xref: /libCEED/rust/libceed-sys/c-src/interface/ceed-preconditioning.c (revision 915834c9f1e582e3fdfc87db6b4fa4e010d293bb)
1 // Copyright (c) 2017-2025, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other CEED contributors.
2 // All Rights Reserved. See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
3 //
4 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
5 //
6 // This file is part of CEED:  http://github.com/ceed
7 
8 #include <ceed-impl.h>
9 #include <ceed.h>
10 #include <ceed/backend.h>
11 #include <assert.h>
12 #include <math.h>
13 #include <stdbool.h>
14 #include <stdio.h>
15 #include <string.h>
16 
17 /// @file
18 /// Implementation of CeedOperator preconditioning interfaces
19 
20 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
21 /// CeedOperator Library Internal Preconditioning Functions
22 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
23 /// @addtogroup CeedOperatorDeveloper
24 /// @{
25 
26 /**
27   @brief Duplicate a `CeedQFunction` with a reference `Ceed` to fallback for advanced `CeedOperator` functionality
28 
29   @param[in]  fallback_ceed `Ceed` on which to create fallback `CeedQFunction`
30   @param[in]  qf            `CeedQFunction` to create fallback for
31   @param[out] qf_fallback   Fallback `CeedQFunction`
32 
33   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
34 
35   @ref Developer
36 **/
37 static int CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(Ceed fallback_ceed, CeedQFunction qf, CeedQFunction *qf_fallback) {
38   char               *source_path_with_name = NULL;
39   CeedInt             num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
40   CeedQFunctionField *input_fields, *output_fields;
41 
42   // Check if NULL qf passed in
43   if (!qf) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
44 
45   CeedDebug256(CeedQFunctionReturnCeed(qf), 1, "---------- CeedOperator Fallback ----------\n");
46   CeedDebug(CeedQFunctionReturnCeed(qf), "Creating fallback CeedQFunction\n");
47 
48   if (qf->source_path) {
49     size_t path_len = strlen(qf->source_path), name_len = strlen(qf->kernel_name);
50 
51     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(path_len + name_len + 2, &source_path_with_name));
52     memcpy(source_path_with_name, qf->source_path, path_len);
53     memcpy(&source_path_with_name[path_len], ":", 1);
54     memcpy(&source_path_with_name[path_len + 1], qf->kernel_name, name_len);
55   } else if (qf->user_source) {
56     CeedCall(CeedStringAllocCopy(qf->user_source, &source_path_with_name));
57   } else {
58     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &source_path_with_name));
59   }
60 
61   {
62     CeedInt           vec_length;
63     CeedQFunctionUser f;
64 
65     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetVectorLength(qf, &vec_length));
66     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetUserFunction(qf, &f));
67     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInterior(fallback_ceed, vec_length, f, source_path_with_name, qf_fallback));
68   }
69   {
70     CeedQFunctionContext ctx;
71 
72     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetContext(qf, &ctx));
73     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(*qf_fallback, ctx));
74     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextDestroy(&ctx));
75   }
76   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
77   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
78     const char  *field_name;
79     CeedInt      size;
80     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
81 
82     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetData(input_fields[i], &field_name, &size, &eval_mode));
83     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(*qf_fallback, field_name, size, eval_mode));
84   }
85   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
86     const char  *field_name;
87     CeedInt      size;
88     CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
89 
90     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetData(output_fields[i], &field_name, &size, &eval_mode));
91     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(*qf_fallback, field_name, size, eval_mode));
92   }
93   CeedCall(CeedFree(&source_path_with_name));
94   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
95 }
96 
97 /**
98   @brief Duplicate a `CeedOperator` with a reference `Ceed` to fallback for advanced `CeedOperator` functionality
99 
100   @param[in,out] op `CeedOperator` to create fallback for
101 
102   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
103 
104   @ref Developer
105 **/
106 static int CeedOperatorCreateFallback(CeedOperator op) {
107   bool         is_composite;
108   Ceed         ceed, ceed_fallback;
109   CeedOperator op_fallback;
110 
111   // Check not already created
112   if (op->op_fallback) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
113 
114   // Fallback Ceed
115   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
116   CeedCall(CeedGetOperatorFallbackCeed(ceed, &ceed_fallback));
117   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
118   if (!ceed_fallback) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
119 
120   CeedDebug256(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), 1, "---------- CeedOperator Fallback ----------\n");
121   CeedDebug(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), "Creating fallback CeedOperator\n");
122 
123   // Clone Op
124   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
125   if (is_composite) {
126     CeedInt       num_suboperators;
127     CeedOperator *sub_operators;
128 
129     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorCreate(ceed_fallback, &op_fallback));
130     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
131     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
132     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_suboperators; i++) {
133       CeedOperator op_sub_fallback;
134 
135       CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(sub_operators[i], &op_sub_fallback));
136       CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorAddSub(op_fallback, op_sub_fallback));
137     }
138   } else {
139     bool               is_at_points = false;
140     CeedInt            num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
141     CeedQFunction      qf_fallback = NULL, dqf_fallback = NULL, dqfT_fallback = NULL;
142     CeedOperatorField *input_fields, *output_fields;
143 
144     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(ceed_fallback, op->qf, &qf_fallback));
145     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(ceed_fallback, op->dqf, &dqf_fallback));
146     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateFallback(ceed_fallback, op->dqfT, &dqfT_fallback));
147     CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsAtPoints(op, &is_at_points));
148     if (is_at_points) {
149       CeedVector          points;
150       CeedElemRestriction rstr_points;
151 
152       CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateAtPoints(ceed_fallback, qf_fallback, dqf_fallback, dqfT_fallback, &op_fallback));
153       CeedCall(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op, &rstr_points, &points));
154       CeedCall(CeedOperatorAtPointsSetPoints(op_fallback, rstr_points, points));
155       CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&points));
156       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_points));
157     } else {
158       CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed_fallback, qf_fallback, dqf_fallback, dqfT_fallback, &op_fallback));
159     }
160     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
161     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
162       const char         *field_name;
163       CeedVector          vec;
164       CeedElemRestriction rstr;
165       CeedBasis           basis;
166 
167       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetData(input_fields[i], &field_name, &rstr, &basis, &vec));
168       CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(op_fallback, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
169       CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
170       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr));
171       CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
172     }
173     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
174       const char         *field_name;
175       CeedVector          vec;
176       CeedElemRestriction rstr;
177       CeedBasis           basis;
178 
179       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetData(output_fields[i], &field_name, &rstr, &basis, &vec));
180       CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(op_fallback, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
181       CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
182       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr));
183       CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
184     }
185     {
186       CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data;
187 
188       CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunctionAssemblyData(op, &data));
189       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReferenceCopy(data, &op_fallback->qf_assembled));
190     }
191     // Cleanup
192     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_fallback));
193     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&dqf_fallback));
194     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&dqfT_fallback));
195   }
196   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(op_fallback, op->name));
197   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fallback));
198   // Note: No ref-counting here so we don't get caught in a reference loop.
199   //       The op holds the only reference to op_fallback and is responsible for deleting itself and op_fallback.
200   op->op_fallback                 = op_fallback;
201   op_fallback->op_fallback_parent = op;
202   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&ceed_fallback));
203   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
204 }
205 
206 /**
207   @brief Core logic for assembling operator diagonal or point block diagonal
208 
209   @param[in]  op             `CeedOperator` to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
210   @param[in]  request        Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
211   @param[in]  is_point_block Boolean flag to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
212   @param[out] assembled      `CeedVector` to store assembled diagonal
213 
214   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
215 
216   @ref Developer
217 **/
218 static inline int CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Mesh(CeedOperator op, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block,
219                                                                    CeedVector assembled) {
220   bool is_composite;
221 
222   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
223   CeedCheck(!is_composite, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
224 
225   // Assemble QFunction
226   CeedInt             layout_qf[3];
227   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
228   CeedVector          assembled_qf        = NULL;
229   CeedElemRestriction assembled_elem_rstr = NULL;
230 
231   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_elem_rstr, request));
232   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(assembled_elem_rstr, layout_qf));
233   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_elem_rstr));
234   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_HOST, &assembled_qf_array));
235 
236   // Get assembly data
237   const CeedEvalMode     **eval_modes_in, **eval_modes_out;
238   CeedInt                  num_active_bases_in, *num_eval_modes_in, num_active_bases_out, *num_eval_modes_out;
239   CeedSize               **eval_mode_offsets_in, **eval_mode_offsets_out, num_output_components;
240   CeedBasis               *active_bases_in, *active_bases_out;
241   CeedElemRestriction     *active_elem_rstrs_in, *active_elem_rstrs_out;
242   CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
243 
244   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(op, &data));
245   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetEvalModes(data, &num_active_bases_in, &num_eval_modes_in, &eval_modes_in, &eval_mode_offsets_in,
246                                                 &num_active_bases_out, &num_eval_modes_out, &eval_modes_out, &eval_mode_offsets_out,
247                                                 &num_output_components));
248   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetBases(data, NULL, &active_bases_in, NULL, NULL, &active_bases_out, NULL));
249   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(data, NULL, &active_elem_rstrs_in, NULL, &active_elem_rstrs_out));
250 
251   // Loop over all active bases (find matching input/output pairs)
252   for (CeedInt b = 0; b < CeedIntMin(num_active_bases_in, num_active_bases_out); b++) {
253     CeedInt             b_in, b_out, num_elem, num_nodes, num_qpts, num_comp;
254     bool                has_eval_none = false;
255     CeedScalar         *elem_diag_array, *identity = NULL;
256     CeedVector          elem_diag;
257     CeedElemRestriction diag_elem_rstr;
258 
259     if (num_active_bases_in <= num_active_bases_out) {
260       b_in = b;
261       for (b_out = 0; b_out < num_active_bases_out; b_out++) {
262         if (active_bases_in[b_in] == active_bases_out[b_out]) {
263           break;
264         }
265       }
266       if (b_out == num_active_bases_out) {
267         continue;
268       }  // No matching output basis found
269     } else {
270       b_out = b;
271       for (b_in = 0; b_in < num_active_bases_in; b_in++) {
272         if (active_bases_in[b_in] == active_bases_out[b_out]) {
273           break;
274         }
275       }
276       if (b_in == num_active_bases_in) {
277         continue;
278       }  // No matching output basis found
279     }
280     CeedCheck(active_elem_rstrs_in[b_in] == active_elem_rstrs_out[b_out], CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
281               "Cannot assemble operator diagonal with different input and output active element restrictions");
282 
283     // Assemble point block diagonal restriction, if needed
284     if (is_point_block) {
285       CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(active_elem_rstrs_in[b_in], &diag_elem_rstr));
286     } else {
287       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(active_elem_rstrs_in[b_in], &diag_elem_rstr));
288     }
289 
290     // Create diagonal vector
291     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(diag_elem_rstr, NULL, &elem_diag));
292 
293     // Assemble element operator diagonals
294     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_diag, 0.0));
295     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArray(elem_diag, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_diag_array));
296     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(diag_elem_rstr, &num_elem));
297     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(active_bases_in[b_in], &num_nodes));
298     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(active_bases_in[b_in], &num_comp));
299     if (active_bases_in[b_in] == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts = num_nodes;
300     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(active_bases_in[b_in], &num_qpts));
301 
302     // Construct identity matrix for basis if required
303     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_in[b_in]; i++) {
304       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_in[b_in][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
305     }
306     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_eval_modes_out[b_out]; i++) {
307       has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (eval_modes_out[b_out][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
308     }
309     if (has_eval_none) {
310       CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes, &identity));
311       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
312     }
313 
314     // Compute the diagonal of B^T D B
315     // Each element
316     for (CeedSize e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
317       // Each basis eval mode pair
318       CeedInt      d_out              = 0, q_comp_out;
319       CeedEvalMode eval_mode_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
320 
321       for (CeedInt e_out = 0; e_out < num_eval_modes_out[b_out]; e_out++) {
322         CeedInt           d_in              = 0, q_comp_in;
323         const CeedScalar *B_t               = NULL;
324         CeedEvalMode      eval_mode_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
325 
326         CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(active_bases_out[b_out], eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out], identity, &B_t));
327         CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(active_bases_out[b_out], eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out], &q_comp_out));
328         if (q_comp_out > 1) {
329           if (e_out == 0 || eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out] != eval_mode_out_prev) d_out = 0;
330           else B_t = &B_t[(++d_out) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
331         }
332         eval_mode_out_prev = eval_modes_out[b_out][e_out];
333 
334         for (CeedInt e_in = 0; e_in < num_eval_modes_in[b_in]; e_in++) {
335           const CeedScalar *B = NULL;
336 
337           CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(active_bases_in[b_in], eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in], identity, &B));
338           CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(active_bases_in[b_in], eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in], &q_comp_in));
339           if (q_comp_in > 1) {
340             if (e_in == 0 || eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in] != eval_mode_in_prev) d_in = 0;
341             else B = &B[(++d_in) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
342           }
343           eval_mode_in_prev = eval_modes_in[b_in][e_in];
344 
345           // Each component
346           for (CeedInt c_out = 0; c_out < num_comp; c_out++) {
347             // Each qpt/node pair
348             for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
349               if (is_point_block) {
350                 // Point Block Diagonal
351                 for (CeedInt c_in = 0; c_in < num_comp; c_in++) {
352                   const CeedSize c_offset =
353                       (eval_mode_offsets_in[b_in][e_in] + c_in) * num_output_components + eval_mode_offsets_out[b_out][e_out] + c_out;
354                   const CeedScalar qf_value = assembled_qf_array[q * layout_qf[0] + c_offset * layout_qf[1] + e * layout_qf[2]];
355 
356                   for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
357                     elem_diag_array[((e * num_comp + c_out) * num_comp + c_in) * num_nodes + n] +=
358                         B_t[q * num_nodes + n] * qf_value * B[q * num_nodes + n];
359                   }
360                 }
361               } else {
362                 // Diagonal Only
363                 const CeedInt c_offset =
364                     (eval_mode_offsets_in[b_in][e_in] + c_out) * num_output_components + eval_mode_offsets_out[b_out][e_out] + c_out;
365                 const CeedScalar qf_value = assembled_qf_array[q * layout_qf[0] + c_offset * layout_qf[1] + e * layout_qf[2]];
366 
367                 for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
368                   elem_diag_array[(e * num_comp + c_out) * num_nodes + n] += B_t[q * num_nodes + n] * qf_value * B[q * num_nodes + n];
369                 }
370               }
371             }
372           }
373         }
374       }
375     }
376     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(elem_diag, &elem_diag_array));
377 
378     // Assemble local operator diagonal
379     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(diag_elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, elem_diag, assembled, request));
380 
381     // Cleanup
382     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&diag_elem_rstr));
383     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&elem_diag));
384     CeedCall(CeedFree(&identity));
385   }
386   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
387   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
388   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
389 }
390 
391 /**
392   @brief Core logic for assembling operator diagonal or point block diagonal
393 
394   @param[in]  op             `CeedOperator` to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
395   @param[in]  request        Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
396   @param[in]  is_point_block Boolean flag to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
397   @param[out] assembled      `CeedVector` to store assembled diagonal
398 
399   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
400 
401   @ref Developer
402 **/
403 static inline int CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block,
404                                                               CeedVector assembled) {
405   bool is_at_points;
406 
407   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsAtPoints(op, &is_at_points));
408   CeedCheck(!is_at_points, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "AtPoints operator not supported");
409   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal_Mesh(op, request, is_point_block, assembled));
410   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
411 }
412 
413 /**
414   @brief Core logic for assembling composite operator diagonal
415 
416   @param[in]  op             `CeedOperator` to assemble point block diagonal
417   @param[in]  request        Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
418   @param[in]  is_point_block Boolean flag to assemble diagonal or point block diagonal
419   @param[out] assembled      `CeedVector` to store assembled diagonal
420 
421   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
422 
423   @ref Developer
424 **/
425 static inline int CeedCompositeOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedRequest *request, const bool is_point_block,
426                                                                  CeedVector assembled) {
427   CeedInt       num_sub;
428   CeedOperator *suboperators;
429 
430   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_sub));
431   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &suboperators));
432   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_sub; i++) {
433     if (is_point_block) {
434       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(suboperators[i], assembled, request));
435     } else {
436       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(suboperators[i], assembled, request));
437     }
438   }
439   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
440 }
441 
442 /**
443   @brief Build nonzero pattern for non-composite CeedOperator`.
