xref: /petsc/src/dm/impls/plex/plexvtu.c (revision c29ce622fa97c279dda1474b2f4e55cdcf02f6de)

#include <petsc/private/dmpleximpl.h>
#include <../src/sys/classes/viewer/impls/vtk/vtkvimpl.h>

typedef struct {
  PetscInt nvertices;
  PetscInt ncells;
  PetscInt nconn; /* number of entries in cell->vertex connectivity array */
} PieceInfo;

#if defined(PETSC_USE_REAL_SINGLE) || defined(PETSC_USE_REAL___FP16)
/* output in float if single or half precision in memory */
static const char precision[] = "Float32";
typedef float     PetscVTUReal;
  #define MPIU_VTUREAL MPI_FLOAT
#elif defined(PETSC_USE_REAL_DOUBLE) || defined(PETSC_USE_REAL___FLOAT128)
/* output in double if double or quad precision in memory */
static const char precision[] = "Float64";
typedef double    PetscVTUReal;
  #define MPIU_VTUREAL MPI_DOUBLE
#else
static const char precision[] = "UnknownPrecision";
typedef PetscReal PetscVTUReal;
  #define MPIU_VTUREAL MPIU_REAL
#endif

static PetscErrorCode TransferWrite(MPI_Comm comm, PetscViewer viewer, FILE *fp, PetscMPIInt srank, PetscMPIInt root, const void *send, void *recv, PetscMPIInt count, MPI_Datatype mpidatatype, PetscMPIInt tag)
{
  PetscMPIInt rank;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCallMPI(MPI_Comm_rank(comm, &rank));
  if (rank == srank && rank != root) {
    PetscCallMPI(MPI_Send((void *)send, count, mpidatatype, root, tag, comm));
  } else if (rank == root) {
    const void *buffer;
    if (root == srank) { /* self */
      buffer = send;
    } else {
      MPI_Status  status;
      PetscMPIInt nrecv;
      PetscCallMPI(MPI_Recv(recv, count, mpidatatype, srank, tag, comm, &status));
      PetscCallMPI(MPI_Get_count(&status, mpidatatype, &nrecv));
      PetscCheck(count == nrecv, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Array size mismatch");
      buffer = recv;
    }
    PetscCall(PetscViewerVTKFWrite(viewer, fp, buffer, count, mpidatatype));
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode DMPlexGetVTKConnectivity(DM dm, PetscBool localized, PieceInfo *piece, PetscVTKInt **oconn, PetscVTKInt **ooffsets, PetscVTKType **otypes)
{
  PetscSection  coordSection, cellCoordSection;
  PetscVTKInt  *conn, *offsets;
  PetscVTKType *types;
  PetscInt      dim, vStart, vEnd, cStart, cEnd, pStart, pEnd, cellHeight, numLabelCells, hasLabel, c, v, countcell, countconn;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(PetscMalloc3(piece->nconn, &conn, piece->ncells, &offsets, piece->ncells, &types));
  PetscCall(DMGetCoordinateSection(dm, &coordSection));
  PetscCall(DMGetCellCoordinateSection(dm, &cellCoordSection));
  PetscCall(DMGetDimension(dm, &dim));
  PetscCall(DMPlexGetChart(dm, &pStart, &pEnd));
  PetscCall(DMPlexGetVTKCellHeight(dm, &cellHeight));
  PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(dm, cellHeight, &cStart, &cEnd));
  PetscCall(DMPlexGetDepthStratum(dm, 0, &vStart, &vEnd));
  PetscCall(DMGetStratumSize(dm, "vtk", 1, &numLabelCells));
  hasLabel = numLabelCells > 0 ? PETSC_TRUE : PETSC_FALSE;

  countcell = 0;
  countconn = 0;
  for (c = cStart; c < cEnd; ++c) {
    PetscInt nverts, dof = 0, celltype, startoffset, nC = 0;

    if (hasLabel) {
      PetscInt value;

      PetscCall(DMGetLabelValue(dm, "vtk", c, &value));
      if (value != 1) continue;
    }
    startoffset = countconn;
    if (localized) PetscCall(PetscSectionGetDof(cellCoordSection, c, &dof));
    if (!dof) {
      PetscInt *closure = NULL;
      PetscInt  closureSize;

      PetscCall(DMPlexGetTransitiveClosure(dm, c, PETSC_TRUE, &closureSize, &closure));
      for (v = 0; v < closureSize * 2; v += 2) {
        if ((closure[v] >= vStart) && (closure[v] < vEnd)) {
          if (!localized) conn[countconn++] = closure[v] - vStart;
          else conn[countconn++] = startoffset + nC;
          ++nC;
        }
      }
      PetscCall(DMPlexRestoreTransitiveClosure(dm, c, PETSC_TRUE, &closureSize, &closure));
    } else {
      for (nC = 0; nC < dof / dim; nC++) conn[countconn++] = startoffset + nC;
    }

    {
      PetscInt n = PetscMin(nC, 8), s = countconn - nC, i, cone[8];
      for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) cone[i] = conn[s + i];
      PetscCall(DMPlexReorderCell(dm, c, cone));
      for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) conn[s + i] = (int)cone[i];
    }

    offsets[countcell] = countconn;

    nverts = countconn - startoffset;
    PetscCall(DMPlexVTKGetCellType_Internal(dm, dim, nverts, &celltype));

    types[countcell] = celltype;
    countcell++;
  }
  PetscCheck(countcell == piece->ncells, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Inconsistent cell count");
  PetscCheck(countconn == piece->nconn, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Inconsistent connectivity count");
  *oconn    = conn;
  *ooffsets = offsets;
  *otypes   = types;
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

