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Developer
**/
static int CeedHouseholderReflect(CeedScalar *A, const CeedScalar *v,
                                  CeedScalar b, CeedInt m, CeedInt n,
                                  CeedInt row, CeedInt col) {
  for (CeedInt j=0; j<n; j++) {
    CeedScalar w = A[0*row + j*col];
    for (CeedInt i=1; i<m; i++)
      w += v[i] * A[i*row + j*col];
    A[0*row + j*col] -= b * w;
    for (CeedInt i=1; i<m; i++)
      A[i*row + j*col] -= b * w * v[i];
  }
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Apply Householder Q matrix

    Compute A = Q A where Q is mxm and A is mxn.

  @param[in,out] A  Matrix to apply Householder Q to, in place
  @param Q          Householder Q matrix
  @param tau        Householder scaling factors
  @param t_mode     Transpose mode for application
  @param m          Number of rows in A
  @param n          Number of columns in A
  @param k          Number of elementary reflectors in Q, k<m
  @param row        Row stride in A
  @param col        Col stride in A

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Developer
**/
int CeedHouseholderApplyQ(CeedScalar *A, const CeedScalar *Q,
                          const CeedScalar *tau, CeedTransposeMode t_mode,
                          CeedInt m, CeedInt n, CeedInt k,
                          CeedInt row, CeedInt col) {
  int ierr;
  CeedScalar *v;
  ierr = CeedMalloc(m, &v); CeedChk(ierr);
  for (CeedInt ii=0; ii<k; ii++) {
    CeedInt i = t_mode == CEED_TRANSPOSE ? ii : k-1-ii;
    for (CeedInt j=i+1; j<m; j++)
      v[j] = Q[j*k+i];
    // Apply Householder reflector (I - tau v v^T) collo_grad_1d^T
    ierr = CeedHouseholderReflect(&A[i*row], &v[i], tau[i], m-i, n, row, col);
    CeedChk(ierr);
  }
  ierr = CeedFree(&v); CeedChk(ierr);
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Compute Givens rotation

    Computes A = G A (or G^T A in transpose mode)
    where A is an mxn matrix indexed as A[i*n + j*m]

  @param[in,out] A  Row major matrix to apply Givens rotation to, in place
  @param c          Cosine factor
  @param s          Sine factor
  @param t_mode     @ref CEED_NOTRANSPOSE to rotate the basis counter-clockwise,
                    which has the effect of rotating columns of A clockwise;
                    @ref CEED_TRANSPOSE for the opposite rotation
  @param i          First row/column to apply rotation
  @param k          Second row/column to apply rotation
  @param m          Number of rows in A
  @param n          Number of columns in A

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Developer
**/
static int CeedGivensRotation(CeedScalar *A, CeedScalar c, CeedScalar s,
                              CeedTransposeMode t_mode, CeedInt i, CeedInt k,
                              CeedInt m, CeedInt n) {
  CeedInt stride_j = 1, stride_ik = m, num_its = n;
  if (t_mode == CEED_NOTRANSPOSE) {
    stride_j = n; stride_ik = 1; num_its = m;
  }

  // Apply rotation
  for (CeedInt j=0; j<num_its; j++) {
    CeedScalar tau1 = A[i*stride_ik+j*stride_j], tau2 = A[k*stride_ik+j*stride_j];
    A[i*stride_ik+j*stride_j] = c*tau1 - s*tau2;
    A[k*stride_ik+j*stride_j] = s*tau1 + c*tau2;
  }
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief View an array stored in a CeedBasis

  @param[in] name      Name of array
  @param[in] fp_fmt    Printing format
  @param[in] m         Number of rows in array
  @param[in] n         Number of columns in array
  @param[in] a         Array to be viewed
  @param[in] stream    Stream to view to, e.g., stdout

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Developer
**/
static int CeedScalarView(const char *name, const char *fp_fmt, CeedInt m,
                          CeedInt n, const CeedScalar *a, FILE *stream) {
  for (int i=0; i<m; i++) {
    if (m > 1)
      fprintf(stream, "%12s[%d]:", name, i);
    else
      fprintf(stream, "%12s:", name);
    for (int j=0; j<n; j++)
      fprintf(stream, fp_fmt, fabs(a[i*n+j]) > 1E-14 ? a[i*n+j] : 0);
    fputs("\n", stream);
  }
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/// @}

/// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
/// Ceed Backend API
/// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
/// @addtogroup CeedBasisBackend
/// @{

/**
  @brief Return collocated grad matrix

  @param basis               CeedBasis
  @param[out] collo_grad_1d  Row-major (Q_1d * Q_1d) matrix expressing derivatives of
                               basis functions at quadrature points

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Backend
**/
int CeedBasisGetCollocatedGrad(CeedBasis basis, CeedScalar *collo_grad_1d) {
  int i, j, k;
  Ceed ceed;
  CeedInt ierr, P_1d=(basis)->P_1d, Q_1d=(basis)->Q_1d;
  CeedScalar *interp_1d, *grad_1d, *tau;

  ierr = CeedMalloc(Q_1d*P_1d, &interp_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedMalloc(Q_1d*P_1d, &grad_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedMalloc(Q_1d, &tau); CeedChk(ierr);
  memcpy(interp_1d, (basis)->interp_1d, Q_1d*P_1d*sizeof(basis)->interp_1d[0]);
  memcpy(grad_1d, (basis)->grad_1d, Q_1d*P_1d*sizeof(basis)->interp_1d[0]);

  // QR Factorization, interp_1d = Q R
  ierr = CeedBasisGetCeed(basis, &ceed); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedQRFactorization(ceed, interp_1d, tau, Q_1d, P_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  // Note: This function is for backend use, so all errors are terminal
  //   and we do not need to clean up memory on failure.

  // Apply Rinv, collo_grad_1d = grad_1d Rinv
  for (i=0; i<Q_1d; i++) { // Row i
    collo_grad_1d[Q_1d*i] = grad_1d[P_1d*i]/interp_1d[0];
    for (j=1; j<P_1d; j++) { // Column j
      collo_grad_1d[j+Q_1d*i] = grad_1d[j+P_1d*i];
      for (k=0; k<j; k++)
        collo_grad_1d[j+Q_1d*i] -= interp_1d[j+P_1d*k]*collo_grad_1d[k+Q_1d*i];
      collo_grad_1d[j+Q_1d*i] /= interp_1d[j+P_1d*j];
    }
    for (j=P_1d; j<Q_1d; j++)
      collo_grad_1d[j+Q_1d*i] = 0;
  }

  // Apply Qtranspose, collo_grad = collo_grad Q_transpose
  ierr = CeedHouseholderApplyQ(collo_grad_1d, interp_1d, tau, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE,
                               Q_1d, Q_1d, P_1d, 1, Q_1d); CeedChk(ierr);

  ierr = CeedFree(&interp_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedFree(&grad_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedFree(&tau); CeedChk(ierr);
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get tensor status for given CeedBasis

  @param basis           CeedBasis
  @param[out] is_tensor  Variable to store tensor status

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Backend
**/
int CeedBasisIsTensor(CeedBasis basis, bool *is_tensor) {
  *is_tensor = basis->tensor_basis;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get backend data of a CeedBasis

  @param basis      CeedBasis
  @param[out] data  Variable to store data

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Backend
**/
int CeedBasisGetData(CeedBasis basis, void *data) {
  *(void **)data = basis->data;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Set backend data of a CeedBasis

  @param[out] basis  CeedBasis
  @param data        Data to set

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Backend
**/
int CeedBasisSetData(CeedBasis basis, void *data) {
  basis->data = data;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Increment the reference counter for a CeedBasis

