xref: /libCEED/rust/libceed-sys/c-src/interface/ceed-preconditioning.c (revision 1dc8b1e6d79bf622f599f61d16b70f81adc3109a)
1 // Copyright (c) 2017-2024, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
2 // All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
3 //
4 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
5 //
6 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
7 
8 #include <ceed-impl.h>
9 #include <ceed.h>
10 #include <ceed/backend.h>
11 #include <assert.h>
12 #include <math.h>
13 #include <stdbool.h>
14 #include <stdio.h>
15 #include <string.h>
16 
17 /// @file
18 /// Implementation of CeedOperator preconditioning interfaces
19 
20 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
21 /// CeedOperator Library Internal Preconditioning Functions
22 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
23 /// @addtogroup CeedOperatorDeveloper
24 /// @{
25 
26 /**
27   @brief Duplicate a `CeedQFunction` with a reference `Ceed` to fallback for advanced `CeedOperator` functionality
28 
29   @param[in]  fallback_ceed `Ceed` on which to create fallback `CeedQFunction`
30   @param[in]  qf            `CeedQFunction` to create fallback for
31   @param[out] qf_fallback   Fallback `CeedQFunction`
32 
33   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
34 
35   @ref Developer
36 **/
37 static int CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(Ceed fallback_ceed, CeedQFunction qf, CeedQFunction *qf_fallback) {
38   char               *source_path_with_name = NULL;
39   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
40   Ceed                ceed;
41   CeedQFunctionField *input_fields, *output_fields;
42 
43   // Check if NULL qf passed in
44   if (!qf) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
45 
46   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetCeed(qf, &ceed));
47   CeedDebug256(ceed, 1, "---------- CeedOperator Fallback ----------\n");
48   CeedDebug(ceed, "Creating fallback CeedQFunction\n");
49 
50   if (qf->source_path) {
51     size_t path_len = strlen(qf->source_path), name_len = strlen(qf->kernel_name);
52 
53     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(path_len + name_len + 2, &source_path_with_name));
54     memcpy(source_path_with_name, qf->source_path, path_len);
55     memcpy(&source_path_with_name[path_len], ":", 1);
56     memcpy(&source_path_with_name[path_len + 1], qf->kernel_name, name_len);
57   } else if (qf->user_source) {
58     CeedCall(CeedStringAllocCopy(qf->user_source, &source_path_with_name));
59   } else {
60     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &source_path_with_name));
61   }
62 
63   {
64     CeedInt           vec_length;
65     CeedQFunctionUser f;
66 
67     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetVectorLength(qf, &vec_length));
68     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetUserFunction(qf, &f));
69     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInterior(fallback_ceed, vec_length, f, source_path_with_name, qf_fallback));
70   }
71   {
72     CeedQFunctionContext ctx;
73 
74     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetContext(qf, &ctx));
75     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(*qf_fallback, ctx));
76   }
77   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
78   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
79     const char  *field_name;
80     CeedInt      size;
81     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
82 
83     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetData(input_fields[i], &field_name, &size, &eval_mode));
84     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(*qf_fallback, field_name, size, eval_mode));
85   }
86   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
87     const char  *field_name;
88     CeedInt      size;
89     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
90 
91     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetData(output_fields[i], &field_name, &size, &eval_mode));
92     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(*qf_fallback, field_name, size, eval_mode));
93   }
94   CeedCall(CeedFree(&source_path_with_name));
95   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
96 }
97 
98 /**
99   @brief Duplicate a `CeedOperator` with a reference `Ceed` to fallback for advanced `CeedOperator` functionality
100 
101   @param[in,out] op `CeedOperator` to create fallback for
102 
103   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
104 
105   @ref Developer
106 **/
107 static int CeedOperatorCreateFallback(CeedOperator op) {
108   bool         is_composite;
109   Ceed         ceed, ceed_fallback;
110   CeedOperator op_fallback;
111 
112   // Check not already created
113   if (op->op_fallback) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
114 
115   // Fallback Ceed
116   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
117   CeedCall(CeedGetOperatorFallbackCeed(ceed, &ceed_fallback));
118   if (!ceed_fallback) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
119 
120   CeedDebug256(ceed, 1, "---------- CeedOperator Fallback ----------\n");
121   CeedDebug(ceed, "Creating fallback CeedOperator\n");
122 
123   // Clone Op
124   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
125   if (is_composite) {
126     CeedInt       num_suboperators;
127     CeedOperator *sub_operators;
128 
129     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorCreate(ceed_fallback, &op_fallback));
130     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
131     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
132     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_suboperators; i++) {
133       CeedOperator op_sub_fallback;
134 
135       CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(sub_operators[i], &op_sub_fallback));
136       CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorAddSub(op_fallback, op_sub_fallback));
137     }
138   } else {
139     CeedInt            num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
140     CeedQFunction      qf_fallback = NULL, dqf_fallback = NULL, dqfT_fallback = NULL;
141     CeedOperatorField *input_fields, *output_fields;
142 
143     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(ceed_fallback, op->qf, &qf_fallback));
144     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(ceed_fallback, op->dqf, &dqf_fallback));
145     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(ceed_fallback, op->dqfT, &dqfT_fallback));
146     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed_fallback, qf_fallback, dqf_fallback, dqfT_fallback, &op_fallback));
147     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
148     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
149       const char         *field_name;
150       CeedVector          vec;
151       CeedElemRestriction rstr;
152       CeedBasis           basis;
153 
154       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetData(input_fields[i], &field_name, &rstr, &basis, &vec));
155       CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(op_fallback, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
156       CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
157       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr));
158       CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
159     }
160     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
161       const char         *field_name;
162       CeedVector          vec;
163       CeedElemRestriction rstr;
164       CeedBasis           basis;
165 
166       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetData(output_fields[i], &field_name, &rstr, &basis, &vec));
167       CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(op_fallback, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
168       CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
169       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr));
170       CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
171     }
172     {
173       CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data;
174 
175       CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunctionAssemblyData(op, &data));
176       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReferenceCopy(data, &op_fallback->qf_assembled));
177     }
178     // Cleanup
179     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_fallback));
180     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&dqf_fallback));
181     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&dqfT_fallback));
182   }
183   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(op_fallback, op->name));
184   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fallback));
185   // Note: No ref-counting here so we don't get caught in a reference loop.
186   //       The op holds the only reference to op_fallback and is responsible for deleting itself and op_fallback.
187   op->op_fallback                 = op_fallback;
188   op_fallback->op_fallback_parent = op;
189   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
190 }
191 
192 /**
193   @brief Core logic for assembling operator diagonal or point block diagonal
194 
195   @param[in]  op             `CeedOperator` to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
196   @param[in]  request        Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
197   @param[in]  is_point_block Boolean flag to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
198   @param[out] assembled      `CeedVector` to store assembled diagonal
199 
200   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
201 
202   @ref Developer
203 **/
204 static inline int CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Mesh(CeedOperator op, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block,
205                                                                    CeedVector assembled) {
206   Ceed ceed;
207   bool is_composite;
208 
209   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
210   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
211   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
212 
213   // Assemble QFunction
214   CeedInt             layout_qf[3];
215   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
216   CeedVector          assembled_qf        = NULL;
217   CeedElemRestriction assembled_elem_rstr = NULL;
218 
219   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_elem_rstr, request));
220   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(assembled_elem_rstr, layout_qf));
221   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_elem_rstr));
222   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_HOST, &assembled_qf_array));
223 
224   // Get assembly data
225   const CeedEvalMode     **eval_modes_in, **eval_modes_out;
226   CeedInt                  num_active_bases_in, *num_eval_modes_in, num_active_bases_out, *num_eval_modes_out;
227   CeedSize               **eval_mode_offsets_in, **eval_mode_offsets_out, num_output_components;
228   CeedBasis               *active_bases_in, *active_bases_out;
229   CeedElemRestriction     *active_elem_rstrs_in, *active_elem_rstrs_out;
230   CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
231 
232   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(op, &data));
233   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetEvalModes(data, &num_active_bases_in, &num_eval_modes_in, &eval_modes_in, &eval_mode_offsets_in,
234                                                 &num_active_bases_out, &num_eval_modes_out, &eval_modes_out, &eval_mode_offsets_out,
235                                                 &num_output_components));
236   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetBases(data, NULL, &active_bases_in, NULL, NULL, &active_bases_out, NULL));
237   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(data, NULL, &active_elem_rstrs_in, NULL, &active_elem_rstrs_out));
238 
239   // Loop over all active bases (find matching input/output pairs)
240   for (CeedInt b = 0; b < CeedIntMin(num_active_bases_in, num_active_bases_out); b++) {
241     CeedInt             b_in, b_out, num_elem, num_nodes, num_qpts, num_comp;
242     bool                has_eval_none = false;
243     CeedScalar         *elem_diag_array, *identity = NULL;
244     CeedVector          elem_diag;
245     CeedElemRestriction diag_elem_rstr;
246 
247     if (num_active_bases_in <= num_active_bases_out) {
248       b_in = b;
249       for (b_out = 0; b_out < num_active_bases_out; b_out++) {
250         if (active_bases_in[b_in] == active_bases_out[b_out]) {
251           break;
252         }
253       }
254       if (b_out == num_active_bases_out) {
255         continue;
256       }  // No matching output basis found
257     } else {
258       b_out = b;
259       for (b_in = 0; b_in < num_active_bases_in; b_in++) {
260         if (active_bases_in[b_in] == active_bases_out[b_out]) {
261           break;
262         }
263       }
264       if (b_in == num_active_bases_in) {
265         continue;
266       }  // No matching output basis found
267     }
268     CeedCheck(active_elem_rstrs_in[b_in] == active_elem_rstrs_out[b_out], ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
269               "Cannot assemble operator diagonal with different input and output active element restrictions");
270 
271     // Assemble point block diagonal restriction, if needed
272     if (is_point_block) {
273       CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(active_elem_rstrs_in[b_in], &diag_elem_rstr));
274     } else {
275       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(active_elem_rstrs_in[b_in], &diag_elem_rstr));
276     }
277 
278     // Create diagonal vector
279     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag_elem_rstr, NULL, &elem_diag));
280 
281     // Assemble element operator diagonals
282     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_diag, 0.0));
283     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArray(elem_diag, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_diag_array));
284     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(diag_elem_rstr, &num_elem));
285     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(active_bases_in[b_in], &num_nodes));
286     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(active_bases_in[b_in], &num_comp));
287     if (active_bases_in[b_in] == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
288     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(active_bases_in[b_in], &num_qpts));
289 
290     // Construct identity matrix for basis if required
291     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in[b_in]; i++) {
292       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[b_in][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
293     }
294     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out[b_out]; i++) {
295       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[b_out][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
296     }
297     if (has_eval_none) {
298       CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes, &identity));
299       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
300     }
301 
302     // Compute the diagonal of B^T D B
303     // Each element
304     for (CeedSize e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
305       // Each basis eval mode pair
306       CeedInt      d_out              = 0, q_comp_out;
307       CeedEvalMode eval_mode_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
308 
309       for (CeedInt e_out = 0; e_out < num_eval_modes_out[b_out]; e_out++) {
310         CeedInt           d_in              = 0, q_comp_in;
311         const CeedScalar *B_t               = NULL;
312         CeedEvalMode      eval_mode_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
313 
314         CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(active_bases_out[b_out], eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out], identity, &B_t));
315         CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(active_bases_out[b_out], eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out], &q_comp_out));
316         if (q_comp_out > 1) {
317           if (e_out == 0 || eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out] != eval_mode_out_prev) d_out = 0;
318           else B_t = &B_t[(++d_out) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
319         }
320         eval_mode_out_prev = eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out];
321 
322         for (CeedInt e_in = 0; e_in < num_eval_modes_in[b_in]; e_in++) {
323           const CeedScalar *B = NULL;
324 
325           CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(active_bases_in[b_in], eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in], identity, &B));
326           CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(active_bases_in[b_in], eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in], &q_comp_in));
327           if (q_comp_in > 1) {
328             if (e_in == 0 || eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in] != eval_mode_in_prev) d_in = 0;
329             else B = &B[(++d_in) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
330           }
331           eval_mode_in_prev = eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in];
332 
333           // Each component
334           for (CeedInt c_out = 0; c_out < num_comp; c_out++) {
335             // Each qpt/node pair
336             for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
337               if (is_point_block) {
338                 // Point Block Diagonal
339                 for (CeedInt c_in = 0; c_in < num_comp; c_in++) {
340                   const CeedSize c_offset =
341                       (eval_mode_offsets_in[b_in][e_in] + c_in) * num_output_components + eval_mode_offsets_out[b_out][e_out] + c_out;
342                   const CeedScalar qf_value = assembled_qf_array[q * layout_qf[0] + c_offset * layout_qf[1] + e * layout_qf[2]];
343 
344                   for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
345                     elem_diag_array[((e * num_comp + c_out) * num_comp + c_in) * num_nodes + n] +=
346                         B_t[q * num_nodes + n] * qf_value * B[q * num_nodes + n];
347                   }
348                 }
349               } else {
350                 // Diagonal Only
351                 const CeedInt c_offset =
352                     (eval_mode_offsets_in[b_in][e_in] + c_out) * num_output_components + eval_mode_offsets_out[b_out][e_out] + c_out;
353                 const CeedScalar qf_value = assembled_qf_array[q * layout_qf[0] + c_offset * layout_qf[1] + e * layout_qf[2]];
354 
355                 for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
356                   elem_diag_array[(e * num_comp + c_out) * num_nodes + n] += B_t[q * num_nodes + n] * qf_value * B[q * num_nodes + n];
357                 }
358               }
359             }
360           }
361         }
362       }
363     }
364     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(elem_diag, &elem_diag_array));
365 
366     // Assemble local operator diagonal
367     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(diag_elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, elem_diag, assembled, request));
368 
369     // Cleanup
370     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&diag_elem_rstr));
371     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&elem_diag));
372     CeedCall(CeedFree(&identity));
373   }
374   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
375   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
376   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
377 }
378 
379 /**
380   @brief Core logic for assembling operator diagonal or point block diagonal
381 
382   @param[in]  op             `CeedOperator` to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
383   @param[in]  request        Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
384   @param[in]  is_point_block Boolean flag to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
385   @param[out] assembled      `CeedVector` to store assembled diagonal
386 
387   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
388 
389   @ref Developer
390 **/
391 static inline int CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block,
392                                                               CeedVector assembled) {
393   Ceed ceed;
394   bool is_at_points;
395 
396   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
397   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsAtPoints(op, &is_at_points));
398   CeedCheck(!is_at_points, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "AtPoints operator not supported");
399   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Mesh(op, request, is_point_block, assembled));
400   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
401 }
402 
403 /**
404   @brief Core logic for assembling composite operator diagonal
405 
406   @param[in]  op             `CeedOperator` to assemble point block diagonal
407   @param[in]  request        Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
408   @param[in]  is_point_block Boolean flag to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
409   @param[out] assembled      `CeedVector` to store assembled diagonal
410 
411   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
412 
413   @ref Developer
414 **/
415 static inline int CeedCompositeOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block,
416                                                                  CeedVector assembled) {
417   CeedInt       num_sub;
418   CeedOperator *suboperators;
419 
420   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_sub));
421   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &suboperators));
422   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_sub; i++) {
423     if (is_point_block) {
424       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(suboperators[i], assembled, request));
425     } else {
426       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(suboperators[i], assembled, request));
427     }
428   }
429   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
430 }
431 
432 /**
433   @brief Build nonzero pattern for non-composite CeedOperator`.