PETSC_INTERN PetscErrorCode DMPlexGetNonEmptyComm_Private(DM dm, MPI_Comm *comm)
{
  DM_Plex *mesh = (DM_Plex *)dm->data;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (mesh->nonempty_comm == MPI_COMM_SELF) { /* Not yet setup */
    PetscInt    cStart, cEnd, cellHeight;
    MPI_Comm    dmcomm = PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)dm);
    PetscMPIInt color, rank;

    PetscCall(DMPlexGetVTKCellHeight(dm, &cellHeight));
    PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(dm, cellHeight, &cStart, &cEnd));
    color = (cStart < cEnd) ? 0 : 1;
    PetscCallMPI(MPI_Comm_rank(dmcomm, &rank));
    PetscCallMPI(MPI_Comm_split(dmcomm, color, rank, &mesh->nonempty_comm));
    if (color == 1) {
      PetscCallMPI(MPI_Comm_free(&mesh->nonempty_comm));
      mesh->nonempty_comm = MPI_COMM_NULL;
    }
  }
  *comm = mesh->nonempty_comm;
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*
  Write all fields that have been provided to the viewer
  Multi-block XML format with binary appended data.
*/
PetscErrorCode DMPlexVTKWriteAll_VTU(DM dm, PetscViewer viewer)
{
  MPI_Comm                 comm;
  PetscSection             coordSection, cellCoordSection;
  PetscViewer_VTK         *vtk = (PetscViewer_VTK *)viewer->data;
  PetscViewerVTKObjectLink link;
  FILE                    *fp;
  PetscMPIInt              rank, size, tag;
  PetscInt                 dimEmbed, cellHeight, cStart, cEnd, vStart, vEnd, numLabelCells, hasLabel, c, v, r, i;
  PetscBool                localized;
  PieceInfo                piece, *gpiece = NULL;
  void                    *buffer     = NULL;
  const char              *byte_order = PetscBinaryBigEndian() ? "BigEndian" : "LittleEndian";
  PetscInt                 loops_per_scalar;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(DMGetCoordinateDim(dm, &dimEmbed));
  PetscCall(DMPlexGetVTKCellHeight(dm, &cellHeight));
  PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(dm, cellHeight, &cStart, &cEnd));
  PetscCall(DMPlexGetDepthStratum(dm, 0, &vStart, &vEnd));
  PetscCall(DMGetStratumSize(dm, "vtk", 1, &numLabelCells));
  PetscCall(DMGetCoordinatesLocalized(dm, &localized));
  PetscCall(DMGetCoordinateSection(dm, &coordSection));
  PetscCall(DMGetCellCoordinateSection(dm, &cellCoordSection));
  PetscCall(PetscCommGetNewTag(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)dm), &tag));

  PetscCall(DMPlexGetNonEmptyComm_Private(dm, &comm));
#if defined(PETSC_USE_COMPLEX)
  loops_per_scalar = 2;
#else
  loops_per_scalar = 1;
#endif
  if (comm == MPI_COMM_NULL) goto finalize;
  PetscCallMPI(MPI_Comm_size(comm, &size));
  PetscCallMPI(MPI_Comm_rank(comm, &rank));

  PetscCall(PetscFOpen(comm, vtk->filename, "wb", &fp));
  PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n"));
  PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "<VTKFile type=\"UnstructuredGrid\" version=\"0.1\" byte_order=\"%s\" header_type=\"UInt64\">\n", byte_order));
  PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "  <UnstructuredGrid>\n"));

  hasLabel        = numLabelCells > 0 ? PETSC_TRUE : PETSC_FALSE;
  piece.nvertices = 0;
  piece.ncells    = 0;
  piece.nconn     = 0;
  if (!localized) piece.nvertices = vEnd - vStart;
  for (c = cStart; c < cEnd; ++c) {
    PetscInt dof = 0;
    if (hasLabel) {
      PetscInt value;

      PetscCall(DMGetLabelValue(dm, "vtk", c, &value));
      if (value != 1) continue;
    }
    if (localized) PetscCall(PetscSectionGetDof(cellCoordSection, c, &dof));
    if (!dof) {
      PetscInt *closure = NULL;
      PetscInt  closureSize;

      PetscCall(DMPlexGetTransitiveClosure(dm, c, PETSC_TRUE, &closureSize, &closure));
      for (v = 0; v < closureSize * 2; v += 2) {
        if ((closure[v] >= vStart) && (closure[v] < vEnd)) {
          piece.nconn++;
          if (localized) piece.nvertices++;
        }
      }
      PetscCall(DMPlexRestoreTransitiveClosure(dm, c, PETSC_TRUE, &closureSize, &closure));
    } else {
      piece.nvertices += dof / dimEmbed;
      piece.nconn += dof / dimEmbed;
    }
    piece.ncells++;
  }
  if (rank == 0) PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(size, &gpiece));
  PetscCallMPI(MPI_Gather((PetscInt *)&piece, sizeof(piece) / sizeof(PetscInt), MPIU_INT, (PetscInt *)gpiece, sizeof(piece) / sizeof(PetscInt), MPIU_INT, 0, comm));

