1 static char help[] = "Tests for high order geometry\n\n"; 2 3 #include <petscdmplex.h> 4 #include <petscds.h> 5 6 typedef enum {TRANSFORM_NONE, TRANSFORM_SHEAR, TRANSFORM_FLARE, TRANSFORM_ANNULUS, TRANSFORM_SHELL} Transform; 7 const char * const TransformTypes[] = {"none", "shear", "flare", "annulus", "shell", "Mesh Transform", "TRANSFORM_", NULL}; 8 9 typedef struct { 10 PetscBool coordSpace; /* Flag to create coordinate space */ 11 Transform meshTransform; /* Transform for initial box mesh */ 12 PetscReal *transformDataReal; /* Parameters for mesh transform */ 13 PetscScalar *transformData; /* Parameters for mesh transform */ 14 PetscReal volume; /* Analytical volume of the mesh */ 15 PetscReal tol; /* Tolerance for volume check */ 16 } AppCtx; 17 18 PetscErrorCode ProcessOptions(MPI_Comm comm, AppCtx *options) 19 { 20 PetscInt n = 0, i; 21 PetscErrorCode ierr; 22 23 PetscFunctionBegin; 24 options->coordSpace = PETSC_TRUE; 25 options->meshTransform = TRANSFORM_NONE; 26 options->transformDataReal = NULL; 27 options->transformData = NULL; 28 options->volume = -1.0; 29 options->tol = PETSC_SMALL; 30 31 ierr = PetscOptionsBegin(comm, "", "Meshing Interpolation Test Options", "DMPLEX");CHKERRQ(ierr); 32 ierr = PetscOptionsBool("-coord_space", "Flag to create a coordinate space", "ex33.c", options->coordSpace, &options->coordSpace, NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr); 33 ierr = PetscOptionsEnum("-mesh_transform", "Method to transform initial box mesh <none, shear, annulus, shell>", "ex33.c", TransformTypes, (PetscEnum) options->meshTransform, (PetscEnum *) &options->meshTransform, NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr); 34 switch (options->meshTransform) { 35 case TRANSFORM_NONE: break; 36 case TRANSFORM_SHEAR: 37 n = 2; 38 ierr = PetscMalloc1(n, &options->transformDataReal);CHKERRQ(ierr); 39 for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) options->transformDataReal[i] = 1.0; 40 ierr = PetscOptionsRealArray("-transform_data", "Parameters for mesh transforms", "ex33.c", options->transformDataReal, &n, NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr); 41 break; 42 case TRANSFORM_FLARE: 43 n = 4; 44 ierr = PetscMalloc1(n, &options->transformData);CHKERRQ(ierr); 45 for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) options->transformData[i] = 1.0; 46 options->transformData[0] = (PetscScalar) 0; 47 ierr = PetscOptionsScalarArray("-transform_data", "Parameters for mesh transforms", "ex33.c", options->transformData, &n, NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr); 48 break; 49 case TRANSFORM_ANNULUS: 50 n = 2; 51 ierr = PetscMalloc1(n, &options->transformData);CHKERRQ(ierr); 52 options->transformData[0] = 1.0; 53 options->transformData[1] = 2.0; 54 ierr = PetscOptionsScalarArray("-transform_data", "Parameters for mesh transforms", "ex33.c", options->transformData, &n, NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr); 55 break; 56 case TRANSFORM_SHELL: 57 n = 2; 58 ierr = PetscMalloc1(n, &options->transformData);CHKERRQ(ierr); 59 options->transformData[0] = 1.0; 60 options->transformData[1] = 2.0; 61 ierr = PetscOptionsScalarArray("-transform_data", "Parameters for mesh transforms", "ex33.c", options->transformData, &n, NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr); 62 break; 63 default: SETERRQ1(comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_OUTOFRANGE, "Unknown mesh transform %D", options->meshTransform); 64 } 65 ierr = PetscOptionsReal("-volume", "The analytical volume of the mesh", "ex33.c", options->volume, &options->volume, NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr); 66 ierr = PetscOptionsReal("-tol", "The tolerance for the volume check", "ex33.c", options->tol, &options->tol, NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr); 