434 
435   Users should generally use @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic().
436 
437   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` to assemble nonzero pattern
438   @param[in]  offset Offset for number of entries
439   @param[out] rows   Row number for each entry
440   @param[out] cols   Column number for each entry
441 
442   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
443 
444   @ref Developer
445 **/
446 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSymbolic(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedInt *rows, CeedInt *cols) {
447   Ceed                ceed;
448   bool                is_composite;
449   CeedSize            num_nodes_in, num_nodes_out, local_num_entries, count = 0;
450   CeedInt             num_elem_in, elem_size_in, num_comp_in, layout_er_in[3];
451   CeedInt             num_elem_out, elem_size_out, num_comp_out, layout_er_out[3];
452   CeedScalar         *array;
453   const CeedScalar   *elem_dof_a_in, *elem_dof_a_out;
454   CeedVector          index_vec_in, index_vec_out, elem_dof_in, elem_dof_out;
455   CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr_in, elem_rstr_out, index_elem_rstr_in, index_elem_rstr_out;
456 
457   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
458   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
459   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
460 
461   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &num_nodes_in, &num_nodes_out));
462   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_out));
463   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
464   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
465   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
466   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(elem_rstr_in, layout_er_in));
467 
468   // Determine elem_dof relation for input
469   CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_nodes_in, &index_vec_in));
470   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(index_vec_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &array));
471   for (CeedSize i = 0; i < num_nodes_in; i++) array[i] = i;
472   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(index_vec_in, &array));
473   CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_elem_in * elem_size_in * num_comp_in, &elem_dof_in));
474   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_dof_in, 0.0));
475   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnorientedCopy(elem_rstr_in, &index_elem_rstr_in));
476   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(index_elem_rstr_in, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, index_vec_in, elem_dof_in, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
477   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(elem_dof_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_dof_a_in));
478   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&index_vec_in));
479   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&index_elem_rstr_in));
480 
481   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
482     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
483     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
484               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements."
485               " Input has %" CeedInt_FMT " elements; output has %" CeedInt_FMT "elements.",
486               num_elem_in, num_elem_out);
487     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
488     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
489     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(elem_rstr_out, layout_er_out));
490 
491     // Determine elem_dof relation for output
492     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_nodes_out, &index_vec_out));
493     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(index_vec_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &array));
494     for (CeedSize i = 0; i < num_nodes_out; i++) array[i] = i;
495     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(index_vec_out, &array));
496     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_elem_out * elem_size_out * num_comp_out, &elem_dof_out));
497     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_dof_out, 0.0));
498     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnorientedCopy(elem_rstr_out, &index_elem_rstr_out));
499     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(index_elem_rstr_out, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, index_vec_out, elem_dof_out, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
500     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(elem_dof_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_dof_a_out));
501     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&index_vec_out));
502     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&index_elem_rstr_out));
503   } else {
504     num_elem_out     = num_elem_in;
505     elem_size_out    = elem_size_in;
506     num_comp_out     = num_comp_in;
507     layout_er_out[0] = layout_er_in[0];
508     layout_er_out[1] = layout_er_in[1];
509     layout_er_out[2] = layout_er_in[2];
510     elem_dof_a_out   = elem_dof_a_in;
511   }
512   local_num_entries = (CeedSize)elem_size_out * num_comp_out * elem_size_in * num_comp_in * num_elem_in;
513 
514   // Determine i, j locations for element matrices
515   for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem_in; e++) {
516     for (CeedInt comp_in = 0; comp_in < num_comp_in; comp_in++) {
517       for (CeedInt comp_out = 0; comp_out < num_comp_out; comp_out++) {
518         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
519           for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
520             const CeedInt elem_dof_index_row = i * layout_er_out[0] + comp_out * layout_er_out[1] + e * layout_er_out[2];
521             const CeedInt elem_dof_index_col = j * layout_er_in[0] + comp_in * layout_er_in[1] + e * layout_er_in[2];
522             const CeedInt row                = elem_dof_a_out[elem_dof_index_row];
523             const CeedInt col                = elem_dof_a_in[elem_dof_index_col];
524 
525             rows[offset + count] = row;
526             cols[offset + count] = col;
527             count++;
528           }
529         }
530       }
531     }
532   }
533   CeedCheck(count == local_num_entries, ceed, CEED_ERROR_MAJOR, "Error computing assembled entries");
534   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(elem_dof_in, &elem_dof_a_in));
535   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&elem_dof_in));
536   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
537     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(elem_dof_out, &elem_dof_a_out));
538     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&elem_dof_out));
539   }
540   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr_in));
541   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr_out));
542   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
543 }
544 
545 /**
546   @brief Assemble nonzero entries for non-composite `CeedOperator`.
547 
548   Users should generally use @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemble().
549 
550   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` to assemble
551   @param[in]  offset Offset for number of entries
552   @param[out] values Values to assemble into matrix
553 
554   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
555 
556   @ref Developer
557 **/
558 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedVector values) {
559   Ceed ceed;
560   bool is_composite;
561 
562   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
563   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
564   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
565 
566   // Early exit for empty operator
567   {
568     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
569 
570     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
571     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
572   }
573 
574   if (op->LinearAssembleSingle) {
575     // Backend version
576     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleSingle(op, offset, values));
577     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
578   } else {
579     // Operator fallback
580     CeedOperator op_fallback;
581 
582     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
583     if (op_fallback) {
584       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(op_fallback, offset, values));
585       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
586     }
587   }
588 
589   // Assemble QFunction
590   CeedInt             layout_qf[3];
591   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
592   CeedVector          assembled_qf        = NULL;
593   CeedElemRestriction assembled_elem_rstr = NULL;
594 
595   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_elem_rstr, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
596   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(assembled_elem_rstr, layout_qf));
597   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_elem_rstr));
598   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_HOST, &assembled_qf_array));
599 
600   // Get assembly data
601   CeedInt                  num_elem_in, elem_size_in, num_comp_in, num_qpts_in;
602   CeedInt                  num_elem_out, elem_size_out, num_comp_out, num_qpts_out;
603   CeedSize                 local_num_entries, count = 0;
604   const CeedEvalMode     **eval_modes_in, **eval_modes_out;
605   CeedInt                  num_active_bases_in, *num_eval_modes_in, num_active_bases_out, *num_eval_modes_out;
606   CeedBasis               *active_bases_in, *active_bases_out, basis_in, basis_out;
607   const CeedScalar       **B_mats_in, **B_mats_out, *B_mat_in, *B_mat_out;
608   CeedElemRestriction      elem_rstr_in, elem_rstr_out;
609   CeedRestrictionType      elem_rstr_type_in, elem_rstr_type_out;
610   const bool              *elem_rstr_orients_in = NULL, *elem_rstr_orients_out = NULL;
611   const CeedInt8          *elem_rstr_curl_orients_in = NULL, *elem_rstr_curl_orients_out = NULL;
612   CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
613 
614   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(op, &data));
615   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetEvalModes(data, &num_active_bases_in, &num_eval_modes_in, &eval_modes_in, NULL, &num_active_bases_out,
616                                                 &num_eval_modes_out, &eval_modes_out, NULL, NULL));
617 
618   CeedCheck(num_active_bases_in == 1 && num_active_bases_out == 1, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
619             "Cannot assemble operator with multiple active bases");
620   CeedCheck(num_eval_modes_in[0] > 0 && num_eval_modes_out[0] > 0, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Cannot assemble operator without inputs/outputs");
621 
622   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetBases(data, NULL, &active_bases_in, &B_mats_in, NULL, &active_bases_out, &B_mats_out));
623   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_out));
624   basis_in  = active_bases_in[0];
625   basis_out = active_bases_out[0];
626   B_mat_in  = B_mats_in[0];
627   B_mat_out = B_mats_out[0];
628 
629   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
630   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
631   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
632   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_in = elem_size_in;
633   else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts_in));
634 
635   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_type_in));
636   if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
637     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(elem_rstr_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_orients_in));
638   } else if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
639     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_in));
640   }
641 
642   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
643     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
644     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
645               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements."
646               " Input has %" CeedInt_FMT " elements; output has %" CeedInt_FMT "elements.",
647               num_elem_in, num_elem_out);
648     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
649     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
650     if (basis_out == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_out = elem_size_out;
651     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_out, &num_qpts_out));
652     CeedCheck(num_qpts_in == num_qpts_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
653               "Active input and output bases must have the same number of quadrature points."