  @param basis  Basis to increment the reference counter

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Backend
**/
int CeedBasisReference(CeedBasis basis) {
  basis->ref_count++;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Estimate number of FLOPs required to apply CeedBasis in t_mode and eval_mode

  @param basis     Basis to estimate FLOPs for
  @param t_mode    Apply basis or transpose
  @param eval_mode Basis evaluation mode
  @param flops     Address of variable to hold FLOPs estimate

  @ref Backend
**/
int CeedBasisGetFlopsEstimate(CeedBasis basis, CeedTransposeMode t_mode,
                              CeedEvalMode eval_mode, CeedSize *flops) {
  int ierr;
  bool is_tensor;

  ierr = CeedBasisIsTensor(basis, &is_tensor); CeedChk(ierr);
  if (is_tensor) {
    CeedInt dim, num_comp, P_1d, Q_1d;
    ierr = CeedBasisGetDimension(basis, &dim); CeedChk(ierr);
    ierr = CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis, &num_comp); CeedChk(ierr);
    ierr = CeedBasisGetNumNodes1D(basis, &P_1d);  CeedChk(ierr);
    ierr = CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints1D(basis, &Q_1d);  CeedChk(ierr);
    if (t_mode == CEED_TRANSPOSE) {
      P_1d = Q_1d; Q_1d = P_1d;
    }
    CeedInt tensor_flops = 0, pre = num_comp * CeedIntPow(P_1d, dim-1), post = 1;
    for (CeedInt d = 0; d < dim; d++) {
      tensor_flops += 2 * pre * P_1d * post * Q_1d;
      pre /= P_1d;
      post *= Q_1d;
    }
    switch (eval_mode) {
    case CEED_EVAL_NONE:   *flops = 0; break;
    case CEED_EVAL_INTERP: *flops = tensor_flops; break;
    case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:   *flops = tensor_flops * 2; break;
    case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
      // LCOV_EXCL_START
      return CeedError(basis->ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
                       "Tensor CEED_EVAL_DIV not supported"); break;
    case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
      return CeedError(basis->ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
                       "Tensor CEED_EVAL_CURL not supported"); break;
    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
    case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: *flops = dim * CeedIntPow(Q_1d, dim); break;
    }
  } else {
    CeedInt dim, num_comp, num_nodes, num_qpts, Q_comp;
    ierr = CeedBasisGetDimension(basis, &dim); CeedChk(ierr);
    ierr = CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis, &num_comp); CeedChk(ierr);
    ierr = CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis, &num_nodes); CeedChk(ierr);
    ierr = CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis, &num_qpts); CeedChk(ierr);
    ierr = CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis, &Q_comp); CeedChk(ierr);
    switch (eval_mode) {
    case CEED_EVAL_NONE:   *flops = 0; break;
    case CEED_EVAL_INTERP: *flops = num_nodes * num_qpts * num_comp; break;
    case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:   *flops = num_nodes * num_qpts * num_comp * dim; break;
    case CEED_EVAL_DIV:    *flops = num_nodes * num_qpts; break;
    case CEED_EVAL_CURL:   *flops = num_nodes * num_qpts * dim; break;
    case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT: *flops = 0; break;
    }
  }

  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get dimension for given CeedElemTopology

  @param topo      CeedElemTopology
  @param[out] dim  Variable to store dimension of topology

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Backend
**/
int CeedBasisGetTopologyDimension(CeedElemTopology topo, CeedInt *dim) {
  *dim = (CeedInt) topo >> 16;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get CeedTensorContract of a CeedBasis

  @param basis          CeedBasis
  @param[out] contract  Variable to store CeedTensorContract

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Backend
**/
int CeedBasisGetTensorContract(CeedBasis basis, CeedTensorContract *contract) {
  *contract = basis->contract;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Set CeedTensorContract of a CeedBasis

  @param[out] basis  CeedBasis
  @param contract    CeedTensorContract to set

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Backend
**/
int CeedBasisSetTensorContract(CeedBasis basis, CeedTensorContract contract) {
  int ierr;
  basis->contract = contract;
  ierr = CeedTensorContractReference(contract); CeedChk(ierr);
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Return a reference implementation of matrix multiplication C = A B.
           Note, this is a reference implementation for CPU CeedScalar pointers
           that is not intended for high performance.

  @param ceed        A Ceed context for error handling
  @param[in] mat_A   Row-major matrix A
  @param[in] mat_B   Row-major matrix B
  @param[out] mat_C  Row-major output matrix C
  @param m           Number of rows of C
  @param n           Number of columns of C
  @param kk          Number of columns of A/rows of B

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Utility
**/
int CeedMatrixMultiply(Ceed ceed, const CeedScalar *mat_A,
                       const CeedScalar *mat_B, CeedScalar *mat_C, CeedInt m,
                       CeedInt n, CeedInt kk) {
  for (CeedInt i=0; i<m; i++)
    for (CeedInt j=0; j<n; j++) {
      CeedScalar sum = 0;
      for (CeedInt k=0; k<kk; k++)
        sum += mat_A[k+i*kk]*mat_B[j+k*n];
      mat_C[j+i*n] = sum;
    }
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/// @}

/// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
/// CeedBasis Public API
/// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
/// @addtogroup CeedBasisUser
/// @{

/**
  @brief Create a tensor-product basis for H^1 discretizations

  @param ceed        A Ceed object where the CeedBasis will be created
  @param dim         Topological dimension
  @param num_comp    Number of field components (1 for scalar fields)
  @param P_1d        Number of nodes in one dimension
  @param Q_1d        Number of quadrature points in one dimension
  @param interp_1d   Row-major (Q_1d * P_1d) matrix expressing the values of nodal
                       basis functions at quadrature points
  @param grad_1d     Row-major (Q_1d * P_1d) matrix expressing derivatives of nodal
                       basis functions at quadrature points
  @param q_ref_1d    Array of length Q_1d holding the locations of quadrature points
                       on the 1D reference element [-1, 1]
  @param q_weight_1d Array of length Q_1d holding the quadrature weights on the
                       reference element
  @param[out] basis  Address of the variable where the newly created
                       CeedBasis will be stored.

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref User
**/
int CeedBasisCreateTensorH1(Ceed ceed, CeedInt dim, CeedInt num_comp,
                            CeedInt P_1d, CeedInt Q_1d,
                            const CeedScalar *interp_1d,
                            const CeedScalar *grad_1d, const CeedScalar *q_ref_1d,
                            const CeedScalar *q_weight_1d, CeedBasis *basis) {
  int ierr;

  if (!ceed->BasisCreateTensorH1) {
    Ceed delegate;
    ierr = CeedGetObjectDelegate(ceed, &delegate, "Basis"); CeedChk(ierr);

    if (!delegate)
      // LCOV_EXCL_START
      return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
                       "Backend does not support BasisCreateTensorH1");
    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

    ierr = CeedBasisCreateTensorH1(delegate, dim, num_comp, P_1d,
                                   Q_1d, interp_1d, grad_1d, q_ref_1d,
                                   q_weight_1d, basis); CeedChk(ierr);
    return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
  }

  if (dim < 1)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
                     "Basis dimension must be a positive value");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  if (num_comp < 1)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
                     "Basis must have at least 1 component");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  if (P_1d < 1)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
                     "Basis must have at least 1 node");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  if (Q_1d < 1)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
                     "Basis must have at least 1 quadrature point");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  CeedElemTopology topo = dim == 1 ? CEED_TOPOLOGY_LINE
                          : dim == 2 ? CEED_TOPOLOGY_QUAD
                          : CEED_TOPOLOGY_HEX;