67 ierr = PetscOptionsEnd();CHKERRQ(ierr); 68 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 69 } 70 71 static void identity(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, 72 const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], 73 const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], 74 PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar f0[]) 75 { 76 const PetscInt Nc = uOff[1] - uOff[0]; 77 PetscInt c; 78 79 for (c = 0; c < Nc; ++c) f0[c] = u[c]; 80 } 81 82 /* Flare applies the transformation, assuming we fix x_f, 83 84 x_i = x_i * alpha_i x_f 85 */ 86 static void f0_flare(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, 87 const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], 88 const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], 89 PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar coords[]) 90 { 91 const PetscInt Nc = uOff[1]-uOff[0]; 92 const PetscInt cf = (PetscInt) PetscRealPart(constants[0]); 93 PetscInt c; 94 95 for (c = 0; c < Nc; ++c) { 96 coords[c] = u[c] * (c == cf ? 1.0 : constants[c+1]*u[cf]); 97 } 98 } 99 100 /* 101 We would like to map the unit square to a quarter of the annulus between circles of radius 1 and 2. We start by mapping the straight sections, which 102 will correspond to the top and bottom of our square. So 103 104 (0,0)--(1,0) ==> (1,0)--(2,0) Just a shift of (1,0) 105 (0,1)--(1,1) ==> (0,1)--(0,2) Switch x and y 106 107 So it looks like we want to map each layer in y to a ray, so x is the radius and y is the angle: 108 109 (x, y) ==> (x+1, \pi/2 y) in (r', \theta') space 110 ==> ((x+1) cos(\pi/2 y), (x+1) sin(\pi/2 y)) in (x', y') space 111 */ 112 static void f0_annulus(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, 113 const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], 114 const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], 115 PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar xp[]) 116 { 117 const PetscReal ri = PetscRealPart(constants[0]); 118 const PetscReal ro = PetscRealPart(constants[1]); 119 120 xp[0] = (x[0] * (ro-ri) + ri) * PetscCosReal(0.5*PETSC_PI*x[1]); 121 xp[1] = (x[0] * (ro-ri) + ri) * PetscSinReal(0.5*PETSC_PI*x[1]); 122 } 123 124 /* 125 We would like to map the unit cube to a hemisphere of the spherical shell between balls of radius 1 and 2. We want to map the bottom surface onto the 126 lower hemisphere and the upper surface onto the top, letting z be the radius. 127 128 (x, y) ==> ((z+3)/2, \pi/2 (|x| or |y|), arctan y/x) in (r', \theta', \phi') space 129 ==> ((z+3)/2 \cos(\theta') cos(\phi'), (z+3)/2 \cos(\theta') sin(\phi'), (z+3)/2 sin(\theta')) in (x', y', z') space 130 */ 131 static void f0_shell(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, 132 const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], 133 const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], 134 PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar xp[]) 135 { 136 const PetscReal pi4 = PETSC_PI/4.0; 137 const PetscReal ri = PetscRealPart(constants[0]); 138 const PetscReal ro = PetscRealPart(constants[1]); 139 const PetscReal rp = (x[2]+1) * 0.5*(ro-ri) + ri; 140 const PetscReal phip = PetscAtan2Real(x[1], x[0]); 141 const PetscReal thetap = 0.5*PETSC_PI * (1.0 - ((((phip <= pi4) && (phip >= -pi4)) || ((phip >= 3.0*pi4) || (phip <= -3.0*pi4))) ? PetscAbsReal(x[0]) : PetscAbsReal(x[1]))); 142 143 xp[0] = rp * PetscCosReal(thetap) * PetscCosReal(phip); 144 xp[1] = rp * PetscCosReal(thetap) * PetscSinReal(phip); 145 xp[2] = rp * PetscSinReal(thetap); 146 } 147 148 static PetscErrorCode DMCreateCoordinateDisc(DM dm) 149 { 150 DM cdm; 151 PetscFE fe; 152 DMPolytopeType ct; 153 PetscInt dim, dE, cStart; 154 PetscBool simplex; 155 PetscErrorCode ierr; 156 157 PetscFunctionBegin; 