  /*
   * Write file header
   */
  if (rank == 0) {
    PetscInt64 boffset = 0;

    for (r = 0; r < size; r++) {
      PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, fp, "    <Piece NumberOfPoints=\"%" PetscInt_FMT "\" NumberOfCells=\"%" PetscInt_FMT "\">\n", gpiece[r].nvertices, gpiece[r].ncells));
      /* Coordinate positions */
      PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, fp, "      <Points>\n"));
      PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, fp, "        <DataArray type=\"%s\" Name=\"Position\" NumberOfComponents=\"3\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%" PetscInt64_FMT "\" />\n", precision, boffset));
      boffset += gpiece[r].nvertices * 3 * sizeof(PetscVTUReal) + (gpiece[r].nvertices ? sizeof(PetscInt64) : 0);
      PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, fp, "      </Points>\n"));
      /* Cell connectivity */
      PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, fp, "      <Cells>\n"));
      PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, fp, "        <DataArray type=\"Int32\" Name=\"connectivity\" NumberOfComponents=\"1\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%" PetscInt64_FMT "\" />\n", boffset));
      boffset += gpiece[r].nconn * sizeof(PetscVTKInt) + (gpiece[r].nconn ? sizeof(PetscInt64) : 0);
      PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, fp, "        <DataArray type=\"Int32\" Name=\"offsets\"      NumberOfComponents=\"1\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%" PetscInt64_FMT "\" />\n", boffset));
      boffset += gpiece[r].ncells * sizeof(PetscVTKInt) + (gpiece[r].ncells ? sizeof(PetscInt64) : 0);
      PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, fp, "        <DataArray type=\"UInt8\" Name=\"types\"        NumberOfComponents=\"1\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%" PetscInt64_FMT "\" />\n", boffset));
      boffset += gpiece[r].ncells * sizeof(unsigned char) + (gpiece[r].ncells ? sizeof(PetscInt64) : 0);
      PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, fp, "      </Cells>\n"));

      /*
       * Cell Data headers
       */
      PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, fp, "      <CellData>\n"));
      PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, fp, "        <DataArray type=\"Int32\" Name=\"Rank\" NumberOfComponents=\"1\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%" PetscInt64_FMT "\" />\n", boffset));
      boffset += gpiece[r].ncells * sizeof(PetscVTKInt) + (gpiece[r].ncells ? sizeof(PetscInt64) : 0);
      /* all the vectors */
      for (link = vtk->link; link; link = link->next) {
        Vec          X       = (Vec)link->vec;
        DM           dmX     = NULL;
        PetscInt     bs      = 1, nfields, field;
        const char  *vecname = "";
        PetscSection section;
        if ((link->ft != PETSC_VTK_CELL_FIELD) && (link->ft != PETSC_VTK_CELL_VECTOR_FIELD)) continue;
        if (((PetscObject)X)->name || link != vtk->link) { /* If the object is already named, use it. If it is past the first link, name it to disambiguate. */
          PetscCall(PetscObjectGetName((PetscObject)X, &vecname));
        }
        PetscCall(VecGetDM(X, &dmX));
        if (!dmX) dmX = dm;
        PetscCall(PetscObjectQuery(link->vec, "section", (PetscObject *)&section));
        if (!section) PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(dmX, &section));
        if (cEnd > cStart) PetscCall(PetscSectionGetDof(section, cStart, &bs));
        PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section, &nfields));
        field = 0;
        if (link->field >= 0) {
          field   = link->field;
          nfields = field + 1;
        }
        for (i = 0; field < (nfields ? nfields : 1); field++) {
          PetscInt     fbs, j;
          PetscFV      fv = NULL;
          PetscObject  f;
          PetscClassId fClass;
          const char  *fieldname = NULL;
          char         buf[256];
          PetscBool    vector;
          if (nfields) { /* We have user-defined fields/components */
            PetscCall(PetscSectionGetFieldDof(section, cStart, field, &fbs));
            PetscCall(PetscSectionGetFieldName(section, field, &fieldname));
          } else fbs = bs; /* Say we have one field with 'bs' components */
          PetscCall(DMGetField(dmX, field, NULL, &f));
          PetscCall(PetscObjectGetClassId(f, &fClass));
          if (fClass == PETSCFV_CLASSID) fv = (PetscFV)f;
          if (nfields && !fieldname) {
            PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "CellField%" PetscInt_FMT, field));
            fieldname = buf;
          }
          vector = PETSC_FALSE;
          if (link->ft == PETSC_VTK_CELL_VECTOR_FIELD) {
            vector = PETSC_TRUE;
            PetscCheck(fbs <= 3, PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)viewer), PETSC_ERR_ARG_SIZ, "Cell vector fields can have at most 3 components, %" PetscInt_FMT " given", fbs);
            for (j = 0; j < fbs; j++) {
              const char *compName = NULL;
              if (fv) {
                PetscCall(PetscFVGetComponentName(fv, j, &compName));
                if (compName) break;
              }
            }
            if (j < fbs) vector = PETSC_FALSE;
          }
          if (vector) {
#if defined(PETSC_USE_COMPLEX)
            PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "        <DataArray type=\"%s\" Name=\"%s%s.Re\" NumberOfComponents=\"3\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%" PetscInt64_FMT "\" />\n", precision, vecname, fieldname, boffset));
            boffset += gpiece[r].ncells * 3 * sizeof(PetscVTUReal) + (gpiece[r].ncells ? sizeof(PetscInt64) : 0);
            PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "        <DataArray type=\"%s\" Name=\"%s%s.Im\" NumberOfComponents=\"3\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%" PetscInt64_FMT "\" />\n", precision, vecname, fieldname, boffset));
            boffset += gpiece[r].ncells * 3 * sizeof(PetscVTUReal) + (gpiece[r].ncells ? sizeof(PetscInt64) : 0);
#else
            PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "        <DataArray type=\"%s\" Name=\"%s%s\" NumberOfComponents=\"3\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%" PetscInt64_FMT "\" />\n", precision, vecname, fieldname, boffset));
            boffset += gpiece[r].ncells * 3 * sizeof(PetscVTUReal) + (gpiece[r].ncells ? sizeof(PetscInt64) : 0);
#endif
            i += fbs;
          } else {
            for (j = 0; j < fbs; j++) {
              const char *compName = NULL;
              char        finalname[256];
              if (fv) PetscCall(PetscFVGetComponentName(fv, j, &compName));
              if (compName) {
                PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(finalname, 255, "%s%s.%s", vecname, fieldname, compName));
              } else if (fbs > 1) {
                PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(finalname, 255, "%s%s.%" PetscInt_FMT, vecname, fieldname, j));
              } else {
                PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(finalname, 255, "%s%s", vecname, fieldname));
              }
#if defined(PETSC_USE_COMPLEX)
              PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "        <DataArray type=\"%s\" Name=\"%s.Re\" NumberOfComponents=\"1\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%" PetscInt64_FMT "\" />\n", precision, finalname, boffset));
              boffset += gpiece[r].ncells * sizeof(PetscVTUReal) + (gpiece[r].ncells ? sizeof(PetscInt64) : 0);
              PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "        <DataArray type=\"%s\" Name=\"%s.Im\" NumberOfComponents=\"1\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%" PetscInt64_FMT "\" />\n", precision, finalname, boffset));
              boffset += gpiece[r].ncells * sizeof(PetscVTUReal) + (gpiece[r].ncells ? sizeof(PetscInt64) : 0);
#else
              PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "        <DataArray type=\"%s\" Name=\"%s\" NumberOfComponents=\"1\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%" PetscInt64_FMT "\" />\n", precision, finalname, boffset));
              boffset += gpiece[r].ncells * sizeof(PetscVTUReal) + (gpiece[r].ncells ? sizeof(PetscInt64) : 0);
#endif
              i++;
            }
          }
        }
        //PetscCheck(i == bs,comm,PETSC_ERR_PLIB,"Total number of field components %" PetscInt_FMT " != block size %" PetscInt_FMT,i,bs);
      }
      PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, fp, "      </CellData>\n"));