  ierr = CeedCalloc(1, basis); CeedChk(ierr);
  (*basis)->ceed = ceed;
  ierr = CeedReference(ceed); CeedChk(ierr);
  (*basis)->ref_count = 1;
  (*basis)->tensor_basis = 1;
  (*basis)->dim = dim;
  (*basis)->topo = topo;
  (*basis)->num_comp = num_comp;
  (*basis)->P_1d = P_1d;
  (*basis)->Q_1d = Q_1d;
  (*basis)->P = CeedIntPow(P_1d, dim);
  (*basis)->Q = CeedIntPow(Q_1d, dim);
  (*basis)->Q_comp = 1;
  (*basis)->basis_space = 1; // 1 for H^1 space
  ierr = CeedCalloc(Q_1d, &(*basis)->q_ref_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedCalloc(Q_1d, &(*basis)->q_weight_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  if (q_ref_1d) memcpy((*basis)->q_ref_1d, q_ref_1d, Q_1d*sizeof(q_ref_1d[0]));
  if (q_weight_1d) memcpy((*basis)->q_weight_1d, q_weight_1d,
                            Q_1d*sizeof(q_weight_1d[0]));
  ierr = CeedCalloc(Q_1d*P_1d, &(*basis)->interp_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedCalloc(Q_1d*P_1d, &(*basis)->grad_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  if (interp_1d) memcpy((*basis)->interp_1d, interp_1d,
                          Q_1d*P_1d*sizeof(interp_1d[0]));
  if (grad_1d) memcpy((*basis)->grad_1d, grad_1d, Q_1d*P_1d*sizeof(grad_1d[0]));
  ierr = ceed->BasisCreateTensorH1(dim, P_1d, Q_1d, interp_1d, grad_1d, q_ref_1d,
                                   q_weight_1d, *basis); CeedChk(ierr);
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Create a tensor-product Lagrange basis

  @param ceed        A Ceed object where the CeedBasis will be created
  @param dim         Topological dimension of element
  @param num_comp      Number of field components (1 for scalar fields)
  @param P           Number of Gauss-Lobatto nodes in one dimension.  The
                       polynomial degree of the resulting Q_k element is k=P-1.
  @param Q           Number of quadrature points in one dimension.
  @param quad_mode   Distribution of the Q quadrature points (affects order of
                       accuracy for the quadrature)
  @param[out] basis  Address of the variable where the newly created
                       CeedBasis will be stored.

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref User
**/
int CeedBasisCreateTensorH1Lagrange(Ceed ceed, CeedInt dim, CeedInt num_comp,
                                    CeedInt P, CeedInt Q, CeedQuadMode quad_mode,
                                    CeedBasis *basis) {
  // Allocate
  int ierr, ierr2, i, j, k;
  CeedScalar c1, c2, c3, c4, dx, *nodes, *interp_1d, *grad_1d, *q_ref_1d,
             *q_weight_1d;

  if (dim < 1)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
                     "Basis dimension must be a positive value");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  if (num_comp < 1)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
                     "Basis must have at least 1 component");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  if (P < 1)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
                     "Basis must have at least 1 node");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  if (Q < 1)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
                     "Basis must have at least 1 quadrature point");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  // Get Nodes and Weights
  ierr = CeedCalloc(P*Q, &interp_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedCalloc(P*Q, &grad_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedCalloc(P, &nodes); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedCalloc(Q, &q_ref_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedCalloc(Q, &q_weight_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedLobattoQuadrature(P, nodes, NULL);
  if (ierr) { goto cleanup; } CeedChk(ierr);
  switch (quad_mode) {
  case CEED_GAUSS:
    ierr = CeedGaussQuadrature(Q, q_ref_1d, q_weight_1d);
    break;
  case CEED_GAUSS_LOBATTO:
    ierr = CeedLobattoQuadrature(Q, q_ref_1d, q_weight_1d);
    break;
  }
  if (ierr) { goto cleanup; } CeedChk(ierr);

  // Build B, D matrix
  // Fornberg, 1998
  for (i = 0; i  < Q; i++) {
    c1 = 1.0;
    c3 = nodes[0] - q_ref_1d[i];
    interp_1d[i*P+0] = 1.0;
    for (j = 1; j < P; j++) {
      c2 = 1.0;
      c4 = c3;
      c3 = nodes[j] - q_ref_1d[i];
      for (k = 0; k < j; k++) {
        dx = nodes[j] - nodes[k];
        c2 *= dx;
        if (k == j - 1) {
          grad_1d[i*P + j] = c1*(interp_1d[i*P + k] - c4*grad_1d[i*P + k]) / c2;
          interp_1d[i*P + j] = - c1*c4*interp_1d[i*P + k] / c2;
        }
        grad_1d[i*P + k] = (c3*grad_1d[i*P + k] - interp_1d[i*P + k]) / dx;
        interp_1d[i*P + k] = c3*interp_1d[i*P + k] / dx;
      }
      c1 = c2;
    }
  }
  // Pass to CeedBasisCreateTensorH1
  ierr = CeedBasisCreateTensorH1(ceed, dim, num_comp, P, Q, interp_1d, grad_1d,
                                 q_ref_1d, q_weight_1d, basis); CeedChk(ierr);
cleanup:
  ierr2 = CeedFree(&interp_1d); CeedChk(ierr2);
  ierr2 = CeedFree(&grad_1d); CeedChk(ierr2);
  ierr2 = CeedFree(&nodes); CeedChk(ierr2);
  ierr2 = CeedFree(&q_ref_1d); CeedChk(ierr2);
  ierr2 = CeedFree(&q_weight_1d); CeedChk(ierr2);
  CeedChk(ierr);
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Create a non tensor-product basis for H^1 discretizations

  @param ceed        A Ceed object where the CeedBasis will be created
  @param topo        Topology of element, e.g. hypercube, simplex, ect
  @param num_comp    Number of field components (1 for scalar fields)
  @param num_nodes   Total number of nodes
  @param num_qpts    Total number of quadrature points
  @param interp      Row-major (num_qpts * num_nodes) matrix expressing the values of
                       nodal basis functions at quadrature points
  @param grad        Row-major (num_qpts * dim * num_nodes) matrix expressing
                       derivatives of nodal basis functions at quadrature points
  @param q_ref       Array of length num_qpts holding the locations of quadrature
                       points on the reference element
  @param q_weight    Array of length num_qpts holding the quadrature weights on the
                       reference element
  @param[out] basis  Address of the variable where the newly created
                       CeedBasis will be stored.

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref User
**/
int CeedBasisCreateH1(Ceed ceed, CeedElemTopology topo, CeedInt num_comp,
                      CeedInt num_nodes, CeedInt num_qpts, const CeedScalar *interp,
                      const CeedScalar *grad, const CeedScalar *q_ref,
                      const CeedScalar *q_weight, CeedBasis *basis) {
  int ierr;
  CeedInt P = num_nodes, Q = num_qpts, dim = 0;

  if (!ceed->BasisCreateH1) {
    Ceed delegate;
    ierr = CeedGetObjectDelegate(ceed, &delegate, "Basis"); CeedChk(ierr);

    if (!delegate)
      // LCOV_EXCL_START
      return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
                       "Backend does not support BasisCreateH1");
    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

    ierr = CeedBasisCreateH1(delegate, topo, num_comp, num_nodes,
                             num_qpts, interp, grad, q_ref,
                             q_weight, basis); CeedChk(ierr);
    return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
  }

  if (num_comp < 1)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
                     "Basis must have at least 1 component");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  if (num_nodes < 1)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
                     "Basis must have at least 1 node");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  if (num_qpts < 1)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
                     "Basis must have at least 1 quadrature point");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  ierr = CeedCalloc(1, basis); CeedChk(ierr);

  ierr = CeedBasisGetTopologyDimension(topo, &dim); CeedChk(ierr);

