impls/mg/mg.c

/*
    Defines the multigrid preconditioner interface.
*/
#include <petsc/private/pcmgimpl.h>                    /*I "petscksp.h" I*/
#include <petscdm.h>
PETSC_INTERN PetscErrorCode PCPreSolveChangeRHS(PC,PetscBool*);

PetscErrorCode PCMGMCycle_Private(PC pc,PC_MG_Levels **mglevelsin,PCRichardsonConvergedReason *reason)
{
  PC_MG          *mg = (PC_MG*)pc->data;
  PC_MG_Levels   *mgc,*mglevels = *mglevelsin;
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PetscInt       cycles = (mglevels->level == 1) ? 1 : (PetscInt) mglevels->cycles;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (mglevels->eventsmoothsolve) {ierr = PetscLogEventBegin(mglevels->eventsmoothsolve,0,0,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
  ierr = KSPSolve(mglevels->smoothd,mglevels->b,mglevels->x);CHKERRQ(ierr);  /* pre-smooth */
  ierr = KSPCheckSolve(mglevels->smoothd,pc,mglevels->x);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (mglevels->eventsmoothsolve) {ierr = PetscLogEventEnd(mglevels->eventsmoothsolve,0,0,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
  if (mglevels->level) {  /* not the coarsest grid */
    if (mglevels->eventresidual) {ierr = PetscLogEventBegin(mglevels->eventresidual,0,0,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
    ierr = (*mglevels->residual)(mglevels->A,mglevels->b,mglevels->x,mglevels->r);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (mglevels->eventresidual) {ierr = PetscLogEventEnd(mglevels->eventresidual,0,0,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);}

    /* if on finest level and have convergence criteria set */
    if (mglevels->level == mglevels->levels-1 && mg->ttol && reason) {
      PetscReal rnorm;
      ierr = VecNorm(mglevels->r,NORM_2,&rnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      if (rnorm <= mg->ttol) {
        if (rnorm < mg->abstol) {
          *reason = PCRICHARDSON_CONVERGED_ATOL;
          ierr    = PetscInfo2(pc,"Linear solver has converged. Residual norm %g is less than absolute tolerance %g\n",(double)rnorm,(double)mg->abstol);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        } else {
          *reason = PCRICHARDSON_CONVERGED_RTOL;
          ierr    = PetscInfo2(pc,"Linear solver has converged. Residual norm %g is less than relative tolerance times initial residual norm %g\n",(double)rnorm,(double)mg->ttol);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        }
        PetscFunctionReturn(0);
      }
    }

    mgc = *(mglevelsin - 1);
    if (mglevels->eventinterprestrict) {ierr = PetscLogEventBegin(mglevels->eventinterprestrict,0,0,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
    ierr = MatRestrict(mglevels->restrct,mglevels->r,mgc->b);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (mglevels->eventinterprestrict) {ierr = PetscLogEventEnd(mglevels->eventinterprestrict,0,0,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
    ierr = VecSet(mgc->x,0.0);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    while (cycles--) {
      ierr = PCMGMCycle_Private(pc,mglevelsin-1,reason);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    if (mglevels->eventinterprestrict) {ierr = PetscLogEventBegin(mglevels->eventinterprestrict,0,0,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
    ierr = MatInterpolateAdd(mglevels->interpolate,mgc->x,mglevels->x,mglevels->x);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (mglevels->eventinterprestrict) {ierr = PetscLogEventEnd(mglevels->eventinterprestrict,0,0,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
    if (mglevels->eventsmoothsolve) {ierr = PetscLogEventBegin(mglevels->eventsmoothsolve,0,0,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
    ierr = KSPSolve(mglevels->smoothu,mglevels->b,mglevels->x);CHKERRQ(ierr);    /* post smooth */
    ierr = KSPCheckSolve(mglevels->smoothu,pc,mglevels->x);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (mglevels->eventsmoothsolve) {ierr = PetscLogEventEnd(mglevels->eventsmoothsolve,0,0,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

static PetscErrorCode PCApplyRichardson_MG(PC pc,Vec b,Vec x,Vec w,PetscReal rtol,PetscReal abstol, PetscReal dtol,PetscInt its,PetscBool zeroguess,PetscInt *outits,PCRichardsonConvergedReason *reason)
{
  PC_MG          *mg        = (PC_MG*)pc->data;
  PC_MG_Levels   **mglevels = mg->levels;
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PC             tpc;
  PetscBool      changeu,changed;
  PetscInt       levels = mglevels[0]->levels,i;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  /* When the DM is supplying the matrix then it will not exist until here */
  for (i=0; i<levels; i++) {
    if (!mglevels[i]->A) {
      ierr = KSPGetOperators(mglevels[i]->smoothu,&mglevels[i]->A,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscObjectReference((PetscObject)mglevels[i]->A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  }

  ierr = KSPGetPC(mglevels[levels-1]->smoothd,&tpc);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PCPreSolveChangeRHS(tpc,&changed);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = KSPGetPC(mglevels[levels-1]->smoothu,&tpc);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PCPreSolveChangeRHS(tpc,&changeu);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (!changed && !changeu) {
    ierr = VecDestroy(&mglevels[levels-1]->b);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    mglevels[levels-1]->b = b;
  } else { /* if the smoother changes the rhs during PreSolve, we cannot use the input vector */
    if (!mglevels[levels-1]->b) {
      Vec *vec;

      ierr = KSPCreateVecs(mglevels[levels-1]->smoothd,1,&vec,0,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      mglevels[levels-1]->b = *vec;
      ierr = PetscFree(vec);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    ierr = VecCopy(b,mglevels[levels-1]->b);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  mglevels[levels-1]->x = x;

  mg->rtol   = rtol;
  mg->abstol = abstol;
  mg->dtol   = dtol;
  if (rtol) {
    /* compute initial residual norm for relative convergence test */
    PetscReal rnorm;
    if (zeroguess) {
      ierr = VecNorm(b,NORM_2,&rnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    } else {
      ierr = (*mglevels[levels-1]->residual)(mglevels[levels-1]->A,b,x,w);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = VecNorm(w,NORM_2,&rnorm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    mg->ttol = PetscMax(rtol*rnorm,abstol);
  } else if (abstol) mg->ttol = abstol;
  else mg->ttol = 0.0;