654               " Input has %" CeedInt_FMT " points; output has %" CeedInt_FMT "points.",
655               num_qpts_in, num_qpts_out);
656 
657     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr_out, &elem_rstr_type_out));
658     if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
659       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(elem_rstr_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_orients_out));
660     } else if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
661       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_out));
662     }
663   } else {
664     num_elem_out  = num_elem_in;
665     elem_size_out = elem_size_in;
666     num_comp_out  = num_comp_in;
667     num_qpts_out  = num_qpts_in;
668 
669     elem_rstr_orients_out      = elem_rstr_orients_in;
670     elem_rstr_curl_orients_out = elem_rstr_curl_orients_in;
671   }
672   local_num_entries = (CeedSize)elem_size_out * num_comp_out * elem_size_in * num_comp_in * num_elem_in;
673 
674   // Loop over elements and put in data structure
675   // We store B_mat_in, B_mat_out, BTD, elem_mat in row-major order
676   CeedTensorContract contract;
677   CeedScalar        *vals, *BTD_mat = NULL, *elem_mat = NULL, *elem_mat_b = NULL;
678 
679   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetTensorContract(basis_in, &contract));
680   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0], &BTD_mat));
681   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * elem_size_in, &elem_mat));
682   if (elem_rstr_curl_orients_in || elem_rstr_curl_orients_out) CeedCall(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * elem_size_in, &elem_mat_b));
683 
684   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArray(values, CEED_MEM_HOST, &vals));
685   for (CeedSize e = 0; e < num_elem_in; e++) {
686     for (CeedInt comp_in = 0; comp_in < num_comp_in; comp_in++) {
687       for (CeedInt comp_out = 0; comp_out < num_comp_out; comp_out++) {
688         // Compute B^T*D
689         for (CeedSize n = 0; n < elem_size_out; n++) {
690           for (CeedSize q = 0; q < num_qpts_in; q++) {
691             for (CeedInt e_in = 0; e_in < num_eval_modes_in[0]; e_in++) {
692               const CeedSize btd_index = n * (num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0]) + q * num_eval_modes_in[0] + e_in;
693               CeedScalar     sum       = 0.0;
694 
695               for (CeedInt e_out = 0; e_out < num_eval_modes_out[0]; e_out++) {
696                 const CeedSize b_out_index     = (q * num_eval_modes_out[0] + e_out) * elem_size_out + n;
697                 const CeedSize eval_mode_index = ((e_in * num_comp_in + comp_in) * num_eval_modes_out[0] + e_out) * num_comp_out + comp_out;
698                 const CeedSize qf_index        = q * layout_qf[0] + eval_mode_index * layout_qf[1] + e * layout_qf[2];
699 
700                 sum += B_mat_out[b_out_index] * assembled_qf_array[qf_index];
701               }
702               BTD_mat[btd_index] = sum;
703             }
704           }
705         }
706 
707         // Form element matrix itself (for each block component)
708         if (contract) {
709           CeedCall(CeedTensorContractApply(contract, 1, num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0], elem_size_in, elem_size_out, BTD_mat, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE,
710                                            false, B_mat_in, elem_mat));
711         } else {
712           CeedCall(CeedMatrixMatrixMultiply(ceed, BTD_mat, B_mat_in, elem_mat, elem_size_out, elem_size_in, num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0]));
713         }
714 
715         // Transform the element matrix if required
716         if (elem_rstr_orients_out) {
717           const bool *elem_orients = &elem_rstr_orients_out[e * elem_size_out];
718 
719           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
720             const double orient = elem_orients[i] ? -1.0 : 1.0;
721 
722             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
723               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] *= orient;
724             }
725           }
726         } else if (elem_rstr_curl_orients_out) {
727           const CeedInt8 *elem_curl_orients = &elem_rstr_curl_orients_out[e * 3 * elem_size_out];
728 
729           // T^T*(B^T*D*B)
730           memcpy(elem_mat_b, elem_mat, elem_size_out * elem_size_in * sizeof(CeedScalar));
731           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
732             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
733               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] = elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * i + 1] +
734                                                (i > 0 ? elem_mat_b[(i - 1) * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * i - 1] : 0.0) +
735                                                (i < elem_size_out - 1 ? elem_mat_b[(i + 1) * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * i + 3] : 0.0);
736             }
737           }
738         }
739         if (elem_rstr_orients_in) {
740           const bool *elem_orients = &elem_rstr_orients_in[e * elem_size_in];
741 
742           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
743             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
744               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] *= elem_orients[j] ? -1.0 : 1.0;
745             }
746           }
747         } else if (elem_rstr_curl_orients_in) {
748           const CeedInt8 *elem_curl_orients = &elem_rstr_curl_orients_in[e * 3 * elem_size_in];
749 
750           // (B^T*D*B)*T
751           memcpy(elem_mat_b, elem_mat, elem_size_out * elem_size_in * sizeof(CeedScalar));
752           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
753             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
754               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] = elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * j + 1] +
755                                                (j > 0 ? elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j - 1] * elem_curl_orients[3 * j - 1] : 0.0) +
756                                                (j < elem_size_in - 1 ? elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j + 1] * elem_curl_orients[3 * j + 3] : 0.0);
757             }
758           }
759         }
760 
761         // Put element matrix in coordinate data structure
762         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
763           for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
764             vals[offset + count] = elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j];
765             count++;
766           }
767         }
768       }
769     }
770   }
771   CeedCheck(count == local_num_entries, ceed, CEED_ERROR_MAJOR, "Error computing entries");
772   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(values, &vals));
773 
774   // Cleanup
775   CeedCall(CeedFree(&BTD_mat));
776   CeedCall(CeedFree(&elem_mat));
777   CeedCall(CeedFree(&elem_mat_b));
778   if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
779     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_orients_in));
780   } else if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
781     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_in));
782   }
783   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
784     if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
785       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(elem_rstr_out, &elem_rstr_orients_out));
786     } else if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
787       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_out, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_out));
788     }
789   }
790   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
791   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
792   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr_in));
793   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr_out));
794   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
795 }
796 
797 /**
798   @brief Count number of entries for assembled `CeedOperator`
799 
800   @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to assemble
801   @param[out] num_entries Number of entries in assembled representation
802 
803   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
804 
805   @ref Utility
806 **/
807 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(CeedOperator op, CeedSize *num_entries) {
808   bool                is_composite;
809   CeedInt             num_elem_in, elem_size_in, num_comp_in, num_elem_out, elem_size_out, num_comp_out;
810   Ceed                ceed;
811   CeedElemRestriction rstr_in, rstr_out;
812 
813   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
814   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
815   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
816 
817   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
818   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
819   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
820   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
821   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
822     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
823     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
824               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements."
825               " Input has %" CeedInt_FMT " elements; output has %" CeedInt_FMT "elements.",
826               num_elem_in, num_elem_out);
827     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
828     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
829   } else {
830     num_elem_out  = num_elem_in;
831     elem_size_out = elem_size_in;
832     num_comp_out  = num_comp_in;
833   }
834   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_in));
835   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_out));
836   *num_entries = (CeedSize)elem_size_in * num_comp_in * elem_size_out * num_comp_out * num_elem_in;
837   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
838 }
839 
840 /**
841   @brief Common code for creating a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator`
842 
843   @param[in]  op_fine      Fine grid `CeedOperator`
844   @param[in]  p_mult_fine  L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
845   @param[in]  rstr_coarse  Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
846   @param[in]  basis_coarse Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
847   @param[in]  basis_c_to_f `CeedBasis` for coarse to fine interpolation, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction operators
848   @param[out] op_coarse    Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
849   @param[out] op_prolong   Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
850   @param[out] op_restrict  Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
851 
852   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
853 
854   @ref Developer
855 **/
856 static int CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
857                                             CeedBasis basis_c_to_f, CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong, CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
858   bool                is_composite;
859   Ceed                ceed;
860   CeedInt             num_comp, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
861   CeedVector          mult_vec         = NULL;
862   CeedElemRestriction rstr_p_mult_fine = NULL, rstr_fine = NULL;
863   CeedOperatorField  *input_fields, *output_fields;
864 
865   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op_fine, &ceed));
866 
867   // Check for composite operator
868   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op_fine, &is_composite));
869   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Automatic multigrid setup for composite operators not supported");
870 
871   // Coarse Grid
872   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, op_fine->qf, op_fine->dqf, op_fine->dqfT, op_coarse));
873   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op_fine, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
874   // -- Clone input fields
875   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
876     const char         *field_name;
877     CeedVector          vec;
878     CeedElemRestriction rstr  = NULL;
879     CeedBasis           basis = NULL;
880 
881     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetName(input_fields[i], &field_name));
882     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(input_fields[i], &vec));
883     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
884       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(rstr_coarse, &rstr));
885       CeedCall(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis_coarse, &basis));
886       if (!rstr_fine) CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &rstr_fine));
887     } else {
888       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &rstr));
889       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(input_fields[i], &basis));
890     }
891     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_coarse, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
892     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
893     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr));
894     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
895   }
896   // -- Clone output fields
897   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
898     const char         *field_name;
899     CeedVector          vec;
900     CeedElemRestriction rstr  = NULL;
901     CeedBasis           basis = NULL;
902 
903     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetName(output_fields[i], &field_name));
904     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(output_fields[i], &vec));
905     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
906       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(rstr_coarse, &rstr));
907       CeedCall(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis_coarse, &basis));
908       if (!rstr_fine) CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &rstr_fine));
909     } else {
910       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &rstr));
911       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(output_fields[i], &basis));
912     }
913     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_coarse, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
914     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
915     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr));
916     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
917   }
918   // -- Clone QFunctionAssemblyData
919   {
920     CeedQFunctionAssemblyData fine_data;
921 
922     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunctionAssemblyData(op_fine, &fine_data));
923     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReferenceCopy(fine_data, &(*op_coarse)->qf_assembled));
924   }
925 
926   // Multiplicity vector
927   if (op_restrict || op_prolong) {
928     CeedVector          mult_e_vec;
929     CeedRestrictionType rstr_type;
930 
931     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_fine, &rstr_type));
932     CeedCheck(rstr_type != CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
933               "Element restrictions created with CeedElemRestrictionCreateCurlOriented are not supported");
934     CeedCheck(p_mult_fine, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE, "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires fine grid multiplicity vector");
935     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(rstr_fine, &rstr_p_mult_fine));
936     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_fine, &mult_vec, &mult_e_vec));
937     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(mult_e_vec, 0.0));
938     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, p_mult_fine, mult_e_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
939     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(mult_vec, 0.0));
940     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_TRANSPOSE, mult_e_vec, mult_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
941     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&mult_e_vec));
942     CeedCall(CeedVectorReciprocal(mult_vec));
943   }
944 
945   // Clone name
946   bool   has_name = op_fine->name;
947   size_t name_len = op_fine->name ? strlen(op_fine->name) : 0;
948   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(*op_coarse, op_fine->name));
949 
950   // Check that coarse to fine basis is provided if prolong/restrict operators are requested
951   CeedCheck(basis_c_to_f || (!op_restrict && !op_prolong), ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
952             "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires coarse-to-fine basis");
953 
954   // Restriction/Prolongation Operators
955   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_coarse, &num_comp));
956 
957   // Restriction
958   if (op_restrict) {
959     CeedInt             *num_comp_r_data;
960     CeedQFunctionContext ctx_r;
961     CeedQFunction        qf_restrict;
962 
963     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInteriorByName(ceed, "Scale", &qf_restrict));
964     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &num_comp_r_data));
965     num_comp_r_data[0] = num_comp;
966     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextCreate(ceed, &ctx_r));
967     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextSetData(ctx_r, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER, sizeof(*num_comp_r_data), num_comp_r_data));
968     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(qf_restrict, ctx_r));
969     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextDestroy(&ctx_r));
970     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_restrict, "input", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
971     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_restrict, "scale", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
972     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_restrict, "output", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
973     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetUserFlopsEstimate(qf_restrict, num_comp));
974 
975     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, qf_restrict, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, op_restrict));
976     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_restrict, "input", rstr_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
977     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_restrict, "scale", rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, mult_vec));
978     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_restrict, "output", rstr_coarse, basis_c_to_f, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
979 
980     // Set name
981     char *restriction_name;
982 
983     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(17 + name_len, &restriction_name));
984     sprintf(restriction_name, "restriction%s%s", has_name ? " for " : "", has_name ? op_fine->name : "");
985     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(*op_restrict, restriction_name));
986     CeedCall(CeedFree(&restriction_name));
987 
988     // Check
989     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(*op_restrict));
990 
991     // Cleanup
992     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_restrict));
993   }
994 
995   // Prolongation
996   if (op_prolong) {
997     CeedInt             *num_comp_p_data;
998     CeedQFunctionContext ctx_p;
999     CeedQFunction        qf_prolong;
1000 
1001     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInteriorByName(ceed, "Scale", &qf_prolong));
1002     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &num_comp_p_data));
1003     num_comp_p_data[0] = num_comp;
1004     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextCreate(ceed, &ctx_p));
1005     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextSetData(ctx_p, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER, sizeof(*num_comp_p_data), num_comp_p_data));
1006     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(qf_prolong, ctx_p));
1007     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextDestroy(&ctx_p));
1008     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_prolong, "input", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
1009     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_prolong, "scale", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
1010     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_prolong, "output", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
1011     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetUserFlopsEstimate(qf_prolong, num_comp));
1012 
1013     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, qf_prolong, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, op_prolong));
1014     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_prolong, "input", rstr_coarse, basis_c_to_f, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
1015     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_prolong, "scale", rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, mult_vec));
1016     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_prolong, "output", rstr_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
1017 
1018     // Set name
1019     char *prolongation_name;
1020 
1021     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(18 + name_len, &prolongation_name));
1022     sprintf(prolongation_name, "prolongation%s%s", has_name ? " for " : "", has_name ? op_fine->name : "");
1023     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(*op_prolong, prolongation_name));
1024     CeedCall(CeedFree(&prolongation_name));
1025 
1026     // Check
1027     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(*op_prolong));
1028 
1029     // Cleanup
1030     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_prolong));
1031   }
1032 
1033   // Check
1034   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(*op_coarse));
1035 
1036   // Cleanup
1037   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&mult_vec));
1038   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_fine));
1039   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_p_mult_fine));
1040   CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_c_to_f));
1041   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1042 }
1043 
1044 /**
1045   @brief Build 1D mass matrix and Laplacian with perturbation
1046 
1047   @param[in]  interp_1d   Interpolation matrix in one dimension
1048   @param[in]  grad_1d     Gradient matrix in one dimension
1049   @param[in]  q_weight_1d Quadrature weights in one dimension
1050   @param[in]  P_1d        Number of basis nodes in one dimension
1051   @param[in]  Q_1d        Number of quadrature points in one dimension
1052   @param[in]  dim         Dimension of basis
1053   @param[out] mass        Assembled mass matrix in one dimension
1054   @param[out] laplace     Assembled perturbed Laplacian in one dimension
1055 
1056   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1057 
1058   @ref Developer
1059 **/
1060 CeedPragmaOptimizeOff
1061 static int CeedBuildMassLaplace(const CeedScalar *interp_1d, const CeedScalar *grad_1d, const CeedScalar *q_weight_1d, CeedInt P_1d, CeedInt Q_1d,
1062                                 CeedInt dim, CeedScalar *mass, CeedScalar *laplace) {
1063   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) {
1064     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < P_1d; j++) {
1065       CeedScalar sum = 0.0;
1066       for (CeedInt k = 0; k < Q_1d; k++) sum += interp_1d[k * P_1d + i] * q_weight_1d[k] * interp_1d[k * P_1d + j];
1067       mass[i + j * P_1d] = sum;
1068     }
1069   }
1070   // -- Laplacian
1071   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) {
1072     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < P_1d; j++) {