  (*basis)->ceed = ceed;
  ierr = CeedReference(ceed); CeedChk(ierr);
  (*basis)->ref_count = 1;
  (*basis)->tensor_basis = 0;
  (*basis)->dim = dim;
  (*basis)->topo = topo;
  (*basis)->num_comp = num_comp;
  (*basis)->P = P;
  (*basis)->Q = Q;
  (*basis)->Q_comp = 1;
  (*basis)->basis_space = 1; // 1 for H^1 space
  ierr = CeedCalloc(Q*dim, &(*basis)->q_ref_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedCalloc(Q, &(*basis)->q_weight_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  if (q_ref) memcpy((*basis)->q_ref_1d, q_ref, Q*dim*sizeof(q_ref[0]));
  if(q_weight) memcpy((*basis)->q_weight_1d, q_weight, Q*sizeof(q_weight[0]));
  ierr = CeedCalloc(Q*P, &(*basis)->interp); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedCalloc(dim*Q*P, &(*basis)->grad); CeedChk(ierr);
  if(interp) memcpy((*basis)->interp, interp, Q*P*sizeof(interp[0]));
  if(grad) memcpy((*basis)->grad, grad, dim*Q*P*sizeof(grad[0]));
  ierr = ceed->BasisCreateH1(topo, dim, P, Q, interp, grad, q_ref,
                             q_weight, *basis); CeedChk(ierr);
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Create a non tensor-product basis for H(div) discretizations

  @param ceed        A Ceed object where the CeedBasis will be created
  @param topo        Topology of element (`CEED_TOPOLOGY_QUAD`, `CEED_TOPOLOGY_PRISM`, etc.),
                     dimension of which is used in some array sizes below
  @param num_comp    Number of components (usually 1 for vectors in H(div) bases)
  @param num_nodes   Total number of nodes (dofs per element)
  @param num_qpts    Total number of quadrature points
  @param interp      Row-major (dim*num_qpts * num_nodes) matrix expressing the values of
                       nodal basis functions at quadrature points
  @param div        Row-major (num_qpts * num_nodes) matrix expressing
                       divergence of nodal basis functions at quadrature points
  @param q_ref       Array of length num_qpts holding the locations of quadrature
                       points on the reference element
  @param q_weight    Array of length num_qpts holding the quadrature weights on the
                       reference element
  @param[out] basis  Address of the variable where the newly created
                       CeedBasis will be stored.

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref User
**/
int CeedBasisCreateHdiv(Ceed ceed, CeedElemTopology topo, CeedInt num_comp,
                        CeedInt num_nodes, CeedInt num_qpts, const CeedScalar *interp,
                        const CeedScalar *div, const CeedScalar *q_ref,
                        const CeedScalar *q_weight, CeedBasis *basis) {
  int ierr;
  CeedInt Q = num_qpts, P = num_nodes, dim = 0;
  ierr = CeedBasisGetTopologyDimension(topo, &dim); CeedChk(ierr);
  if (!ceed->BasisCreateHdiv) {
    Ceed delegate;
    ierr = CeedGetObjectDelegate(ceed, &delegate, "Basis"); CeedChk(ierr);

    if (!delegate)
      // LCOV_EXCL_START
      return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
                       "Backend does not implement BasisCreateHdiv");
    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

    ierr = CeedBasisCreateHdiv(delegate, topo, num_comp, num_nodes,
                               num_qpts, interp, div, q_ref,
                               q_weight, basis); CeedChk(ierr);
    return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
  }

  if (num_comp < 1)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
                     "Basis must have at least 1 component");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  if (num_nodes < 1)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
                     "Basis must have at least 1 node");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  if (num_qpts < 1)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
                     "Basis must have at least 1 quadrature point");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  ierr = CeedCalloc(1, basis); CeedChk(ierr);

  (*basis)->ceed = ceed;
  ierr = CeedReference(ceed); CeedChk(ierr);
  (*basis)->ref_count = 1;
  (*basis)->tensor_basis = 0;
  (*basis)->dim = dim;
  (*basis)->topo = topo;
  (*basis)->num_comp = num_comp;
  (*basis)->P = P;
  (*basis)->Q = Q;
  (*basis)->Q_comp = dim;
  (*basis)->basis_space = 2; // 2 for H(div) space
  ierr = CeedMalloc(Q*dim, &(*basis)->q_ref_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedMalloc(Q, &(*basis)->q_weight_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  if (q_ref) memcpy((*basis)->q_ref_1d, q_ref, Q*dim*sizeof(q_ref[0]));
  if (q_weight) memcpy((*basis)->q_weight_1d, q_weight, Q*sizeof(q_weight[0]));
  ierr = CeedMalloc(dim*Q*P, &(*basis)->interp); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedMalloc(Q*P, &(*basis)->div); CeedChk(ierr);
  if (interp) memcpy((*basis)->interp, interp, dim*Q*P*sizeof(interp[0]));
  if (div) memcpy((*basis)->div, div, Q*P*sizeof(div[0]));
  ierr = ceed->BasisCreateHdiv(topo, dim, P, Q, interp, div, q_ref,
                               q_weight, *basis); CeedChk(ierr);
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Copy the pointer to a CeedBasis. Both pointers should
           be destroyed with `CeedBasisDestroy()`;
           Note: If `*basis_copy` is non-NULL, then it is assumed that
           `*basis_copy` is a pointer to a CeedBasis. This CeedBasis
           will be destroyed if `*basis_copy` is the only
           reference to this CeedBasis.

  @param basis            CeedBasis to copy reference to
  @param[out] basis_copy  Variable to store copied reference

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref User
**/
int CeedBasisReferenceCopy(CeedBasis basis, CeedBasis *basis_copy) {
  int ierr;

  ierr = CeedBasisReference(basis); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedBasisDestroy(basis_copy); CeedChk(ierr);
  *basis_copy = basis;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief View a CeedBasis

  @param basis   CeedBasis to view
  @param stream  Stream to view to, e.g., stdout

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref User
**/
int CeedBasisView(CeedBasis basis, FILE *stream) {
  int ierr;
  CeedFESpace FE_space = basis->basis_space;
  CeedElemTopology topo = basis->topo;
  // Print FE space and element topology of the basis
  if (basis->tensor_basis) {
    fprintf(stream, "CeedBasis (%s on a %s element): dim=%d P=%d Q=%d\n",
            CeedFESpaces[FE_space], CeedElemTopologies[topo],
            basis->dim, basis->P_1d, basis->Q_1d);
  } else {
    fprintf(stream, "CeedBasis (%s on a %s element): dim=%d P=%d Q=%d\n",
            CeedFESpaces[FE_space], CeedElemTopologies[topo],
            basis->dim, basis->P, basis->Q);
  }
  // Print quadrature data, interpolation/gradient/divergene/curl of the basis
  if (basis->tensor_basis) { // tensor basis
    ierr = CeedScalarView("qref1d", "\t% 12.8f", 1, basis->Q_1d, basis->q_ref_1d,
                          stream); CeedChk(ierr);
    ierr = CeedScalarView("qweight1d", "\t% 12.8f", 1, basis->Q_1d,
                          basis->q_weight_1d, stream); CeedChk(ierr);
    ierr = CeedScalarView("interp1d", "\t% 12.8f", basis->Q_1d, basis->P_1d,
                          basis->interp_1d, stream); CeedChk(ierr);
    ierr = CeedScalarView("grad1d", "\t% 12.8f", basis->Q_1d, basis->P_1d,
                          basis->grad_1d, stream); CeedChk(ierr);
  } else { // non-tensor basis
    ierr = CeedScalarView("qref", "\t% 12.8f", 1, basis->Q*basis->dim,
                          basis->q_ref_1d,
                          stream); CeedChk(ierr);
    ierr = CeedScalarView("qweight", "\t% 12.8f", 1, basis->Q, basis->q_weight_1d,
                          stream); CeedChk(ierr);
    ierr = CeedScalarView("interp", "\t% 12.8f", basis->Q_comp*basis->Q, basis->P,
                          basis->interp, stream); CeedChk(ierr);
    if (basis->grad) {
      ierr = CeedScalarView("grad", "\t% 12.8f", basis->dim*basis->Q, basis->P,
                            basis->grad, stream); CeedChk(ierr);
    }
    if (basis->div) {
      ierr = CeedScalarView("div", "\t% 12.8f", basis->Q, basis->P,
                            basis->div, stream); CeedChk(ierr);
    }
  }
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Apply basis evaluation from nodes to quadrature points or vice versa