  /* since smoother is applied to full system, not just residual we need to make sure that smoothers don't
     stop prematurely due to small residual */
  for (i=1; i<levels; i++) {
    ierr = KSPSetTolerances(mglevels[i]->smoothu,0,PETSC_DEFAULT,PETSC_DEFAULT,PETSC_DEFAULT);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (mglevels[i]->smoothu != mglevels[i]->smoothd) {
      /* For Richardson the initial guess is nonzero since it is solving in each cycle the original system not just applying as a preconditioner */
      ierr = KSPSetInitialGuessNonzero(mglevels[i]->smoothd,PETSC_TRUE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = KSPSetTolerances(mglevels[i]->smoothd,0,PETSC_DEFAULT,PETSC_DEFAULT,PETSC_DEFAULT);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  }

  *reason = (PCRichardsonConvergedReason)0;
  for (i=0; i<its; i++) {
    ierr = PCMGMCycle_Private(pc,mglevels+levels-1,reason);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (*reason) break;
  }
  if (!*reason) *reason = PCRICHARDSON_CONVERGED_ITS;
  *outits = i;
  if (!changed && !changeu) mglevels[levels-1]->b = NULL;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

PetscErrorCode PCReset_MG(PC pc)
{
  PC_MG          *mg        = (PC_MG*)pc->data;
  PC_MG_Levels   **mglevels = mg->levels;
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PetscInt       i,n;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (mglevels) {
    n = mglevels[0]->levels;
    for (i=0; i<n-1; i++) {
      ierr = VecDestroy(&mglevels[i+1]->r);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = VecDestroy(&mglevels[i]->b);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = VecDestroy(&mglevels[i]->x);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = MatDestroy(&mglevels[i+1]->restrct);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = MatDestroy(&mglevels[i+1]->interpolate);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = MatDestroy(&mglevels[i+1]->inject);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = VecDestroy(&mglevels[i+1]->rscale);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    /* this is not null only if the smoother on the finest level
       changes the rhs during PreSolve */
    ierr = VecDestroy(&mglevels[n-1]->b);CHKERRQ(ierr);

    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
      ierr = MatDestroy(&mglevels[i]->A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      if (mglevels[i]->smoothd != mglevels[i]->smoothu) {
        ierr = KSPReset(mglevels[i]->smoothd);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      ierr = KSPReset(mglevels[i]->smoothu);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

PetscErrorCode PCMGSetLevels_MG(PC pc,PetscInt levels,MPI_Comm *comms)
{
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PC_MG          *mg        = (PC_MG*)pc->data;
  MPI_Comm       comm;
  PC_MG_Levels   **mglevels = mg->levels;
  PCMGType       mgtype     = mg->am;
  PetscInt       mgctype    = (PetscInt) PC_MG_CYCLE_V;
  PetscInt       i;
  PetscMPIInt    size;
  const char     *prefix;
  PC             ipc;
  PetscInt       n;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(pc,PC_CLASSID,1);
  PetscValidLogicalCollectiveInt(pc,levels,2);
  if (mg->nlevels == levels) PetscFunctionReturn(0);
  ierr = PetscObjectGetComm((PetscObject)pc,&comm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (mglevels) {
    mgctype = mglevels[0]->cycles;
    /* changing the number of levels so free up the previous stuff */
    ierr = PCReset_MG(pc);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    n    = mglevels[0]->levels;
    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
      if (mglevels[i]->smoothd != mglevels[i]->smoothu) {
        ierr = KSPDestroy(&mglevels[i]->smoothd);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      ierr = KSPDestroy(&mglevels[i]->smoothu);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscFree(mglevels[i]);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    ierr = PetscFree(mg->levels);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }

  mg->nlevels = levels;

  ierr = PetscMalloc1(levels,&mglevels);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscLogObjectMemory((PetscObject)pc,levels*(sizeof(PC_MG*)));CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = PCGetOptionsPrefix(pc,&prefix);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  mg->stageApply = 0;
  for (i=0; i<levels; i++) {
    ierr = PetscNewLog(pc,&mglevels[i]);CHKERRQ(ierr);

    mglevels[i]->level               = i;
    mglevels[i]->levels              = levels;
    mglevels[i]->cycles              = mgctype;
    mg->default_smoothu              = 2;
    mg->default_smoothd              = 2;
    mglevels[i]->eventsmoothsetup    = 0;
    mglevels[i]->eventsmoothsolve    = 0;
    mglevels[i]->eventresidual       = 0;
    mglevels[i]->eventinterprestrict = 0;

    if (comms) comm = comms[i];
    ierr = KSPCreate(comm,&mglevels[i]->smoothd);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = KSPSetErrorIfNotConverged(mglevels[i]->smoothd,pc->erroriffailure);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = PetscObjectIncrementTabLevel((PetscObject)mglevels[i]->smoothd,(PetscObject)pc,levels-i);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = KSPSetOptionsPrefix(mglevels[i]->smoothd,prefix);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = PetscObjectComposedDataSetInt((PetscObject) mglevels[i]->smoothd, PetscMGLevelId, mglevels[i]->level);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (i || levels == 1) {
      char tprefix[128];

      ierr = KSPSetType(mglevels[i]->smoothd,KSPCHEBYSHEV);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = KSPSetConvergenceTest(mglevels[i]->smoothd,KSPConvergedSkip,NULL,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = KSPSetNormType(mglevels[i]->smoothd,KSP_NORM_NONE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = KSPGetPC(mglevels[i]->smoothd,&ipc);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PCSetType(ipc,PCSOR);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = KSPSetTolerances(mglevels[i]->smoothd,PETSC_DEFAULT,PETSC_DEFAULT,PETSC_DEFAULT, mg->default_smoothd);CHKERRQ(ierr);

      sprintf(tprefix,"mg_levels_%d_",(int)i);
      ierr = KSPAppendOptionsPrefix(mglevels[i]->smoothd,tprefix);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    } else {
      ierr = KSPAppendOptionsPrefix(mglevels[0]->smoothd,"mg_coarse_");CHKERRQ(ierr);

      /* coarse solve is (redundant) LU by default; set shifttype NONZERO to avoid annoying zero-pivot in LU preconditioner */
      ierr = KSPSetType(mglevels[0]->smoothd,KSPPREONLY);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = KSPGetPC(mglevels[0]->smoothd,&ipc);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = MPI_Comm_size(comm,&size);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      if (size > 1) {
        ierr = PCSetType(ipc,PCREDUNDANT);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      } else {
        ierr = PCSetType(ipc,PCLU);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      ierr = PCFactorSetShiftType(ipc,MAT_SHIFT_INBLOCKS);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    ierr = PetscLogObjectParent((PetscObject)pc,(PetscObject)mglevels[i]->smoothd);CHKERRQ(ierr);

    mglevels[i]->smoothu = mglevels[i]->smoothd;
    mg->rtol             = 0.0;
    mg->abstol           = 0.0;
    mg->dtol             = 0.0;
    mg->ttol             = 0.0;
    mg->cyclesperpcapply = 1;
  }
  mg->levels = mglevels;
  ierr = PCMGSetType(pc,mgtype);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@C
   PCMGSetLevels - Sets the number of levels to use with MG.
   Must be called before any other MG routine.