1073       CeedScalar sum = 0.0;
1074 
1075       for (CeedInt k = 0; k < Q_1d; k++) sum += grad_1d[k * P_1d + i] * q_weight_1d[k] * grad_1d[k * P_1d + j];
1076       laplace[i + j * P_1d] = sum;
1077     }
1078   }
1079   CeedScalar perturbation = dim > 2 ? 1e-6 : 1e-4;
1080   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) laplace[i + P_1d * i] += perturbation;
1081   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1082 }
1083 CeedPragmaOptimizeOn
1084 
1085 /// @}
1086 
1087 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1088 /// CeedOperator Backend API
1089 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1090 /// @addtogroup CeedOperatorBackend
1091 /// @{
1092 
1093 /**
1094   @brief Select correct basis matrix pointer based on @ref CeedEvalMode
1095 
1096   @param[in]  basis     `CeedBasis` from which to get the basis matrix
1097   @param[in]  eval_mode Current basis evaluation mode
1098   @param[in]  identity  Pointer to identity matrix
1099   @param[out] basis_ptr `CeedBasis` pointer to set
1100 
1101   @ref Backend
1102 **/
1103 int CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(CeedBasis basis, CeedEvalMode eval_mode, const CeedScalar *identity, const CeedScalar **basis_ptr) {
1104   switch (eval_mode) {
1105     case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
1106       *basis_ptr = identity;
1107       break;
1108     case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
1109       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, basis_ptr));
1110       break;
1111     case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
1112       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetGrad(basis, basis_ptr));
1113       break;
1114     case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
1115       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDiv(basis, basis_ptr));
1116       break;
1117     case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
1118       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetCurl(basis, basis_ptr));
1119       break;
1120     case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
1121       break;  // Caught by QF Assembly
1122   }
1123   assert(*basis_ptr != NULL);
1124   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1125 }
1126 
1127 /**
1128   @brief Create point block restriction for active `CeedOperatorField`
1129 
1130   @param[in]  rstr             Original `CeedElemRestriction` for active field
1131   @param[out] point_block_rstr Address of the variable where the newly created `CeedElemRestriction` will be stored
1132 
1133   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1134 
1135   @ref Backend
1136 **/
1137 int CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(CeedElemRestriction rstr, CeedElemRestriction *point_block_rstr) {
1138   Ceed           ceed;
1139   CeedInt        num_elem, num_comp, shift, elem_size, comp_stride, *point_block_offsets;
1140   CeedSize       l_size;
1141   const CeedInt *offsets;
1142 
1143   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCeed(rstr, &ceed));
1144   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOffsets(rstr, CEED_MEM_HOST, &offsets));
1145 
1146   // Expand offsets
1147   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr, &num_elem));
1148   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr, &num_comp));
1149   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr, &elem_size));
1150   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(rstr, &comp_stride));
1151   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetLVectorSize(rstr, &l_size));
1152   shift = num_comp;
1153   if (comp_stride != 1) shift *= num_comp;
1154   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_elem * elem_size, &point_block_offsets));
1155   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_elem * elem_size; i++) {
1156     point_block_offsets[i] = offsets[i] * shift;
1157   }
1158 
1159   // Create new restriction
1160   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreate(ceed, num_elem, elem_size, num_comp * num_comp, 1, l_size * num_comp, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER,
1161                                      point_block_offsets, point_block_rstr));
1162 
1163   // Cleanup
1164   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOffsets(rstr, &offsets));
1165   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1166 }
1167 
1168 /**
1169   @brief Get `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1170 
1171   @param[in]  op   `CeedOperator` to assemble
1172   @param[out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1173 
1174   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1175 
1176   @ref Backend
1177 **/
1178 int CeedOperatorGetQFunctionAssemblyData(CeedOperator op, CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data) {
1179   if (!op->qf_assembled) {
1180     CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data;
1181 
1182     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataCreate(op->ceed, &data));
1183     op->qf_assembled = data;
1184   }
1185   *data = op->qf_assembled;
1186   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1187 }
1188 
1189 /**
1190   @brief Create object holding `CeedQFunction` assembly data for `CeedOperator`
1191 
1192   @param[in]  ceed `Ceed` object used to create the `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1193   @param[out] data Address of the variable where the newly created `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` will be stored
1194 
1195   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1196 
1197   @ref Backend
1198 **/
1199 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataCreate(Ceed ceed, CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data) {
1200   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, data));
1201   (*data)->ref_count = 1;
1202   (*data)->ceed      = ceed;
1203   CeedCall(CeedReference(ceed));
1204   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1205 }
1206 
1207 /**
1208   @brief Increment the reference counter for a `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1209 
1210   @param[in,out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to increment the reference counter
1211 
1212   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1213 
1214   @ref Backend
1215 **/
1216 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReference(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data) {
1217   data->ref_count++;
1218   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1219 }
1220 
1221 /**
1222   @brief Set re-use of `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1223 
1224   @param[in,out] data       `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to mark for reuse
1225   @param[in]     reuse_data Boolean flag indicating data re-use
1226 
1227   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1228 
1229   @ref Backend
1230 **/
1231 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetReuse(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool reuse_data) {
1232   data->reuse_data        = reuse_data;
1233   data->needs_data_update = true;
1234   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1235 }
1236 
1237 /**
1238   @brief Mark `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` as stale
1239 
1240   @param[in,out] data              `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to mark as stale
1241   @param[in]     needs_data_update Boolean flag indicating if update is needed or completed
1242 
1243   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1244 
1245   @ref Backend
1246 **/
1247 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetUpdateNeeded(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool needs_data_update) {
1248   data->needs_data_update = needs_data_update;
1249   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1250 }
1251 
1252 /**
1253   @brief Determine if `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` needs update
1254 
1255   @param[in]  data             `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to mark as stale
1256   @param[out] is_update_needed Boolean flag indicating if re-assembly is required
1257 
1258   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1259 
1260   @ref Backend
1261 **/
1262 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsUpdateNeeded(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool *is_update_needed) {
1263   *is_update_needed = !data->reuse_data || data->needs_data_update;
1264   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1265 }
1266 
1267 /**
1268   @brief Copy the pointer to a `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`.
1269 
1270   Both pointers should be destroyed with @ref CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataDestroy().
1271 
1272   Note: If the value of ` *data_copy` passed to this function is non-`NULL` , then it is assumed that ` *data_copy` is a pointer to a `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`.
1273         This `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` will be destroyed if ` *data_copy` is the only reference to this `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`.
1274 
1275   @param[in]     data      `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to copy reference to
1276   @param[in,out] data_copy Variable to store copied reference
1277 
1278   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1279 
1280   @ref Backend
1281 **/
1282 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReferenceCopy(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data_copy) {
1283   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReference(data));
1284   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataDestroy(data_copy));
1285   *data_copy = data;
1286   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1287 }
1288 
1289 /**
1290   @brief Get setup status for internal objects for `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1291 
1292   @param[in]  data     `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to retrieve status
1293   @param[out] is_setup Boolean flag for setup status
1294 
1295   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1296 
1297   @ref Backend
1298 **/
1299 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsSetup(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool *is_setup) {
1300   *is_setup = data->is_setup;
1301   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1302 }
1303 
1304 /**
1305   @brief Set internal objects for `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1306 
1307   @param[in,out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to set objects
1308   @param[in]     vec  `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1309   @param[in]     rstr `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1310 
1311   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1312 
1313   @ref Backend
1314 **/
1315 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetObjects(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, CeedVector vec, CeedElemRestriction rstr) {
1316   CeedCall(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(vec, &data->vec));
1317   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(rstr, &data->rstr));
1318 
1319   data->is_setup = true;
1320   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1321 }
1322 
1323 /**
1324   @brief Get internal objects for `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1325 
1326   @param[in,out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to set objects
1327   @param[out]    vec  `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1328   @param[out]    rstr `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1329 
1330   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1331 
1332   @ref Backend
1333 **/
1334 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataGetObjects(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, CeedVector *vec, CeedElemRestriction *rstr) {
1335   CeedCheck(data->is_setup, data->ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPLETE, "Internal objects not set; must call CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetObjects first.");
1336 
1337   CeedCall(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(data->vec, vec));
1338   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(data->rstr, rstr));
1339   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1340 }
1341 
1342 /**
1343   @brief Destroy `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1344 
1345   @param[in,out] data  `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to destroy
1346 
1347   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1348 
1349   @ref Backend
1350 **/
1351 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataDestroy(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data) {
1352   if (!*data || --(*data)->ref_count > 0) {
1353     *data = NULL;
1354     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1355   }
1356   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&(*data)->ceed));
1357   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&(*data)->vec));
1358   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&(*data)->rstr));
1359 
1360   CeedCall(CeedFree(data));
1361   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1362 }
1363 
1364 /**
1365   @brief Get `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1366 
1367   @param[in]  op   `CeedOperator` to assemble
1368   @param[out] data `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1369 
1370   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1371 
1372   @ref Backend
1373 **/
1374 int CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(CeedOperator op, CeedOperatorAssemblyData *data) {
1375   if (!op->op_assembled) {
1376     CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
1377 
1378     CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate(op->ceed, op, &data));
1379     op->op_assembled = data;
1380   }
1381   *data = op->op_assembled;
1382   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1383 }
1384 
1385 /**
1386   @brief Create object holding `CeedOperator` assembly data.
1387 
1388   The `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` holds an array with references to every active `CeedBasis` used in the `CeedOperator`.
1389   An array with references to the corresponding active `CeedElemRestriction` is also stored.
1390   For each active `CeedBasis, the `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` holds an array of all input and output @ref CeedEvalMode for this `CeedBasis`.
1391   The `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` holds an array of offsets for indexing into the assembled `CeedQFunction` arrays to the row representing each @ref CeedEvalMode.
1392   The number of input columns across all active bases for the assembled `CeedQFunction` is also stored.
1393   Lastly, the `CeedOperatorAssembly` data holds assembled matrices representing the full action of the `CeedBasis` for all @ref CeedEvalMode.
1394 
1395   @param[in]  ceed `Ceed` object used to create the `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1396   @param[in]  op   `CeedOperator` to be assembled
1397   @param[out] data Address of the variable where the newly created `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` will be stored
1398 
1399   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1400 
1401   @ref Backend
1402 **/
1403 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate(Ceed ceed, CeedOperator op, CeedOperatorAssemblyData *data) {
1404   CeedInt             num_active_bases_in = 0, num_active_bases_out = 0, offset = 0;
1405   CeedInt             num_input_fields, *num_eval_modes_in = NULL, num_output_fields, *num_eval_modes_out = NULL;
1406   CeedSize          **eval_mode_offsets_in = NULL, **eval_mode_offsets_out = NULL;
1407   CeedEvalMode      **eval_modes_in = NULL, **eval_modes_out = NULL;
1408   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1409   CeedQFunction       qf;
1410   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
1411   bool                is_composite;
1412 
1413   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
1414   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE, "Can only create CeedOperator assembly data for non-composite operators.");
1415 
1416   // Allocate
1417   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, data));
1418   (*data)->ceed = ceed;
1419   CeedCall(CeedReference(ceed));
1420 
1421   // Build OperatorAssembly data
1422   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1423 
1424   // Determine active input basis
1425   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, &num_input_fields, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1426   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
1427   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1428     CeedVector vec;
1429 
1430     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1431     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1432       CeedInt      index = -1, num_comp, q_comp;
1433       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1434       CeedBasis    basis_in = NULL;
1435 
1436       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_in));
1437       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1438       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_in, &num_comp));
1439       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1440       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_active_bases_in; i++) {
1441         if ((*data)->active_bases_in[i] == basis_in) index = i;
1442       }
1443       if (index == -1) {
1444         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr_in;
1445 
1446         index = num_active_bases_in;
1447         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &(*data)->active_bases_in));
1448         (*data)->active_bases_in[num_active_bases_in] = NULL;
1449         CeedCall(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis_in, &(*data)->active_bases_in[num_active_bases_in]));
1450         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in));
1451         (*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in[num_active_bases_in] = NULL;
1452         CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr_in));
1453         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(elem_rstr_in, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in[num_active_bases_in]));
1454         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr_in));
1455         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &num_eval_modes_in));
1456         num_eval_modes_in[index] = 0;
1457         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &eval_modes_in));
1458         eval_modes_in[index] = NULL;
1459         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &eval_mode_offsets_in));
1460         eval_mode_offsets_in[index] = NULL;
1461         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &(*data)->assembled_bases_in));
1462         (*data)->assembled_bases_in[index] = NULL;
1463         num_active_bases_in++;
1464       }
1465       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1466         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1467         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in[index] + q_comp, &eval_modes_in[index]));
1468         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in[index] + q_comp, &eval_mode_offsets_in[index]));
1469         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1470           eval_modes_in[index][num_eval_modes_in[index] + d]        = eval_mode;
1471           eval_mode_offsets_in[index][num_eval_modes_in[index] + d] = offset;
1472           offset += num_comp;
1473         }
1474         num_eval_modes_in[index] += q_comp;
1475       }
1476       CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_in));
1477     }
1478     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1479   }
1480 
1481   // Determine active output basis
1482   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, &num_output_fields, &qf_fields));
1483   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
1484   offset = 0;
1485   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1486     CeedVector vec;
1487 
1488     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1489     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1490       CeedInt      index = -1, num_comp, q_comp;
1491       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1492       CeedBasis    basis_out = NULL;
1493 
1494       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_out));
1495       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1496       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_out, &num_comp));
1497       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1498       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_active_bases_out; i++) {
1499         if ((*data)->active_bases_out[i] == basis_out) index = i;
1500       }
1501       if (index == -1) {
1502         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr_out;
1503 
1504         index = num_active_bases_out;
1505         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &(*data)->active_bases_out));
1506         (*data)->active_bases_out[num_active_bases_out] = NULL;
1507         CeedCall(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis_out, &(*data)->active_bases_out[num_active_bases_out]));
1508         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out));
1509         (*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out[num_active_bases_out] = NULL;
1510         CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr_out));
1511         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(elem_rstr_out, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out[num_active_bases_out]));
1512         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr_out));
1513         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &num_eval_modes_out));
1514         num_eval_modes_out[index] = 0;
1515         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &eval_modes_out));
1516         eval_modes_out[index] = NULL;
1517         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &eval_mode_offsets_out));
1518         eval_mode_offsets_out[index] = NULL;
1519         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &(*data)->assembled_bases_out));
1520         (*data)->assembled_bases_out[index] = NULL;
1521         num_active_bases_out++;
1522       }
1523       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1524         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1525         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out[index] + q_comp, &eval_modes_out[index]));
1526         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out[index] + q_comp, &eval_mode_offsets_out[index]));
1527         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1528           eval_modes_out[index][num_eval_modes_out[index] + d]        = eval_mode;
1529           eval_mode_offsets_out[index][num_eval_modes_out[index] + d] = offset;
1530           offset += num_comp;
1531         }
1532         num_eval_modes_out[index] += q_comp;
1533       }
1534       CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_out));
1535     }
1536     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1537   }
1538   (*data)->num_active_bases_in   = num_active_bases_in;
1539   (*data)->num_eval_modes_in     = num_eval_modes_in;
1540   (*data)->eval_modes_in         = eval_modes_in;
1541   (*data)->eval_mode_offsets_in  = eval_mode_offsets_in;
1542   (*data)->num_active_bases_out  = num_active_bases_out;
1543   (*data)->num_eval_modes_out    = num_eval_modes_out;
1544   (*data)->eval_modes_out        = eval_modes_out;
1545   (*data)->eval_mode_offsets_out = eval_mode_offsets_out;
1546   (*data)->num_output_components = offset;
1547   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1548 }
1549 
1550 /**
1551   @brief Get `CeedOperator` @ref CeedEvalMode for assembly.