  @param basis     CeedBasis to evaluate
  @param num_elem  The number of elements to apply the basis evaluation to;
                     the backend will specify the ordering in
                     CeedElemRestrictionCreateBlocked()
  @param t_mode    \ref CEED_NOTRANSPOSE to evaluate from nodes to quadrature
                     points, \ref CEED_TRANSPOSE to apply the transpose, mapping
                     from quadrature points to nodes
  @param eval_mode \ref CEED_EVAL_NONE to use values directly,
                     \ref CEED_EVAL_INTERP to use interpolated values,
                     \ref CEED_EVAL_GRAD to use gradients,
                     \ref CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT to use quadrature weights.
  @param[in] u     Input CeedVector
  @param[out] v    Output CeedVector

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref User
**/
int CeedBasisApply(CeedBasis basis, CeedInt num_elem, CeedTransposeMode t_mode,
                   CeedEvalMode eval_mode, CeedVector u, CeedVector v) {
  int ierr;
  CeedSize u_length = 0, v_length;
  CeedInt dim, num_comp, num_nodes, num_qpts;
  ierr = CeedBasisGetDimension(basis, &dim); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis, &num_comp); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis, &num_nodes); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis, &num_qpts); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedVectorGetLength(v, &v_length); CeedChk(ierr);
  if (u) {
    ierr = CeedVectorGetLength(u, &u_length); CeedChk(ierr);
  }

  if (!basis->Apply)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(basis->ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
                     "Backend does not support BasisApply");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  // Check compatibility of topological and geometrical dimensions
  if ((t_mode == CEED_TRANSPOSE && (v_length%num_nodes != 0 ||
                                    u_length%num_qpts != 0)) ||
      (t_mode == CEED_NOTRANSPOSE && (u_length%num_nodes != 0 ||
                                      v_length%num_qpts != 0)))
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(basis->ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
                     "Length of input/output vectors "
                     "incompatible with basis dimensions");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  // Check vector lengths to prevent out of bounds issues
  bool bad_dims = false;
  switch (eval_mode) {
  case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
  case CEED_EVAL_INTERP: bad_dims =
      ((t_mode == CEED_TRANSPOSE && (u_length < num_elem*num_comp*num_qpts ||
                                     v_length < num_elem*num_comp*num_nodes)) ||
       (t_mode == CEED_NOTRANSPOSE && (v_length < num_elem*num_qpts*num_comp ||
                                       u_length < num_elem*num_comp*num_nodes)));
    break;
  case CEED_EVAL_GRAD: bad_dims =
      ((t_mode == CEED_TRANSPOSE && (u_length < num_elem*num_comp*num_qpts*dim ||
                                     v_length < num_elem*num_comp*num_nodes)) ||
       (t_mode == CEED_NOTRANSPOSE && (v_length < num_elem*num_qpts*num_comp*dim ||
                                       u_length < num_elem*num_comp*num_nodes)));
    break;
  case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
    bad_dims = v_length < num_elem*num_qpts;
    break;
  // LCOV_EXCL_START
  case CEED_EVAL_DIV: bad_dims =
      ((t_mode == CEED_TRANSPOSE && (u_length < num_elem*num_comp*num_qpts ||
                                     v_length < num_elem*num_comp*num_nodes)) ||
       (t_mode == CEED_NOTRANSPOSE && (v_length < num_elem*num_qpts*num_comp ||
                                       u_length < num_elem*num_comp*num_nodes)));
    break;
  case CEED_EVAL_CURL: bad_dims =
      ((t_mode == CEED_TRANSPOSE && (u_length < num_elem*num_comp*num_qpts ||
                                     v_length < num_elem*num_comp*num_nodes)) ||
       (t_mode == CEED_NOTRANSPOSE && (v_length < num_elem*num_qpts*num_comp ||
                                       u_length < num_elem*num_comp*num_nodes)));
    break;
    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
  }
  if (bad_dims)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(basis->ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
                     "Input/output vectors too short for basis and evaluation mode");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  ierr = basis->Apply(basis, num_elem, t_mode, eval_mode, u, v); CeedChk(ierr);
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get Ceed associated with a CeedBasis

  @param basis      CeedBasis
  @param[out] ceed  Variable to store Ceed

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Advanced
**/
int CeedBasisGetCeed(CeedBasis basis, Ceed *ceed) {
  *ceed = basis->ceed;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get dimension for given CeedBasis

  @param basis     CeedBasis
  @param[out] dim  Variable to store dimension of basis

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Advanced
**/
int CeedBasisGetDimension(CeedBasis basis, CeedInt *dim) {
  *dim = basis->dim;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get topology for given CeedBasis

  @param basis      CeedBasis
  @param[out] topo  Variable to store topology of basis

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Advanced
**/
int CeedBasisGetTopology(CeedBasis basis, CeedElemTopology *topo) {
  *topo = basis->topo;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get number of Q-vector components for given CeedBasis

  @param basis          CeedBasis
  @param[out] Q_comp  Variable to store number of Q-vector components of basis

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Advanced
**/
int CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(CeedBasis basis, CeedInt *Q_comp) {
  *Q_comp = basis->Q_comp;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get number of components for given CeedBasis

  @param basis          CeedBasis
  @param[out] num_comp  Variable to store number of components of basis

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Advanced
**/
int CeedBasisGetNumComponents(CeedBasis basis, CeedInt *num_comp) {
  *num_comp = basis->num_comp;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get total number of nodes (in dim dimensions) of a CeedBasis

  @param basis   CeedBasis
  @param[out] P  Variable to store number of nodes

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Utility
**/
int CeedBasisGetNumNodes(CeedBasis basis, CeedInt *P) {
  *P = basis->P;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get total number of nodes (in 1 dimension) of a CeedBasis

  @param basis     CeedBasis
  @param[out] P_1d  Variable to store number of nodes

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Advanced
**/
int CeedBasisGetNumNodes1D(CeedBasis basis, CeedInt *P_1d) {
  if (!basis->tensor_basis)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(basis->ceed, CEED_ERROR_MINOR,
                     "Cannot supply P_1d for non-tensor basis");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  *P_1d = basis->P_1d;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get total number of quadrature points (in dim dimensions) of a CeedBasis

  @param basis   CeedBasis
  @param[out] Q  Variable to store number of quadrature points

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Utility
**/
int CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(CeedBasis basis, CeedInt *Q) {
  *Q = basis->Q;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get total number of quadrature points (in 1 dimension) of a CeedBasis

  @param basis      CeedBasis
  @param[out] Q_1d  Variable to store number of quadrature points