      /*
       * Point Data headers
       */
      PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, fp, "      <PointData>\n"));
      for (link = vtk->link; link; link = link->next) {
        Vec          X = (Vec)link->vec;
        DM           dmX;
        PetscInt     bs      = 1, nfields, field;
        const char  *vecname = "";
        PetscSection section;
        if ((link->ft != PETSC_VTK_POINT_FIELD) && (link->ft != PETSC_VTK_POINT_VECTOR_FIELD)) continue;
        if (((PetscObject)X)->name || link != vtk->link) { /* If the object is already named, use it. If it is past the first link, name it to disambiguate. */
          PetscCall(PetscObjectGetName((PetscObject)X, &vecname));
        }
        PetscCall(VecGetDM(X, &dmX));
        if (!dmX) dmX = dm;
        PetscCall(PetscObjectQuery(link->vec, "section", (PetscObject *)&section));
        if (!section) PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(dmX, &section));
        if (vEnd > vStart) PetscCall(PetscSectionGetDof(section, vStart, &bs));
        PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section, &nfields));
        field = 0;
        if (link->field >= 0) {
          field   = link->field;
          nfields = field + 1;
        }
        for (i = 0; field < (nfields ? nfields : 1); field++) {
          PetscInt    fbs, j;
          const char *fieldname = NULL;
          char        buf[256];
          if (nfields) { /* We have user-defined fields/components */
            PetscCall(PetscSectionGetFieldDof(section, vStart, field, &fbs));
            PetscCall(PetscSectionGetFieldName(section, field, &fieldname));
          } else fbs = bs; /* Say we have one field with 'bs' components */
          if (nfields && !fieldname) {
            PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "PointField%" PetscInt_FMT, field));
            fieldname = buf;
          }
          if (link->ft == PETSC_VTK_POINT_VECTOR_FIELD) {
            PetscCheck(fbs <= 3, PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)viewer), PETSC_ERR_ARG_SIZ, "Point vector fields can have at most 3 components, %" PetscInt_FMT " given", fbs);
#if defined(PETSC_USE_COMPLEX)
            PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "        <DataArray type=\"%s\" Name=\"%s%s.Re\" NumberOfComponents=\"3\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%" PetscInt64_FMT "\" />\n", precision, vecname, fieldname, boffset));
            boffset += gpiece[r].nvertices * 3 * sizeof(PetscVTUReal) + (gpiece[r].nvertices ? sizeof(PetscInt64) : 0);
            PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "        <DataArray type=\"%s\" Name=\"%s%s.Im\" NumberOfComponents=\"3\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%" PetscInt64_FMT "\" />\n", precision, vecname, fieldname, boffset));
            boffset += gpiece[r].nvertices * 3 * sizeof(PetscVTUReal) + (gpiece[r].nvertices ? sizeof(PetscInt64) : 0);
#else
            PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "        <DataArray type=\"%s\" Name=\"%s%s\" NumberOfComponents=\"3\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%" PetscInt64_FMT "\" />\n", precision, vecname, fieldname, boffset));
            boffset += gpiece[r].nvertices * 3 * sizeof(PetscVTUReal) + (gpiece[r].nvertices ? sizeof(PetscInt64) : 0);
#endif
          } else {
            for (j = 0; j < fbs; j++) {
              const char *compName = NULL;
              char        finalname[256];
              PetscCall(PetscSectionGetComponentName(section, field, j, &compName));
              PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(finalname, 255, "%s%s.%s", vecname, fieldname, compName));
#if defined(PETSC_USE_COMPLEX)
              PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "        <DataArray type=\"%s\" Name=\"%s.Re\" NumberOfComponents=\"1\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%" PetscInt64_FMT "\" />\n", precision, finalname, boffset));
              boffset += gpiece[r].nvertices * sizeof(PetscVTUReal) + (gpiece[r].nvertices ? sizeof(PetscInt64) : 0);
              PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "        <DataArray type=\"%s\" Name=\"%s.Im\" NumberOfComponents=\"1\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%" PetscInt64_FMT "\" />\n", precision, finalname, boffset));
              boffset += gpiece[r].nvertices * sizeof(PetscVTUReal) + (gpiece[r].nvertices ? sizeof(PetscInt64) : 0);
#else
              PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "        <DataArray type=\"%s\" Name=\"%s\" NumberOfComponents=\"1\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%" PetscInt64_FMT "\" />\n", precision, finalname, boffset));
              boffset += gpiece[r].nvertices * sizeof(PetscVTUReal) + (gpiece[r].nvertices ? sizeof(PetscInt64) : 0);
#endif
            }
          }
        }
      }
      PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, fp, "      </PointData>\n"));
      PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, fp, "    </Piece>\n"));
    }
  }

  PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "  </UnstructuredGrid>\n"));
  PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "  <AppendedData encoding=\"raw\">\n"));
  PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "_"));

  if (rank == 0) {
    PetscInt maxsize = 0;
    for (r = 0; r < size; r++) {
      maxsize = PetscMax(maxsize, (PetscInt)(gpiece[r].nvertices * 3 * sizeof(PetscVTUReal)));
      maxsize = PetscMax(maxsize, (PetscInt)(gpiece[r].ncells * 3 * sizeof(PetscVTUReal)));
      maxsize = PetscMax(maxsize, (PetscInt)(gpiece[r].nconn * sizeof(PetscVTKInt)));
    }
    PetscCall(PetscMalloc(maxsize, &buffer));
  }
  for (r = 0; r < size; r++) {
    if (r == rank) {
      PetscInt nsend;
      { /* Position */
        const PetscScalar *x, *cx = NULL;
        PetscVTUReal      *y = NULL;
        Vec                coords, cellCoords;
        PetscBool          copy;

        PetscCall(DMGetCoordinatesLocal(dm, &coords));
        PetscCall(VecGetArrayRead(coords, &x));
        PetscCall(DMGetCellCoordinatesLocal(dm, &cellCoords));
        if (cellCoords) PetscCall(VecGetArrayRead(cellCoords, &cx));
#if defined(PETSC_USE_COMPLEX)
        copy = PETSC_TRUE;
#else
        copy = (PetscBool)(dimEmbed != 3 || localized || (sizeof(PetscReal) != sizeof(PetscVTUReal)));
#endif
        if (copy) {
          PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(piece.nvertices * 3, &y));
          if (localized) {
            PetscInt cnt;
            for (c = cStart, cnt = 0; c < cEnd; c++) {
              PetscInt off, dof;

              PetscCall(PetscSectionGetDof(cellCoordSection, c, &dof));
              if (!dof) {
                PetscInt *closure = NULL;
                PetscInt  closureSize;

                PetscCall(DMPlexGetTransitiveClosure(dm, c, PETSC_TRUE, &closureSize, &closure));
                for (v = 0; v < closureSize * 2; v += 2) {
                  if ((closure[v] >= vStart) && (closure[v] < vEnd)) {
                    PetscCall(PetscSectionGetOffset(coordSection, closure[v], &off));
                    if (dimEmbed != 3) {
                      y[cnt * 3 + 0] = (PetscVTUReal)PetscRealPart(x[off + 0]);
                      y[cnt * 3 + 1] = (PetscVTUReal)((dimEmbed > 1) ? PetscRealPart(x[off + 1]) : 0.0);
                      y[cnt * 3 + 2] = (PetscVTUReal)0.0;
                    } else {
                      y[cnt * 3 + 0] = (PetscVTUReal)PetscRealPart(x[off + 0]);
                      y[cnt * 3 + 1] = (PetscVTUReal)PetscRealPart(x[off + 1]);
                      y[cnt * 3 + 2] = (PetscVTUReal)PetscRealPart(x[off + 2]);
                    }
                    cnt++;
                  }
                }
                PetscCall(DMPlexRestoreTransitiveClosure(dm, c, PETSC_TRUE, &closureSize, &closure));
              } else {
                PetscCall(PetscSectionGetOffset(cellCoordSection, c, &off));
                if (dimEmbed != 3) {
                  for (i = 0; i < dof / dimEmbed; i++) {
                    y[cnt * 3 + 0] = (PetscVTUReal)PetscRealPart(cx[off + i * dimEmbed + 0]);
                    y[cnt * 3 + 1] = (PetscVTUReal)((dimEmbed > 1) ? PetscRealPart(cx[off + i * dimEmbed + 1]) : 0.0);
                    y[cnt * 3 + 2] = (PetscVTUReal)0.0;
                    cnt++;
                  }
                } else {
                  for (i = 0; i < dof; i++) y[cnt * 3 + i] = (PetscVTUReal)PetscRealPart(cx[off + i]);
                  cnt += dof / dimEmbed;
                }
              }
            }
            PetscCheck(cnt == piece.nvertices, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Count does not match");
          } else {
            for (i = 0; i < piece.nvertices; i++) {
              y[i * 3 + 0] = (PetscVTUReal)PetscRealPart(x[i * dimEmbed + 0]);
              y[i * 3 + 1] = (PetscVTUReal)((dimEmbed > 1) ? PetscRealPart(x[i * dimEmbed + 1]) : 0.);
              y[i * 3 + 2] = (PetscVTUReal)((dimEmbed > 2) ? PetscRealPart(x[i * dimEmbed + 2]) : 0.);
            }
          }
        }
        nsend = piece.nvertices * 3;
        PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, copy ? (const void *)y : (const void *)x, buffer, nsend, MPIU_VTUREAL, tag));
        PetscCall(PetscFree(y));
        PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayRead(coords, &x));
        if (cellCoords) PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayRead(cellCoords, &cx));
      }
      { /* Connectivity, offsets, types */
        PetscVTKInt  *connectivity = NULL, *offsets = NULL;
        PetscVTKType *types = NULL;
        PetscCall(DMPlexGetVTKConnectivity(dm, localized, &piece, &connectivity, &offsets, &types));
        PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, connectivity, buffer, piece.nconn, MPI_INT, tag));
        PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, offsets, buffer, piece.ncells, MPI_INT, tag));
        PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, types, buffer, piece.ncells, MPI_CHAR, tag));
        PetscCall(PetscFree3(connectivity, offsets, types));
      }
      { /* Owners (cell data) */
        PetscVTKInt *owners;
        PetscMPIInt  orank;