1552 
1553   Note: See @ref CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate() for a full description of the data stored in this object.
1554 
1555   @param[in]  data                  `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1556   @param[out] num_active_bases_in   Total number of active bases for input
1557   @param[out] num_eval_modes_in     Pointer to hold array of numbers of input @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`.
1558                                       `eval_modes_in[0]` holds an array of eval modes for the first active `CeedBasis`.
1559   @param[out] eval_modes_in         Pointer to hold arrays of input @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`
1560   @param[out] eval_mode_offsets_in  Pointer to hold arrays of input offsets at each quadrature point
1561   @param[out] num_active_bases_out  Total number of active bases for output
1562   @param[out] num_eval_modes_out    Pointer to hold array of numbers of output @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`
1563   @param[out] eval_modes_out        Pointer to hold arrays of output @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`
1564   @param[out] eval_mode_offsets_out Pointer to hold arrays of output offsets at each quadrature point
1565   @param[out] num_output_components The number of columns in the assembled `CeedQFunction` matrix for each quadrature point, including contributions of all active bases
1566 
1567   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1568 
1569   @ref Backend
1570 **/
1571 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetEvalModes(CeedOperatorAssemblyData data, CeedInt *num_active_bases_in, CeedInt **num_eval_modes_in,
1572                                          const CeedEvalMode ***eval_modes_in, CeedSize ***eval_mode_offsets_in, CeedInt *num_active_bases_out,
1573                                          CeedInt **num_eval_modes_out, const CeedEvalMode ***eval_modes_out, CeedSize ***eval_mode_offsets_out,
1574                                          CeedSize *num_output_components) {
1575   if (num_active_bases_in) *num_active_bases_in = data->num_active_bases_in;
1576   if (num_eval_modes_in) *num_eval_modes_in = data->num_eval_modes_in;
1577   if (eval_modes_in) *eval_modes_in = (const CeedEvalMode **)data->eval_modes_in;
1578   if (eval_mode_offsets_in) *eval_mode_offsets_in = data->eval_mode_offsets_in;
1579   if (num_active_bases_out) *num_active_bases_out = data->num_active_bases_out;
1580   if (num_eval_modes_out) *num_eval_modes_out = data->num_eval_modes_out;
1581   if (eval_modes_out) *eval_modes_out = (const CeedEvalMode **)data->eval_modes_out;
1582   if (eval_mode_offsets_out) *eval_mode_offsets_out = data->eval_mode_offsets_out;
1583   if (num_output_components) *num_output_components = data->num_output_components;
1584   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1585 }
1586 
1587 /**
1588   @brief Get `CeedOperator` `CeedBasis` data for assembly.
1589 
1590   Note: See @ref CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate() for a full description of the data stored in this object.
1591 
1592   @param[in]  data                 `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1593   @param[out] num_active_bases_in  Number of active input bases, or `NULL`
1594   @param[out] active_bases_in      Pointer to hold active input `CeedBasis`, or `NULL`
1595   @param[out] assembled_bases_in   Pointer to hold assembled active input `B` , or `NULL`
1596   @param[out] num_active_bases_out Number of active output bases, or `NULL`
1597   @param[out] active_bases_out     Pointer to hold active output `CeedBasis`, or `NULL`
1598   @param[out] assembled_bases_out  Pointer to hold assembled active output `B` , or `NULL`
1599 
1600   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1601 
1602   @ref Backend
1603 **/
1604 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetBases(CeedOperatorAssemblyData data, CeedInt *num_active_bases_in, CeedBasis **active_bases_in,
1605                                      const CeedScalar ***assembled_bases_in, CeedInt *num_active_bases_out, CeedBasis **active_bases_out,
1606                                      const CeedScalar ***assembled_bases_out) {
1607   // Assemble B_in, B_out if needed
1608   if (assembled_bases_in && !data->assembled_bases_in[0]) {
1609     CeedInt num_qpts;
1610 
1611     if (data->active_bases_in[0] == CEED_BASIS_NONE) CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_in[0], &num_qpts));
1612     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(data->active_bases_in[0], &num_qpts));
1613     for (CeedInt b = 0; b < data->num_active_bases_in; b++) {
1614       bool        has_eval_none = false;
1615       CeedInt     num_nodes;
1616       CeedScalar *B_in = NULL, *identity = NULL;
1617 
1618       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_in[b], &num_nodes));
1619       CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes * data->num_eval_modes_in[b], &B_in));
1620 
1621       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < data->num_eval_modes_in[b]; i++) {
1622         has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (data->eval_modes_in[b][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1623       }
1624       if (has_eval_none) {
1625         CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes, &identity));
1626         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) {
1627           identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
1628         }
1629       }
1630 
1631       for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
1632         for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
1633           CeedInt      d_in              = 0, q_comp_in;
1634           CeedEvalMode eval_mode_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1635 
1636           for (CeedInt e_in = 0; e_in < data->num_eval_modes_in[b]; e_in++) {
1637             const CeedInt     qq = data->num_eval_modes_in[b] * q;
1638             const CeedScalar *B  = NULL;
1639 
1640             CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(data->active_bases_in[b], data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in], identity, &B));
1641             CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(data->active_bases_in[b], data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in], &q_comp_in));
1642             if (q_comp_in > 1) {
1643               if (e_in == 0 || data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in] != eval_mode_in_prev) d_in = 0;
1644               else B = &B[(++d_in) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
1645             }
1646             eval_mode_in_prev                 = data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in];
1647             B_in[(qq + e_in) * num_nodes + n] = B[q * num_nodes + n];
1648           }
1649         }
1650       }
1651       if (identity) CeedCall(CeedFree(&identity));
1652       data->assembled_bases_in[b] = B_in;
1653     }
1654   }
1655 
1656   if (assembled_bases_out && !data->assembled_bases_out[0]) {
1657     CeedInt num_qpts;
1658 
1659     if (data->active_bases_out[0] == CEED_BASIS_NONE) CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_out[0], &num_qpts));
1660     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(data->active_bases_out[0], &num_qpts));
1661     for (CeedInt b = 0; b < data->num_active_bases_out; b++) {
1662       bool        has_eval_none = false;
1663       CeedInt     num_nodes;
1664       CeedScalar *B_out = NULL, *identity = NULL;
1665 
1666       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_out[b], &num_nodes));
1667       CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes * data->num_eval_modes_out[b], &B_out));
1668 
1669       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < data->num_eval_modes_out[b]; i++) {
1670         has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (data->eval_modes_out[b][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1671       }
1672       if (has_eval_none) {
1673         CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes, &identity));
1674         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) {
1675           identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
1676         }
1677       }
1678 
1679       for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
1680         for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
1681           CeedInt      d_out              = 0, q_comp_out;
1682           CeedEvalMode eval_mode_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1683 
1684           for (CeedInt e_out = 0; e_out < data->num_eval_modes_out[b]; e_out++) {
1685             const CeedInt     qq = data->num_eval_modes_out[b] * q;
1686             const CeedScalar *B  = NULL;
1687 
1688             CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(data->active_bases_out[b], data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out], identity, &B));
1689             CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(data->active_bases_out[b], data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out], &q_comp_out));
1690             if (q_comp_out > 1) {
1691               if (e_out == 0 || data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out] != eval_mode_out_prev) d_out = 0;
1692               else B = &B[(++d_out) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
1693             }
1694             eval_mode_out_prev                  = data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out];
1695             B_out[(qq + e_out) * num_nodes + n] = B[q * num_nodes + n];
1696           }
1697         }
1698       }
1699       if (identity) CeedCall(CeedFree(&identity));
1700       data->assembled_bases_out[b] = B_out;
1701     }
1702   }
1703 
1704   // Pass out assembled data
1705   if (num_active_bases_in) *num_active_bases_in = data->num_active_bases_in;
1706   if (active_bases_in) *active_bases_in = data->active_bases_in;
1707   if (assembled_bases_in) *assembled_bases_in = (const CeedScalar **)data->assembled_bases_in;
1708   if (num_active_bases_out) *num_active_bases_out = data->num_active_bases_out;
1709   if (active_bases_out) *active_bases_out = data->active_bases_out;
1710   if (assembled_bases_out) *assembled_bases_out = (const CeedScalar **)data->assembled_bases_out;
1711   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1712 }
1713 
1714 /**
1715   @brief Get `CeedOperator` `CeedBasis` data for assembly.
1716 
1717   Note: See @ref CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate() for a full description of the data stored in this object.