444 
445   Users should generally use @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic().
446 
447   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` to assemble nonzero pattern
448   @param[in]  offset Offset for number of entries
449   @param[out] rows   Row number for each entry
450   @param[out] cols   Column number for each entry
451 
452   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
453 
454   @ref Developer
455 **/
456 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSymbolic(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedInt *rows, CeedInt *cols) {
457   Ceed                ceed;
458   bool                is_composite;
459   CeedSize            num_nodes_in, num_nodes_out, local_num_entries, count = 0;
460   CeedInt             num_elem_in, elem_size_in, num_comp_in, layout_er_in[3];
461   CeedInt             num_elem_out, elem_size_out, num_comp_out, layout_er_out[3];
462   CeedScalar         *array;
463   const CeedScalar   *elem_dof_a_in, *elem_dof_a_out;
464   CeedVector          index_vec_in, index_vec_out, elem_dof_in, elem_dof_out;
465   CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr_in, elem_rstr_out, index_elem_rstr_in, index_elem_rstr_out;
466 
467   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
468   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
469   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
470 
471   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &num_nodes_in, &num_nodes_out));
472   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_out));
473   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
474   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
475   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
476   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(elem_rstr_in, layout_er_in));
477 
478   // Determine elem_dof relation for input
479   CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_nodes_in, &index_vec_in));
480   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(index_vec_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &array));
481   for (CeedSize i = 0; i < num_nodes_in; i++) array[i] = i;
482   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(index_vec_in, &array));
483   CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_elem_in * elem_size_in * num_comp_in, &elem_dof_in));
484   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_dof_in, 0.0));
485   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnorientedCopy(elem_rstr_in, &index_elem_rstr_in));
486   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(index_elem_rstr_in, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, index_vec_in, elem_dof_in, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
487   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(elem_dof_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_dof_a_in));
488   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&index_vec_in));
489   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&index_elem_rstr_in));
490 
491   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
492     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
493     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
494               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements."
495               " Input has %" CeedInt_FMT " elements; output has %" CeedInt_FMT "elements.",
496               num_elem_in, num_elem_out);
497     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
498     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
499     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(elem_rstr_out, layout_er_out));
500 
501     // Determine elem_dof relation for output
502     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_nodes_out, &index_vec_out));
503     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(index_vec_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &array));
504     for (CeedSize i = 0; i < num_nodes_out; i++) array[i] = i;
505     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(index_vec_out, &array));
506     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, num_elem_out * elem_size_out * num_comp_out, &elem_dof_out));
507     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(elem_dof_out, 0.0));
508     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnorientedCopy(elem_rstr_out, &index_elem_rstr_out));
509     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(index_elem_rstr_out, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, index_vec_out, elem_dof_out, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
510     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(elem_dof_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_dof_a_out));
511     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&index_vec_out));
512     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&index_elem_rstr_out));
513   } else {
514     num_elem_out     = num_elem_in;
515     elem_size_out    = elem_size_in;
516     num_comp_out     = num_comp_in;
517     layout_er_out[0] = layout_er_in[0];
518     layout_er_out[1] = layout_er_in[1];
519     layout_er_out[2] = layout_er_in[2];
520     elem_dof_a_out   = elem_dof_a_in;
521   }
522   local_num_entries = (CeedSize)elem_size_out * num_comp_out * elem_size_in * num_comp_in * num_elem_in;
523 
524   // Determine i, j locations for element matrices
525   for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem_in; e++) {
526     for (CeedInt comp_in = 0; comp_in < num_comp_in; comp_in++) {
527       for (CeedInt comp_out = 0; comp_out < num_comp_out; comp_out++) {
528         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
529           for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
530             const CeedInt elem_dof_index_row = i * layout_er_out[0] + comp_out * layout_er_out[1] + e * layout_er_out[2];
531             const CeedInt elem_dof_index_col = j * layout_er_in[0] + comp_in * layout_er_in[1] + e * layout_er_in[2];
532             const CeedInt row                = elem_dof_a_out[elem_dof_index_row];
533             const CeedInt col                = elem_dof_a_in[elem_dof_index_col];
534 
535             rows[offset + count] = row;
536             cols[offset + count] = col;
537             count++;
538           }
539         }
540       }
541     }
542   }
543   CeedCheck(count == local_num_entries, ceed, CEED_ERROR_MAJOR, "Error computing assembled entries");
544   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(elem_dof_in, &elem_dof_a_in));
545   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&elem_dof_in));
546   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
547     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(elem_dof_out, &elem_dof_a_out));
548     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&elem_dof_out));
549   }
550   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr_in));
551   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr_out));
552   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
553   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
554 }
555 
556 /**
557   @brief Assemble nonzero entries for non-composite `CeedOperator`.
558 
559   Users should generally use @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemble().
560 
561   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` to assemble
562   @param[in]  offset Offset for number of entries
563   @param[out] values Values to assemble into matrix
564 
565   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
566 
567   @ref Developer
568 **/
569 int CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(CeedOperator op, CeedInt offset, CeedVector values) {
570   bool is_composite, is_at_points;
571 
572   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
573   CeedCheck(!is_composite, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
574 
575   // Early exit for empty operator
576   {
577     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
578 
579     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
580     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
581   }
582 
583   if (op->LinearAssembleSingle) {
584     // Backend version
585     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleSingle(op, offset, values));
586     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
587   } else {
588     // Operator fallback
589     CeedOperator op_fallback;
590 
591     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
592     if (op_fallback) {
593       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(op_fallback, offset, values));
594       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
595     }
596   }
597 
598   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsAtPoints(op, &is_at_points));
599   CeedCheck(!is_at_points, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
600             "Backend does not implement CeedOperatorLinearAssemble for AtPoints operator");
601 
602   // Assemble QFunction
603   CeedInt             layout_qf[3];
604   const CeedScalar   *assembled_qf_array;
605   CeedVector          assembled_qf        = NULL;
606   CeedElemRestriction assembled_elem_rstr = NULL;
607 
608   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled_qf, &assembled_elem_rstr, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
609   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(assembled_elem_rstr, layout_qf));
610   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_elem_rstr));
611   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled_qf, CEED_MEM_HOST, &assembled_qf_array));
612 
613   // Get assembly data
614   CeedInt                  num_elem_in, elem_size_in, num_comp_in, num_qpts_in;
615   CeedInt                  num_elem_out, elem_size_out, num_comp_out, num_qpts_out;
616   CeedSize                 local_num_entries, count = 0;
617   const CeedEvalMode     **eval_modes_in, **eval_modes_out;
618   CeedInt                  num_active_bases_in, *num_eval_modes_in, num_active_bases_out, *num_eval_modes_out;
619   CeedBasis               *active_bases_in, *active_bases_out, basis_in, basis_out;
620   const CeedScalar       **B_mats_in, **B_mats_out, *B_mat_in, *B_mat_out;
621   CeedElemRestriction      elem_rstr_in, elem_rstr_out;
622   CeedRestrictionType      elem_rstr_type_in, elem_rstr_type_out;
623   const bool              *elem_rstr_orients_in = NULL, *elem_rstr_orients_out = NULL;
624   const CeedInt8          *elem_rstr_curl_orients_in = NULL, *elem_rstr_curl_orients_out = NULL;
625   CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
626 
627   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(op, &data));
628   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetEvalModes(data, &num_active_bases_in, &num_eval_modes_in, &eval_modes_in, NULL, &num_active_bases_out,
629                                                 &num_eval_modes_out, &eval_modes_out, NULL, NULL));
630 
631   CeedCheck(num_active_bases_in == 1 && num_active_bases_out == 1, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
632             "Cannot assemble operator with multiple active bases");
633   CeedCheck(num_eval_modes_in[0] > 0 && num_eval_modes_out[0] > 0, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
634             "Cannot assemble operator without inputs/outputs");
635 
636   CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetBases(data, NULL, &active_bases_in, &B_mats_in, NULL, &active_bases_out, &B_mats_out));
637   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_out));
638   basis_in  = active_bases_in[0];
639   basis_out = active_bases_out[0];
640   B_mat_in  = B_mats_in[0];
641   B_mat_out = B_mats_out[0];
642 
643   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
644   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
645   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
646   if (basis_in == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_in = elem_size_in;
647   else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_in, &num_qpts_in));
648 
649   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_type_in));
650   if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
651     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(elem_rstr_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_orients_in));
652   } else if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
653     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_in, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_in));
654   }
655 
656   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
657     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(elem_rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
658     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
659               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements."
660               " Input has %" CeedInt_FMT " elements; output has %" CeedInt_FMT "elements.",
661               num_elem_in, num_elem_out);
662     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(elem_rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
663     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(elem_rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
664     if (basis_out == CEED_BASIS_NONE) num_qpts_out = elem_size_out;
665     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_out, &num_qpts_out));
666     CeedCheck(num_qpts_in == num_qpts_out, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
667               "Active input and output bases must have the same number of quadrature points."
668               " Input has %" CeedInt_FMT " points; output has %" CeedInt_FMT "points.",
669               num_qpts_in, num_qpts_out);
670 
671     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(elem_rstr_out, &elem_rstr_type_out));
672     if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
673       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOrientations(elem_rstr_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_orients_out));
674     } else if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
675       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_out, CEED_MEM_HOST, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_out));
676     }
677   } else {
678     num_elem_out  = num_elem_in;
679     elem_size_out = elem_size_in;
680     num_comp_out  = num_comp_in;
681     num_qpts_out  = num_qpts_in;
682 
683     elem_rstr_orients_out      = elem_rstr_orients_in;
684     elem_rstr_curl_orients_out = elem_rstr_curl_orients_in;
685   }
686   local_num_entries = (CeedSize)elem_size_out * num_comp_out * elem_size_in * num_comp_in * num_elem_in;
687 
688   // Loop over elements and put in data structure
689   // We store B_mat_in, B_mat_out, BTD, elem_mat in row-major order
690   CeedTensorContract contract;
691   CeedScalar        *vals, *BTD_mat = NULL, *elem_mat = NULL, *elem_mat_b = NULL;
692 
693   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetTensorContract(basis_in, &contract));
694   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0], &BTD_mat));
695   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * elem_size_in, &elem_mat));
696   if (elem_rstr_curl_orients_in || elem_rstr_curl_orients_out) CeedCall(CeedCalloc(elem_size_out * elem_size_in, &elem_mat_b));
697 
698   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArray(values, CEED_MEM_HOST, &vals));
699   for (CeedSize e = 0; e < num_elem_in; e++) {
700     for (CeedInt comp_in = 0; comp_in < num_comp_in; comp_in++) {
701       for (CeedInt comp_out = 0; comp_out < num_comp_out; comp_out++) {
702         // Compute B^T*D
703         for (CeedSize n = 0; n < elem_size_out; n++) {
704           for (CeedSize q = 0; q < num_qpts_in; q++) {
705             for (CeedInt e_in = 0; e_in < num_eval_modes_in[0]; e_in++) {
706               const CeedSize btd_index = n * (num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0]) + q * num_eval_modes_in[0] + e_in;
707               CeedScalar     sum       = 0.0;
708 
709               for (CeedInt e_out = 0; e_out < num_eval_modes_out[0]; e_out++) {
710                 const CeedSize b_out_index     = (q * num_eval_modes_out[0] + e_out) * elem_size_out + n;
711                 const CeedSize eval_mode_index = ((e_in * num_comp_in + comp_in) * num_eval_modes_out[0] + e_out) * num_comp_out + comp_out;
712                 const CeedSize qf_index        = q * layout_qf[0] + eval_mode_index * layout_qf[1] + e * layout_qf[2];
713 
714                 sum += B_mat_out[b_out_index] * assembled_qf_array[qf_index];
715               }
716               BTD_mat[btd_index] = sum;
717             }
718           }
719         }
720 
721         // Form element matrix itself (for each block component)
722         if (contract) {
723           CeedCall(CeedTensorContractApply(contract, 1, num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0], elem_size_in, elem_size_out, BTD_mat, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE,
724                                            false, B_mat_in, elem_mat));
725         } else {
726           Ceed ceed;
727 
728           CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
729           CeedCall(CeedMatrixMatrixMultiply(ceed, BTD_mat, B_mat_in, elem_mat, elem_size_out, elem_size_in, num_qpts_in * num_eval_modes_in[0]));
730           CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
731         }
732 
733         // Transform the element matrix if required
734         if (elem_rstr_orients_out) {
735           const bool *elem_orients = &elem_rstr_orients_out[e * elem_size_out];
736 
737           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
738             const double orient = elem_orients[i] ? -1.0 : 1.0;
739 
740             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
741               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] *= orient;
742             }
743           }
744         } else if (elem_rstr_curl_orients_out) {
745           const CeedInt8 *elem_curl_orients = &elem_rstr_curl_orients_out[e * 3 * elem_size_out];
746 
747           // T^T*(B^T*D*B)
748           memcpy(elem_mat_b, elem_mat, elem_size_out * elem_size_in * sizeof(CeedScalar));
749           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
750             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
751               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] = elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * i + 1] +
752                                                (i > 0 ? elem_mat_b[(i - 1) * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * i - 1] : 0.0) +
753                                                (i < elem_size_out - 1 ? elem_mat_b[(i + 1) * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * i + 3] : 0.0);
754             }
755           }
756         }
757         if (elem_rstr_orients_in) {
758           const bool *elem_orients = &elem_rstr_orients_in[e * elem_size_in];
759 
760           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
761             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
762               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] *= elem_orients[j] ? -1.0 : 1.0;
763             }
764           }
765         } else if (elem_rstr_curl_orients_in) {
766           const CeedInt8 *elem_curl_orients = &elem_rstr_curl_orients_in[e * 3 * elem_size_in];
767 
768           // (B^T*D*B)*T
769           memcpy(elem_mat_b, elem_mat, elem_size_out * elem_size_in * sizeof(CeedScalar));
770           for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
771             for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
772               elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j] = elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j] * elem_curl_orients[3 * j + 1] +
773                                                (j > 0 ? elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j - 1] * elem_curl_orients[3 * j - 1] : 0.0) +
774                                                (j < elem_size_in - 1 ? elem_mat_b[i * elem_size_in + j + 1] * elem_curl_orients[3 * j + 3] : 0.0);
775             }
776           }
777         }
778 
779         // Put element matrix in coordinate data structure
780         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < elem_size_out; i++) {
781           for (CeedInt j = 0; j < elem_size_in; j++) {
782             vals[offset + count] = elem_mat[i * elem_size_in + j];
783             count++;
784           }
785         }
786       }
787     }
788   }
789   CeedCheck(count == local_num_entries, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_MAJOR, "Error computing entries");
790   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(values, &vals));
791 
792   // Cleanup
793   CeedCall(CeedFree(&BTD_mat));
794   CeedCall(CeedFree(&elem_mat));
795   CeedCall(CeedFree(&elem_mat_b));
796   if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
797     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_orients_in));
798   } else if (elem_rstr_type_in == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
799     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_in, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_in));
800   }
801   if (elem_rstr_in != elem_rstr_out) {
802     if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_ORIENTED) {
803       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOrientations(elem_rstr_out, &elem_rstr_orients_out));
804     } else if (elem_rstr_type_out == CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED) {
805       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreCurlOrientations(elem_rstr_out, &elem_rstr_curl_orients_out));
806     }
807   }
808   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled_qf, &assembled_qf_array));
809   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_qf));
810   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr_in));
811   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr_out));
812   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
813 }
814 
815 /**
816   @brief Count number of entries for assembled `CeedOperator`
817 
818   @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to assemble
819   @param[out] num_entries Number of entries in assembled representation
820 
821   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
822 
823   @ref Utility
824 **/
825 static int CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(CeedOperator op, CeedSize *num_entries) {
826   bool                is_composite;
827   CeedInt             num_elem_in, elem_size_in, num_comp_in, num_elem_out, elem_size_out, num_comp_out;
828   CeedElemRestriction rstr_in, rstr_out;
829 
830   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
831   CeedCheck(!is_composite, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Composite operator not supported");
832 
833   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestrictions(op, &rstr_in, &rstr_out));
834   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_in, &num_elem_in));
835   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_in, &elem_size_in));
836   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_in, &num_comp_in));
837   if (rstr_in != rstr_out) {
838     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr_out, &num_elem_out));
839     CeedCheck(num_elem_in == num_elem_out, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
840               "Active input and output operator restrictions must have the same number of elements."