        PetscCallMPI(MPI_Comm_rank(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)dm), &orank));
        PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(piece.ncells, &owners));
        for (i = 0; i < piece.ncells; i++) owners[i] = orank;
        PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, owners, buffer, piece.ncells, MPI_INT, tag));
        PetscCall(PetscFree(owners));
      }
      /* Cell data */
      for (link = vtk->link; link; link = link->next) {
        Vec                X = (Vec)link->vec;
        DM                 dmX;
        const PetscScalar *x;
        PetscVTUReal      *y;
        PetscInt           bs      = 1, nfields, field;
        PetscSection       section = NULL;

        if ((link->ft != PETSC_VTK_CELL_FIELD) && (link->ft != PETSC_VTK_CELL_VECTOR_FIELD)) continue;
        PetscCall(VecGetDM(X, &dmX));
        if (!dmX) dmX = dm;
        PetscCall(PetscObjectQuery(link->vec, "section", (PetscObject *)&section));
        if (!section) PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(dmX, &section));
        if (cEnd > cStart) PetscCall(PetscSectionGetDof(section, cStart, &bs));
        PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section, &nfields));
        field = 0;
        if (link->field >= 0) {
          field   = link->field;
          nfields = field + 1;
        }
        PetscCall(VecGetArrayRead(X, &x));
        PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(piece.ncells * 3, &y));
        for (i = 0; field < (nfields ? nfields : 1); field++) {
          PetscInt     fbs, j;
          PetscFV      fv = NULL;
          PetscObject  f;
          PetscClassId fClass;
          PetscBool    vector;
          if (nfields && cEnd > cStart) { /* We have user-defined fields/components */
            PetscCall(PetscSectionGetFieldDof(section, cStart, field, &fbs));
          } else fbs = bs; /* Say we have one field with 'bs' components */
          PetscCall(DMGetField(dmX, field, NULL, &f));
          PetscCall(PetscObjectGetClassId(f, &fClass));
          if (fClass == PETSCFV_CLASSID) fv = (PetscFV)f;
          vector = PETSC_FALSE;
          if (link->ft == PETSC_VTK_CELL_VECTOR_FIELD) {
            vector = PETSC_TRUE;
            for (j = 0; j < fbs; j++) {
              const char *compName = NULL;
              if (fv) {
                PetscCall(PetscFVGetComponentName(fv, j, &compName));
                if (compName) break;
              }
            }
            if (j < fbs) vector = PETSC_FALSE;
          }
          if (vector) {
            PetscInt cnt, l;
            for (l = 0; l < loops_per_scalar; l++) {
              for (c = cStart, cnt = 0; c < cEnd; c++) {
                const PetscScalar *xpoint;
                PetscInt           off, j;

                if (hasLabel) { /* Ignore some cells */
                  PetscInt value;
                  PetscCall(DMGetLabelValue(dmX, "vtk", c, &value));
                  if (value != 1) continue;
                }
                if (nfields) {
                  PetscCall(PetscSectionGetFieldOffset(section, c, field, &off));
                } else {
                  PetscCall(PetscSectionGetOffset(section, c, &off));
                }
                xpoint = &x[off];
                for (j = 0; j < fbs; j++) y[cnt++] = (PetscVTUReal)(l ? PetscImaginaryPart(xpoint[j]) : PetscRealPart(xpoint[j]));
                for (; j < 3; j++) y[cnt++] = 0.;
              }
              PetscCheck(cnt == piece.ncells * 3, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Count does not match");
              PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, y, buffer, piece.ncells * 3, MPIU_VTUREAL, tag));
            }
          } else {
            for (i = 0; i < fbs; i++) {
              PetscInt cnt, l;
              for (l = 0; l < loops_per_scalar; l++) {
                for (c = cStart, cnt = 0; c < cEnd; c++) {
                  const PetscScalar *xpoint;
                  PetscInt           off;