1718 
1719   @param[in]  data                      `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1720   @param[out] num_active_elem_rstrs_in  Number of active input element restrictions, or `NULL`
1721   @param[out] active_elem_rstrs_in      Pointer to hold active input `CeedElemRestriction`, or `NULL`
1722   @param[out] num_active_elem_rstrs_out Number of active output element restrictions, or `NULL`
1723   @param[out] active_elem_rstrs_out     Pointer to hold active output `CeedElemRestriction`, or `NULL`
1724 
1725   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1726 
1727   @ref Backend
1728 **/
1729 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(CeedOperatorAssemblyData data, CeedInt *num_active_elem_rstrs_in,
1730                                                 CeedElemRestriction **active_elem_rstrs_in, CeedInt *num_active_elem_rstrs_out,
1731                                                 CeedElemRestriction **active_elem_rstrs_out) {
1732   if (num_active_elem_rstrs_in) *num_active_elem_rstrs_in = data->num_active_bases_in;
1733   if (active_elem_rstrs_in) *active_elem_rstrs_in = data->active_elem_rstrs_in;
1734   if (num_active_elem_rstrs_out) *num_active_elem_rstrs_out = data->num_active_bases_out;
1735   if (active_elem_rstrs_out) *active_elem_rstrs_out = data->active_elem_rstrs_out;
1736   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1737 }
1738 
1739 /**
1740   @brief Destroy `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1741 
1742   @param[in,out] data `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` to destroy
1743 
1744   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1745 
1746   @ref Backend
1747 **/
1748 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataDestroy(CeedOperatorAssemblyData *data) {
1749   if (!*data) {
1750     *data = NULL;
1751     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1752   }
1753   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&(*data)->ceed));
1754   for (CeedInt b = 0; b < (*data)->num_active_bases_in; b++) {
1755     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&(*data)->active_bases_in[b]));
1756     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in[b]));
1757     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_in[b]));
1758     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_in[b]));
1759     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_in[b]));
1760   }
1761   for (CeedInt b = 0; b < (*data)->num_active_bases_out; b++) {
1762     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&(*data)->active_bases_out[b]));
1763     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out[b]));
1764     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_out[b]));
1765     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_out[b]));
1766     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_out[b]));
1767   }
1768   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_bases_in));
1769   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_bases_out));
1770   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in));
1771   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out));
1772   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->num_eval_modes_in));
1773   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->num_eval_modes_out));
1774   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_in));
1775   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_out));
1776   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_in));
1777   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_out));
1778   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_in));
1779   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_out));
1780 
1781   CeedCall(CeedFree(data));
1782   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1783 }
1784 
1785 /**
1786   @brief Retrieve fallback `CeedOperator` with a reference `Ceed` for advanced `CeedOperator` functionality
1787 
1788   @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to retrieve fallback for
1789   @param[out] op_fallback Fallback `CeedOperator`
1790 
1791   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1792 
1793   @ref Backend
1794 **/
1795 int CeedOperatorGetFallback(CeedOperator op, CeedOperator *op_fallback) {
1796   // Create if needed
1797   if (!op->op_fallback) CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateFallback(op));
1798   if (op->op_fallback) {
1799     bool is_debug;
1800     Ceed ceed;
1801 
1802     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1803     CeedCall(CeedIsDebug(ceed, &is_debug));
1804     if (is_debug) {
1805       Ceed        ceed_fallback;
1806       const char *resource, *resource_fallback;
1807 
1808       CeedCall(CeedGetOperatorFallbackCeed(ceed, &ceed_fallback));
1809       CeedCall(CeedGetResource(ceed, &resource));
1810       CeedCall(CeedGetResource(ceed_fallback, &resource_fallback));
1811 
1812       CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "---------- CeedOperator Fallback ----------\n");
1813       CeedDebug(ceed, "Falling back from %s operator at address %p to %s operator at address %p\n", resource, op, resource_fallback, op->op_fallback);
1814     }
1815   }
1816   *op_fallback = op->op_fallback;
1817   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1818 }
1819 
1820 /**
1821   @brief Get the parent `CeedOperator` for a fallback `CeedOperator`
1822 
1823   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` context
1824   @param[out] parent Variable to store parent `CeedOperator` context
1825 
1826   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1827 
1828   @ref Backend
1829 **/
1830 int CeedOperatorGetFallbackParent(CeedOperator op, CeedOperator *parent) {
1831   *parent = op->op_fallback_parent ? op->op_fallback_parent : NULL;
1832   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1833 }
1834 
1835 /**
1836   @brief Get the `Ceed` context of the parent `CeedOperator` for a fallback `CeedOperator`
1837 
1838   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` context
1839   @param[out] parent Variable to store parent `Ceed` context
1840 
1841   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1842 
1843   @ref Backend
1844 **/
1845 int CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(CeedOperator op, Ceed *parent) {
1846   *parent = op->op_fallback_parent ? op->op_fallback_parent->ceed : op->ceed;
1847   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1848 }
1849 
1850 /// @}
1851 
1852 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1853 /// CeedOperator Public API
1854 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1855 /// @addtogroup CeedOperatorUser
1856 /// @{
1857 
1858 /**
1859   @brief Assemble a linear `CeedQFunction` associated with a `CeedOperator`.
1860 
1861   This returns a `CeedVector` containing a matrix at each quadrature point providing the action of the `CeedQFunction` associated with the `CeedOperator`.
1862   The vector `assembled` is of shape `[num_elements, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_quad_points]` and contains column-major matrices representing the action of the `CeedQFunction` for a corresponding quadrature point on an element.
1863 
1864   Inputs and outputs are in the order provided by the user when adding `CeedOperator` fields.
1865   For example, a `CeedQFunction` with inputs `u` and `gradu` and outputs `gradv` and `v` , provided in that order, would result in an assembled `CeedQFunction` that consists of `(1 + dim) x (dim + 1)` matrices at each quadrature point acting on the input ` [u, du_0, du_1]` and producing the output `[dv_0, dv_1, v]`.
1866 
1867   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
1868 
1869   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
1870   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1871   @param[out] rstr      `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1872   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
1873 
1874   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1875 
1876   @ref User
1877 **/
1878 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1879   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
1880 
1881   if (op->LinearAssembleQFunction) {
1882     // Backend version
1883     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleQFunction(op, assembled, rstr, request));
1884   } else {
1885     // Operator fallback
1886     Ceed         ceed;
1887     CeedOperator op_fallback;
1888 
1889     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1890     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
1891     if (op_fallback) CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction(op_fallback, assembled, rstr, request));
1892     else return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Backend does not support CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction");
1893   }
1894   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1895 }
1896 
1897 /**
1898   @brief Assemble `CeedQFunction` and store result internally.
1899 
1900   Return copied references of stored data to the caller.
1901   Caller is responsible for ownership and destruction of the copied references.
1902   See also @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction().
1903 
1904   Note: If the value of `assembled` or `rstr` passed to this function are non-`NULL` , then it is assumed that they hold valid pointers.
1905         These objects will be destroyed if `*assembled` or `*rstr` is the only reference to the object.
1906 
1907   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
1908   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1909   @param[out] rstr      `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1910   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
1911 
1912   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1913 
1914   @ref User
1915 **/
1916 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1917   int (*LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate)(CeedOperator, CeedVector, CeedElemRestriction, CeedRequest *) = NULL;
1918   CeedOperator op_assemble                                                                           = NULL;
1919   CeedOperator op_fallback_parent                                                                    = NULL;
1920 
1921   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
1922 
1923   // Determine if fallback parent or operator has implementation
1924   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParent(op, &op_fallback_parent));
1925   if (op_fallback_parent && op_fallback_parent->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate) {
1926     // -- Backend version for op fallback parent is faster, if it exists
1927     LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate = op_fallback_parent->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate;
1928     op_assemble                   = op_fallback_parent;
1929   } else if (op->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate) {
1930     // -- Backend version for op
1931     LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate = op->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate;
1932     op_assemble                   = op;
1933   }
1934 
1935   // Assemble QFunction
1936   if (LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate) {
1937     // Backend or fallback parent version
1938     CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data;
1939     bool                      data_is_setup;
1940     CeedVector                assembled_vec  = NULL;
1941     CeedElemRestriction       assembled_rstr = NULL;
1942 
1943     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunctionAssemblyData(op, &data));
1944     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsSetup(data, &data_is_setup));
1945     if (data_is_setup) {
1946       bool update_needed;
1947 
1948       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataGetObjects(data, &assembled_vec, &assembled_rstr));
1949       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsUpdateNeeded(data, &update_needed));
1950       if (update_needed) CeedCall(LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate(op_assemble, assembled_vec, assembled_rstr, request));
1951     } else {
1952       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction(op_assemble, &assembled_vec, &assembled_rstr, request));
1953       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetObjects(data, assembled_vec, assembled_rstr));
1954     }
1955     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetUpdateNeeded(data, false));
1956 
1957     // Copy reference from internally held copy
1958     CeedCall(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(assembled_vec, assembled));
1959     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(assembled_rstr, rstr));
1960     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_vec));
1961     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1962   } else {
1963     // Operator fallback
1964     Ceed         ceed;
1965     CeedOperator op_fallback;
1966 
1967     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1968     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
1969     if (op_fallback) CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op_fallback, assembled, rstr, request));
1970     else return CeedError(ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Backend does not support CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate");
1971   }
1972   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1973 }
1974 
1975 /**
1976   @brief Assemble the diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`
1977 
1978   This overwrites a `CeedVector` with the diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
1979 
1980   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
1981 
1982   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
1983 
1984   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
1985   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedOperator` diagonal
1986   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
1987 
1988   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1989 
1990   @ref User
1991 **/
1992 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
1993   bool     is_composite;
1994   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
1995   Ceed     ceed;
1996 
1997   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1998   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
1999   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2000 
2001   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2002   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2003 
2004   // Early exit for empty operator
2005   if (!is_composite) {
2006     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2007 
2008     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2009     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2010   }
2011 
2012   if (op->LinearAssembleDiagonal) {
2013     // Backend version
2014     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2015     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2016   } else if (op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal) {
2017     // Backend version with zeroing first
2018     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
2019     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2020     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2021   } else {
2022     // Operator fallback
2023     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2024 
2025     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2026     if (op_fallback) {
2027       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
2028       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2029     }
2030   }
2031   // Default interface implementation
2032   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
2033   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2034   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2035 }
2036 
2037 /**
2038   @brief Assemble the diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`.
2039 
2040   This sums into a `CeedVector` the diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2041 
2042   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
2043 
2044   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the CeedOperator as immutable.
2045 
2046   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
2047   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedOperator` diagonal
2048   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2049 
2050   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2051 
2052   @ref User
2053 **/
2054 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
2055   bool     is_composite;
2056   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2057   Ceed     ceed;
2058 
2059   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2060   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2061   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2062 
2063   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2064   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2065 
2066   // Early exit for empty operator
2067   if (!is_composite) {
2068     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2069 
2070     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2071     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2072   }
2073 
2074   if (op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal) {
2075     // Backend version
2076     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2077     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2078   } else {
2079     // Operator fallback
2080     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2081 
2082     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2083     if (op_fallback) {
2084       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
2085       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2086     }
2087   }
2088   // Default interface implementation
2089   if (is_composite) {
2090     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, false, assembled));
2091   } else {
2092     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, false, assembled));
2093   }
2094   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2095 }
2096 
2097 /**
2098    @brief Fully assemble the point-block diagonal pattern of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2099 
2100    Expected to be used in conjunction with @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal().
2101 
2102    The assembly routines use coordinate format, with `num_entries` tuples of the form `(i, j, value)` which indicate that value should be added to the matrix in entry `(i, j)`.
2103    Note that the `(i, j)` pairs are unique.
2104    This function returns the number of entries and their `(i, j)` locations, while @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal() provides the values in the same ordering.
2105 
2106    This will generally be slow unless your operator is low-order.
2107 
2108    Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2109 
2110    @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to assemble
2111    @param[out] num_entries Number of entries in coordinate nonzero pattern
2112    @param[out] rows        Row number for each entry
2113    @param[out] cols        Column number for each entry
2114 
2115    @ref User
2116 **/
2117 int CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonalSymbolic(CeedOperator op, CeedSize *num_entries, CeedInt **rows, CeedInt **cols) {
2118   Ceed          ceed;
2119   bool          is_composite;
2120   CeedInt       num_active_components, num_sub_operators;
2121   CeedOperator *sub_operators;
2122 
2123   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2124   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2125 
2126   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2127   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2128   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2129 
2130   if (is_composite) {
2131     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_sub_operators));
2132     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2133   } else {
2134     sub_operators     = &op;
2135     num_sub_operators = 1;
2136   }
2137 
2138   // Verify operator can be assembled correctly
2139   {
2140     CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
2141     CeedInt                  num_active_elem_rstrs, comp_stride;
2142     CeedElemRestriction     *active_elem_rstrs;
2143 
2144     // Get initial values to check against
2145     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(sub_operators[0], &data));
2146     CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(data, &num_active_elem_rstrs, &active_elem_rstrs, NULL, NULL));
2147     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(active_elem_rstrs[0], &comp_stride));
2148     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(active_elem_rstrs[0], &num_active_components));
2149 
2150     // Verify that all active element restrictions have same component stride and number of components
2151     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_sub_operators; k++) {
2152       CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(sub_operators[k], &data));
2153       CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(data, &num_active_elem_rstrs, &active_elem_rstrs, NULL, NULL));
2154       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_active_elem_rstrs; i++) {
2155         CeedInt comp_stride_sub, num_active_components_sub;
2156 
2157         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(active_elem_rstrs[i], &comp_stride_sub));
2158         CeedCheck(comp_stride == comp_stride_sub, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
2159                   "Active element restrictions must have the same component stride: %d vs %d", comp_stride, comp_stride_sub);
2160         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(active_elem_rstrs[i], &num_active_components_sub));
2161         CeedCheck(num_active_components == num_active_components_sub, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
2162                   "All suboperators must have the same number of output components."
2163                   " Previous: %" CeedInt_FMT " Current: %" CeedInt_FMT,
2164                   num_active_components, num_active_components_sub);
2165       }
2166     }
2167   }
2168   *num_entries = input_size * num_active_components;
2169   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, rows));
2170   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, cols));
2171 
2172   for (CeedInt o = 0; o < num_sub_operators; o++) {
2173     CeedElemRestriction active_elem_rstr, point_block_active_elem_rstr;
2174     CeedInt             comp_stride, num_elem, elem_size;
2175     const CeedInt      *offsets, *point_block_offsets;
2176 
2177     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestriction(sub_operators[o], &active_elem_rstr));
2178     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(active_elem_rstr, &comp_stride));
2179     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(active_elem_rstr, &num_elem));
2180     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(active_elem_rstr, &elem_size));
2181     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOffsets(active_elem_rstr, CEED_MEM_HOST, &offsets));
2182 
2183     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(active_elem_rstr, &point_block_active_elem_rstr));
2184     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOffsets(point_block_active_elem_rstr, CEED_MEM_HOST, &point_block_offsets));
2185 
2186     for (CeedSize i = 0; i < num_elem * elem_size; i++) {
2187       for (CeedInt c_out = 0; c_out < num_active_components; c_out++) {
2188         for (CeedInt c_in = 0; c_in < num_active_components; c_in++) {
2189           (*rows)[point_block_offsets[i] + c_out * num_active_components + c_in] = offsets[i] + c_out * comp_stride;
2190           (*cols)[point_block_offsets[i] + c_out * num_active_components + c_in] = offsets[i] + c_in * comp_stride;
2191         }
2192       }
2193     }
2194 
2195     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOffsets(active_elem_rstr, &offsets));
2196     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOffsets(point_block_active_elem_rstr, &point_block_offsets));
2197     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&active_elem_rstr));
2198     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&point_block_active_elem_rstr));
2199   }
2200   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2201 }
2202 
2203 /**
2204   @brief Assemble the point block diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`.