841               " Input has %" CeedInt_FMT " elements; output has %" CeedInt_FMT "elements.",
842               num_elem_in, num_elem_out);
843     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_out, &elem_size_out));
844     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr_out, &num_comp_out));
845   } else {
846     num_elem_out  = num_elem_in;
847     elem_size_out = elem_size_in;
848     num_comp_out  = num_comp_in;
849   }
850   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_in));
851   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_out));
852   *num_entries = (CeedSize)elem_size_in * num_comp_in * elem_size_out * num_comp_out * num_elem_in;
853   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
854 }
855 
856 /**
857   @brief Common code for creating a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator`
858 
859   @param[in]  op_fine      Fine grid `CeedOperator`
860   @param[in]  p_mult_fine  L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
861   @param[in]  rstr_coarse  Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
862   @param[in]  basis_coarse Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
863   @param[in]  basis_c_to_f `CeedBasis` for coarse to fine interpolation, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction operators
864   @param[out] op_coarse    Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
865   @param[out] op_prolong   Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
866   @param[out] op_restrict  Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
867 
868   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
869 
870   @ref Developer
871 **/
872 static int CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
873                                             CeedBasis basis_c_to_f, CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong, CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
874   bool                is_composite;
875   Ceed                ceed;
876   CeedInt             num_comp, num_input_fields, num_output_fields;
877   CeedVector          mult_vec         = NULL;
878   CeedElemRestriction rstr_p_mult_fine = NULL, rstr_fine = NULL;
879   CeedOperatorField  *input_fields, *output_fields;
880 
881   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op_fine, &ceed));
882 
883   // Check for composite operator
884   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op_fine, &is_composite));
885   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Automatic multigrid setup for composite operators not supported");
886 
887   // Coarse Grid
888   {
889     bool is_at_points;
890 
891     CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsAtPoints(op_fine, &is_at_points));
892     if (is_at_points) {
893       CeedVector          point_coords;
894       CeedElemRestriction rstr_points;
895 
896       CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateAtPoints(ceed, op_fine->qf, op_fine->dqf, op_fine->dqfT, op_coarse));
897       CeedCall(CeedOperatorAtPointsGetPoints(op_fine, &rstr_points, &point_coords));
898       CeedCall(CeedOperatorAtPointsSetPoints(*op_coarse, rstr_points, point_coords));
899       CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&point_coords));
900       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_points));
901     } else {
902       CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, op_fine->qf, op_fine->dqf, op_fine->dqfT, op_coarse));
903     }
904   }
905   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op_fine, &num_input_fields, &input_fields, &num_output_fields, &output_fields));
906   // -- Clone input fields
907   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
908     const char         *field_name;
909     CeedVector          vec;
910     CeedElemRestriction rstr  = NULL;
911     CeedBasis           basis = NULL;
912 
913     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetName(input_fields[i], &field_name));
914     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(input_fields[i], &vec));
915     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
916       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(rstr_coarse, &rstr));
917       CeedCall(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis_coarse, &basis));
918       if (!rstr_fine) CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &rstr_fine));
919     } else {
920       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(input_fields[i], &rstr));
921       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(input_fields[i], &basis));
922     }
923     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_coarse, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
924     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
925     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr));
926     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
927   }
928   // -- Clone output fields
929   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
930     const char         *field_name;
931     CeedVector          vec;
932     CeedElemRestriction rstr  = NULL;
933     CeedBasis           basis = NULL;
934 
935     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetName(output_fields[i], &field_name));
936     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(output_fields[i], &vec));
937     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
938       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(rstr_coarse, &rstr));
939       CeedCall(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis_coarse, &basis));
940       if (!rstr_fine) CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &rstr_fine));
941     } else {
942       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(output_fields[i], &rstr));
943       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(output_fields[i], &basis));
944     }
945     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_coarse, field_name, rstr, basis, vec));
946     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
947     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr));
948     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
949   }
950   // -- Clone QFunctionAssemblyData
951   {
952     CeedQFunctionAssemblyData fine_data;
953 
954     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunctionAssemblyData(op_fine, &fine_data));
955     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReferenceCopy(fine_data, &(*op_coarse)->qf_assembled));
956   }
957 
958   // Multiplicity vector
959   if (op_restrict || op_prolong) {
960     CeedVector          mult_e_vec;
961     CeedRestrictionType rstr_type;
962 
963     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetType(rstr_fine, &rstr_type));
964     CeedCheck(rstr_type != CEED_RESTRICTION_CURL_ORIENTED, ceed, CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED,
965               "Element restrictions created with CeedElemRestrictionCreateCurlOriented are not supported");
966     CeedCheck(p_mult_fine, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE, "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires fine grid multiplicity vector");
967     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnsignedCopy(rstr_fine, &rstr_p_mult_fine));
968     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(rstr_fine, &mult_vec, &mult_e_vec));
969     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(mult_e_vec, 0.0));
970     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, p_mult_fine, mult_e_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
971     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(mult_vec, 0.0));
972     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_TRANSPOSE, mult_e_vec, mult_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
973     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&mult_e_vec));
974     CeedCall(CeedVectorReciprocal(mult_vec));
975   }
976 
977   // Clone name
978   bool   has_name = op_fine->name;
979   size_t name_len = op_fine->name ? strlen(op_fine->name) : 0;
980   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(*op_coarse, op_fine->name));
981 
982   // Check that coarse to fine basis is provided if prolong/restrict operators are requested
983   CeedCheck(basis_c_to_f || (!op_restrict && !op_prolong), ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
984             "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires coarse-to-fine basis");
985 
986   // Restriction/Prolongation Operators
987   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_coarse, &num_comp));
988 
989   // Restriction
990   if (op_restrict) {
991     CeedInt             *num_comp_r_data;
992     CeedQFunctionContext ctx_r;
993     CeedQFunction        qf_restrict;
994 
995     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInteriorByName(ceed, "Scale", &qf_restrict));
996     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &num_comp_r_data));
997     num_comp_r_data[0] = num_comp;
998     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextCreate(ceed, &ctx_r));
999     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextSetData(ctx_r, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER, sizeof(*num_comp_r_data), num_comp_r_data));
1000     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(qf_restrict, ctx_r));
1001     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextDestroy(&ctx_r));
1002     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_restrict, "input", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
1003     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_restrict, "scale", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
1004     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_restrict, "output", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
1005     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetUserFlopsEstimate(qf_restrict, num_comp));
1006 
1007     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, qf_restrict, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, op_restrict));
1008     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_restrict, "input", rstr_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
1009     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_restrict, "scale", rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, mult_vec));
1010     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_restrict, "output", rstr_coarse, basis_c_to_f, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
1011 
1012     // Set name
1013     char *restriction_name;
1014 
1015     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(17 + name_len, &restriction_name));
1016     sprintf(restriction_name, "restriction%s%s", has_name ? " for " : "", has_name ? op_fine->name : "");
1017     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(*op_restrict, restriction_name));
1018     CeedCall(CeedFree(&restriction_name));
1019 
1020     // Check
1021     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(*op_restrict));
1022 
1023     // Cleanup
1024     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_restrict));
1025   }
1026 
1027   // Prolongation
1028   if (op_prolong) {
1029     CeedInt             *num_comp_p_data;
1030     CeedQFunctionContext ctx_p;
1031     CeedQFunction        qf_prolong;
1032 
1033     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInteriorByName(ceed, "Scale", &qf_prolong));
1034     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &num_comp_p_data));
1035     num_comp_p_data[0] = num_comp;
1036     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextCreate(ceed, &ctx_p));
1037     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextSetData(ctx_p, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER, sizeof(*num_comp_p_data), num_comp_p_data));
1038     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(qf_prolong, ctx_p));
1039     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextDestroy(&ctx_p));
1040     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_prolong, "input", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
1041     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_prolong, "scale", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
1042     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_prolong, "output", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
1043     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetUserFlopsEstimate(qf_prolong, num_comp));
1044 
1045     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, qf_prolong, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, op_prolong));
1046     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_prolong, "input", rstr_coarse, basis_c_to_f, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
1047     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_prolong, "scale", rstr_p_mult_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, mult_vec));
1048     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*op_prolong, "output", rstr_fine, CEED_BASIS_NONE, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
1049 
1050     // Set name
1051     char *prolongation_name;
1052 
1053     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(18 + name_len, &prolongation_name));
1054     sprintf(prolongation_name, "prolongation%s%s", has_name ? " for " : "", has_name ? op_fine->name : "");
1055     CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetName(*op_prolong, prolongation_name));
1056     CeedCall(CeedFree(&prolongation_name));
1057 
1058     // Check
1059     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(*op_prolong));
1060 
1061     // Cleanup
1062     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_prolong));
1063   }
1064 
1065   // Check
1066   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(*op_coarse));
1067 
1068   // Cleanup
1069   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
1070   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&mult_vec));
1071   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_fine));
1072   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_p_mult_fine));
1073   CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_c_to_f));
1074   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1075 }
1076 
1077 /**
1078   @brief Build 1D mass matrix and Laplacian with perturbation
1079 
1080   @param[in]  interp_1d   Interpolation matrix in one dimension
1081   @param[in]  grad_1d     Gradient matrix in one dimension
1082   @param[in]  q_weight_1d Quadrature weights in one dimension
1083   @param[in]  P_1d        Number of basis nodes in one dimension
1084   @param[in]  Q_1d        Number of quadrature points in one dimension
1085   @param[in]  dim         Dimension of basis
1086   @param[out] mass        Assembled mass matrix in one dimension
1087   @param[out] laplace     Assembled perturbed Laplacian in one dimension
1088 
1089   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1090 
1091   @ref Developer
1092 **/
1093 CeedPragmaOptimizeOff
1094 static int CeedBuildMassLaplace(const CeedScalar *interp_1d, const CeedScalar *grad_1d, const CeedScalar *q_weight_1d, CeedInt P_1d, CeedInt Q_1d,
1095                                 CeedInt dim, CeedScalar *mass, CeedScalar *laplace) {
1096   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) {
1097     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < P_1d; j++) {
1098       CeedScalar sum = 0.0;
1099       for (CeedInt k = 0; k < Q_1d; k++) sum += interp_1d[k * P_1d + i] * q_weight_1d[k] * interp_1d[k * P_1d + j];
1100       mass[i + j * P_1d] = sum;
1101     }
1102   }
1103   // -- Laplacian
1104   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) {
1105     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < P_1d; j++) {
1106       CeedScalar sum = 0.0;
1107 
1108       for (CeedInt k = 0; k < Q_1d; k++) sum += grad_1d[k * P_1d + i] * q_weight_1d[k] * grad_1d[k * P_1d + j];
1109       laplace[i + j * P_1d] = sum;
1110     }
1111   }
1112   CeedScalar perturbation = dim > 2 ? 1e-6 : 1e-4;
1113   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) laplace[i + P_1d * i] += perturbation;
1114   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1115 }
1116 CeedPragmaOptimizeOn
1117 
1118 /// @}
1119 
1120 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1121 /// CeedOperator Backend API
1122 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1123 /// @addtogroup CeedOperatorBackend
1124 /// @{
1125 
1126 /**
1127   @brief Select correct basis matrix pointer based on @ref CeedEvalMode
1128 
1129   @param[in]  basis     `CeedBasis` from which to get the basis matrix
1130   @param[in]  eval_mode Current basis evaluation mode
1131   @param[in]  identity  Pointer to identity matrix
1132   @param[out] basis_ptr `CeedBasis` pointer to set
1133 
1134   @ref Backend
1135 **/
1136 int CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(CeedBasis basis, CeedEvalMode eval_mode, const CeedScalar *identity, const CeedScalar **basis_ptr) {
1137   switch (eval_mode) {
1138     case CEED_EVAL_NONE:
1139       *basis_ptr = identity;
1140       break;
1141     case CEED_EVAL_INTERP:
1142       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetInterp(basis, basis_ptr));
1143       break;
1144     case CEED_EVAL_GRAD:
1145       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetGrad(basis, basis_ptr));
1146       break;
1147     case CEED_EVAL_DIV:
1148       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDiv(basis, basis_ptr));
1149       break;
1150     case CEED_EVAL_CURL:
1151       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetCurl(basis, basis_ptr));
1152       break;
1153     case CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT:
1154       break;  // Caught by QF Assembly
1155   }
1156   assert(*basis_ptr != NULL);
1157   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1158 }
1159 
1160 /**
1161   @brief Create point block restriction for active `CeedOperatorField`
1162 
1163   @param[in]  rstr             Original `CeedElemRestriction` for active field
1164   @param[out] point_block_rstr Address of the variable where the newly created `CeedElemRestriction` will be stored
1165 
1166   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1167 
1168   @ref Backend
1169 **/
1170 int CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(CeedElemRestriction rstr, CeedElemRestriction *point_block_rstr) {
1171   Ceed           ceed;
1172   CeedInt        num_elem, num_comp, shift, elem_size, comp_stride, *point_block_offsets;
1173   CeedSize       l_size;
1174   const CeedInt *offsets;
1175 
1176   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCeed(rstr, &ceed));
1177   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOffsets(rstr, CEED_MEM_HOST, &offsets));
1178 
1179   // Expand offsets
1180   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr, &num_elem));
1181   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(rstr, &num_comp));
1182   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr, &elem_size));
1183   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(rstr, &comp_stride));
1184   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetLVectorSize(rstr, &l_size));
1185   shift = num_comp;
1186   if (comp_stride != 1) shift *= num_comp;
1187   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_elem * elem_size, &point_block_offsets));
1188   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_elem * elem_size; i++) {
1189     point_block_offsets[i] = offsets[i] * shift;
1190   }
1191 
1192   // Create new restriction
1193   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreate(ceed, num_elem, elem_size, num_comp * num_comp, 1, l_size * num_comp, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER,
1194                                      point_block_offsets, point_block_rstr));
1195 
1196   // Cleanup
1197   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOffsets(rstr, &offsets));
1198   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