   Logically Collective on PC

   Input Parameters:
+  pc - the preconditioner context
.  levels - the number of levels
-  comms - optional communicators for each level; this is to allow solving the coarser problems
           on smaller sets of processors.

   Level: intermediate

   Notes:
     If the number of levels is one then the multigrid uses the -mg_levels prefix
  for setting the level options rather than the -mg_coarse prefix.

.keywords: MG, set, levels, multigrid

.seealso: PCMGSetType(), PCMGGetLevels()
@*/
PetscErrorCode PCMGSetLevels(PC pc,PetscInt levels,MPI_Comm *comms)
{
  PetscErrorCode ierr;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(pc,PC_CLASSID,1);
  if (comms) PetscValidPointer(comms,3);
  ierr = PetscTryMethod(pc,"PCMGSetLevels_C",(PC,PetscInt,MPI_Comm*),(pc,levels,comms));CHKERRQ(ierr);
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}


PetscErrorCode PCDestroy_MG(PC pc)
{
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PC_MG          *mg        = (PC_MG*)pc->data;
  PC_MG_Levels   **mglevels = mg->levels;
  PetscInt       i,n;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  ierr = PCReset_MG(pc);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (mglevels) {
    n = mglevels[0]->levels;
    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
      if (mglevels[i]->smoothd != mglevels[i]->smoothu) {
        ierr = KSPDestroy(&mglevels[i]->smoothd);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      ierr = KSPDestroy(&mglevels[i]->smoothu);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscFree(mglevels[i]);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    ierr = PetscFree(mg->levels);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  ierr = PetscFree(pc->data);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}


extern PetscErrorCode PCMGACycle_Private(PC,PC_MG_Levels**);
extern PetscErrorCode PCMGFCycle_Private(PC,PC_MG_Levels**);
extern PetscErrorCode PCMGKCycle_Private(PC,PC_MG_Levels**);

/*
   PCApply_MG - Runs either an additive, multiplicative, Kaskadic
             or full cycle of multigrid.

  Note:
  A simple wrapper which calls PCMGMCycle(),PCMGACycle(), or PCMGFCycle().
*/
static PetscErrorCode PCApply_MG(PC pc,Vec b,Vec x)
{
  PC_MG          *mg        = (PC_MG*)pc->data;
  PC_MG_Levels   **mglevels = mg->levels;
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PC             tpc;
  PetscInt       levels = mglevels[0]->levels,i;
  PetscBool      changeu,changed;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (mg->stageApply) {ierr = PetscLogStagePush(mg->stageApply);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
  /* When the DM is supplying the matrix then it will not exist until here */
  for (i=0; i<levels; i++) {
    if (!mglevels[i]->A) {
      ierr = KSPGetOperators(mglevels[i]->smoothu,&mglevels[i]->A,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscObjectReference((PetscObject)mglevels[i]->A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  }

  ierr = KSPGetPC(mglevels[levels-1]->smoothd,&tpc);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PCPreSolveChangeRHS(tpc,&changed);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = KSPGetPC(mglevels[levels-1]->smoothu,&tpc);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PCPreSolveChangeRHS(tpc,&changeu);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (!changeu && !changed) {
    ierr = VecDestroy(&mglevels[levels-1]->b);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    mglevels[levels-1]->b = b;
  } else { /* if the smoother changes the rhs during PreSolve, we cannot use the input vector */
    if (!mglevels[levels-1]->b) {
      Vec *vec;

      ierr = KSPCreateVecs(mglevels[levels-1]->smoothd,1,&vec,0,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      mglevels[levels-1]->b = *vec;
      ierr = PetscFree(vec);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    ierr = VecCopy(b,mglevels[levels-1]->b);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  mglevels[levels-1]->x = x;

  if (mg->am == PC_MG_MULTIPLICATIVE) {
    ierr = VecSet(x,0.0);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    for (i=0; i<mg->cyclesperpcapply; i++) {
      ierr = PCMGMCycle_Private(pc,mglevels+levels-1,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  } else if (mg->am == PC_MG_ADDITIVE) {
    ierr = PCMGACycle_Private(pc,mglevels);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  } else if (mg->am == PC_MG_KASKADE) {
    ierr = PCMGKCycle_Private(pc,mglevels);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  } else {
    ierr = PCMGFCycle_Private(pc,mglevels);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  if (mg->stageApply) {ierr = PetscLogStagePop();CHKERRQ(ierr);}
  if (!changeu && !changed) mglevels[levels-1]->b = NULL;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}


PetscErrorCode PCSetFromOptions_MG(PetscOptionItems *PetscOptionsObject,PC pc)
{
  PetscErrorCode   ierr;
  PetscInt         levels,cycles;
  PetscBool        flg;
  PC_MG            *mg = (PC_MG*)pc->data;
  PC_MG_Levels     **mglevels;
  PCMGType         mgtype;
  PCMGCycleType    mgctype;
  PCMGGalerkinType gtype;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  levels = PetscMax(mg->nlevels,1);
  ierr = PetscOptionsHead(PetscOptionsObject,"Multigrid options");CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscOptionsInt("-pc_mg_levels","Number of Levels","PCMGSetLevels",levels,&levels,&flg);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (!flg && !mg->levels && pc->dm) {
    ierr = DMGetRefineLevel(pc->dm,&levels);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    levels++;
    mg->usedmfornumberoflevels = PETSC_TRUE;
  }
  ierr = PCMGSetLevels(pc,levels,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  mglevels = mg->levels;