                  if (hasLabel) { /* Ignore some cells */
                    PetscInt value;
                    PetscCall(DMGetLabelValue(dmX, "vtk", c, &value));
                    if (value != 1) continue;
                  }
                  if (nfields) {
                    PetscCall(PetscSectionGetFieldOffset(section, c, field, &off));
                  } else {
                    PetscCall(PetscSectionGetOffset(section, c, &off));
                  }
                  xpoint   = &x[off];
                  y[cnt++] = (PetscVTUReal)(l ? PetscImaginaryPart(xpoint[i]) : PetscRealPart(xpoint[i]));
                }
                PetscCheck(cnt == piece.ncells, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Count does not match");
                PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, y, buffer, piece.ncells, MPIU_VTUREAL, tag));
              }
            }
          }
        }
        PetscCall(PetscFree(y));
        PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayRead(X, &x));
      }
      /* point data */
      for (link = vtk->link; link; link = link->next) {
        Vec                X = (Vec)link->vec;
        DM                 dmX;
        const PetscScalar *x;
        PetscVTUReal      *y;
        PetscInt           bs      = 1, nfields, field;
        PetscSection       section = NULL;

        if ((link->ft != PETSC_VTK_POINT_FIELD) && (link->ft != PETSC_VTK_POINT_VECTOR_FIELD)) continue;
        PetscCall(VecGetDM(X, &dmX));
        if (!dmX) dmX = dm;
        PetscCall(PetscObjectQuery(link->vec, "section", (PetscObject *)&section));
        if (!section) PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(dmX, &section));
        if (vEnd > vStart) PetscCall(PetscSectionGetDof(section, vStart, &bs));
        PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section, &nfields));
        field = 0;
        if (link->field >= 0) {
          field   = link->field;
          nfields = field + 1;
        }
        PetscCall(VecGetArrayRead(X, &x));
        PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(piece.nvertices * 3, &y));
        for (i = 0; field < (nfields ? nfields : 1); field++) {
          PetscInt fbs, j;
          if (nfields && vEnd > vStart) { /* We have user-defined fields/components */
            PetscCall(PetscSectionGetFieldDof(section, vStart, field, &fbs));
          } else fbs = bs; /* Say we have one field with 'bs' components */
          if (link->ft == PETSC_VTK_POINT_VECTOR_FIELD) {
            PetscInt cnt, l;
            for (l = 0; l < loops_per_scalar; l++) {
              if (!localized) {
                for (v = vStart, cnt = 0; v < vEnd; v++) {
                  PetscInt           off;
                  const PetscScalar *xpoint;

                  if (nfields) {
                    PetscCall(PetscSectionGetFieldOffset(section, v, field, &off));
                  } else {
                    PetscCall(PetscSectionGetOffset(section, v, &off));
                  }
                  xpoint = &x[off];
                  for (j = 0; j < fbs; j++) y[cnt++] = (PetscVTUReal)(l ? PetscImaginaryPart(xpoint[j]) : PetscRealPart(xpoint[j]));
                  for (; j < 3; j++) y[cnt++] = 0.;
                }
              } else {
                for (c = cStart, cnt = 0; c < cEnd; c++) {
                  PetscInt *closure = NULL;
                  PetscInt  closureSize, off;

                  PetscCall(DMPlexGetTransitiveClosure(dmX, c, PETSC_TRUE, &closureSize, &closure));
                  for (v = 0, off = 0; v < closureSize * 2; v += 2) {
                    if ((closure[v] >= vStart) && (closure[v] < vEnd)) {
                      PetscInt           voff;
                      const PetscScalar *xpoint;

                      if (nfields) {
                        PetscCall(PetscSectionGetFieldOffset(section, closure[v], field, &voff));
                      } else {
                        PetscCall(PetscSectionGetOffset(section, closure[v], &voff));
                      }
                      xpoint = &x[voff];
                      for (j = 0; j < fbs; j++) y[cnt + off++] = (PetscVTUReal)(l ? PetscImaginaryPart(xpoint[j]) : PetscRealPart(xpoint[j]));
                      for (; j < 3; j++) y[cnt + off++] = 0.;
                    }
                  }
                  cnt += off;
                  PetscCall(DMPlexRestoreTransitiveClosure(dmX, c, PETSC_TRUE, &closureSize, &closure));
                }
              }
              PetscCheck(cnt == piece.nvertices * 3, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Count does not match");
              PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, y, buffer, piece.nvertices * 3, MPIU_VTUREAL, tag));
            }
          } else {
            for (i = 0; i < fbs; i++) {
              PetscInt cnt, l;
              for (l = 0; l < loops_per_scalar; l++) {
                if (!localized) {
                  for (v = vStart, cnt = 0; v < vEnd; v++) {
                    PetscInt           off;
                    const PetscScalar *xpoint;

                    if (nfields) {
                      PetscCall(PetscSectionGetFieldOffset(section, v, field, &off));
                    } else {
                      PetscCall(PetscSectionGetOffset(section, v, &off));
                    }
                    xpoint   = &x[off];
                    y[cnt++] = (PetscVTUReal)(l ? PetscImaginaryPart(xpoint[i]) : PetscRealPart(xpoint[i]));
                  }
                } else {
                  for (c = cStart, cnt = 0; c < cEnd; c++) {
                    PetscInt *closure = NULL;
                    PetscInt  closureSize, off;

                    PetscCall(DMPlexGetTransitiveClosure(dmX, c, PETSC_TRUE, &closureSize, &closure));
                    for (v = 0, off = 0; v < closureSize * 2; v += 2) {
                      if ((closure[v] >= vStart) && (closure[v] < vEnd)) {
                        PetscInt           voff;
                        const PetscScalar *xpoint;