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Advanced
**/
int CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints1D(CeedBasis basis, CeedInt *Q_1d) {
  if (!basis->tensor_basis)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(basis->ceed, CEED_ERROR_MINOR,
                     "Cannot supply Q_1d for non-tensor basis");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  *Q_1d = basis->Q_1d;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get reference coordinates of quadrature points (in dim dimensions)
         of a CeedBasis

  @param basis       CeedBasis
  @param[out] q_ref  Variable to store reference coordinates of quadrature points

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Advanced
**/
int CeedBasisGetQRef(CeedBasis basis, const CeedScalar **q_ref) {
  *q_ref = basis->q_ref_1d;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get quadrature weights of quadrature points (in dim dimensions)
         of a CeedBasis

  @param basis          CeedBasis
  @param[out] q_weight  Variable to store quadrature weights

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Advanced
**/
int CeedBasisGetQWeights(CeedBasis basis, const CeedScalar **q_weight) {
  *q_weight = basis->q_weight_1d;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get interpolation matrix of a CeedBasis

  @param basis        CeedBasis
  @param[out] interp  Variable to store interpolation matrix

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Advanced
**/
int CeedBasisGetInterp(CeedBasis basis, const CeedScalar **interp) {
  if (!basis->interp && basis->tensor_basis) {
    // Allocate
    int ierr;
    ierr = CeedMalloc(basis->Q*basis->P, &basis->interp); CeedChk(ierr);

    // Initialize
    for (CeedInt i=0; i<basis->Q*basis->P; i++)
      basis->interp[i] = 1.0;

    // Calculate
    for (CeedInt d=0; d<basis->dim; d++)
      for (CeedInt qpt=0; qpt<basis->Q; qpt++)
        for (CeedInt node=0; node<basis->P; node++) {
          CeedInt p = (node / CeedIntPow(basis->P_1d, d)) % basis->P_1d;
          CeedInt q = (qpt / CeedIntPow(basis->Q_1d, d)) % basis->Q_1d;
          basis->interp[qpt*(basis->P)+node] *= basis->interp_1d[q*basis->P_1d+p];
        }
  }
  *interp = basis->interp;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get 1D interpolation matrix of a tensor product CeedBasis

  @param basis           CeedBasis
  @param[out] interp_1d  Variable to store interpolation matrix

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Backend
**/
int CeedBasisGetInterp1D(CeedBasis basis, const CeedScalar **interp_1d) {
  if (!basis->tensor_basis)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(basis->ceed, CEED_ERROR_MINOR,
                     "CeedBasis is not a tensor product basis.");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  *interp_1d = basis->interp_1d;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get gradient matrix of a CeedBasis

  @param basis      CeedBasis
  @param[out] grad  Variable to store gradient matrix

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Advanced
**/
int CeedBasisGetGrad(CeedBasis basis, const CeedScalar **grad) {
  if (!basis->grad && basis->tensor_basis) {
    // Allocate
    int ierr;
    ierr = CeedMalloc(basis->dim*basis->Q*basis->P, &basis->grad);
    CeedChk(ierr);

    // Initialize
    for (CeedInt i=0; i<basis->dim*basis->Q*basis->P; i++)
      basis->grad[i] = 1.0;

    // Calculate
    for (CeedInt d=0; d<basis->dim; d++)
      for (CeedInt i=0; i<basis->dim; i++)
        for (CeedInt qpt=0; qpt<basis->Q; qpt++)
          for (CeedInt node=0; node<basis->P; node++) {
            CeedInt p = (node / CeedIntPow(basis->P_1d, d)) % basis->P_1d;
            CeedInt q = (qpt / CeedIntPow(basis->Q_1d, d)) % basis->Q_1d;
            if (i == d)
              basis->grad[(i*basis->Q+qpt)*(basis->P)+node] *=
                basis->grad_1d[q*basis->P_1d+p];
            else
              basis->grad[(i*basis->Q+qpt)*(basis->P)+node] *=
                basis->interp_1d[q*basis->P_1d+p];
          }
  }
  *grad = basis->grad;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get 1D gradient matrix of a tensor product CeedBasis

  @param basis         CeedBasis
  @param[out] grad_1d  Variable to store gradient matrix

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Advanced
**/
int CeedBasisGetGrad1D(CeedBasis basis, const CeedScalar **grad_1d) {
  if (!basis->tensor_basis)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(basis->ceed, CEED_ERROR_MINOR,
                     "CeedBasis is not a tensor product basis.");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  *grad_1d = basis->grad_1d;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Get divergence matrix of a CeedBasis

  @param basis     CeedBasis
  @param[out] div  Variable to store divergence matrix

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Advanced
**/
int CeedBasisGetDiv(CeedBasis basis, const CeedScalar **div) {
  if (!basis->div)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(basis->ceed, CEED_ERROR_MINOR,
                     "CeedBasis does not have divergence matrix.");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  *div = basis->div;
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Destroy a CeedBasis

  @param basis CeedBasis to destroy

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref User
**/
int CeedBasisDestroy(CeedBasis *basis) {
  int ierr;

  if (!*basis || --(*basis)->ref_count > 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
  if ((*basis)->Destroy) {
    ierr = (*basis)->Destroy(*basis); CeedChk(ierr);
  }
  if ((*basis)->contract) {
    ierr = CeedTensorContractDestroy(&(*basis)->contract); CeedChk(ierr);
  }
  ierr = CeedFree(&(*basis)->interp); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedFree(&(*basis)->interp_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedFree(&(*basis)->grad); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedFree(&(*basis)->div); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedFree(&(*basis)->grad_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedFree(&(*basis)->q_ref_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedFree(&(*basis)->q_weight_1d); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedDestroy(&(*basis)->ceed); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedFree(basis); CeedChk(ierr);
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Construct a Gauss-Legendre quadrature

  @param Q                 Number of quadrature points (integrates polynomials of
                             degree 2*Q-1 exactly)
  @param[out] q_ref_1d     Array of length Q to hold the abscissa on [-1, 1]
  @param[out] q_weight_1d  Array of length Q to hold the weights

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Utility
**/
int CeedGaussQuadrature(CeedInt Q, CeedScalar *q_ref_1d,
                        CeedScalar *q_weight_1d) {
  // Allocate
  CeedScalar P0, P1, P2, dP2, xi, wi, PI = 4.0*atan(1.0);
  // Build q_ref_1d, q_weight_1d
  for (int i = 0; i <= Q/2; i++) {
    // Guess
    xi = cos(PI*(CeedScalar)(2*i+1)/((CeedScalar)(2*Q)));
    // Pn(xi)
    P0 = 1.0;
    P1 = xi;
    P2 = 0.0;
    for (int j = 2; j <= Q; j++) {
      P2 = (((CeedScalar)(2*j-1))*xi*P1-((CeedScalar)(j-1))*P0)/((CeedScalar)(j));
      P0 = P1;
      P1 = P2;
    }
    // First Newton Step
    dP2 = (xi*P2 - P0)*(CeedScalar)Q/(xi*xi-1.0);
    xi = xi-P2/dP2;
    // Newton to convergence
    for (int k=0; k<100 && fabs(P2)>10*CEED_EPSILON; k++) {
      P0 = 1.0;
      P1 = xi;
      for (int j = 2; j <= Q; j++) {
        P2 = (((CeedScalar)(2*j-1))*xi*P1-((CeedScalar)(j-1))*P0)/((CeedScalar)(j));
        P0 = P1;
        P1 = P2;
      }
      dP2 = (xi*P2 - P0)*(CeedScalar)Q/(xi*xi-1.0);
      xi = xi-P2/dP2;
    }
    // Save xi, wi
    wi = 2.0/((1.0-xi*xi)*dP2*dP2);
    q_weight_1d[i] = wi;
    q_weight_1d[Q-1-i] = wi;
    q_ref_1d[i] = -xi;
    q_ref_1d[Q-1-i]= xi;
  }
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Construct a Gauss-Legendre-Lobatto quadrature