  mgctype = (PCMGCycleType) mglevels[0]->cycles;
  ierr    = PetscOptionsEnum("-pc_mg_cycle_type","V cycle or for W-cycle","PCMGSetCycleType",PCMGCycleTypes,(PetscEnum)mgctype,(PetscEnum*)&mgctype,&flg);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (flg) {
    ierr = PCMGSetCycleType(pc,mgctype);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  gtype = mg->galerkin;
  ierr = PetscOptionsEnum("-pc_mg_galerkin","Use Galerkin process to compute coarser operators","PCMGSetGalerkin",PCMGGalerkinTypes,(PetscEnum)gtype,(PetscEnum*)&gtype,&flg);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (flg) {
    ierr = PCMGSetGalerkin(pc,gtype);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  flg = PETSC_FALSE;
  ierr = PetscOptionsBool("-pc_mg_distinct_smoothup","Create seperate smoothup KSP and append the prefix _up","PCMGSetDistinctSmoothUp",PETSC_FALSE,&flg,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (flg) {
    ierr = PCMGSetDistinctSmoothUp(pc);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  mgtype = mg->am;
  ierr   = PetscOptionsEnum("-pc_mg_type","Multigrid type","PCMGSetType",PCMGTypes,(PetscEnum)mgtype,(PetscEnum*)&mgtype,&flg);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (flg) {
    ierr = PCMGSetType(pc,mgtype);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  if (mg->am == PC_MG_MULTIPLICATIVE) {
    ierr = PetscOptionsInt("-pc_mg_multiplicative_cycles","Number of cycles for each preconditioner step","PCMGMultiplicativeSetCycles",mg->cyclesperpcapply,&cycles,&flg);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (flg) {
      ierr = PCMGMultiplicativeSetCycles(pc,cycles);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  }
  flg  = PETSC_FALSE;
  ierr = PetscOptionsBool("-pc_mg_log","Log times for each multigrid level","None",flg,&flg,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (flg) {
    PetscInt i;
    char     eventname[128];

    levels = mglevels[0]->levels;
    for (i=0; i<levels; i++) {
      sprintf(eventname,"MGSetup Level %d",(int)i);
      ierr = PetscLogEventRegister(eventname,((PetscObject)pc)->classid,&mglevels[i]->eventsmoothsetup);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      sprintf(eventname,"MGSmooth Level %d",(int)i);
      ierr = PetscLogEventRegister(eventname,((PetscObject)pc)->classid,&mglevels[i]->eventsmoothsolve);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      if (i) {
        sprintf(eventname,"MGResid Level %d",(int)i);
        ierr = PetscLogEventRegister(eventname,((PetscObject)pc)->classid,&mglevels[i]->eventresidual);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        sprintf(eventname,"MGInterp Level %d",(int)i);
        ierr = PetscLogEventRegister(eventname,((PetscObject)pc)->classid,&mglevels[i]->eventinterprestrict);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
    }

#if defined(PETSC_USE_LOG)
    {
      const char    *sname = "MG Apply";
      PetscStageLog stageLog;
      PetscInt      st;

      ierr = PetscLogGetStageLog(&stageLog);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      for (st = 0; st < stageLog->numStages; ++st) {
        PetscBool same;

        ierr = PetscStrcmp(stageLog->stageInfo[st].name, sname, &same);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        if (same) mg->stageApply = st;
      }
      if (!mg->stageApply) {
        ierr = PetscLogStageRegister(sname, &mg->stageApply);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
    }
#endif
  }
  ierr = PetscOptionsTail();CHKERRQ(ierr);
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

const char *const PCMGTypes[] = {"MULTIPLICATIVE","ADDITIVE","FULL","KASKADE","PCMGType","PC_MG",0};
const char *const PCMGCycleTypes[] = {"invalid","v","w","PCMGCycleType","PC_MG_CYCLE",0};
const char *const PCMGGalerkinTypes[] = {"both","pmat","mat","none","external","PCMGGalerkinType","PC_MG_GALERKIN",0};

#include <petscdraw.h>
PetscErrorCode PCView_MG(PC pc,PetscViewer viewer)
{
  PC_MG          *mg        = (PC_MG*)pc->data;
  PC_MG_Levels   **mglevels = mg->levels;
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PetscInt       levels = mglevels ? mglevels[0]->levels : 0,i;
  PetscBool      iascii,isbinary,isdraw;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  ierr = PetscObjectTypeCompare((PetscObject)viewer,PETSCVIEWERASCII,&iascii);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscObjectTypeCompare((PetscObject)viewer,PETSCVIEWERBINARY,&isbinary);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscObjectTypeCompare((PetscObject)viewer,PETSCVIEWERDRAW,&isdraw);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (iascii) {
    const char *cyclename = levels ? (mglevels[0]->cycles == PC_MG_CYCLE_V ? "v" : "w") : "unknown";
    ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer,"  type is %s, levels=%D cycles=%s\n", PCMGTypes[mg->am],levels,cyclename);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (mg->am == PC_MG_MULTIPLICATIVE) {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer,"    Cycles per PCApply=%d\n",mg->cyclesperpcapply);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    if (mg->galerkin == PC_MG_GALERKIN_BOTH) {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer,"    Using Galerkin computed coarse grid matrices\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
    } else if (mg->galerkin == PC_MG_GALERKIN_PMAT) {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer,"    Using Galerkin computed coarse grid matrices for pmat\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
    } else if (mg->galerkin == PC_MG_GALERKIN_MAT) {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer,"    Using Galerkin computed coarse grid matrices for mat\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
    } else if (mg->galerkin == PC_MG_GALERKIN_EXTERNAL) {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer,"    Using externally compute Galerkin coarse grid matrices\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
    } else {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer,"    Not using Galerkin computed coarse grid matrices\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    if (mg->view){
      ierr = (*mg->view)(pc,viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    for (i=0; i<levels; i++) {
      if (!i) {
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer,"Coarse grid solver -- level -------------------------------\n",i);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      } else {
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer,"Down solver (pre-smoother) on level %D -------------------------------\n",i);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPushTab(viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = KSPView(mglevels[i]->smoothd,viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPopTab(viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      if (i && mglevels[i]->smoothd == mglevels[i]->smoothu) {
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer,"Up solver (post-smoother) same as down solver (pre-smoother)\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
      } else if (i) {
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer,"Up solver (post-smoother) on level %D -------------------------------\n",i);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPushTab(viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = KSPView(mglevels[i]->smoothu,viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIIPopTab(viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
    }
  } else if (isbinary) {
    for (i=levels-1; i>=0; i--) {
      ierr = KSPView(mglevels[i]->smoothd,viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      if (i && mglevels[i]->smoothd != mglevels[i]->smoothu) {
        ierr = KSPView(mglevels[i]->smoothu,viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
    }
  } else if (isdraw) {
    PetscDraw draw;
    PetscReal x,w,y,bottom,th;
    ierr   = PetscViewerDrawGetDraw(viewer,0,&draw);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr   = PetscDrawGetCurrentPoint(draw,&x,&y);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr   = PetscDrawStringGetSize(draw,NULL,&th);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    bottom = y - th;
    for (i=levels-1; i>=0; i--) {
      if (!mglevels[i]->smoothu || (mglevels[i]->smoothu == mglevels[i]->smoothd)) {
        ierr = PetscDrawPushCurrentPoint(draw,x,bottom);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = KSPView(mglevels[i]->smoothd,viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscDrawPopCurrentPoint(draw);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      } else {
        w    = 0.5*PetscMin(1.0-x,x);
        ierr = PetscDrawPushCurrentPoint(draw,x+w,bottom);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = KSPView(mglevels[i]->smoothd,viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscDrawPopCurrentPoint(draw);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscDrawPushCurrentPoint(draw,x-w,bottom);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = KSPView(mglevels[i]->smoothu,viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscDrawPopCurrentPoint(draw);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      ierr    = PetscDrawGetBoundingBox(draw,NULL,&bottom,NULL,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      bottom -= th;
    }
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