1199   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1200 }
1201 
1202 /**
1203   @brief Get `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1204 
1205   @param[in]  op   `CeedOperator` to assemble
1206   @param[out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1207 
1208   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1209 
1210   @ref Backend
1211 **/
1212 int CeedOperatorGetQFunctionAssemblyData(CeedOperator op, CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data) {
1213   if (!op->qf_assembled) {
1214     CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data;
1215 
1216     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataCreate(op->ceed, &data));
1217     op->qf_assembled = data;
1218   }
1219   *data = op->qf_assembled;
1220   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1221 }
1222 
1223 /**
1224   @brief Create object holding `CeedQFunction` assembly data for `CeedOperator`
1225 
1226   @param[in]  ceed `Ceed` object used to create the `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1227   @param[out] data Address of the variable where the newly created `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` will be stored
1228 
1229   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1230 
1231   @ref Backend
1232 **/
1233 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataCreate(Ceed ceed, CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data) {
1234   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, data));
1235   (*data)->ref_count = 1;
1236   (*data)->ceed      = ceed;
1237   CeedCall(CeedReference(ceed));
1238   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1239 }
1240 
1241 /**
1242   @brief Increment the reference counter for a `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1243 
1244   @param[in,out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to increment the reference counter
1245 
1246   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1247 
1248   @ref Backend
1249 **/
1250 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReference(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data) {
1251   data->ref_count++;
1252   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1253 }
1254 
1255 /**
1256   @brief Set re-use of `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1257 
1258   @param[in,out] data       `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to mark for reuse
1259   @param[in]     reuse_data Boolean flag indicating data re-use
1260 
1261   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1262 
1263   @ref Backend
1264 **/
1265 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetReuse(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool reuse_data) {
1266   data->reuse_data        = reuse_data;
1267   data->needs_data_update = true;
1268   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1269 }
1270 
1271 /**
1272   @brief Mark `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` as stale
1273 
1274   @param[in,out] data              `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to mark as stale
1275   @param[in]     needs_data_update Boolean flag indicating if update is needed or completed
1276 
1277   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1278 
1279   @ref Backend
1280 **/
1281 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetUpdateNeeded(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool needs_data_update) {
1282   data->needs_data_update = needs_data_update;
1283   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1284 }
1285 
1286 /**
1287   @brief Determine if `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` needs update
1288 
1289   @param[in]  data             `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to mark as stale
1290   @param[out] is_update_needed Boolean flag indicating if re-assembly is required
1291 
1292   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1293 
1294   @ref Backend
1295 **/
1296 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsUpdateNeeded(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool *is_update_needed) {
1297   *is_update_needed = !data->reuse_data || data->needs_data_update;
1298   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1299 }
1300 
1301 /**
1302   @brief Copy the pointer to a `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`.
1303 
1304   Both pointers should be destroyed with @ref CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataDestroy().
1305 
1306   Note: If the value of ` *data_copy` passed to this function is non-`NULL` , then it is assumed that ` *data_copy` is a pointer to a `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`.
1307         This `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` will be destroyed if ` *data_copy` is the only reference to this `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`.
1308 
1309   @param[in]     data      `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to copy reference to
1310   @param[in,out] data_copy Variable to store copied reference
1311 
1312   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1313 
1314   @ref Backend
1315 **/
1316 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReferenceCopy(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data_copy) {
1317   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataReference(data));
1318   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataDestroy(data_copy));
1319   *data_copy = data;
1320   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1321 }
1322 
1323 /**
1324   @brief Get setup status for internal objects for `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1325 
1326   @param[in]  data     `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to retrieve status
1327   @param[out] is_setup Boolean flag for setup status
1328 
1329   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1330 
1331   @ref Backend
1332 **/
1333 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsSetup(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, bool *is_setup) {
1334   *is_setup = data->is_setup;
1335   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1336 }
1337 
1338 /**
1339   @brief Set internal objects for `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1340 
1341   @param[in,out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to set objects
1342   @param[in]     vec  `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1343   @param[in]     rstr `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1344 
1345   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1346 
1347   @ref Backend
1348 **/
1349 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetObjects(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, CeedVector vec, CeedElemRestriction rstr) {
1350   CeedCall(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(vec, &data->vec));
1351   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(rstr, &data->rstr));
1352 
1353   data->is_setup = true;
1354   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1355 }
1356 
1357 /**
1358   @brief Get internal objects for `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1359 
1360   @param[in,out] data `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to set objects
1361   @param[out]    vec  `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1362   @param[out]    rstr `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1363 
1364   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1365 
1366   @ref Backend
1367 **/
1368 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataGetObjects(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data, CeedVector *vec, CeedElemRestriction *rstr) {
1369   CeedCheck(data->is_setup, data->ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPLETE, "Internal objects not set; must call CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetObjects first.");
1370 
1371   CeedCall(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(data->vec, vec));
1372   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(data->rstr, rstr));
1373   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1374 }
1375 
1376 /**
1377   @brief Destroy `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData`
1378 
1379   @param[in,out] data  `CeedQFunctionAssemblyData` to destroy
1380 
1381   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1382 
1383   @ref Backend
1384 **/
1385 int CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataDestroy(CeedQFunctionAssemblyData *data) {
1386   if (!*data || --(*data)->ref_count > 0) {
1387     *data = NULL;
1388     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1389   }
1390   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&(*data)->ceed));
1391   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&(*data)->vec));
1392   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&(*data)->rstr));
1393 
1394   CeedCall(CeedFree(data));
1395   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1396 }
1397 
1398 /**
1399   @brief Get `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1400 
1401   @param[in]  op   `CeedOperator` to assemble
1402   @param[out] data `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1403 
1404   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1405 
1406   @ref Backend
1407 **/
1408 int CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(CeedOperator op, CeedOperatorAssemblyData *data) {
1409   if (!op->op_assembled) {
1410     CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
1411 
1412     CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate(op->ceed, op, &data));
1413     op->op_assembled = data;
1414   }
1415   *data = op->op_assembled;
1416   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1417 }
1418 
1419 /**
1420   @brief Create object holding `CeedOperator` assembly data.
1421 
1422   The `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` holds an array with references to every active `CeedBasis` used in the `CeedOperator`.
1423   An array with references to the corresponding active `CeedElemRestriction` is also stored.
1424   For each active `CeedBasis, the `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` holds an array of all input and output @ref CeedEvalMode for this `CeedBasis`.
1425   The `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` holds an array of offsets for indexing into the assembled `CeedQFunction` arrays to the row representing each @ref CeedEvalMode.
1426   The number of input columns across all active bases for the assembled `CeedQFunction` is also stored.
1427   Lastly, the `CeedOperatorAssembly` data holds assembled matrices representing the full action of the `CeedBasis` for all @ref CeedEvalMode.
1428 
1429   @param[in]  ceed `Ceed` object used to create the `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1430   @param[in]  op   `CeedOperator` to be assembled
1431   @param[out] data Address of the variable where the newly created `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` will be stored
1432 
1433   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1434 
1435   @ref Backend
1436 **/
1437 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate(Ceed ceed, CeedOperator op, CeedOperatorAssemblyData *data) {
1438   CeedInt             num_active_bases_in = 0, num_active_bases_out = 0, offset = 0;
1439   CeedInt             num_input_fields, *num_eval_modes_in = NULL, num_output_fields, *num_eval_modes_out = NULL;
1440   CeedSize          **eval_mode_offsets_in = NULL, **eval_mode_offsets_out = NULL;
1441   CeedEvalMode      **eval_modes_in = NULL, **eval_modes_out = NULL;
1442   CeedQFunctionField *qf_fields;
1443   CeedQFunction       qf;
1444   CeedOperatorField  *op_fields;
1445   bool                is_composite;
1446 
1447   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
1448   CeedCheck(!is_composite, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE, "Can only create CeedOperator assembly data for non-composite operators.");
1449 
1450   // Allocate
1451   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, data));
1452   (*data)->ceed = ceed;
1453   CeedCall(CeedReference(ceed));
1454 
1455   // Build OperatorAssembly data
1456   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
1457 
1458   // Determine active input basis
1459   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, &num_input_fields, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
1460   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
1461   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
1462     CeedVector vec;
1463 
1464     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1465     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1466       CeedInt      index = -1, num_comp, q_comp;
1467       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1468       CeedBasis    basis_in = NULL;
1469 
1470       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_in));
1471       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1472       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_in, &num_comp));
1473       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_in, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1474       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_active_bases_in; i++) {
1475         if ((*data)->active_bases_in[i] == basis_in) index = i;
1476       }
1477       if (index == -1) {
1478         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr_in;
1479 
1480         index = num_active_bases_in;
1481         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &(*data)->active_bases_in));
1482         (*data)->active_bases_in[num_active_bases_in] = NULL;
1483         CeedCall(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis_in, &(*data)->active_bases_in[num_active_bases_in]));
1484         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in));
1485         (*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in[num_active_bases_in] = NULL;
1486         CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr_in));
1487         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(elem_rstr_in, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in[num_active_bases_in]));
1488         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr_in));
1489         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &num_eval_modes_in));
1490         num_eval_modes_in[index] = 0;
1491         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &eval_modes_in));
1492         eval_modes_in[index] = NULL;
1493         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &eval_mode_offsets_in));
1494         eval_mode_offsets_in[index] = NULL;
1495         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_in + 1, &(*data)->assembled_bases_in));
1496         (*data)->assembled_bases_in[index] = NULL;
1497         num_active_bases_in++;
1498       }
1499       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1500         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1501         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in[index] + q_comp, &eval_modes_in[index]));
1502         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_in[index] + q_comp, &eval_mode_offsets_in[index]));
1503         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1504           eval_modes_in[index][num_eval_modes_in[index] + d]        = eval_mode;
1505           eval_mode_offsets_in[index][num_eval_modes_in[index] + d] = offset;
1506           offset += num_comp;
1507         }
1508         num_eval_modes_in[index] += q_comp;
1509       }
1510       CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_in));
1511     }
1512     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1513   }
1514 
1515   // Determine active output basis
1516   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, NULL, &num_output_fields, &qf_fields));
1517   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, NULL, NULL, NULL, &op_fields));
1518   offset = 0;
1519   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_output_fields; i++) {
1520     CeedVector vec;
1521 
1522     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
1523     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
1524       CeedInt      index = -1, num_comp, q_comp;
1525       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
1526       CeedBasis    basis_out = NULL;
1527 
1528       CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis_out));
1529       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
1530       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_out, &num_comp));
1531       CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(basis_out, eval_mode, &q_comp));
1532       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_active_bases_out; i++) {
1533         if ((*data)->active_bases_out[i] == basis_out) index = i;
1534       }
1535       if (index == -1) {
1536         CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr_out;
1537 
1538         index = num_active_bases_out;
1539         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &(*data)->active_bases_out));
1540         (*data)->active_bases_out[num_active_bases_out] = NULL;
1541         CeedCall(CeedBasisReferenceCopy(basis_out, &(*data)->active_bases_out[num_active_bases_out]));
1542         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out));
1543         (*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out[num_active_bases_out] = NULL;
1544         CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &elem_rstr_out));
1545         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(elem_rstr_out, &(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out[num_active_bases_out]));
1546         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr_out));
1547         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &num_eval_modes_out));
1548         num_eval_modes_out[index] = 0;
1549         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &eval_modes_out));
1550         eval_modes_out[index] = NULL;
1551         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &eval_mode_offsets_out));
1552         eval_mode_offsets_out[index] = NULL;
1553         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_active_bases_out + 1, &(*data)->assembled_bases_out));
1554         (*data)->assembled_bases_out[index] = NULL;
1555         num_active_bases_out++;
1556       }
1557       if (eval_mode != CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT) {
1558         // q_comp = 1 if CEED_EVAL_NONE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT caught by QF Assembly
1559         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out[index] + q_comp, &eval_modes_out[index]));
1560         CeedCall(CeedRealloc(num_eval_modes_out[index] + q_comp, &eval_mode_offsets_out[index]));
1561         for (CeedInt d = 0; d < q_comp; d++) {
1562           eval_modes_out[index][num_eval_modes_out[index] + d]        = eval_mode;
1563           eval_mode_offsets_out[index][num_eval_modes_out[index] + d] = offset;
1564           offset += num_comp;
1565         }
1566         num_eval_modes_out[index] += q_comp;
1567       }
1568       CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_out));
1569     }
1570     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
1571   }
1572   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
1573   (*data)->num_active_bases_in   = num_active_bases_in;
1574   (*data)->num_eval_modes_in     = num_eval_modes_in;
1575   (*data)->eval_modes_in         = eval_modes_in;
1576   (*data)->eval_mode_offsets_in  = eval_mode_offsets_in;
1577   (*data)->num_active_bases_out  = num_active_bases_out;
1578   (*data)->num_eval_modes_out    = num_eval_modes_out;
1579   (*data)->eval_modes_out        = eval_modes_out;
1580   (*data)->eval_mode_offsets_out = eval_mode_offsets_out;
1581   (*data)->num_output_components = offset;
1582   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1583 }
1584 
1585 /**
1586   @brief Get `CeedOperator` @ref CeedEvalMode for assembly.