2205 
2206   This overwrites a `CeedVector` with the point block diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2207 
2208   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
2209 
2210   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2211 
2212   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
2213   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedOperator` point block diagonal, provided in row-major form with an `num_comp * num_comp` block at each node.
2214                           The dimensions of this vector are derived from the active vector for the `CeedOperator`.
2215                           The array has shape `[nodes, component out, component in]`.
2216   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2217 
2218   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2219 
2220   @ref User
2221 **/
2222 int CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
2223   bool     is_composite;
2224   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2225   Ceed     ceed;
2226 
2227   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2228   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2229   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2230 
2231   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2232   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2233 
2234   // Early exit for empty operator
2235   if (!is_composite) {
2236     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2237 
2238     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2239     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2240   }
2241 
2242   if (op->LinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal) {
2243     // Backend version
2244     CeedCall(op->LinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2245     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2246   } else if (op->LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal) {
2247     // Backend version with zeroing first
2248     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
2249     CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2250     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2251   } else {
2252     // Operator fallback
2253     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2254 
2255     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2256     if (op_fallback) {
2257       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
2258       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2259     }
2260   }
2261   // Default interface implementation
2262   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
2263   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2264   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2265 }
2266 
2267 /**
2268   @brief Assemble the point block diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`.
2269 
2270   This sums into a `CeedVector` with the point block diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2271 
2272   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
2273 
2274   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2275 
2276   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
2277   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled CeedOperator point block diagonal, provided in row-major form with an `num_comp * num_comp` block at each node.
2278                           The dimensions of this vector are derived from the active vector for the `CeedOperator`.
2279                           The array has shape `[nodes, component out, component in]`.
2280   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2281 
2282   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2283 
2284   @ref User
2285 **/
2286 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
2287   bool     is_composite;
2288   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2289   Ceed     ceed;
2290 
2291   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2292   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2293   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2294 
2295   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2296   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2297 
2298   // Early exit for empty operator
2299   if (!is_composite) {
2300     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2301 
2302     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2303     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2304   }
2305 
2306   if (op->LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal) {
2307     // Backend version
2308     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2309     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2310   } else {
2311     // Operator fallback
2312     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2313 
2314     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2315     if (op_fallback) {
2316       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
2317       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2318     }
2319   }
2320   // Default interface implementation
2321   if (is_composite) {
2322     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, true, assembled));
2323   } else {
2324     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, true, assembled));
2325   }
2326   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2327 }
2328 
2329 /**
2330    @brief Fully assemble the nonzero pattern of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2331 
2332    Expected to be used in conjunction with @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemble().
2333 
2334    The assembly routines use coordinate format, with `num_entries` tuples of the form `(i, j, value)` which indicate that value should be added to the matrix in entry `(i, j)`.
2335    Note that the `(i, j)` pairs are not unique and may repeat.
2336    This function returns the number of entries and their `(i, j)` locations, while @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemble() provides the values in the same ordering.
2337 
2338    This will generally be slow unless your operator is low-order.
2339 
2340    Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2341 
2342    @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to assemble
2343    @param[out] num_entries Number of entries in coordinate nonzero pattern
2344    @param[out] rows        Row number for each entry
2345    @param[out] cols        Column number for each entry
2346 
2347    @ref User
2348 **/
2349 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic(CeedOperator op, CeedSize *num_entries, CeedInt **rows, CeedInt **cols) {
2350   bool          is_composite;
2351   CeedInt       num_suboperators, offset = 0;
2352   CeedSize      single_entries;
2353   CeedOperator *sub_operators;
2354 
2355   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2356   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2357 
2358   if (op->LinearAssembleSymbolic) {
2359     // Backend version
2360     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleSymbolic(op, num_entries, rows, cols));
2361     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2362   } else {
2363     // Operator fallback
2364     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2365 
2366     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2367     if (op_fallback) {
2368       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic(op_fallback, num_entries, rows, cols));
2369       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2370     }
2371   }
2372 
2373   // Default interface implementation
2374 
2375   // Count entries and allocate rows, cols arrays
2376   *num_entries = 0;
2377   if (is_composite) {
2378     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2379     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2380     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_suboperators; ++k) {
2381       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(sub_operators[k], &single_entries));
2382       *num_entries += single_entries;
2383     }
2384   } else {
2385     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(op, &single_entries));
2386     *num_entries += single_entries;
2387   }
2388   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, rows));
2389   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, cols));
2390 
2391   // Assemble nonzero locations
2392   if (is_composite) {
2393     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2394     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2395     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_suboperators; ++k) {
2396       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSymbolic(sub_operators[k], offset, *rows, *cols));
2397       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(sub_operators[k], &single_entries));
2398       offset += single_entries;
2399     }
2400   } else {
2401     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSymbolic(op, offset, *rows, *cols));
2402   }
2403   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2404 }
2405 
2406 /**
2407    @brief Fully assemble the nonzero entries of a linear operator.
2408 
2409    Expected to be used in conjunction with @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic().
2410 
2411    The assembly routines use coordinate format, with `num_entries` tuples of the form `(i, j, value)` which indicate that value should be added to the matrix in entry `(i, j)`.
2412    Note that the `(i, j)` pairs are not unique and may repeat.
2413    This function returns the values of the nonzero entries to be added, their `(i, j)` locations are provided by @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic().
2414 
2415    This will generally be slow unless your operator is low-order.
2416 
2417    Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2418 
2419    @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` to assemble
2420    @param[out] values Values to assemble into matrix
2421 
2422    @ref User
2423 **/
2424 int CeedOperatorLinearAssemble(CeedOperator op, CeedVector values) {
2425   bool          is_composite;
2426   CeedInt       num_suboperators, offset = 0;
2427   CeedSize      single_entries = 0;
2428   CeedOperator *sub_operators;
2429 
2430   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2431   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2432 
2433   // Early exit for empty operator
2434   if (!is_composite) {
2435     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2436 
2437     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2438     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2439   }
2440 
2441   if (op->LinearAssemble) {
2442     // Backend version
2443     CeedCall(op->LinearAssemble(op, values));
2444     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2445   } else {
2446     // Operator fallback
2447     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2448 
2449     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2450     if (op_fallback) {
2451       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssemble(op_fallback, values));
2452       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2453     }
2454   }
2455 
2456   // Default interface implementation
2457   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(values, 0.0));
2458   if (is_composite) {
2459     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2460     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2461     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_suboperators; k++) {
2462       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(sub_operators[k], offset, values));
2463       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(sub_operators[k], &single_entries));
2464       offset += single_entries;
2465     }
2466   } else {
2467     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(op, offset, values));
2468   }
2469   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2470 }
2471 
2472 /**
2473   @brief Get the multiplicity of nodes across sub-operators in a composite `CeedOperator`.
2474 
2475   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2476 
2477   @param[in]  op               Composite `CeedOperator`
2478   @param[in]  num_skip_indices Number of sub-operators to skip
2479   @param[in]  skip_indices     Array of indices of sub-operators to skip
2480   @param[out] mult             Vector to store multiplicity (of size `l_size` )
2481 
2482   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2483 
2484   @ref User
2485 **/
2486 int CeedCompositeOperatorGetMultiplicity(CeedOperator op, CeedInt num_skip_indices, CeedInt *skip_indices, CeedVector mult) {
2487   Ceed                ceed;
2488   CeedInt             num_suboperators;
2489   CeedSize            l_vec_len;
2490   CeedScalar         *mult_array;
2491   CeedVector          ones_l_vec;
2492   CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr, mult_elem_rstr;
2493   CeedOperator       *sub_operators;
2494 
2495   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2496 
2497   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2498 
2499   // Zero mult vector
2500   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(mult, 0.0));
2501 
2502   // Get suboperators
2503   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2504   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2505   if (num_suboperators == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2506 
2507   // Work vector
2508   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetLength(mult, &l_vec_len));
2509   CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, l_vec_len, &ones_l_vec));
2510   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(ones_l_vec, 1.0));
2511   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArray(mult, CEED_MEM_HOST, &mult_array));
2512 
2513   // Compute multiplicity across suboperators
2514   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_suboperators; i++) {
2515     const CeedScalar *sub_mult_array;
2516     CeedVector        sub_mult_l_vec, ones_e_vec;
2517 
2518     // -- Check for suboperator to skip
2519     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < num_skip_indices; j++) {
2520       if (skip_indices[j] == i) continue;
2521     }
2522 
2523     // -- Sub operator multiplicity
2524     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestriction(sub_operators[i], &elem_rstr));
2525     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnorientedCopy(elem_rstr, &mult_elem_rstr));
2526     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
2527     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(mult_elem_rstr, &sub_mult_l_vec, &ones_e_vec));
2528     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(sub_mult_l_vec, 0.0));
2529     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(mult_elem_rstr, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, ones_l_vec, ones_e_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
2530     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(mult_elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, ones_e_vec, sub_mult_l_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
2531     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(sub_mult_l_vec, CEED_MEM_HOST, &sub_mult_array));
2532     // ---- Flag every node present in the current suboperator
2533     for (CeedSize j = 0; j < l_vec_len; j++) {
2534       if (sub_mult_array[j] > 0.0) mult_array[j] += 1.0;
2535     }
2536     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(sub_mult_l_vec, &sub_mult_array));
2537     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&sub_mult_l_vec));
2538     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&ones_e_vec));
2539     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&mult_elem_rstr));
2540   }
2541   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(mult, &mult_array));
2542   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&ones_l_vec));
2543   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2544 }
2545 
2546 /**
2547   @brief Create a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator`, creating the prolongation basis from the fine and coarse grid interpolation.
2548 
2549   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets all four `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2550 
2551   @param[in]  op_fine      Fine grid `CeedOperator`
2552   @param[in]  p_mult_fine  L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2553   @param[in]  rstr_coarse  Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
2554   @param[in]  basis_coarse Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
2555   @param[out] op_coarse    Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
2556   @param[out] op_prolong   Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2557   @param[out] op_restrict  Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2558 
2559   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2560 
2561   @ref User
2562 **/
2563 int CeedOperatorMultigridLevelCreate(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
2564                                      CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong, CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
2565   CeedBasis basis_c_to_f = NULL;
2566 
2567   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fine));
2568 
2569   // Build prolongation matrix, if required
2570   if (op_prolong || op_restrict) {
2571     CeedBasis basis_fine;
2572 
2573     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveBasis(op_fine, &basis_fine));
2574     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateProjection(basis_coarse, basis_fine, &basis_c_to_f));
2575     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_fine));
2576   }
2577 
2578   // Core code
2579   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(op_fine, p_mult_fine, rstr_coarse, basis_coarse, basis_c_to_f, op_coarse, op_prolong, op_restrict));
2580   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2581 }
2582 
2583 /**
2584   @brief Create a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator` with a tensor basis for the active basis.
2585 
2586   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets all four `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2587 
2588   @param[in]  op_fine       Fine grid `CeedOperator`
2589   @param[in]  p_mult_fine   L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2590   @param[in]  rstr_coarse   Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
2591   @param[in]  basis_coarse  Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
2592   @param[in]  interp_c_to_f Matrix for coarse to fine interpolation, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2593   @param[out] op_coarse     Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
2594   @param[out] op_prolong    Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2595   @param[out] op_restrict   Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2596 
2597   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2598 
2599   @ref User
2600 **/
2601 int CeedOperatorMultigridLevelCreateTensorH1(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
2602                                              const CeedScalar *interp_c_to_f, CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong,
2603                                              CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
2604   Ceed      ceed;
2605   CeedInt   Q_f, Q_c;
2606   CeedBasis basis_fine, basis_c_to_f = NULL;
2607 
2608   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fine));
2609   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op_fine, &ceed));
2610 
2611   // Check for compatible quadrature spaces
2612   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveBasis(op_fine, &basis_fine));
2613   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_fine, &Q_f));
2614   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_coarse, &Q_c));
2615   CeedCheck(Q_f == Q_c, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
2616             "Bases must have compatible quadrature spaces."