#include <petsc/private/dmimpl.h>
#include <petsc/private/kspimpl.h>

/*
    Calls setup for the KSP on each level
*/
PetscErrorCode PCSetUp_MG(PC pc)
{
  PC_MG          *mg        = (PC_MG*)pc->data;
  PC_MG_Levels   **mglevels = mg->levels;
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PetscInt       i,n;
  PC             cpc;
  PetscBool      dump = PETSC_FALSE,opsset,use_amat,missinginterpolate = PETSC_FALSE;
  Mat            dA,dB;
  Vec            tvec;
  DM             *dms;
  PetscViewer    viewer = 0;
  PetscBool      dAeqdB = PETSC_FALSE, needRestricts = PETSC_FALSE;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (!mglevels) SETERRQ(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc),PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONGSTATE,"Must set MG levels with PCMGSetLevels() before setting up");
  n = mglevels[0]->levels;
  /* FIX: Move this to PCSetFromOptions_MG? */
  if (mg->usedmfornumberoflevels) {
    PetscInt levels;
    ierr = DMGetRefineLevel(pc->dm,&levels);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    levels++;
    if (levels > n) { /* the problem is now being solved on a finer grid */
      ierr     = PCMGSetLevels(pc,levels,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      n        = levels;
      ierr     = PCSetFromOptions(pc);CHKERRQ(ierr); /* it is bad to call this here, but otherwise will never be called for the new hierarchy */
      mglevels = mg->levels;
    }
  }
  ierr = KSPGetPC(mglevels[0]->smoothd,&cpc);CHKERRQ(ierr);


  /* If user did not provide fine grid operators OR operator was not updated since last global KSPSetOperators() */
  /* so use those from global PC */
  /* Is this what we always want? What if user wants to keep old one? */
  ierr = KSPGetOperatorsSet(mglevels[n-1]->smoothd,NULL,&opsset);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (opsset) {
    Mat mmat;
    ierr = KSPGetOperators(mglevels[n-1]->smoothd,NULL,&mmat);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (mmat == pc->pmat) opsset = PETSC_FALSE;
  }

  if (!opsset) {
    ierr = PCGetUseAmat(pc,&use_amat);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (use_amat) {
      ierr = PetscInfo(pc,"Using outer operators to define finest grid operator \n  because PCMGGetSmoother(pc,nlevels-1,&ksp);KSPSetOperators(ksp,...); was not called.\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = KSPSetOperators(mglevels[n-1]->smoothd,pc->mat,pc->pmat);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    } else {
      ierr = PetscInfo(pc,"Using matrix (pmat) operators to define finest grid operator \n  because PCMGGetSmoother(pc,nlevels-1,&ksp);KSPSetOperators(ksp,...); was not called.\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = KSPSetOperators(mglevels[n-1]->smoothd,pc->pmat,pc->pmat);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  }

  for (i=n-1; i>0; i--) {
    if (!(mglevels[i]->interpolate || mglevels[i]->restrct)) {
      missinginterpolate = PETSC_TRUE;
      continue;
    }
  }

  ierr = KSPGetOperators(mglevels[n-1]->smoothd,&dA,&dB);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (dA == dB) dAeqdB = PETSC_TRUE;
  if ((mg->galerkin == PC_MG_GALERKIN_NONE) || (((mg->galerkin == PC_MG_GALERKIN_PMAT) || (mg->galerkin == PC_MG_GALERKIN_MAT)) && !dAeqdB)) {
    needRestricts = PETSC_TRUE;  /* user must compute either mat, pmat, or both so must restrict x to coarser levels */
  }


  /*
   Skipping if user has provided all interpolation/restriction needed (since DM might not be able to produce them (when coming from SNES/TS)
   Skipping for galerkin==2 (externally managed hierarchy such as ML and GAMG). Cleaner logic here would be great. Wrap ML/GAMG as DMs?
  */
  if (missinginterpolate && pc->dm && mg->galerkin != PC_MG_GALERKIN_EXTERNAL && !pc->setupcalled) {
	/* construct the interpolation from the DMs */
    Mat p;
    Vec rscale;
    ierr     = PetscMalloc1(n,&dms);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    dms[n-1] = pc->dm;
    /* Separately create them so we do not get DMKSP interference between levels */
    for (i=n-2; i>-1; i--) {ierr = DMCoarsen(dms[i+1],MPI_COMM_NULL,&dms[i]);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
	/*
	   Force the mat type of coarse level operator to be AIJ because usually we want to use LU for coarse level.
	   Notice that it can be overwritten by -mat_type because KSPSetUp() reads command line options.
	   But it is safe to use -dm_mat_type.