                        if (nfields) {
                          PetscCall(PetscSectionGetFieldOffset(section, closure[v], field, &voff));
                        } else {
                          PetscCall(PetscSectionGetOffset(section, closure[v], &voff));
                        }
                        xpoint         = &x[voff];
                        y[cnt + off++] = (l ? PetscImaginaryPart(xpoint[i]) : PetscRealPart(xpoint[i]));
                      }
                    }
                    cnt += off;
                    PetscCall(DMPlexRestoreTransitiveClosure(dmX, c, PETSC_TRUE, &closureSize, &closure));
                  }
                }
                PetscCheck(cnt == piece.nvertices, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Count does not match");
                PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, y, buffer, piece.nvertices, MPIU_VTUREAL, tag));
              }
            }
          }
        }
        PetscCall(PetscFree(y));
        PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayRead(X, &x));
      }
    } else if (rank == 0) {
      PetscInt l;

      PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, NULL, buffer, gpiece[r].nvertices * 3, MPIU_VTUREAL, tag)); /* positions */
      PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, NULL, buffer, gpiece[r].nconn, MPI_INT, tag));              /* connectivity */
      PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, NULL, buffer, gpiece[r].ncells, MPI_INT, tag));             /* offsets */
      PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, NULL, buffer, gpiece[r].ncells, MPI_CHAR, tag));            /* types */
      PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, NULL, buffer, gpiece[r].ncells, MPI_INT, tag));             /* owner rank (cells) */
      /* all cell data */
      for (link = vtk->link; link; link = link->next) {
        Vec          X  = (Vec)link->vec;
        PetscInt     bs = 1, nfields, field;
        DM           dmX;
        PetscSection section = NULL;

        if ((link->ft != PETSC_VTK_CELL_FIELD) && (link->ft != PETSC_VTK_CELL_VECTOR_FIELD)) continue;
        PetscCall(VecGetDM(X, &dmX));
        if (!dmX) dmX = dm;
        PetscCall(PetscObjectQuery(link->vec, "section", (PetscObject *)&section));
        if (!section) PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(dmX, &section));
        if (cEnd > cStart) PetscCall(PetscSectionGetDof(section, cStart, &bs));
        PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section, &nfields));
        field = 0;
        if (link->field >= 0) {
          field   = link->field;
          nfields = field + 1;
        }
        for (i = 0; field < (nfields ? nfields : 1); field++) {
          PetscInt     fbs, j;
          PetscFV      fv = NULL;
          PetscObject  f;
          PetscClassId fClass;
          PetscBool    vector;
          if (nfields && cEnd > cStart) { /* We have user-defined fields/components */
            PetscCall(PetscSectionGetFieldDof(section, cStart, field, &fbs));
          } else fbs = bs; /* Say we have one field with 'bs' components */
          PetscCall(DMGetField(dmX, field, NULL, &f));
          PetscCall(PetscObjectGetClassId(f, &fClass));
          if (fClass == PETSCFV_CLASSID) fv = (PetscFV)f;
          vector = PETSC_FALSE;
          if (link->ft == PETSC_VTK_CELL_VECTOR_FIELD) {
            vector = PETSC_TRUE;
            for (j = 0; j < fbs; j++) {
              const char *compName = NULL;
              if (fv) {
                PetscCall(PetscFVGetComponentName(fv, j, &compName));
                if (compName) break;
              }
            }
            if (j < fbs) vector = PETSC_FALSE;
          }
          if (vector) {
            for (l = 0; l < loops_per_scalar; l++) PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, NULL, buffer, gpiece[r].ncells * 3, MPIU_VTUREAL, tag));
          } else {
            for (i = 0; i < fbs; i++) {
              for (l = 0; l < loops_per_scalar; l++) PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, NULL, buffer, gpiece[r].ncells, MPIU_VTUREAL, tag));
            }
          }
        }
      }
      /* all point data */
      for (link = vtk->link; link; link = link->next) {
        Vec          X = (Vec)link->vec;
        DM           dmX;
        PetscInt     bs      = 1, nfields, field;
        PetscSection section = NULL;

        if ((link->ft != PETSC_VTK_POINT_FIELD) && (link->ft != PETSC_VTK_POINT_VECTOR_FIELD)) continue;
        PetscCall(VecGetDM(X, &dmX));
        if (!dmX) dmX = dm;
        PetscCall(PetscObjectQuery(link->vec, "section", (PetscObject *)&section));
        if (!section) PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(dmX, &section));
        if (vEnd > vStart) PetscCall(PetscSectionGetDof(section, vStart, &bs));
        PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section, &nfields));
        field = 0;
        if (link->field >= 0) {
          field   = link->field;
          nfields = field + 1;
        }
        for (i = 0; field < (nfields ? nfields : 1); field++) {
          PetscInt fbs;
          if (nfields && vEnd > vStart) { /* We have user-defined fields/components */
            PetscCall(PetscSectionGetFieldDof(section, vStart, field, &fbs));
          } else fbs = bs; /* Say we have one field with 'bs' components */
          if (link->ft == PETSC_VTK_POINT_VECTOR_FIELD) {
            for (l = 0; l < loops_per_scalar; l++) PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, NULL, buffer, gpiece[r].nvertices * 3, MPIU_VTUREAL, tag));
          } else {
            for (i = 0; i < fbs; i++) {
              for (l = 0; l < loops_per_scalar; l++) PetscCall(TransferWrite(comm, viewer, fp, r, 0, NULL, buffer, gpiece[r].nvertices, MPIU_VTUREAL, tag));
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  PetscCall(PetscFree(gpiece));
  PetscCall(PetscFree(buffer));
  PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "\n  </AppendedData>\n"));
  PetscCall(PetscFPrintf(comm, fp, "</VTKFile>\n"));
  PetscCall(PetscFClose(comm, fp));
finalize:
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}