2617             " Fine grid: %" CeedInt_FMT " points, Coarse grid: %" CeedInt_FMT " points",
2618             Q_f, Q_c);
2619 
2620   // Create coarse to fine basis, if required
2621   if (op_prolong || op_restrict) {
2622     CeedInt     dim, num_comp, num_nodes_c, P_1d_f, P_1d_c;
2623     CeedScalar *q_ref, *q_weight, *grad;
2624 
2625     // Check if interpolation matrix is provided
2626     CeedCheck(interp_c_to_f, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
2627               "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires coarse-to-fine interpolation matrix");
2628     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDimension(basis_fine, &dim));
2629     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_fine, &num_comp));
2630     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes1D(basis_fine, &P_1d_f));
2631     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_fine));
2632     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_coarse, &num_nodes_c));
2633     P_1d_c = dim == 1 ? num_nodes_c : dim == 2 ? sqrt(num_nodes_c) : cbrt(num_nodes_c);
2634     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d_f, &q_ref));
2635     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d_f, &q_weight));
2636     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d_f * P_1d_c * dim, &grad));
2637     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateTensorH1(ceed, dim, num_comp, P_1d_c, P_1d_f, interp_c_to_f, grad, q_ref, q_weight, &basis_c_to_f));
2638     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_ref));
2639     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_weight));
2640     CeedCall(CeedFree(&grad));
2641   }
2642 
2643   // Core code
2644   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(op_fine, p_mult_fine, rstr_coarse, basis_coarse, basis_c_to_f, op_coarse, op_prolong, op_restrict));
2645   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2646 }
2647 
2648 /**
2649   @brief Create a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator` with a non-tensor basis for the active vector
2650 
2651   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets all four `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2652 
2653   @param[in]  op_fine       Fine grid `CeedOperator`
2654   @param[in]  p_mult_fine   L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2655   @param[in]  rstr_coarse   Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
2656   @param[in]  basis_coarse  Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
2657   @param[in]  interp_c_to_f Matrix for coarse to fine interpolation, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2658   @param[out] op_coarse     Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
2659   @param[out] op_prolong    Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2660   @param[out] op_restrict   Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2661 
2662   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2663 
2664   @ref User
2665 **/
2666 int CeedOperatorMultigridLevelCreateH1(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
2667                                        const CeedScalar *interp_c_to_f, CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong,
2668                                        CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
2669   Ceed      ceed;
2670   CeedInt   Q_f, Q_c;
2671   CeedBasis basis_fine, basis_c_to_f = NULL;
2672 
2673   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fine));
2674   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op_fine, &ceed));
2675 
2676   // Check for compatible quadrature spaces
2677   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveBasis(op_fine, &basis_fine));
2678   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_fine, &Q_f));
2679   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_coarse, &Q_c));
2680   CeedCheck(Q_f == Q_c, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Bases must have compatible quadrature spaces");
2681 
2682   // Coarse to fine basis
2683   if (op_prolong || op_restrict) {
2684     CeedInt          dim, num_comp, num_nodes_c, num_nodes_f;
2685     CeedScalar      *q_ref, *q_weight, *grad;
2686     CeedElemTopology topo;
2687 
2688     // Check if interpolation matrix is provided
2689     CeedCheck(interp_c_to_f, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
2690               "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires coarse-to-fine interpolation matrix");
2691     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetTopology(basis_fine, &topo));
2692     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDimension(basis_fine, &dim));
2693     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_fine, &num_comp));
2694     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_fine, &num_nodes_f));
2695     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_fine));
2696     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_coarse, &num_nodes_c));
2697     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_nodes_f * dim, &q_ref));
2698     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_nodes_f, &q_weight));
2699     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_nodes_f * num_nodes_c * dim, &grad));
2700     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateH1(ceed, topo, num_comp, num_nodes_c, num_nodes_f, interp_c_to_f, grad, q_ref, q_weight, &basis_c_to_f));
2701     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_ref));
2702     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_weight));
2703     CeedCall(CeedFree(&grad));
2704   }
2705 
2706   // Core code
2707   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(op_fine, p_mult_fine, rstr_coarse, basis_coarse, basis_c_to_f, op_coarse, op_prolong, op_restrict));
2708   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2709 }
2710 
2711 /**
2712   @brief Build a FDM based approximate inverse for each element for a `CeedOperator`.
2713 
2714   This returns a `CeedOperator` and `CeedVector` to apply a Fast Diagonalization Method based approximate inverse.
2715   This function obtains the simultaneous diagonalization for the 1D mass and Laplacian operators, \f$M = V^T V, K = V^T S V\f$.
2716   The assembled `CeedQFunction` is used to modify the eigenvalues from simultaneous diagonalization and obtain an approximate inverse of the form \f$V^T \hat S V\f$.
2717   The `CeedOperator` must be linear and non-composite.
2718   The associated `CeedQFunction` must therefore also be linear.
2719 
2720   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2721 
2722   @param[in]  op      `CeedOperator` to create element inverses
2723   @param[out] fdm_inv `CeedOperator` to apply the action of a FDM based inverse for each element
2724   @param[in]  request Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2725 
2726   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2727 
2728   @ref User
2729 **/
2730 int CeedOperatorCreateFDMElementInverse(CeedOperator op, CeedOperator *fdm_inv, CeedRequest *request) {
2731   Ceed                 ceed, ceed_parent;
2732   bool                 interp = false, grad = false, is_tensor_basis = true;
2733   CeedInt              num_input_fields, P_1d, Q_1d, num_nodes, num_qpts, dim, num_comp = 1, num_elem = 1;
2734   CeedScalar          *mass, *laplace, *x, *fdm_interp, *lambda, *elem_avg;
2735   const CeedScalar    *interp_1d, *grad_1d, *q_weight_1d;
2736   CeedVector           q_data;
2737   CeedElemRestriction  rstr  = NULL, rstr_qd_i;
2738   CeedBasis            basis = NULL, fdm_basis;
2739   CeedQFunctionContext ctx_fdm;
2740   CeedQFunctionField  *qf_fields;
2741   CeedQFunction        qf, qf_fdm;
2742   CeedOperatorField   *op_fields;
2743 
2744   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2745 
2746   if (op->CreateFDMElementInverse) {
2747     // Backend version
2748     CeedCall(op->CreateFDMElementInverse(op, fdm_inv, request));
2749     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2750   } else {
2751     // Operator fallback
2752     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2753 
2754     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2755     if (op_fallback) {
2756       CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateFDMElementInverse(op_fallback, fdm_inv, request));
2757       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2758     }
2759   }
2760 
2761   // Default interface implementation
2762   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2763   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(op, &ceed_parent));
2764   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
2765 
2766   // Determine active input basis
2767   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
2768   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
2769   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
2770     CeedVector vec;
2771 
2772     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
2773     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
2774       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
2775 
2776       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
2777       interp = interp || eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_INTERP;
2778       grad   = grad || eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_GRAD;
2779       if (!basis) CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
2780       if (!rstr) CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &rstr));
2781     }
2782     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
2783   }
2784   CeedCheck(basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "No active field set");
2785   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes1D(basis, &P_1d));
2786   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis, &num_nodes));
2787   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints1D(basis, &Q_1d));
2788   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis, &num_qpts));
2789   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDimension(basis, &dim));
2790   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis, &num_comp));
2791   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr, &num_elem));
2792 
2793   // Build and diagonalize 1D Mass and Laplacian
2794   CeedCall(CeedBasisIsTensor(basis, &is_tensor_basis));
2795   CeedCheck(is_tensor_basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "FDMElementInverse only supported for tensor bases");
2796   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &mass));
2797   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &laplace));
2798   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &x));
2799   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &fdm_interp));
2800   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d, &lambda));
2801   // -- Build matrices
2802   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetInterp1D(basis, &interp_1d));
2803   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetGrad1D(basis, &grad_1d));
2804   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetQWeights(basis, &q_weight_1d));
2805   CeedCall(CeedBuildMassLaplace(interp_1d, grad_1d, q_weight_1d, P_1d, Q_1d, dim, mass, laplace));
2806 
2807   // -- Diagonalize
2808   CeedCall(CeedSimultaneousDiagonalization(ceed, laplace, mass, x, lambda, P_1d));
2809   CeedCall(CeedFree(&mass));
2810   CeedCall(CeedFree(&laplace));
2811   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) {
2812     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < P_1d; j++) fdm_interp[i + j * P_1d] = x[j + i * P_1d];
2813   }
2814   CeedCall(CeedFree(&x));
2815 
2816   {
2817     CeedInt             layout[3], num_modes = (interp ? 1 : 0) + (grad ? dim : 0);
2818     CeedScalar          max_norm = 0;
2819     const CeedScalar   *assembled_array, *q_weight_array;
2820     CeedVector          assembled = NULL, q_weight;
2821     CeedElemRestriction rstr_qf   = NULL;
2822 
2823     // Assemble QFunction
2824     CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled, &rstr_qf, request));
2825     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(rstr_qf, layout));
2826     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_qf));
2827     CeedCall(CeedVectorNorm(assembled, CEED_NORM_MAX, &max_norm));
2828 
2829     // Calculate element averages
2830     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, num_qpts, &q_weight));
2831     CeedCall(CeedBasisApply(basis, 1, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_weight));
2832     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled, CEED_MEM_HOST, &assembled_array));
2833     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(q_weight, CEED_MEM_HOST, &q_weight_array));
2834     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_elem, &elem_avg));
2835     const CeedScalar qf_value_bound = max_norm * 100 * CEED_EPSILON;
2836 
2837     for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
2838       CeedInt count = 0;
2839 
2840       for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
2841         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_comp * num_comp * num_modes * num_modes; i++) {
2842           if (fabs(assembled_array[q * layout[0] + i * layout[1] + e * layout[2]]) > qf_value_bound) {
2843             elem_avg[e] += assembled_array[q * layout[0] + i * layout[1] + e * layout[2]] / q_weight_array[q];
2844             count++;
2845           }
2846         }
2847       }
2848       if (count) {
2849         elem_avg[e] /= count;
2850       } else {
2851         elem_avg[e] = 1.0;
2852       }
2853     }
2854     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled, &assembled_array));
2855     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled));
2856     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(q_weight, &q_weight_array));
2857     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&q_weight));
2858   }
2859 
2860   // Build FDM diagonal
2861   {
2862     CeedScalar *q_data_array, *fdm_diagonal;
2863 
2864     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_comp * num_nodes, &fdm_diagonal));
2865     const CeedScalar fdm_diagonal_bound = num_nodes * CEED_EPSILON;
2866     for (CeedInt c = 0; c < num_comp; c++) {
2867       for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
2868         if (interp) fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n] = 1.0;
2869         if (grad) {
2870           for (CeedInt d = 0; d < dim; d++) {
2871             CeedInt i = (n / CeedIntPow(P_1d, d)) % P_1d;
2872             fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n] += lambda[i];
2873           }
2874         }
2875         if (fabs(fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n]) < fdm_diagonal_bound) fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n] = fdm_diagonal_bound;
2876       }
2877     }
2878     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, num_elem * num_comp * num_nodes, &q_data));
2879     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(q_data, 0.0));
2880     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(q_data, CEED_MEM_HOST, &q_data_array));
2881     for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
2882       for (CeedInt c = 0; c < num_comp; c++) {
2883         for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
2884           q_data_array[(e * num_comp + c) * num_nodes + n] = 1. / (elem_avg[e] * fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n]);
2885         }
2886       }
2887     }
2888     CeedCall(CeedFree(&elem_avg));
2889     CeedCall(CeedFree(&fdm_diagonal));
2890     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(q_data, &q_data_array));
2891   }
2892 
2893   // Setup FDM operator
2894   // -- Basis
2895   {
2896     CeedScalar *grad_dummy, *q_ref_dummy, *q_weight_dummy;
2897 
2898     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &grad_dummy));
2899     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d, &q_ref_dummy));
2900     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d, &q_weight_dummy));
2901     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateTensorH1(ceed_parent, dim, num_comp, P_1d, P_1d, fdm_interp, grad_dummy, q_ref_dummy, q_weight_dummy, &fdm_basis));
2902     CeedCall(CeedFree(&fdm_interp));
2903     CeedCall(CeedFree(&grad_dummy));
2904     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_ref_dummy));
2905     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_weight_dummy));
2906     CeedCall(CeedFree(&lambda));
2907   }
2908 
2909   // -- Restriction
2910   {
2911     CeedInt strides[3] = {1, num_nodes, num_nodes * num_comp};
2912     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided(ceed_parent, num_elem, num_nodes, num_comp,
2913                                               (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)num_comp * (CeedSize)num_nodes, strides, &rstr_qd_i));
2914   }
2915 
2916   // -- QFunction
2917   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInteriorByName(ceed_parent, "Scale", &qf_fdm));
2918   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_fdm, "input", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
2919   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_fdm, "scale", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
2920   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_fdm, "output", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
2921   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetUserFlopsEstimate(qf_fdm, num_comp));
2922 
2923   // -- QFunction context
2924   {
2925     CeedInt *num_comp_data;
2926 
2927     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &num_comp_data));
2928     num_comp_data[0] = num_comp;
2929     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextCreate(ceed, &ctx_fdm));
2930     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextSetData(ctx_fdm, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER, sizeof(*num_comp_data), num_comp_data));
2931   }
2932   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(qf_fdm, ctx_fdm));
2933   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextDestroy(&ctx_fdm));
2934 
2935   // -- Operator
2936   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed_parent, qf_fdm, NULL, NULL, fdm_inv));
2937   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*fdm_inv, "input", rstr, fdm_basis, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
2938   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*fdm_inv, "scale", rstr_qd_i, CEED_BASIS_NONE, q_data));
2939   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*fdm_inv, "output", rstr, fdm_basis, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
2940 
2941   // Cleanup
2942   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&q_data));
2943   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr));
2944   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_qd_i));
2945   CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
2946   CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&fdm_basis));
2947   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_fdm));
2948   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2949 }
2950 
2951 /// @}
2952