	   The mat type should not be hardcoded like this, we need to find a better way.
    ierr = DMSetMatType(dms[0],MATAIJ);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    */
    for (i=n-2; i>-1; i--) {
      DMKSP     kdm;
      PetscBool dmhasrestrict, dmhasinject;
      ierr = KSPSetDM(mglevels[i]->smoothd,dms[i]);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      if (!needRestricts) {ierr = KSPSetDMActive(mglevels[i]->smoothd,PETSC_FALSE);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
      ierr = DMGetDMKSPWrite(dms[i],&kdm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      /* Ugly hack so that the next KSPSetUp() will use the RHS that we set. A better fix is to change dmActive to take
       * a bitwise OR of computing the matrix, RHS, and initial iterate. */
      kdm->ops->computerhs = NULL;
      kdm->rhsctx          = NULL;
      if (!mglevels[i+1]->interpolate) {
        ierr = DMCreateInterpolation(dms[i],dms[i+1],&p,&rscale);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PCMGSetInterpolation(pc,i+1,p);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        if (rscale) {ierr = PCMGSetRScale(pc,i+1,rscale);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
        ierr = VecDestroy(&rscale);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = MatDestroy(&p);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      ierr = DMHasCreateRestriction(dms[i],&dmhasrestrict);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      if (dmhasrestrict && !mglevels[i+1]->restrct){
        ierr = DMCreateRestriction(dms[i],dms[i+1],&p);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PCMGSetRestriction(pc,i+1,p);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = MatDestroy(&p);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      ierr = DMHasCreateInjection(dms[i],&dmhasinject);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      if (dmhasinject && !mglevels[i+1]->inject){
        ierr = DMCreateInjection(dms[i],dms[i+1],&p);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PCMGSetInjection(pc,i+1,p);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = MatDestroy(&p);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
    }

    for (i=n-2; i>-1; i--) {ierr = DMDestroy(&dms[i]);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
    ierr = PetscFree(dms);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }

  if (pc->dm && !pc->setupcalled) {
    /* finest smoother also gets DM but it is not active, independent of whether galerkin==PC_MG_GALERKIN_EXTERNAL */
    ierr = KSPSetDM(mglevels[n-1]->smoothd,pc->dm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = KSPSetDMActive(mglevels[n-1]->smoothd,PETSC_FALSE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }

  if (mg->galerkin < PC_MG_GALERKIN_NONE) {
    Mat       A,B;
    PetscBool doA = PETSC_FALSE,doB = PETSC_FALSE;
    MatReuse  reuse = MAT_INITIAL_MATRIX;

    if ((mg->galerkin == PC_MG_GALERKIN_PMAT) || (mg->galerkin == PC_MG_GALERKIN_BOTH)) doB = PETSC_TRUE;
    if ((mg->galerkin == PC_MG_GALERKIN_MAT) || ((mg->galerkin == PC_MG_GALERKIN_BOTH) && (dA != dB))) doA = PETSC_TRUE;
    if (pc->setupcalled) reuse = MAT_REUSE_MATRIX;
    for (i=n-2; i>-1; i--) {
      if (!mglevels[i+1]->restrct && !mglevels[i+1]->interpolate) SETERRQ(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc),PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONGSTATE,"Must provide interpolation or restriction for each MG level except level 0");
      if (!mglevels[i+1]->interpolate) {
        ierr = PCMGSetInterpolation(pc,i+1,mglevels[i+1]->restrct);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      if (!mglevels[i+1]->restrct) {
        ierr = PCMGSetRestriction(pc,i+1,mglevels[i+1]->interpolate);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      if (reuse == MAT_REUSE_MATRIX) {
        ierr = KSPGetOperators(mglevels[i]->smoothd,&A,&B);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      if (doA) {
        ierr = MatGalerkin(mglevels[i+1]->restrct,dA,mglevels[i+1]->interpolate,reuse,1.0,&A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      if (doB) {
        ierr = MatGalerkin(mglevels[i+1]->restrct,dB,mglevels[i+1]->interpolate,reuse,1.0,&B);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      /* the management of the PetscObjectReference() and PetscObjecDereference() below is rather delicate */
      if (!doA && dAeqdB) {
        if (reuse == MAT_INITIAL_MATRIX) {ierr = PetscObjectReference((PetscObject)B);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
        A = B;
      } else if (!doA && reuse == MAT_INITIAL_MATRIX ) {
        ierr = KSPGetOperators(mglevels[i]->smoothd,&A,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscObjectReference((PetscObject)A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      if (!doB && dAeqdB) {
        if (reuse == MAT_INITIAL_MATRIX) {ierr = PetscObjectReference((PetscObject)A);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
        B = A;
      } else if (!doB && reuse == MAT_INITIAL_MATRIX) {
        ierr = KSPGetOperators(mglevels[i]->smoothd,NULL,&B);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscObjectReference((PetscObject)B);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      if (reuse == MAT_INITIAL_MATRIX) {
        ierr = KSPSetOperators(mglevels[i]->smoothd,A,B);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscObjectDereference((PetscObject)A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscObjectDereference((PetscObject)B);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      dA = A;
      dB = B;
    }
  }
  if (needRestricts && pc->dm && pc->dm->x) {
    /* need to restrict Jacobian location to coarser meshes for evaluation */
    for (i=n-2; i>-1; i--) {
      Mat R;
      Vec rscale;
      if (!mglevels[i]->smoothd->dm->x) {
        Vec *vecs;
        ierr = KSPCreateVecs(mglevels[i]->smoothd,1,&vecs,0,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        mglevels[i]->smoothd->dm->x = vecs[0];
        ierr = PetscFree(vecs);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      ierr = PCMGGetRestriction(pc,i+1,&R);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PCMGGetRScale(pc,i+1,&rscale);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = MatRestrict(R,mglevels[i+1]->smoothd->dm->x,mglevels[i]->smoothd->dm->x);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = VecPointwiseMult(mglevels[i]->smoothd->dm->x,mglevels[i]->smoothd->dm->x,rscale);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  }
  if (needRestricts && pc->dm) {
    for (i=n-2; i>=0; i--) {
      DM  dmfine,dmcoarse;
      Mat Restrict,Inject;
      Vec rscale;
      ierr   = KSPGetDM(mglevels[i+1]->smoothd,&dmfine);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr   = KSPGetDM(mglevels[i]->smoothd,&dmcoarse);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr   = PCMGGetRestriction(pc,i+1,&Restrict);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr   = PCMGGetRScale(pc,i+1,&rscale);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr   = PCMGGetInjection(pc,i+1,&Inject);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr   = DMRestrict(dmfine,Restrict,rscale,Inject,dmcoarse);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  }