1587 
1588   Note: See @ref CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate() for a full description of the data stored in this object.
1589 
1590   @param[in]  data                  `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1591   @param[out] num_active_bases_in   Total number of active bases for input
1592   @param[out] num_eval_modes_in     Pointer to hold array of numbers of input @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`.
1593                                       `eval_modes_in[0]` holds an array of eval modes for the first active `CeedBasis`.
1594   @param[out] eval_modes_in         Pointer to hold arrays of input @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`
1595   @param[out] eval_mode_offsets_in  Pointer to hold arrays of input offsets at each quadrature point
1596   @param[out] num_active_bases_out  Total number of active bases for output
1597   @param[out] num_eval_modes_out    Pointer to hold array of numbers of output @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`
1598   @param[out] eval_modes_out        Pointer to hold arrays of output @ref CeedEvalMode, or `NULL`
1599   @param[out] eval_mode_offsets_out Pointer to hold arrays of output offsets at each quadrature point
1600   @param[out] num_output_components The number of columns in the assembled `CeedQFunction` matrix for each quadrature point, including contributions of all active bases
1601 
1602   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1603 
1604   @ref Backend
1605 **/
1606 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetEvalModes(CeedOperatorAssemblyData data, CeedInt *num_active_bases_in, CeedInt **num_eval_modes_in,
1607                                          const CeedEvalMode ***eval_modes_in, CeedSize ***eval_mode_offsets_in, CeedInt *num_active_bases_out,
1608                                          CeedInt **num_eval_modes_out, const CeedEvalMode ***eval_modes_out, CeedSize ***eval_mode_offsets_out,
1609                                          CeedSize *num_output_components) {
1610   if (num_active_bases_in) *num_active_bases_in = data->num_active_bases_in;
1611   if (num_eval_modes_in) *num_eval_modes_in = data->num_eval_modes_in;
1612   if (eval_modes_in) *eval_modes_in = (const CeedEvalMode **)data->eval_modes_in;
1613   if (eval_mode_offsets_in) *eval_mode_offsets_in = data->eval_mode_offsets_in;
1614   if (num_active_bases_out) *num_active_bases_out = data->num_active_bases_out;
1615   if (num_eval_modes_out) *num_eval_modes_out = data->num_eval_modes_out;
1616   if (eval_modes_out) *eval_modes_out = (const CeedEvalMode **)data->eval_modes_out;
1617   if (eval_mode_offsets_out) *eval_mode_offsets_out = data->eval_mode_offsets_out;
1618   if (num_output_components) *num_output_components = data->num_output_components;
1619   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1620 }
1621 
1622 /**
1623   @brief Get `CeedOperator` `CeedBasis` data for assembly.
1624 
1625   Note: See @ref CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate() for a full description of the data stored in this object.
1626 
1627   @param[in]  data                 `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1628   @param[out] num_active_bases_in  Number of active input bases, or `NULL`
1629   @param[out] active_bases_in      Pointer to hold active input `CeedBasis`, or `NULL`
1630   @param[out] assembled_bases_in   Pointer to hold assembled active input `B` , or `NULL`
1631   @param[out] num_active_bases_out Number of active output bases, or `NULL`
1632   @param[out] active_bases_out     Pointer to hold active output `CeedBasis`, or `NULL`
1633   @param[out] assembled_bases_out  Pointer to hold assembled active output `B` , or `NULL`
1634 
1635   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1636 
1637   @ref Backend
1638 **/
1639 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetBases(CeedOperatorAssemblyData data, CeedInt *num_active_bases_in, CeedBasis **active_bases_in,
1640                                      const CeedScalar ***assembled_bases_in, CeedInt *num_active_bases_out, CeedBasis **active_bases_out,
1641                                      const CeedScalar ***assembled_bases_out) {
1642   // Assemble B_in, B_out if needed
1643   if (assembled_bases_in && !data->assembled_bases_in[0]) {
1644     CeedInt num_qpts;
1645 
1646     if (data->active_bases_in[0] == CEED_BASIS_NONE) CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_in[0], &num_qpts));
1647     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(data->active_bases_in[0], &num_qpts));
1648     for (CeedInt b = 0; b < data->num_active_bases_in; b++) {
1649       bool        has_eval_none = false;
1650       CeedInt     num_nodes;
1651       CeedScalar *B_in = NULL, *identity = NULL;
1652 
1653       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_in[b], &num_nodes));
1654       CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes * data->num_eval_modes_in[b], &B_in));
1655 
1656       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < data->num_eval_modes_in[b]; i++) {
1657         has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (data->eval_modes_in[b][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1658       }
1659       if (has_eval_none) {
1660         CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes, &identity));
1661         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) {
1662           identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
1663         }
1664       }
1665 
1666       for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
1667         for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
1668           CeedInt      d_in              = 0, q_comp_in;
1669           CeedEvalMode eval_mode_in_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1670 
1671           for (CeedInt e_in = 0; e_in < data->num_eval_modes_in[b]; e_in++) {
1672             const CeedInt     qq = data->num_eval_modes_in[b] * q;
1673             const CeedScalar *B  = NULL;
1674 
1675             CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(data->active_bases_in[b], data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in], identity, &B));
1676             CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(data->active_bases_in[b], data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in], &q_comp_in));
1677             if (q_comp_in > 1) {
1678               if (e_in == 0 || data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in] != eval_mode_in_prev) d_in = 0;
1679               else B = &B[(++d_in) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
1680             }
1681             eval_mode_in_prev                 = data->eval_modes_in[b][e_in];
1682             B_in[(qq + e_in) * num_nodes + n] = B[q * num_nodes + n];
1683           }
1684         }
1685       }
1686       if (identity) CeedCall(CeedFree(&identity));
1687       data->assembled_bases_in[b] = B_in;
1688     }
1689   }
1690 
1691   if (assembled_bases_out && !data->assembled_bases_out[0]) {
1692     CeedInt num_qpts;
1693 
1694     if (data->active_bases_out[0] == CEED_BASIS_NONE) CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_out[0], &num_qpts));
1695     else CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(data->active_bases_out[0], &num_qpts));
1696     for (CeedInt b = 0; b < data->num_active_bases_out; b++) {
1697       bool        has_eval_none = false;
1698       CeedInt     num_nodes;
1699       CeedScalar *B_out = NULL, *identity = NULL;
1700 
1701       CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(data->active_elem_rstrs_out[b], &num_nodes));
1702       CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes * data->num_eval_modes_out[b], &B_out));
1703 
1704       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < data->num_eval_modes_out[b]; i++) {
1705         has_eval_none = has_eval_none || (data->eval_modes_out[b][i] == CEED_EVAL_NONE);
1706       }
1707       if (has_eval_none) {
1708         CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_qpts * num_nodes, &identity));
1709         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < (num_nodes < num_qpts ? num_nodes : num_qpts); i++) {
1710           identity[i * num_nodes + i] = 1.0;
1711         }
1712       }
1713 
1714       for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
1715         for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
1716           CeedInt      d_out              = 0, q_comp_out;
1717           CeedEvalMode eval_mode_out_prev = CEED_EVAL_NONE;
1718 
1719           for (CeedInt e_out = 0; e_out < data->num_eval_modes_out[b]; e_out++) {
1720             const CeedInt     qq = data->num_eval_modes_out[b] * q;
1721             const CeedScalar *B  = NULL;
1722 
1723             CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetBasisPointer(data->active_bases_out[b], data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out], identity, &B));
1724             CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadratureComponents(data->active_bases_out[b], data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out], &q_comp_out));
1725             if (q_comp_out > 1) {
1726               if (e_out == 0 || data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out] != eval_mode_out_prev) d_out = 0;
1727               else B = &B[(++d_out) * num_qpts * num_nodes];
1728             }
1729             eval_mode_out_prev                  = data->eval_modes_out[b][e_out];
1730             B_out[(qq + e_out) * num_nodes + n] = B[q * num_nodes + n];
1731           }
1732         }
1733       }
1734       if (identity) CeedCall(CeedFree(&identity));
1735       data->assembled_bases_out[b] = B_out;
1736     }
1737   }
1738 
1739   // Pass out assembled data
1740   if (num_active_bases_in) *num_active_bases_in = data->num_active_bases_in;
1741   if (active_bases_in) *active_bases_in = data->active_bases_in;
1742   if (assembled_bases_in) *assembled_bases_in = (const CeedScalar **)data->assembled_bases_in;
1743   if (num_active_bases_out) *num_active_bases_out = data->num_active_bases_out;
1744   if (active_bases_out) *active_bases_out = data->active_bases_out;
1745   if (assembled_bases_out) *assembled_bases_out = (const CeedScalar **)data->assembled_bases_out;
1746   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1747 }
1748 
1749 /**
1750   @brief Get `CeedOperator` `CeedBasis` data for assembly.
1751 
1752   Note: See @ref CeedOperatorAssemblyDataCreate() for a full description of the data stored in this object.
1753 
1754   @param[in]  data                      `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1755   @param[out] num_active_elem_rstrs_in  Number of active input element restrictions, or `NULL`
1756   @param[out] active_elem_rstrs_in      Pointer to hold active input `CeedElemRestriction`, or `NULL`
1757   @param[out] num_active_elem_rstrs_out Number of active output element restrictions, or `NULL`
1758   @param[out] active_elem_rstrs_out     Pointer to hold active output `CeedElemRestriction`, or `NULL`
1759 
1760   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1761 
1762   @ref Backend
1763 **/
1764 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(CeedOperatorAssemblyData data, CeedInt *num_active_elem_rstrs_in,
1765                                                 CeedElemRestriction **active_elem_rstrs_in, CeedInt *num_active_elem_rstrs_out,
1766                                                 CeedElemRestriction **active_elem_rstrs_out) {
1767   if (num_active_elem_rstrs_in) *num_active_elem_rstrs_in = data->num_active_bases_in;
1768   if (active_elem_rstrs_in) *active_elem_rstrs_in = data->active_elem_rstrs_in;
1769   if (num_active_elem_rstrs_out) *num_active_elem_rstrs_out = data->num_active_bases_out;
1770   if (active_elem_rstrs_out) *active_elem_rstrs_out = data->active_elem_rstrs_out;
1771   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1772 }
1773 
1774 /**
1775   @brief Destroy `CeedOperatorAssemblyData`
1776 
1777   @param[in,out] data `CeedOperatorAssemblyData` to destroy
1778 
1779   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1780 
1781   @ref Backend
1782 **/
1783 int CeedOperatorAssemblyDataDestroy(CeedOperatorAssemblyData *data) {
1784   if (!*data) {
1785     *data = NULL;
1786     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1787   }
1788   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&(*data)->ceed));
1789   for (CeedInt b = 0; b < (*data)->num_active_bases_in; b++) {
1790     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&(*data)->active_bases_in[b]));
1791     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in[b]));
1792     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_in[b]));
1793     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_in[b]));
1794     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_in[b]));
1795   }
1796   for (CeedInt b = 0; b < (*data)->num_active_bases_out; b++) {
1797     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&(*data)->active_bases_out[b]));
1798     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out[b]));
1799     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_out[b]));
1800     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_out[b]));
1801     CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_out[b]));
1802   }
1803   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_bases_in));
1804   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_bases_out));
1805   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_in));
1806   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->active_elem_rstrs_out));
1807   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->num_eval_modes_in));
1808   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->num_eval_modes_out));
1809   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_in));
1810   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_modes_out));
1811   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_in));
1812   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->eval_mode_offsets_out));
1813   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_in));
1814   CeedCall(CeedFree(&(*data)->assembled_bases_out));
1815 
1816   CeedCall(CeedFree(data));
1817   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1818 }
1819 
1820 /**
1821   @brief Retrieve fallback `CeedOperator` with a reference `Ceed` for advanced `CeedOperator` functionality
1822 
1823   @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to retrieve fallback for
1824   @param[out] op_fallback Fallback `CeedOperator`
1825 
1826   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1827 
1828   @ref Backend
1829 **/
1830 int CeedOperatorGetFallback(CeedOperator op, CeedOperator *op_fallback) {
1831   // Create if needed
1832   if (!op->op_fallback) CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateFallback(op));
1833   if (op->op_fallback) {
1834     bool is_debug;
1835     Ceed ceed;
1836 
1837     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
1838     CeedCall(CeedIsDebug(ceed, &is_debug));
1839     if (is_debug) {
1840       Ceed        ceed_fallback;
1841       const char *resource, *resource_fallback;
1842 
1843       CeedCall(CeedGetOperatorFallbackCeed(ceed, &ceed_fallback));
1844       CeedCall(CeedGetResource(ceed, &resource));
1845       CeedCall(CeedGetResource(ceed_fallback, &resource_fallback));
1846 
1847       CeedDebug256(ceed, CEED_DEBUG_COLOR_SUCCESS, "---------- CeedOperator Fallback ----------\n");
1848       CeedDebug(ceed, "Falling back from %s operator at address %p to %s operator at address %p\n", resource, op, resource_fallback, op->op_fallback);
1849       CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&ceed_fallback));
1850     }
1851     CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
1852   }
1853   *op_fallback = op->op_fallback;
1854   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1855 }
1856 
1857 /**
1858   @brief Get the parent `CeedOperator` for a fallback `CeedOperator`
1859 
1860   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` context
1861   @param[out] parent Variable to store parent `CeedOperator` context
1862 
1863   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1864 
1865   @ref Backend
1866 **/
1867 int CeedOperatorGetFallbackParent(CeedOperator op, CeedOperator *parent) {
1868   *parent = op->op_fallback_parent ? op->op_fallback_parent : NULL;
1869   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1870 }
1871 
1872 /**
1873   @brief Get the `Ceed` context of the parent `CeedOperator` for a fallback `CeedOperator`
1874 
1875   @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` context
1876   @param[out] parent Variable to store parent `Ceed` context
1877 
1878   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1879 
1880   @ref Backend
1881 **/
1882 int CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(CeedOperator op, Ceed *parent) {
1883   *parent = NULL;
1884   if (op->op_fallback_parent) CeedCall(CeedReferenceCopy(op->op_fallback_parent->ceed, parent));
1885   else CeedCall(CeedReferenceCopy(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), parent));
1886   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1887 }
1888 
1889 /// @}
1890 
1891 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1892 /// CeedOperator Public API
1893 /// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1894 /// @addtogroup CeedOperatorUser
1895 /// @{
1896 
1897 /**
1898   @brief Assemble a linear `CeedQFunction` associated with a `CeedOperator`.