158 ierr = DMGetCoordinateDM(dm, &cdm);CHKERRQ(ierr); 159 ierr = DMGetDimension(dm, &dim);CHKERRQ(ierr); 160 ierr = DMGetCoordinateDim(dm, &dE);CHKERRQ(ierr); 161 ierr = DMPlexGetHeightStratum(cdm, 0, &cStart, NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr); 162 ierr = DMPlexGetCellType(dm, cStart, &ct);CHKERRQ(ierr); 163 simplex = DMPolytopeTypeGetNumVertices(ct) == DMPolytopeTypeGetDim(ct)+1 ? PETSC_TRUE : PETSC_FALSE; 164 ierr = PetscFECreateDefault(PETSC_COMM_SELF, dim, dE, simplex, "dm_coord_", -1, &fe);CHKERRQ(ierr); 165 ierr = DMProjectCoordinates(dm, fe);CHKERRQ(ierr); 166 ierr = PetscFEDestroy(&fe);CHKERRQ(ierr); 167 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 168 } 169 170 PetscErrorCode CreateMesh(MPI_Comm comm, AppCtx *ctx, DM *dm) 171 { 172 DM cdm; 173 PetscDS cds; 174 PetscErrorCode ierr; 175 176 PetscFunctionBegin; 177 ierr = DMCreate(comm, dm);CHKERRQ(ierr); 178 ierr = DMSetType(*dm, DMPLEX);CHKERRQ(ierr); 179 ierr = DMSetFromOptions(*dm);CHKERRQ(ierr); 180 181 if (ctx->coordSpace) {ierr = DMCreateCoordinateDisc(*dm);CHKERRQ(ierr);} 182 switch (ctx->meshTransform) { 183 case TRANSFORM_NONE: 184 ierr = DMPlexRemapGeometry(*dm, 0.0, identity);CHKERRQ(ierr); 185 break; 186 case TRANSFORM_SHEAR: 187 ierr = DMPlexShearGeometry(*dm, DM_X, ctx->transformDataReal);CHKERRQ(ierr); 188 break; 189 case TRANSFORM_FLARE: 190 ierr = DMGetCoordinateDM(*dm, &cdm);CHKERRQ(ierr); 191 ierr = DMGetDS(cdm, &cds);CHKERRQ(ierr); 192 ierr = PetscDSSetConstants(cds, 4, ctx->transformData);CHKERRQ(ierr); 193 ierr = DMPlexRemapGeometry(*dm, 0.0, f0_flare);CHKERRQ(ierr); 194 break; 195 case TRANSFORM_ANNULUS: 196 ierr = DMGetCoordinateDM(*dm, &cdm);CHKERRQ(ierr); 197 ierr = DMGetDS(cdm, &cds);CHKERRQ(ierr); 198 ierr = PetscDSSetConstants(cds, 2, ctx->transformData);CHKERRQ(ierr); 199 ierr = DMPlexRemapGeometry(*dm, 0.0, f0_annulus);CHKERRQ(ierr); 200 break; 201 case TRANSFORM_SHELL: 202 ierr = DMGetCoordinateDM(*dm, &cdm);CHKERRQ(ierr); 203 ierr = DMGetDS(cdm, &cds);CHKERRQ(ierr); 204 ierr = PetscDSSetConstants(cds, 2, ctx->transformData);CHKERRQ(ierr); 205 ierr = DMPlexRemapGeometry(*dm, 0.0, f0_shell);CHKERRQ(ierr); 206 break; 207 default: SETERRQ1(comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_OUTOFRANGE, "Unknown mesh transform %D", ctx->meshTransform); 208 } 209 ierr = DMViewFromOptions(*dm, NULL, "-dm_view");CHKERRQ(ierr); 210 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 211 } 212 213 static void volume(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, 214 const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], 215 const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], 216 PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar vol[]) 217 { 218 vol[0] = 1.; 219 } 220 221 static PetscErrorCode CreateDiscretization(DM dm, AppCtx *ctx) 222 { 223 PetscDS ds; 224 PetscFE fe; 225 DMPolytopeType ct; 226 PetscInt dim, cStart; 227 PetscBool simplex; 228 PetscErrorCode ierr; 229 230 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 231 ierr = DMGetDimension(dm, &dim);CHKERRQ(ierr); 232 ierr = DMPlexGetHeightStratum(dm, 0, &cStart, NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr); 233 ierr = DMPlexGetCellType(dm, cStart, &ct);CHKERRQ(ierr); 234 simplex = DMPolytopeTypeGetNumVertices(ct) == DMPolytopeTypeGetDim(ct)+1 ? PETSC_TRUE : PETSC_FALSE; 235 ierr = PetscFECreateDefault(PETSC_COMM_SELF, dim, 1, simplex, NULL, PETSC_DETERMINE, &fe);CHKERRQ(ierr); 236 ierr = PetscFESetName(fe, "scalar");CHKERRQ(ierr); 237 ierr = DMAddField(dm, NULL, (PetscObject) fe);CHKERRQ(ierr); 238 ierr = PetscFEDestroy(&fe);CHKERRQ(ierr); 239 ierr = DMCreateDS(dm);CHKERRQ(ierr); 240 ierr = DMGetDS(dm, &ds);CHKERRQ(ierr); 241 ierr = PetscDSSetObjective(ds, 0, volume);CHKERRQ(ierr); 242 