  if (!pc->setupcalled) {
    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
      ierr = KSPSetFromOptions(mglevels[i]->smoothd);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    for (i=1; i<n; i++) {
      if (mglevels[i]->smoothu && (mglevels[i]->smoothu != mglevels[i]->smoothd)) {
        ierr = KSPSetFromOptions(mglevels[i]->smoothu);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
    }
    /* insure that if either interpolation or restriction is set the other other one is set */
    for (i=1; i<n; i++) {
      ierr = PCMGGetInterpolation(pc,i,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PCMGGetRestriction(pc,i,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    for (i=0; i<n-1; i++) {
      if (!mglevels[i]->b) {
        Vec *vec;
        ierr = KSPCreateVecs(mglevels[i]->smoothd,1,&vec,0,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PCMGSetRhs(pc,i,*vec);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = VecDestroy(vec);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscFree(vec);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      if (!mglevels[i]->r && i) {
        ierr = VecDuplicate(mglevels[i]->b,&tvec);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PCMGSetR(pc,i,tvec);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = VecDestroy(&tvec);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      if (!mglevels[i]->x) {
        ierr = VecDuplicate(mglevels[i]->b,&tvec);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PCMGSetX(pc,i,tvec);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = VecDestroy(&tvec);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
    }
    if (n != 1 && !mglevels[n-1]->r) {
      /* PCMGSetR() on the finest level if user did not supply it */
      Vec *vec;
      ierr = KSPCreateVecs(mglevels[n-1]->smoothd,1,&vec,0,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PCMGSetR(pc,n-1,*vec);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = VecDestroy(vec);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PetscFree(vec);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  }

  if (pc->dm) {
    /* need to tell all the coarser levels to rebuild the matrix using the DM for that level */
    for (i=0; i<n-1; i++) {
      if (mglevels[i]->smoothd->setupstage != KSP_SETUP_NEW) mglevels[i]->smoothd->setupstage = KSP_SETUP_NEWMATRIX;
    }
  }

  for (i=1; i<n; i++) {
    if (mglevels[i]->smoothu == mglevels[i]->smoothd || mg->am == PC_MG_FULL || mg->am == PC_MG_KASKADE || mg->cyclesperpcapply > 1){
      /* if doing only down then initial guess is zero */
      ierr = KSPSetInitialGuessNonzero(mglevels[i]->smoothd,PETSC_TRUE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    if (mglevels[i]->eventsmoothsetup) {ierr = PetscLogEventBegin(mglevels[i]->eventsmoothsetup,0,0,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
    ierr = KSPSetUp(mglevels[i]->smoothd);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (mglevels[i]->smoothd->reason == KSP_DIVERGED_PC_FAILED) {
      pc->failedreason = PC_SUBPC_ERROR;
    }
    if (mglevels[i]->eventsmoothsetup) {ierr = PetscLogEventEnd(mglevels[i]->eventsmoothsetup,0,0,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
    if (!mglevels[i]->residual) {
      Mat mat;
      ierr = KSPGetOperators(mglevels[i]->smoothd,&mat,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = PCMGSetResidual(pc,i,PCMGResidualDefault,mat);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  }
  for (i=1; i<n; i++) {
    if (mglevels[i]->smoothu && mglevels[i]->smoothu != mglevels[i]->smoothd) {
      Mat downmat,downpmat;

      /* check if operators have been set for up, if not use down operators to set them */
      ierr = KSPGetOperatorsSet(mglevels[i]->smoothu,&opsset,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      if (!opsset) {
        ierr = KSPGetOperators(mglevels[i]->smoothd,&downmat,&downpmat);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = KSPSetOperators(mglevels[i]->smoothu,downmat,downpmat);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }

      ierr = KSPSetInitialGuessNonzero(mglevels[i]->smoothu,PETSC_TRUE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      if (mglevels[i]->eventsmoothsetup) {ierr = PetscLogEventBegin(mglevels[i]->eventsmoothsetup,0,0,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
      ierr = KSPSetUp(mglevels[i]->smoothu);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      if (mglevels[i]->smoothu->reason == KSP_DIVERGED_PC_FAILED) {
        pc->failedreason = PC_SUBPC_ERROR;
      }
      if (mglevels[i]->eventsmoothsetup) {ierr = PetscLogEventEnd(mglevels[i]->eventsmoothsetup,0,0,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
    }
  }

  if (mglevels[0]->eventsmoothsetup) {ierr = PetscLogEventBegin(mglevels[0]->eventsmoothsetup,0,0,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
  ierr = KSPSetUp(mglevels[0]->smoothd);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (mglevels[0]->smoothd->reason == KSP_DIVERGED_PC_FAILED) {
    pc->failedreason = PC_SUBPC_ERROR;
  }
  if (mglevels[0]->eventsmoothsetup) {ierr = PetscLogEventEnd(mglevels[0]->eventsmoothsetup,0,0,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);}

  /*
     Dump the interpolation/restriction matrices plus the
   Jacobian/stiffness on each level. This allows MATLAB users to
   easily check if the Galerkin condition A_c = R A_f R^T is satisfied.

   Only support one or the other at the same time.
  */
#if defined(PETSC_USE_SOCKET_VIEWER)
  ierr = PetscOptionsGetBool(((PetscObject)pc)->options,((PetscObject)pc)->prefix,"-pc_mg_dump_matlab",&dump,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (dump) viewer = PETSC_VIEWER_SOCKET_(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc));
  dump = PETSC_FALSE;
#endif
  ierr = PetscOptionsGetBool(((PetscObject)pc)->options,((PetscObject)pc)->prefix,"-pc_mg_dump_binary",&dump,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (dump) viewer = PETSC_VIEWER_BINARY_(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc));

  if (viewer) {
    for (i=1; i<n; i++) {
      ierr = MatView(mglevels[i]->restrct,viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
      ierr = KSPGetPC(mglevels[i]->smoothd,&pc);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = MatView(pc->mat,viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

PetscErrorCode PCMGGetLevels_MG(PC pc, PetscInt *levels)
{
  PC_MG *mg = (PC_MG *) pc->data;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  *levels = mg->nlevels;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@
   PCMGGetLevels - Gets the number of levels to use with MG.