1899 
1900   This returns a `CeedVector` containing a matrix at each quadrature point providing the action of the `CeedQFunction` associated with the `CeedOperator`.
1901   The vector `assembled` is of shape `[num_elements, num_input_fields, num_output_fields, num_quad_points]` and contains column-major matrices representing the action of the `CeedQFunction` for a corresponding quadrature point on an element.
1902 
1903   Inputs and outputs are in the order provided by the user when adding `CeedOperator` fields.
1904   For example, a `CeedQFunction` with inputs `u` and `gradu` and outputs `gradv` and `v` , provided in that order, would result in an assembled `CeedQFunction` that consists of `(1 + dim) x (dim + 1)` matrices at each quadrature point acting on the input ` [u, du_0, du_1]` and producing the output `[dv_0, dv_1, v]`.
1905 
1906   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
1907 
1908   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
1909   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1910   @param[out] rstr      `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1911   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
1912 
1913   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1914 
1915   @ref User
1916 **/
1917 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1918   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
1919 
1920   if (op->LinearAssembleQFunction) {
1921     // Backend version
1922     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleQFunction(op, assembled, rstr, request));
1923   } else {
1924     // Operator fallback
1925     CeedOperator op_fallback;
1926 
1927     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
1928     if (op_fallback) CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction(op_fallback, assembled, rstr, request));
1929     else return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Backend does not support CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction");
1930   }
1931   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
1932 }
1933 
1934 /**
1935   @brief Assemble `CeedQFunction` and store result internally.
1936 
1937   Return copied references of stored data to the caller.
1938   Caller is responsible for ownership and destruction of the copied references.
1939   See also @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction().
1940 
1941   Note: If the value of `assembled` or `rstr` passed to this function are non-`NULL` , then it is assumed that they hold valid pointers.
1942         These objects will be destroyed if `*assembled` or `*rstr` is the only reference to the object.
1943 
1944   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
1945   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedQFunction` at quadrature points
1946   @param[out] rstr      `CeedElemRestriction` for `CeedVector` containing assembled `CeedQFunction`
1947   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
1948 
1949   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
1950 
1951   @ref User
1952 **/
1953 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(CeedOperator op, CeedVector *assembled, CeedElemRestriction *rstr, CeedRequest *request) {
1954   int (*LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate)(CeedOperator, CeedVector, CeedElemRestriction, CeedRequest *) = NULL;
1955   CeedOperator op_assemble                                                                           = NULL;
1956   CeedOperator op_fallback_parent                                                                    = NULL;
1957 
1958   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
1959 
1960   // Determine if fallback parent or operator has implementation
1961   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParent(op, &op_fallback_parent));
1962   if (op_fallback_parent && op_fallback_parent->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate) {
1963     // -- Backend version for op fallback parent is faster, if it exists
1964     LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate = op_fallback_parent->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate;
1965     op_assemble                   = op_fallback_parent;
1966   } else if (op->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate) {
1967     // -- Backend version for op
1968     LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate = op->LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate;
1969     op_assemble                   = op;
1970   }
1971 
1972   // Assemble QFunction
1973   if (LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate) {
1974     // Backend or fallback parent version
1975     CeedQFunctionAssemblyData data;
1976     bool                      data_is_setup;
1977     CeedVector                assembled_vec  = NULL;
1978     CeedElemRestriction       assembled_rstr = NULL;
1979 
1980     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunctionAssemblyData(op, &data));
1981     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsSetup(data, &data_is_setup));
1982     if (data_is_setup) {
1983       bool update_needed;
1984 
1985       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataGetObjects(data, &assembled_vec, &assembled_rstr));
1986       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataIsUpdateNeeded(data, &update_needed));
1987       if (update_needed) CeedCall(LinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate(op_assemble, assembled_vec, assembled_rstr, request));
1988     } else {
1989       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunction(op_assemble, &assembled_vec, &assembled_rstr, request));
1990       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetObjects(data, assembled_vec, assembled_rstr));
1991     }
1992     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAssemblyDataSetUpdateNeeded(data, false));
1993 
1994     // Copy reference from internally held copy
1995     CeedCall(CeedVectorReferenceCopy(assembled_vec, assembled));
1996     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionReferenceCopy(assembled_rstr, rstr));
1997     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled_vec));
1998     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&assembled_rstr));
1999   } else {
2000     // Operator fallback
2001     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2002 
2003     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2004     if (op_fallback) CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op_fallback, assembled, rstr, request));
2005     else return CeedError(CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, "Backend does not support CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionUpdate");
2006   }
2007   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2008 }
2009 
2010 /**
2011   @brief Assemble the diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`
2012 
2013   This overwrites a `CeedVector` with the diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2014 
2015   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
2016 
2017   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2018 
2019   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
2020   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedOperator` diagonal
2021   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2022 
2023   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2024 
2025   @ref User
2026 **/
2027 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
2028   bool     is_composite;
2029   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2030 
2031   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2032   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2033 
2034   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2035   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2036 
2037   // Early exit for empty operator
2038   if (!is_composite) {
2039     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2040 
2041     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2042     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2043   }
2044 
2045   if (op->LinearAssembleDiagonal) {
2046     // Backend version
2047     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2048     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2049   } else if (op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal) {
2050     // Backend version with zeroing first
2051     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
2052     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2053     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2054   } else if (is_composite) {
2055     // Default to summing contributions of suboperators
2056     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
2057     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, false, assembled));
2058     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2059   } else {
2060     // Operator fallback
2061     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2062 
2063     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2064     if (op_fallback) {
2065       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
2066       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2067     }
2068   }
2069   // Default interface implementation
2070   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
2071   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2072   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2073 }
2074 
2075 /**
2076   @brief Assemble the diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`.
2077 
2078   This sums into a `CeedVector` the diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2079 
2080   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
2081 
2082   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the CeedOperator as immutable.
2083 
2084   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
2085   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedOperator` diagonal
2086   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2087 
2088   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2089 
2090   @ref User
2091 **/
2092 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
2093   bool     is_composite;
2094   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2095 
2096   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2097   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2098 
2099   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2100   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2101 
2102   // Early exit for empty operator
2103   if (!is_composite) {
2104     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2105 
2106     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2107     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2108   }
2109 
2110   if (op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal) {
2111     // Backend version
2112     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2113     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2114   } else if (is_composite) {
2115     // Default to summing contributions of suboperators
2116     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, false, assembled));
2117   } else {
2118     // Operator fallback
2119     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2120 
2121     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2122     if (op_fallback) {
2123       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
2124       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2125     }
2126   }
2127   // Default interface implementation
2128   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, false, assembled));
2129   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2130 }
2131 
2132 /**
2133    @brief Fully assemble the point-block diagonal pattern of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2134 
2135    Expected to be used in conjunction with @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal().
2136 
2137    The assembly routines use coordinate format, with `num_entries` tuples of the form `(i, j, value)` which indicate that value should be added to the matrix in entry `(i, j)`.
2138    Note that the `(i, j)` pairs are unique.
2139    This function returns the number of entries and their `(i, j)` locations, while @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal() provides the values in the same ordering.
2140 
2141    This will generally be slow unless your operator is low-order.
2142 
2143    Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2144 
2145    @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to assemble
2146    @param[out] num_entries Number of entries in coordinate nonzero pattern
2147    @param[out] rows        Row number for each entry
2148    @param[out] cols        Column number for each entry
2149 
2150    @ref User
2151 **/
2152 int CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonalSymbolic(CeedOperator op, CeedSize *num_entries, CeedInt **rows, CeedInt **cols) {
2153   bool          is_composite;
2154   CeedInt       num_active_components, num_sub_operators;
2155   CeedOperator *sub_operators;
2156 
2157   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2158 
2159   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2160   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2161   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2162 
2163   if (is_composite) {
2164     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_sub_operators));
2165     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2166   } else {
2167     sub_operators     = &op;
2168     num_sub_operators = 1;
2169   }
2170 
2171   // Verify operator can be assembled correctly
2172   {
2173     CeedOperatorAssemblyData data;
2174     CeedInt                  num_active_elem_rstrs, comp_stride;
2175     CeedElemRestriction     *active_elem_rstrs;
2176 
2177     // Get initial values to check against
2178     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(sub_operators[0], &data));
2179     CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(data, &num_active_elem_rstrs, &active_elem_rstrs, NULL, NULL));
2180     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(active_elem_rstrs[0], &comp_stride));
2181     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(active_elem_rstrs[0], &num_active_components));
2182 
2183     // Verify that all active element restrictions have same component stride and number of components
2184     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_sub_operators; k++) {
2185       CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetOperatorAssemblyData(sub_operators[k], &data));
2186       CeedCall(CeedOperatorAssemblyDataGetElemRestrictions(data, &num_active_elem_rstrs, &active_elem_rstrs, NULL, NULL));
2187       for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_active_elem_rstrs; i++) {
2188         CeedInt comp_stride_sub, num_active_components_sub;
2189 
2190         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(active_elem_rstrs[i], &comp_stride_sub));
2191         CeedCheck(comp_stride == comp_stride_sub, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
2192                   "Active element restrictions must have the same component stride: %d vs %d", comp_stride, comp_stride_sub);
2193         CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumComponents(active_elem_rstrs[i], &num_active_components_sub));
2194         CeedCheck(num_active_components == num_active_components_sub, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
2195                   "All suboperators must have the same number of output components."
2196                   " Previous: %" CeedInt_FMT " Current: %" CeedInt_FMT,
2197                   num_active_components, num_active_components_sub);
2198       }
2199     }
2200   }
2201   *num_entries = input_size * num_active_components;
2202   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, rows));
2203   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, cols));
2204 
2205   for (CeedInt o = 0; o < num_sub_operators; o++) {
2206     CeedElemRestriction active_elem_rstr, point_block_active_elem_rstr;
2207     CeedInt             comp_stride, num_elem, elem_size;
2208     const CeedInt      *offsets, *point_block_offsets;
2209 
2210     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestriction(sub_operators[o], &active_elem_rstr));
2211     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetCompStride(active_elem_rstr, &comp_stride));
2212     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(active_elem_rstr, &num_elem));
2213     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(active_elem_rstr, &elem_size));
2214     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOffsets(active_elem_rstr, CEED_MEM_HOST, &offsets));
2215 
2216     CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateActivePointBlockRestriction(active_elem_rstr, &point_block_active_elem_rstr));
2217     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetOffsets(point_block_active_elem_rstr, CEED_MEM_HOST, &point_block_offsets));
2218 
2219     for (CeedSize i = 0; i < num_elem * elem_size; i++) {
2220       for (CeedInt c_out = 0; c_out < num_active_components; c_out++) {
2221         for (CeedInt c_in = 0; c_in < num_active_components; c_in++) {
2222           (*rows)[point_block_offsets[i] + c_out * num_active_components + c_in] = offsets[i] + c_out * comp_stride;
2223           (*cols)[point_block_offsets[i] + c_out * num_active_components + c_in] = offsets[i] + c_in * comp_stride;
2224         }
2225       }
2226     }
2227 
2228     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOffsets(active_elem_rstr, &offsets));
2229     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionRestoreOffsets(point_block_active_elem_rstr, &point_block_offsets));
2230     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&active_elem_rstr));
2231     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&point_block_active_elem_rstr));
2232   }
2233   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2234 }
2235 
2236 /**
2237   @brief Assemble the point block diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`.
2238 
2239   This overwrites a `CeedVector` with the point block diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2240 
2241   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
2242 
2243   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2244 
2245   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
2246   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled `CeedOperator` point block diagonal, provided in row-major form with an `num_comp * num_comp` block at each node.
2247                           The dimensions of this vector are derived from the active vector for the `CeedOperator`.
2248                           The array has shape `[nodes, component out, component in]`.
2249   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2250 
2251   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2252 
2253   @ref User
2254 **/
2255 int CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
2256   bool     is_composite;
2257   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2258 
2259   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2260   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2261 
2262   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2263   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2264 
2265   // Early exit for empty operator
2266   if (!is_composite) {
2267     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2268 
2269     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2270     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2271   }
2272 
2273   if (op->LinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal) {
2274     // Backend version
2275     CeedCall(op->LinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2276     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2277   } else if (op->LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal) {
2278     // Backend version with zeroing first
2279     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
2280     CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2281     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2282   } else {
2283     // Operator fallback
2284     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2285 
2286     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2287     if (op_fallback) {
2288       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssemblePointBlockDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
2289       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2290     }
2291   }
2292   // Default interface implementation
2293   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(assembled, 0.0));
2294   CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2295   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2296 }
2297 
2298 /**
2299   @brief Assemble the point block diagonal of a square linear `CeedOperator`.
2300 
2301   This sums into a `CeedVector` with the point block diagonal of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2302 
2303   Note: Currently only non-composite `CeedOperator` with a single field and composite `CeedOperator` with single field sub-operators are supported.
2304 
2305   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2306 
2307   @param[in]  op        `CeedOperator` to assemble `CeedQFunction`
2308   @param[out] assembled `CeedVector` to store assembled CeedOperator point block diagonal, provided in row-major form with an `num_comp * num_comp` block at each node.