  @param Q                 Number of quadrature points (integrates polynomials of
                             degree 2*Q-3 exactly)
  @param[out] q_ref_1d     Array of length Q to hold the abscissa on [-1, 1]
  @param[out] q_weight_1d  Array of length Q to hold the weights

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Utility
**/
int CeedLobattoQuadrature(CeedInt Q, CeedScalar *q_ref_1d,
                          CeedScalar *q_weight_1d) {
  // Allocate
  CeedScalar P0, P1, P2, dP2, d2P2, xi, wi, PI = 4.0*atan(1.0);
  // Build q_ref_1d, q_weight_1d
  // Set endpoints
  if (Q < 2)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(NULL, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
                     "Cannot create Lobatto quadrature with Q=%d < 2 points", Q);
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
  wi = 2.0/((CeedScalar)(Q*(Q-1)));
  if (q_weight_1d) {
    q_weight_1d[0] = wi;
    q_weight_1d[Q-1] = wi;
  }
  q_ref_1d[0] = -1.0;
  q_ref_1d[Q-1] = 1.0;
  // Interior
  for (int i = 1; i <= (Q-1)/2; i++) {
    // Guess
    xi = cos(PI*(CeedScalar)(i)/(CeedScalar)(Q-1));
    // Pn(xi)
    P0 = 1.0;
    P1 = xi;
    P2 = 0.0;
    for (int j = 2; j < Q; j++) {
      P2 = (((CeedScalar)(2*j-1))*xi*P1-((CeedScalar)(j-1))*P0)/((CeedScalar)(j));
      P0 = P1;
      P1 = P2;
    }
    // First Newton step
    dP2 = (xi*P2 - P0)*(CeedScalar)Q/(xi*xi-1.0);
    d2P2 = (2*xi*dP2 - (CeedScalar)(Q*(Q-1))*P2)/(1.0-xi*xi);
    xi = xi-dP2/d2P2;
    // Newton to convergence
    for (int k=0; k<100 && fabs(dP2)>10*CEED_EPSILON; k++) {
      P0 = 1.0;
      P1 = xi;
      for (int j = 2; j < Q; j++) {
        P2 = (((CeedScalar)(2*j-1))*xi*P1-((CeedScalar)(j-1))*P0)/((CeedScalar)(j));
        P0 = P1;
        P1 = P2;
      }
      dP2 = (xi*P2 - P0)*(CeedScalar)Q/(xi*xi-1.0);
      d2P2 = (2*xi*dP2 - (CeedScalar)(Q*(Q-1))*P2)/(1.0-xi*xi);
      xi = xi-dP2/d2P2;
    }
    // Save xi, wi
    wi = 2.0/(((CeedScalar)(Q*(Q-1)))*P2*P2);
    if (q_weight_1d) {
      q_weight_1d[i] = wi;
      q_weight_1d[Q-1-i] = wi;
    }
    q_ref_1d[i] = -xi;
    q_ref_1d[Q-1-i]= xi;
  }
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Return QR Factorization of a matrix

  @param ceed         A Ceed context for error handling
  @param[in,out] mat  Row-major matrix to be factorized in place
  @param[in,out] tau  Vector of length m of scaling factors
  @param m            Number of rows
  @param n            Number of columns

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Utility
**/
int CeedQRFactorization(Ceed ceed, CeedScalar *mat, CeedScalar *tau,
                        CeedInt m, CeedInt n) {
  CeedScalar v[m];

  // Check m >= n
  if (n > m)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
                     "Cannot compute QR factorization with n > m");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  for (CeedInt i=0; i<n; i++) {
    if (i >= m-1) { // last row of matrix, no reflection needed
      tau[i] = 0.;
      break;
    }
    // Calculate Householder vector, magnitude
    CeedScalar sigma = 0.0;
    v[i] = mat[i+n*i];
    for (CeedInt j=i+1; j<m; j++) {
      v[j] = mat[i+n*j];
      sigma += v[j] * v[j];
    }
    CeedScalar norm = sqrt(v[i]*v[i] + sigma); // norm of v[i:m]
    CeedScalar R_ii = -copysign(norm, v[i]);
    v[i] -= R_ii;
    // norm of v[i:m] after modification above and scaling below
    //   norm = sqrt(v[i]*v[i] + sigma) / v[i];
    //   tau = 2 / (norm*norm)
    tau[i] = 2 * v[i]*v[i] / (v[i]*v[i] + sigma);
    for (CeedInt j=i+1; j<m; j++)
      v[j] /= v[i];

    // Apply Householder reflector to lower right panel
    CeedHouseholderReflect(&mat[i*n+i+1], &v[i], tau[i], m-i, n-i-1, n, 1);
    // Save v
    mat[i+n*i] = R_ii;
    for (CeedInt j=i+1; j<m; j++)
      mat[i+n*j] = v[j];
  }
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
  @brief Return symmetric Schur decomposition of the symmetric matrix mat via
           symmetric QR factorization

  @param ceed         A Ceed context for error handling
  @param[in,out] mat  Row-major matrix to be factorized in place
  @param[out] lambda  Vector of length n of eigenvalues
  @param n            Number of rows/columns

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Utility
**/
CeedPragmaOptimizeOff
int CeedSymmetricSchurDecomposition(Ceed ceed, CeedScalar *mat,
                                    CeedScalar *lambda, CeedInt n) {
  // Check bounds for clang-tidy
  if (n<2)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
                     "Cannot compute symmetric Schur decomposition of scalars");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

  CeedScalar v[n-1], tau[n-1], mat_T[n*n];

  // Copy mat to mat_T and set mat to I
  memcpy(mat_T, mat, n*n*sizeof(mat[0]));
  for (CeedInt i=0; i<n; i++)
    for (CeedInt j=0; j<n; j++)
      mat[j+n*i] = (i==j) ? 1 : 0;

  // Reduce to tridiagonal
  for (CeedInt i=0; i<n-1; i++) {
    // Calculate Householder vector, magnitude
    CeedScalar sigma = 0.0;
    v[i] = mat_T[i+n*(i+1)];
    for (CeedInt j=i+1; j<n-1; j++) {
      v[j] = mat_T[i+n*(j+1)];
      sigma += v[j] * v[j];
    }
    CeedScalar norm = sqrt(v[i]*v[i] + sigma); // norm of v[i:n-1]
    CeedScalar R_ii = -copysign(norm, v[i]);
    v[i] -= R_ii;
    // norm of v[i:m] after modification above and scaling below
    //   norm = sqrt(v[i]*v[i] + sigma) / v[i];
    //   tau = 2 / (norm*norm)
    tau[i] = i == n - 2 ? 2 : 2 * v[i]*v[i] / (v[i]*v[i] + sigma);
    for (CeedInt j=i+1; j<n-1; j++)
      v[j] /= v[i];

    // Update sub and super diagonal
    for (CeedInt j=i+2; j<n; j++) {
      mat_T[i+n*j] = 0; mat_T[j+n*i] = 0;
    }
    // Apply symmetric Householder reflector to lower right panel
    CeedHouseholderReflect(&mat_T[(i+1)+n*(i+1)], &v[i], tau[i],
                           n-(i+1), n-(i+1), n, 1);
    CeedHouseholderReflect(&mat_T[(i+1)+n*(i+1)], &v[i], tau[i],
                           n-(i+1), n-(i+1), 1, n);