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 243 } 244 245 static PetscErrorCode CheckVolume(DM dm, AppCtx *ctx) 246 { 247 Vec u; 248 PetscScalar result; 249 PetscReal vol, tol = ctx->tol; 250 PetscErrorCode ierr; 251 252 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 253 ierr = DMGetGlobalVector(dm, &u);CHKERRQ(ierr); 254 ierr = DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(dm, u, &result, ctx);CHKERRQ(ierr); 255 vol = PetscRealPart(result); 256 ierr = DMRestoreGlobalVector(dm, &u);CHKERRQ(ierr); 257 ierr = PetscPrintf(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject) dm), "Volume: %g\n", (double) vol);CHKERRQ(ierr); 258 if (ctx->volume > 0.0 && PetscAbsReal(ctx->volume - vol) > tol) { 259 SETERRQ4(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject) dm), PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Calculated volume %g != %g actual volume (error %g > %g tol)", (double) vol, (double) ctx->volume, (double) PetscAbsReal(ctx->volume - vol), (double) tol); 260 } 261 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 262 } 263 264 int main(int argc, char **argv) 265 { 266 DM dm; 267 AppCtx user; 268 PetscErrorCode ierr; 269 270 ierr = PetscInitialize(&argc, &argv, NULL,help);if (ierr) return ierr; 271 ierr = ProcessOptions(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &user);CHKERRQ(ierr); 272 ierr = CreateMesh(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &user, &dm);CHKERRQ(ierr); 273 ierr = CreateDiscretization(dm, &user);CHKERRQ(ierr); 274 ierr = CheckVolume(dm, &user);CHKERRQ(ierr); 275 ierr = DMDestroy(&dm);CHKERRQ(ierr); 276 ierr = PetscFree(user.transformDataReal);CHKERRQ(ierr); 277 ierr = PetscFree(user.transformData);CHKERRQ(ierr); 278 ierr = PetscFinalize(); 279 return ierr; 280 } 281 282 /*TEST 283 284 testset: 285 args: -dm_plex_simplex 0 -dm_plex_box_faces 1,1 -dm_plex_box_lower -1.,-1. -dm_plex_box_upper 1.,1. -volume 4. -dm_coord_space 0 286 287 test: 288 suffix: square_0 289 args: -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 1 290 291 test: 292 suffix: square_1 293 args: -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 2 294 295 test: 296 suffix: square_2 297 args: -dm_refine 1 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 1 298 299 test: 300 suffix: square_3 301 args: -dm_refine 1 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 2 302 303 testset: 304 args: -dm_plex_dim 3 -dm_plex_simplex 0 -dm_plex_box_faces 1,1,1 -dm_plex_box_lower -1.,-1.,-1. -dm_plex_box_upper 1.,1.,1. -volume 8. -dm_coord_space 0 305 306 test: 307 suffix: cube_0 308 args: -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 1 309 310 test: 311 suffix: cube_1 312 args: -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 2 313 314 test: 315 suffix: cube_2 316 args: -dm_refine 1 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 1 317 318 test: 319 suffix: cube_3 320 args: -dm_refine 1 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 2 321 322 testset: 323 args: -dm_plex_simplex 0 -dm_plex_box_faces 1,1 -dm_plex_box_lower -1.,-1. -dm_plex_box_upper 1.,1. -volume 4. -dm_coord_space 0 324 325 test: 326 suffix: shear_0 327 args: -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 1 -mesh_transform shear -transform_data 3.0 328 329 test: 330 suffix: shear_1 331 args: -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 2 -mesh_transform shear -transform_data 3.0 332 333 test: 334 suffix: shear_2 335 args: -dm_refine 1 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 1 -mesh_transform shear -transform_data 3.0 336 337 test: 338 suffix: shear_3 339 args: -dm_refine 1 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 2 -mesh_transform shear -transform_data 3.0 340 341 testset: 342 args: -dm_plex_dim 3 -dm_plex_simplex 0 -dm_plex_box_faces 1,1,1 -dm_plex_box_lower -1.,-1.,-1. -dm_plex_box_upper 1.,1.,1. -volume 8. -dm_coord_space 0 343 344 test: 345 suffix: shear_4 346 args: -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 1 -mesh_transform shear -transform_data 3.0 347 348 test: 349 suffix: shear_5 350 args: -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 2 -mesh_transform shear -transform_data 3.0 351 352 test: 353 suffix: shear_6 354 args: -dm_refine 1 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 1 -mesh_transform shear -transform_data 3.0,4.0 355 356 test: 357 suffix: shear_7 358 args: -dm_refine 1 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 2 -mesh_transform shear -transform_data 3.0,4.0 359 360 testset: 361 args: -dm_coord_space 0 -dm_plex_simplex 0 -dm_plex_box_faces 1,1 -dm_plex_box_lower 1.,-1. -dm_plex_box_upper 3.,1. \ 362 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 1 -mesh_transform flare -volume 8. 363 364 test: 365 suffix: flare_0 366 args: 367 368 test: 369 suffix: flare_1 370 args: -dm_refine 2 371 372 testset: 373 # Area: 3/4 \pi = 2.3562 374 args: -dm_plex_simplex 0 -dm_plex_box_faces 1,1 -mesh_transform annulus -volume 2.35619449019235 -dm_coord_space 0 375 376 test: 377 # Area: (a+b)/2 h = 3/\sqrt{2} (sqrt{2} - 1/\sqrt{2}) = 3/2 378 suffix: annulus_0 379 requires: double 380 args: -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 1 -volume 1.5 381 382 test: 383 suffix: annulus_1 384 requires: double 385 args: -dm_refine 3 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 1 -tol .016 386 387 test: 388 suffix: annulus_2 389 requires: double 390 args: -dm_refine 3 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 2 -tol .0038 391 392 test: 393 suffix: annulus_3 394 requires: double 395 args: -dm_refine 3 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 3 -tol 2.2e-6 396 397 test: 398 suffix: annulus_4 399 requires: double 400 args: -dm_refine 2 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 2 -petscfe_default_quadrature_order 2 -tol .00012 401 402 test: 403 suffix: annulus_5 404 requires: double 405 args: -dm_refine 2 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 3 -petscfe_default_quadrature_order 3 -tol 1.2e-7 406 407 testset: 408 # Volume: 4/3 \pi (8 - 1)/2 = 14/3 \pi = 14.66076571675238 409 args: -dm_plex_dim 3 -dm_plex_simplex 0 -dm_plex_box_faces 1,1,1 -dm_plex_box_lower -1.,-1.,-1. -dm_plex_box_upper 1.,1.,1. -mesh_transform shell -volume 14.66076571675238 -dm_coord_space 0 410 411 test: 412 suffix: shell_0 413 requires: double 414 args: -dm_refine 1 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 1 -petscfe_default_quadrature_order 1 -volume 5.633164922 -tol 1.0e-7 415 416 test: 417 suffix: shell_1 418 requires: double 419 args: -dm_refine 2 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 1 -petscfe_default_quadrature_order 1 -tol 3.1 420 421 test: 422 suffix: shell_2 423 requires: double 424 args: -dm_refine 2 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 2 -petscfe_default_quadrature_order 2 -tol .1 425 426 test: 427 suffix: shell_3 428 requires: double 429 args: -dm_refine 2 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 3 -petscfe_default_quadrature_order 3 -tol .02 430 431 test: 432 suffix: shell_4 433 requires: double 434 args: -dm_refine 2 -dm_coord_petscspace_degree 4 -petscfe_default_quadrature_order 4 -tol .006 435 436 test: 437 # Volume: 1.0 438 suffix: gmsh_q2 439 requires: double 440 args: -coord_space 0 -dm_plex_filename ${wPETSC_DIR}/share/petsc/datafiles/meshes/quads-q2.msh -dm_plex_gmsh_project -volume 1.0 -tol 1e-6 441 442 test: 443 # Volume: 1.0 444 suffix: gmsh_q3 445 requires: double 446 args: -coord_space 0 -dm_plex_filename ${wPETSC_DIR}/share/petsc/datafiles/meshes/quads-q3.msh -dm_plex_gmsh_project -volume 1.0 -tol 1e-6 447 448 TEST*/ 449