2309                           The dimensions of this vector are derived from the active vector for the `CeedOperator`.
2310                           The array has shape `[nodes, component out, component in]`.
2311   @param[in]  request   Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2312 
2313   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2314 
2315   @ref User
2316 **/
2317 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(CeedOperator op, CeedVector assembled, CeedRequest *request) {
2318   bool     is_composite;
2319   CeedSize input_size = 0, output_size = 0;
2320 
2321   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2322   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2323 
2324   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveVectorLengths(op, &input_size, &output_size));
2325   CeedCheck(input_size == output_size, CeedOperatorReturnCeed(op), CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Operator must be square");
2326 
2327   // Early exit for empty operator
2328   if (!is_composite) {
2329     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2330 
2331     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2332     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2333   }
2334 
2335   if (op->LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal) {
2336     // Backend version
2337     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op, assembled, request));
2338     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2339   } else {
2340     // Operator fallback
2341     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2342 
2343     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2344     if (op_fallback) {
2345       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleAddPointBlockDiagonal(op_fallback, assembled, request));
2346       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2347     }
2348   }
2349   // Default interface implementation
2350   if (is_composite) {
2351     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, true, assembled));
2352   } else {
2353     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorLinearAssembleAddDiagonal(op, request, true, assembled));
2354   }
2355   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2356 }
2357 
2358 /**
2359    @brief Fully assemble the nonzero pattern of a linear `CeedOperator`.
2360 
2361    Expected to be used in conjunction with @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemble().
2362 
2363    The assembly routines use coordinate format, with `num_entries` tuples of the form `(i, j, value)` which indicate that value should be added to the matrix in entry `(i, j)`.
2364    Note that the `(i, j)` pairs are not unique and may repeat.
2365    This function returns the number of entries and their `(i, j)` locations, while @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssemble() provides the values in the same ordering.
2366 
2367    This will generally be slow unless your operator is low-order.
2368 
2369    Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2370 
2371    @param[in]  op          `CeedOperator` to assemble
2372    @param[out] num_entries Number of entries in coordinate nonzero pattern
2373    @param[out] rows        Row number for each entry
2374    @param[out] cols        Column number for each entry
2375 
2376    @ref User
2377 **/
2378 int CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic(CeedOperator op, CeedSize *num_entries, CeedInt **rows, CeedInt **cols) {
2379   bool          is_composite;
2380   CeedInt       num_suboperators, offset = 0;
2381   CeedSize      single_entries;
2382   CeedOperator *sub_operators;
2383 
2384   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2385   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2386 
2387   if (op->LinearAssembleSymbolic) {
2388     // Backend version
2389     CeedCall(op->LinearAssembleSymbolic(op, num_entries, rows, cols));
2390     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2391   } else {
2392     // Operator fallback
2393     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2394 
2395     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2396     if (op_fallback) {
2397       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic(op_fallback, num_entries, rows, cols));
2398       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2399     }
2400   }
2401 
2402   // Default interface implementation
2403 
2404   // Count entries and allocate rows, cols arrays
2405   *num_entries = 0;
2406   if (is_composite) {
2407     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2408     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2409     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_suboperators; ++k) {
2410       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(sub_operators[k], &single_entries));
2411       *num_entries += single_entries;
2412     }
2413   } else {
2414     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(op, &single_entries));
2415     *num_entries += single_entries;
2416   }
2417   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, rows));
2418   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(*num_entries, cols));
2419 
2420   // Assemble nonzero locations
2421   if (is_composite) {
2422     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2423     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2424     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_suboperators; ++k) {
2425       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSymbolic(sub_operators[k], offset, *rows, *cols));
2426       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(sub_operators[k], &single_entries));
2427       offset += single_entries;
2428     }
2429   } else {
2430     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssembleSymbolic(op, offset, *rows, *cols));
2431   }
2432   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2433 }
2434 
2435 /**
2436    @brief Fully assemble the nonzero entries of a linear operator.
2437 
2438    Expected to be used in conjunction with @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic().
2439 
2440    The assembly routines use coordinate format, with `num_entries` tuples of the form `(i, j, value)` which indicate that value should be added to the matrix in entry `(i, j)`.
2441    Note that the `(i, j)` pairs are not unique and may repeat.
2442    This function returns the values of the nonzero entries to be added, their `(i, j)` locations are provided by @ref CeedOperatorLinearAssembleSymbolic().
2443 
2444    This will generally be slow unless your operator is low-order.
2445 
2446    Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2447 
2448    @param[in]  op     `CeedOperator` to assemble
2449    @param[out] values Values to assemble into matrix
2450 
2451    @ref User
2452 **/
2453 int CeedOperatorLinearAssemble(CeedOperator op, CeedVector values) {
2454   bool          is_composite, has_linear_assemble_single;
2455   CeedInt       num_suboperators, offset = 0;
2456   CeedSize      single_entries = 0;
2457   CeedOperator *sub_operators;
2458 
2459   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2460   CeedCall(CeedOperatorIsComposite(op, &is_composite));
2461 
2462   // Early exit for empty operator
2463   if (!is_composite) {
2464     CeedInt num_elem = 0;
2465 
2466     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetNumElements(op, &num_elem));
2467     if (num_elem == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2468     has_linear_assemble_single = op->LinearAssembleSingle != NULL;
2469   } else {
2470     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2471     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2472     has_linear_assemble_single = true;
2473     for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_suboperators; i++) {
2474       has_linear_assemble_single = has_linear_assemble_single && sub_operators[i]->LinearAssembleSingle != NULL;
2475     }
2476   }
2477 
2478   if (op->LinearAssemble) {
2479     // Backend version
2480     CeedCall(op->LinearAssemble(op, values));
2481     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2482   } else if (has_linear_assemble_single) {
2483     // Default to summing contributions of suboperators
2484     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(values, 0.0));
2485     if (is_composite && num_suboperators > 0 && sub_operators[0]) {
2486       CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2487       CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2488       for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_suboperators; k++) {
2489         CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(sub_operators[k], offset, values));
2490         CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(sub_operators[k], &single_entries));
2491         offset += single_entries;
2492       }
2493     } else {
2494       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(op, offset, values));
2495     }
2496     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2497   } else {
2498     // Operator fallback
2499     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2500 
2501     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2502     if (op_fallback) {
2503       CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssemble(op_fallback, values));
2504       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2505     }
2506   }
2507 
2508   // Default interface implementation
2509   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(values, 0.0));
2510   if (is_composite) {
2511     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2512     CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2513     for (CeedInt k = 0; k < num_suboperators; k++) {
2514       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(sub_operators[k], offset, values));
2515       CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemblyCountEntries(sub_operators[k], &single_entries));
2516       offset += single_entries;
2517     }
2518   } else {
2519     CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorAssemble(op, offset, values));
2520   }
2521   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2522 }
2523 
2524 /**
2525   @brief Get the multiplicity of nodes across sub-operators in a composite `CeedOperator`.
2526 
2527   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2528 
2529   @param[in]  op               Composite `CeedOperator`
2530   @param[in]  num_skip_indices Number of sub-operators to skip
2531   @param[in]  skip_indices     Array of indices of sub-operators to skip
2532   @param[out] mult             Vector to store multiplicity (of size `l_size` )
2533 
2534   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2535 
2536   @ref User
2537 **/
2538 int CeedCompositeOperatorGetMultiplicity(CeedOperator op, CeedInt num_skip_indices, CeedInt *skip_indices, CeedVector mult) {
2539   Ceed                ceed;
2540   CeedInt             num_suboperators;
2541   CeedSize            l_vec_len;
2542   CeedScalar         *mult_array;
2543   CeedVector          ones_l_vec;
2544   CeedElemRestriction elem_rstr, mult_elem_rstr;
2545   CeedOperator       *sub_operators;
2546 
2547   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2548 
2549   // Zero mult vector
2550   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(mult, 0.0));
2551 
2552   // Get suboperators
2553   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetNumSub(op, &num_suboperators));
2554   if (num_suboperators == 0) return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2555   CeedCall(CeedCompositeOperatorGetSubList(op, &sub_operators));
2556 
2557   // Work vector
2558   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetLength(mult, &l_vec_len));
2559   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2560   CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed, l_vec_len, &ones_l_vec));
2561   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
2562   CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(ones_l_vec, 1.0));
2563   CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArray(mult, CEED_MEM_HOST, &mult_array));
2564 
2565   // Compute multiplicity across suboperators
2566   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_suboperators; i++) {
2567     const CeedScalar *sub_mult_array;
2568     CeedVector        sub_mult_l_vec, ones_e_vec;
2569 
2570     // -- Check for suboperator to skip
2571     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < num_skip_indices; j++) {
2572       if (skip_indices[j] == i) continue;
2573     }
2574 
2575     // -- Sub operator multiplicity
2576     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveElemRestriction(sub_operators[i], &elem_rstr));
2577     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateUnorientedCopy(elem_rstr, &mult_elem_rstr));
2578     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&elem_rstr));
2579     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateVector(mult_elem_rstr, &sub_mult_l_vec, &ones_e_vec));
2580     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(sub_mult_l_vec, 0.0));
2581     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(mult_elem_rstr, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, ones_l_vec, ones_e_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
2582     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionApply(mult_elem_rstr, CEED_TRANSPOSE, ones_e_vec, sub_mult_l_vec, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE));
2583     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(sub_mult_l_vec, CEED_MEM_HOST, &sub_mult_array));
2584     // ---- Flag every node present in the current suboperator
2585     for (CeedSize j = 0; j < l_vec_len; j++) {
2586       if (sub_mult_array[j] > 0.0) mult_array[j] += 1.0;
2587     }
2588     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(sub_mult_l_vec, &sub_mult_array));
2589     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&sub_mult_l_vec));
2590     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&ones_e_vec));
2591     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&mult_elem_rstr));
2592   }
2593   CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(mult, &mult_array));
2594   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&ones_l_vec));
2595   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2596 }
2597 
2598 /**
2599   @brief Create a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator`, creating the prolongation basis from the fine and coarse grid interpolation.
2600 
2601   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets all four `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2602 
2603   @param[in]  op_fine      Fine grid `CeedOperator`
2604   @param[in]  p_mult_fine  L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2605   @param[in]  rstr_coarse  Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
2606   @param[in]  basis_coarse Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
2607   @param[out] op_coarse    Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
2608   @param[out] op_prolong   Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2609   @param[out] op_restrict  Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2610 
2611   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2612 
2613   @ref User
2614 **/
2615 int CeedOperatorMultigridLevelCreate(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
2616                                      CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong, CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
2617   CeedBasis basis_c_to_f = NULL;
2618 
2619   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fine));
2620 
2621   // Build prolongation matrix, if required
2622   if (op_prolong || op_restrict) {
2623     CeedBasis basis_fine;
2624 
2625     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveBasis(op_fine, &basis_fine));
2626     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateProjection(basis_coarse, basis_fine, &basis_c_to_f));
2627     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_fine));
2628   }
2629 
2630   // Core code
2631   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(op_fine, p_mult_fine, rstr_coarse, basis_coarse, basis_c_to_f, op_coarse, op_prolong, op_restrict));
2632   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2633 }
2634 
2635 /**
2636   @brief Create a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator` with a tensor basis for the active basis.
2637 
2638   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets all four `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2639 
2640   @param[in]  op_fine       Fine grid `CeedOperator`
2641   @param[in]  p_mult_fine   L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2642   @param[in]  rstr_coarse   Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
2643   @param[in]  basis_coarse  Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
2644   @param[in]  interp_c_to_f Matrix for coarse to fine interpolation, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2645   @param[out] op_coarse     Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
2646   @param[out] op_prolong    Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2647   @param[out] op_restrict   Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2648 
2649   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2650 
2651   @ref User
2652 **/
2653 int CeedOperatorMultigridLevelCreateTensorH1(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
2654                                              const CeedScalar *interp_c_to_f, CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong,
2655                                              CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
2656   Ceed      ceed;
2657   CeedInt   Q_f, Q_c;
2658   CeedBasis basis_fine, basis_c_to_f = NULL;
2659 
2660   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fine));
2661   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op_fine, &ceed));
2662 
2663   // Check for compatible quadrature spaces
2664   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveBasis(op_fine, &basis_fine));
2665   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_fine, &Q_f));
2666   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_coarse, &Q_c));
2667   CeedCheck(Q_f == Q_c, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION,
2668             "Bases must have compatible quadrature spaces."
2669             " Fine grid: %" CeedInt_FMT " points, Coarse grid: %" CeedInt_FMT " points",
2670             Q_f, Q_c);
2671 
2672   // Create coarse to fine basis, if required
2673   if (op_prolong || op_restrict) {
2674     CeedInt     dim, num_comp, num_nodes_c, P_1d_f, P_1d_c;
2675     CeedScalar *q_ref, *q_weight, *grad;
2676 
2677     // Check if interpolation matrix is provided
2678     CeedCheck(interp_c_to_f, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
2679               "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires coarse-to-fine interpolation matrix");
2680     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDimension(basis_fine, &dim));
2681     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_fine, &num_comp));
2682     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes1D(basis_fine, &P_1d_f));
2683     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_fine));
2684     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_coarse, &num_nodes_c));
2685     P_1d_c = dim == 1 ? num_nodes_c : dim == 2 ? sqrt(num_nodes_c) : cbrt(num_nodes_c);
2686     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d_f, &q_ref));
2687     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d_f, &q_weight));
2688     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d_f * P_1d_c * dim, &grad));
2689     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateTensorH1(ceed, dim, num_comp, P_1d_c, P_1d_f, interp_c_to_f, grad, q_ref, q_weight, &basis_c_to_f));
2690     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_ref));
2691     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_weight));
2692     CeedCall(CeedFree(&grad));
2693   }
2694 
2695   // Core code
2696   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(op_fine, p_mult_fine, rstr_coarse, basis_coarse, basis_c_to_f, op_coarse, op_prolong, op_restrict));
2697   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
2698   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2699 }
2700 
2701 /**
2702   @brief Create a multigrid coarse `CeedOperator` and level transfer `CeedOperator` for a `CeedOperator` with a non-tensor basis for the active vector
2703 
2704   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets all four `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2705 
2706   @param[in]  op_fine       Fine grid `CeedOperator`
2707   @param[in]  p_mult_fine   L-vector multiplicity in parallel gather/scatter, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2708   @param[in]  rstr_coarse   Coarse grid `CeedElemRestriction`
2709   @param[in]  basis_coarse  Coarse grid active vector `CeedBasis`
2710   @param[in]  interp_c_to_f Matrix for coarse to fine interpolation, or `NULL` if not creating prolongation/restriction `CeedOperator`
2711   @param[out] op_coarse     Coarse grid `CeedOperator`
2712   @param[out] op_prolong    Coarse to fine `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2713   @param[out] op_restrict   Fine to coarse `CeedOperator`, or `NULL`
2714 
2715   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2716 
2717   @ref User
2718 **/
2719 int CeedOperatorMultigridLevelCreateH1(CeedOperator op_fine, CeedVector p_mult_fine, CeedElemRestriction rstr_coarse, CeedBasis basis_coarse,
2720                                        const CeedScalar *interp_c_to_f, CeedOperator *op_coarse, CeedOperator *op_prolong,
2721                                        CeedOperator *op_restrict) {
2722   Ceed      ceed;
2723   CeedInt   Q_f, Q_c;
2724   CeedBasis basis_fine, basis_c_to_f = NULL;
2725 
2726   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op_fine));
2727   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op_fine, &ceed));
2728 
2729   // Check for compatible quadrature spaces
2730   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetActiveBasis(op_fine, &basis_fine));
2731   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_fine, &Q_f));
2732   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis_coarse, &Q_c));
2733   CeedCheck(Q_f == Q_c, ceed, CEED_ERROR_DIMENSION, "Bases must have compatible quadrature spaces");
2734 
2735   // Coarse to fine basis
2736   if (op_prolong || op_restrict) {
2737     CeedInt          dim, num_comp, num_nodes_c, num_nodes_f;
2738     CeedScalar      *q_ref, *q_weight, *grad;
2739     CeedElemTopology topo;
2740 
2741     // Check if interpolation matrix is provided
2742     CeedCheck(interp_c_to_f, ceed, CEED_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
2743               "Prolongation or restriction operator creation requires coarse-to-fine interpolation matrix");
2744     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetTopology(basis_fine, &topo));
2745     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDimension(basis_fine, &dim));
2746     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis_fine, &num_comp));
2747     CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis_fine, &num_nodes_f));
2748     CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis_fine));
2749     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetElementSize(rstr_coarse, &num_nodes_c));
2750     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_nodes_f * dim, &q_ref));
2751     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_nodes_f, &q_weight));
2752     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_nodes_f * num_nodes_c * dim, &grad));
2753     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateH1(ceed, topo, num_comp, num_nodes_c, num_nodes_f, interp_c_to_f, grad, q_ref, q_weight, &basis_c_to_f));
2754     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_ref));
2755     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_weight));
2756     CeedCall(CeedFree(&grad));
2757   }
2758 
2759   // Core code
2760   CeedCall(CeedSingleOperatorMultigridLevel(op_fine, p_mult_fine, rstr_coarse, basis_coarse, basis_c_to_f, op_coarse, op_prolong, op_restrict));
2761   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
2762   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2763 }
2764 
2765 /**
2766   @brief Build a FDM based approximate inverse for each element for a `CeedOperator`.