    // Save v
    mat_T[i+n*(i+1)] = R_ii;
    mat_T[(i+1)+n*i] = R_ii;
    for (CeedInt j=i+1; j<n-1; j++) {
      mat_T[i+n*(j+1)] = v[j];
    }
  }
  // Backwards accumulation of Q
  for (CeedInt i=n-2; i>=0; i--) {
    if (tau[i] > 0.0) {
      v[i] = 1;
      for (CeedInt j=i+1; j<n-1; j++) {
        v[j] = mat_T[i+n*(j+1)];
        mat_T[i+n*(j+1)] = 0;
      }
      CeedHouseholderReflect(&mat[(i+1)+n*(i+1)], &v[i], tau[i],
                             n-(i+1), n-(i+1), n, 1);
    }
  }

  // Reduce sub and super diagonal
  CeedInt p = 0, q = 0, itr = 0, max_itr = n*n*n*n;
  CeedScalar tol = CEED_EPSILON;

  while (itr < max_itr) {
    // Update p, q, size of reduced portions of diagonal
    p = 0; q = 0;
    for (CeedInt i=n-2; i>=0; i--) {
      if (fabs(mat_T[i+n*(i+1)]) < tol)
        q += 1;
      else
        break;
    }
    for (CeedInt i=0; i<n-q-1; i++) {
      if (fabs(mat_T[i+n*(i+1)]) < tol)
        p += 1;
      else
        break;
    }
    if (q == n-1) break; // Finished reducing

    // Reduce tridiagonal portion
    CeedScalar t_nn = mat_T[(n-1-q)+n*(n-1-q)],
               t_nnm1 = mat_T[(n-2-q)+n*(n-1-q)];
    CeedScalar d = (mat_T[(n-2-q)+n*(n-2-q)] - t_nn)/2;
    CeedScalar mu = t_nn - t_nnm1*t_nnm1 /
                    (d + copysign(sqrt(d*d + t_nnm1*t_nnm1), d));
    CeedScalar x = mat_T[p+n*p] - mu;
    CeedScalar z = mat_T[p+n*(p+1)];
    for (CeedInt k=p; k<n-q-1; k++) {
      // Compute Givens rotation
      CeedScalar c = 1, s = 0;
      if (fabs(z) > tol) {
        if (fabs(z) > fabs(x)) {
          CeedScalar tau = -x/z;
          s = 1/sqrt(1+tau*tau), c = s*tau;
        } else {
          CeedScalar tau = -z/x;
          c = 1/sqrt(1+tau*tau), s = c*tau;
        }
      }

      // Apply Givens rotation to T
      CeedGivensRotation(mat_T, c, s, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, k, k+1, n, n);
      CeedGivensRotation(mat_T, c, s, CEED_TRANSPOSE, k, k+1, n, n);

      // Apply Givens rotation to Q
      CeedGivensRotation(mat, c, s, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, k, k+1, n, n);

      // Update x, z
      if (k < n-q-2) {
        x = mat_T[k+n*(k+1)];
        z = mat_T[k+n*(k+2)];
      }
    }
    itr++;
  }

  // Save eigenvalues
  for (CeedInt i=0; i<n; i++)
    lambda[i] = mat_T[i+n*i];

  // Check convergence
  if (itr == max_itr && q < n-1)
    // LCOV_EXCL_START
    return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_MINOR,
                     "Symmetric QR failed to converge");
  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}
CeedPragmaOptimizeOn

/**
  @brief Return Simultaneous Diagonalization of two matrices. This solves the
           generalized eigenvalue problem A x = lambda B x, where A and B
           are symmetric and B is positive definite. We generate the matrix X
           and vector Lambda such that X^T A X = Lambda and X^T B X = I. This
           is equivalent to the LAPACK routine 'sygv' with TYPE = 1.

  @param ceed         A Ceed context for error handling
  @param[in] mat_A    Row-major matrix to be factorized with eigenvalues
  @param[in] mat_B    Row-major matrix to be factorized to identity
  @param[out] mat_X   Row-major orthogonal matrix
  @param[out] lambda  Vector of length n of generalized eigenvalues
  @param n            Number of rows/columns

  @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure

  @ref Utility
**/
CeedPragmaOptimizeOff
int CeedSimultaneousDiagonalization(Ceed ceed, CeedScalar *mat_A,
                                    CeedScalar *mat_B, CeedScalar *mat_X,
                                    CeedScalar *lambda, CeedInt n) {
  int ierr;
  CeedScalar *mat_C, *mat_G, *vec_D;
  ierr = CeedCalloc(n*n, &mat_C); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedCalloc(n*n, &mat_G); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedCalloc(n, &vec_D); CeedChk(ierr);

  // Compute B = G D G^T
  memcpy(mat_G, mat_B, n*n*sizeof(mat_B[0]));
  ierr = CeedSymmetricSchurDecomposition(ceed, mat_G, vec_D, n); CeedChk(ierr);

  // Sort eigenvalues
  for (CeedInt i=n-1; i>=0; i--)
    for (CeedInt j=0; j<i; j++) {
      if (fabs(vec_D[j]) > fabs(vec_D[j+1])) {
        CeedScalar temp;
        temp = vec_D[j]; vec_D[j] = vec_D[j+1]; vec_D[j+1] = temp;
        for (CeedInt k=0; k<n; k++) {
          temp = mat_G[k*n+j]; mat_G[k*n+j] = mat_G[k*n+j+1]; mat_G[k*n+j+1] = temp;
        }
      }
    }

  // Compute C = (G D^1/2)^-1 A (G D^1/2)^-T
  //           = D^-1/2 G^T A G D^-1/2
  // -- D = D^-1/2
  for (CeedInt i=0; i<n; i++)
    vec_D[i] = 1./sqrt(vec_D[i]);
  // -- G = G D^-1/2
  // -- C = D^-1/2 G^T
  for (CeedInt i=0; i<n; i++)
    for (CeedInt j=0; j<n; j++) {
      mat_G[i*n+j] *= vec_D[j];
      mat_C[j*n+i]  = mat_G[i*n+j];
    }
  // -- X = (D^-1/2 G^T) A
  ierr = CeedMatrixMultiply(ceed, (const CeedScalar *)mat_C,
                            (const CeedScalar *)mat_A, mat_X, n, n, n);
  CeedChk(ierr);
  // -- C = (D^-1/2 G^T A) (G D^-1/2)
  ierr = CeedMatrixMultiply(ceed, (const CeedScalar *)mat_X,
                            (const CeedScalar *)mat_G, mat_C, n, n, n);
  CeedChk(ierr);

  // Compute Q^T C Q = lambda
  ierr = CeedSymmetricSchurDecomposition(ceed, mat_C, lambda, n); CeedChk(ierr);

  // Sort eigenvalues
  for (CeedInt i=n-1; i>=0; i--)
    for (CeedInt j=0; j<i; j++) {
      if (fabs(lambda[j]) > fabs(lambda[j+1])) {
        CeedScalar temp;
        temp = lambda[j]; lambda[j] = lambda[j+1]; lambda[j+1] = temp;
        for (CeedInt k=0; k<n; k++) {
          temp = mat_C[k*n+j]; mat_C[k*n+j] = mat_C[k*n+j+1]; mat_C[k*n+j+1] = temp;
        }
      }
    }

  // Set X = (G D^1/2)^-T Q
  //       = G D^-1/2 Q
  ierr = CeedMatrixMultiply(ceed, (const CeedScalar *)mat_G,
                            (const CeedScalar *)mat_C, mat_X, n, n, n);
  CeedChk(ierr);

  // Cleanup
  ierr = CeedFree(&mat_C); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedFree(&mat_G); CeedChk(ierr);
  ierr = CeedFree(&vec_D); CeedChk(ierr);
  return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}
CeedPragmaOptimizeOn

/// @}