2767 
2768   This returns a `CeedOperator` and `CeedVector` to apply a Fast Diagonalization Method based approximate inverse.
2769   This function obtains the simultaneous diagonalization for the 1D mass and Laplacian operators, \f$M = V^T V, K = V^T S V\f$.
2770   The assembled `CeedQFunction` is used to modify the eigenvalues from simultaneous diagonalization and obtain an approximate inverse of the form \f$V^T \hat S V\f$.
2771   The `CeedOperator` must be linear and non-composite.
2772   The associated `CeedQFunction` must therefore also be linear.
2773 
2774   Note: Calling this function asserts that setup is complete and sets the `CeedOperator` as immutable.
2775 
2776   @param[in]  op      `CeedOperator` to create element inverses
2777   @param[out] fdm_inv `CeedOperator` to apply the action of a FDM based inverse for each element
2778   @param[in]  request Address of @ref CeedRequest for non-blocking completion, else @ref CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE
2779 
2780   @return An error code: 0 - success, otherwise - failure
2781 
2782   @ref User
2783 **/
2784 int CeedOperatorCreateFDMElementInverse(CeedOperator op, CeedOperator *fdm_inv, CeedRequest *request) {
2785   Ceed                 ceed, ceed_parent;
2786   bool                 interp = false, grad = false, is_tensor_basis = true;
2787   CeedInt              num_input_fields, P_1d, Q_1d, num_nodes, num_qpts, dim, num_comp = 1, num_elem = 1;
2788   CeedScalar          *mass, *laplace, *x, *fdm_interp, *lambda, *elem_avg;
2789   const CeedScalar    *interp_1d, *grad_1d, *q_weight_1d;
2790   CeedVector           q_data;
2791   CeedElemRestriction  rstr  = NULL, rstr_qd_i;
2792   CeedBasis            basis = NULL, fdm_basis;
2793   CeedQFunctionContext ctx_fdm;
2794   CeedQFunctionField  *qf_fields;
2795   CeedQFunction        qf, qf_fdm;
2796   CeedOperatorField   *op_fields;
2797 
2798   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCheckReady(op));
2799 
2800   if (op->CreateFDMElementInverse) {
2801     // Backend version
2802     CeedCall(op->CreateFDMElementInverse(op, fdm_inv, request));
2803     return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2804   } else {
2805     // Operator fallback
2806     CeedOperator op_fallback;
2807 
2808     CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallback(op, &op_fallback));
2809     if (op_fallback) {
2810       CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreateFDMElementInverse(op_fallback, fdm_inv, request));
2811       return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
2812     }
2813   }
2814 
2815   // Default interface implementation
2816   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetCeed(op, &ceed));
2817   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFallbackParentCeed(op, &ceed_parent));
2818   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetQFunction(op, &qf));
2819 
2820   // Determine active input basis
2821   CeedCall(CeedOperatorGetFields(op, &num_input_fields, &op_fields, NULL, NULL));
2822   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionGetFields(qf, NULL, &qf_fields, NULL, NULL));
2823   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_input_fields; i++) {
2824     CeedVector vec;
2825 
2826     CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetVector(op_fields[i], &vec));
2827     if (vec == CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE) {
2828       CeedEvalMode eval_mode;
2829 
2830       CeedCall(CeedQFunctionFieldGetEvalMode(qf_fields[i], &eval_mode));
2831       interp = interp || eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_INTERP;
2832       grad   = grad || eval_mode == CEED_EVAL_GRAD;
2833       if (!basis) CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetBasis(op_fields[i], &basis));
2834       if (!rstr) CeedCall(CeedOperatorFieldGetElemRestriction(op_fields[i], &rstr));
2835     }
2836     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&vec));
2837   }
2838   CeedCheck(basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "No active field set");
2839   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes1D(basis, &P_1d));
2840   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumNodes(basis, &num_nodes));
2841   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints1D(basis, &Q_1d));
2842   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumQuadraturePoints(basis, &num_qpts));
2843   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetDimension(basis, &dim));
2844   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetNumComponents(basis, &num_comp));
2845   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetNumElements(rstr, &num_elem));
2846 
2847   // Build and diagonalize 1D Mass and Laplacian
2848   CeedCall(CeedBasisIsTensor(basis, &is_tensor_basis));
2849   CeedCheck(is_tensor_basis, ceed, CEED_ERROR_BACKEND, "FDMElementInverse only supported for tensor bases");
2850   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &mass));
2851   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &laplace));
2852   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &x));
2853   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &fdm_interp));
2854   CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d, &lambda));
2855   // -- Build matrices
2856   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetInterp1D(basis, &interp_1d));
2857   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetGrad1D(basis, &grad_1d));
2858   CeedCall(CeedBasisGetQWeights(basis, &q_weight_1d));
2859   CeedCall(CeedBuildMassLaplace(interp_1d, grad_1d, q_weight_1d, P_1d, Q_1d, dim, mass, laplace));
2860 
2861   // -- Diagonalize
2862   CeedCall(CeedSimultaneousDiagonalization(ceed, laplace, mass, x, lambda, P_1d));
2863   CeedCall(CeedFree(&mass));
2864   CeedCall(CeedFree(&laplace));
2865   for (CeedInt i = 0; i < P_1d; i++) {
2866     for (CeedInt j = 0; j < P_1d; j++) fdm_interp[i + j * P_1d] = x[j + i * P_1d];
2867   }
2868   CeedCall(CeedFree(&x));
2869 
2870   {
2871     CeedInt             layout[3], num_modes = (interp ? 1 : 0) + (grad ? dim : 0);
2872     CeedScalar          max_norm = 0;
2873     const CeedScalar   *assembled_array, *q_weight_array;
2874     CeedVector          assembled = NULL, q_weight;
2875     CeedElemRestriction rstr_qf   = NULL;
2876 
2877     // Assemble QFunction
2878     CeedCall(CeedOperatorLinearAssembleQFunctionBuildOrUpdate(op, &assembled, &rstr_qf, request));
2879     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionGetELayout(rstr_qf, layout));
2880     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_qf));
2881     CeedCall(CeedVectorNorm(assembled, CEED_NORM_MAX, &max_norm));
2882 
2883     // Calculate element averages
2884     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, num_qpts, &q_weight));
2885     CeedCall(CeedBasisApply(basis, 1, CEED_NOTRANSPOSE, CEED_EVAL_WEIGHT, CEED_VECTOR_NONE, q_weight));
2886     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(assembled, CEED_MEM_HOST, &assembled_array));
2887     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayRead(q_weight, CEED_MEM_HOST, &q_weight_array));
2888     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_elem, &elem_avg));
2889     const CeedScalar qf_value_bound = max_norm * 100 * CEED_EPSILON;
2890 
2891     for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
2892       CeedInt count = 0;
2893 
2894       for (CeedInt q = 0; q < num_qpts; q++) {
2895         for (CeedInt i = 0; i < num_comp * num_comp * num_modes * num_modes; i++) {
2896           if (fabs(assembled_array[q * layout[0] + i * layout[1] + e * layout[2]]) > qf_value_bound) {
2897             elem_avg[e] += assembled_array[q * layout[0] + i * layout[1] + e * layout[2]] / q_weight_array[q];
2898             count++;
2899           }
2900         }
2901       }
2902       if (count) {
2903         elem_avg[e] /= count;
2904       } else {
2905         elem_avg[e] = 1.0;
2906       }
2907     }
2908     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(assembled, &assembled_array));
2909     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&assembled));
2910     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(q_weight, &q_weight_array));
2911     CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&q_weight));
2912   }
2913 
2914   // Build FDM diagonal
2915   {
2916     CeedScalar *q_data_array, *fdm_diagonal;
2917 
2918     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(num_comp * num_nodes, &fdm_diagonal));
2919     const CeedScalar fdm_diagonal_bound = num_nodes * CEED_EPSILON;
2920     for (CeedInt c = 0; c < num_comp; c++) {
2921       for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
2922         if (interp) fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n] = 1.0;
2923         if (grad) {
2924           for (CeedInt d = 0; d < dim; d++) {
2925             CeedInt i = (n / CeedIntPow(P_1d, d)) % P_1d;
2926             fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n] += lambda[i];
2927           }
2928         }
2929         if (fabs(fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n]) < fdm_diagonal_bound) fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n] = fdm_diagonal_bound;
2930       }
2931     }
2932     CeedCall(CeedVectorCreate(ceed_parent, num_elem * num_comp * num_nodes, &q_data));
2933     CeedCall(CeedVectorSetValue(q_data, 0.0));
2934     CeedCall(CeedVectorGetArrayWrite(q_data, CEED_MEM_HOST, &q_data_array));
2935     for (CeedInt e = 0; e < num_elem; e++) {
2936       for (CeedInt c = 0; c < num_comp; c++) {
2937         for (CeedInt n = 0; n < num_nodes; n++) {
2938           q_data_array[(e * num_comp + c) * num_nodes + n] = 1. / (elem_avg[e] * fdm_diagonal[c * num_nodes + n]);
2939         }
2940       }
2941     }
2942     CeedCall(CeedFree(&elem_avg));
2943     CeedCall(CeedFree(&fdm_diagonal));
2944     CeedCall(CeedVectorRestoreArray(q_data, &q_data_array));
2945   }
2946 
2947   // Setup FDM operator
2948   // -- Basis
2949   {
2950     CeedScalar *grad_dummy, *q_ref_dummy, *q_weight_dummy;
2951 
2952     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d * P_1d, &grad_dummy));
2953     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d, &q_ref_dummy));
2954     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(P_1d, &q_weight_dummy));
2955     CeedCall(CeedBasisCreateTensorH1(ceed_parent, dim, num_comp, P_1d, P_1d, fdm_interp, grad_dummy, q_ref_dummy, q_weight_dummy, &fdm_basis));
2956     CeedCall(CeedFree(&fdm_interp));
2957     CeedCall(CeedFree(&grad_dummy));
2958     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_ref_dummy));
2959     CeedCall(CeedFree(&q_weight_dummy));
2960     CeedCall(CeedFree(&lambda));
2961   }
2962 
2963   // -- Restriction
2964   {
2965     CeedInt strides[3] = {1, num_nodes, num_nodes * num_comp};
2966     CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided(ceed_parent, num_elem, num_nodes, num_comp,
2967                                               (CeedSize)num_elem * (CeedSize)num_comp * (CeedSize)num_nodes, strides, &rstr_qd_i));
2968   }
2969 
2970   // -- QFunction
2971   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionCreateInteriorByName(ceed_parent, "Scale", &qf_fdm));
2972   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_fdm, "input", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
2973   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddInput(qf_fdm, "scale", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_NONE));
2974   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionAddOutput(qf_fdm, "output", num_comp, CEED_EVAL_INTERP));
2975   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetUserFlopsEstimate(qf_fdm, num_comp));
2976 
2977   // -- QFunction context
2978   {
2979     CeedInt *num_comp_data;
2980 
2981     CeedCall(CeedCalloc(1, &num_comp_data));
2982     num_comp_data[0] = num_comp;
2983     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextCreate(ceed, &ctx_fdm));
2984     CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextSetData(ctx_fdm, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_OWN_POINTER, sizeof(*num_comp_data), num_comp_data));
2985   }
2986   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionSetContext(qf_fdm, ctx_fdm));
2987   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionContextDestroy(&ctx_fdm));
2988 
2989   // -- Operator
2990   CeedCall(CeedOperatorCreate(ceed_parent, qf_fdm, NULL, NULL, fdm_inv));
2991   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*fdm_inv, "input", rstr, fdm_basis, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
2992   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*fdm_inv, "scale", rstr_qd_i, CEED_BASIS_NONE, q_data));
2993   CeedCall(CeedOperatorSetField(*fdm_inv, "output", rstr, fdm_basis, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE));
2994 
2995   // Cleanup
2996   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&ceed));
2997   CeedCall(CeedDestroy(&ceed_parent));
2998   CeedCall(CeedVectorDestroy(&q_data));
2999   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr));
3000   CeedCall(CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&rstr_qd_i));
3001   CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&basis));
3002   CeedCall(CeedBasisDestroy(&fdm_basis));
3003   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf));
3004   CeedCall(CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_fdm));
3005   return CEED_ERROR_SUCCESS;
3006 }
3007 
3008 /// @}
3009