   Not Collective

   Input Parameter:
.  pc - the preconditioner context

   Output parameter:
.  levels - the number of levels

   Level: advanced

.keywords: MG, get, levels, multigrid

.seealso: PCMGSetLevels()
@*/
PetscErrorCode PCMGGetLevels(PC pc,PetscInt *levels)
{
  PetscErrorCode ierr;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(pc,PC_CLASSID,1);
  PetscValidIntPointer(levels,2);
  *levels = 0;
  ierr = PetscTryMethod(pc,"PCMGGetLevels_C",(PC,PetscInt*),(pc,levels));CHKERRQ(ierr);
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@
   PCMGSetType - Determines the form of multigrid to use:
   multiplicative, additive, full, or the Kaskade algorithm.

   Logically Collective on PC

   Input Parameters:
+  pc - the preconditioner context
-  form - multigrid form, one of PC_MG_MULTIPLICATIVE, PC_MG_ADDITIVE,
   PC_MG_FULL, PC_MG_KASKADE

   Options Database Key:
.  -pc_mg_type <form> - Sets <form>, one of multiplicative,
   additive, full, kaskade

   Level: advanced

.keywords: MG, set, method, multiplicative, additive, full, Kaskade, multigrid

.seealso: PCMGSetLevels()
@*/
PetscErrorCode  PCMGSetType(PC pc,PCMGType form)
{
  PC_MG *mg = (PC_MG*)pc->data;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(pc,PC_CLASSID,1);
  PetscValidLogicalCollectiveEnum(pc,form,2);
  mg->am = form;
  if (form == PC_MG_MULTIPLICATIVE) pc->ops->applyrichardson = PCApplyRichardson_MG;
  else pc->ops->applyrichardson = NULL;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@
   PCMGGetType - Determines the form of multigrid to use:
   multiplicative, additive, full, or the Kaskade algorithm.

   Logically Collective on PC

   Input Parameter:
.  pc - the preconditioner context

   Output Parameter:
.  type - one of PC_MG_MULTIPLICATIVE, PC_MG_ADDITIVE,PC_MG_FULL, PC_MG_KASKADE


   Level: advanced

.keywords: MG, set, method, multiplicative, additive, full, Kaskade, multigrid

.seealso: PCMGSetLevels()
@*/
PetscErrorCode  PCMGGetType(PC pc,PCMGType *type)
{
  PC_MG *mg = (PC_MG*)pc->data;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(pc,PC_CLASSID,1);
  *type = mg->am;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@
   PCMGSetCycleType - Sets the type cycles to use.  Use PCMGSetCycleTypeOnLevel() for more
   complicated cycling.

   Logically Collective on PC

   Input Parameters:
+  pc - the multigrid context
-  n - either PC_MG_CYCLE_V or PC_MG_CYCLE_W

   Options Database Key:
.  -pc_mg_cycle_type <v,w> - provide the cycle desired

   Level: advanced

.keywords: MG, set, cycles, V-cycle, W-cycle, multigrid

.seealso: PCMGSetCycleTypeOnLevel()
@*/
PetscErrorCode  PCMGSetCycleType(PC pc,PCMGCycleType n)
{
  PC_MG        *mg        = (PC_MG*)pc->data;
  PC_MG_Levels **mglevels = mg->levels;
  PetscInt     i,levels;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(pc,PC_CLASSID,1);
  PetscValidLogicalCollectiveEnum(pc,n,2);
  if (!mglevels) SETERRQ(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc),PETSC_ERR_ORDER,"Must set MG levels with PCMGSetLevels() before calling");
  levels = mglevels[0]->levels;
  for (i=0; i<levels; i++) mglevels[i]->cycles = n;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@
   PCMGMultiplicativeSetCycles - Sets the number of cycles to use for each preconditioner step
         of multigrid when PCMGType of PC_MG_MULTIPLICATIVE is used

   Logically Collective on PC

   Input Parameters:
+  pc - the multigrid context
-  n - number of cycles (default is 1)

   Options Database Key:
.  -pc_mg_multiplicative_cycles n

   Level: advanced

   Notes:
    This is not associated with setting a v or w cycle, that is set with PCMGSetCycleType()

.keywords: MG, set, cycles, V-cycle, W-cycle, multigrid

.seealso: PCMGSetCycleTypeOnLevel(), PCMGSetCycleType()
@*/
PetscErrorCode  PCMGMultiplicativeSetCycles(PC pc,PetscInt n)
{
  PC_MG        *mg        = (PC_MG*)pc->data;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(pc,PC_CLASSID,1);
  PetscValidLogicalCollectiveInt(pc,n,2);
  mg->cyclesperpcapply = n;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

PetscErrorCode PCMGSetGalerkin_MG(PC pc,PCMGGalerkinType use)
{
  PC_MG *mg = (PC_MG*)pc->data;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  mg->galerkin = use;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@
   PCMGSetGalerkin - Causes the coarser grid matrices to be computed from the
      finest grid via the Galerkin process: A_i-1 = r_i * A_i * p_i

   Logically Collective on PC

   Input Parameters:
+  pc - the multigrid context
-  use - one of PC_MG_GALERKIN_BOTH,PC_MG_GALERKIN_PMAT,PC_MG_GALERKIN_MAT, or PC_MG_GALERKIN_NONE

   Options Database Key:
.  -pc_mg_galerkin <both,pmat,mat,none>

   Level: intermediate

   Notes:
    Some codes that use PCMG such as PCGAMG use Galerkin internally while constructing the hierarchy and thus do not
     use the PCMG construction of the coarser grids.

.keywords: MG, set, Galerkin

.seealso: PCMGGetGalerkin(), PCMGGalerkinType

@*/
PetscErrorCode PCMGSetGalerkin(PC pc,PCMGGalerkinType use)
{
  PetscErrorCode ierr;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(pc,PC_CLASSID,1);
  ierr = PetscTryMethod(pc,"PCMGSetGalerkin_C",(PC,PCMGGalerkinType),(pc,use));CHKERRQ(ierr);
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@
   PCMGGetGalerkin - Checks if Galerkin multigrid is being used, i.e.
      A_i-1 = r_i * A_i * p_i

   Not Collective

   Input Parameter:
.  pc - the multigrid context

   Output Parameter:
.  galerkin - one of PC_MG_GALERKIN_BOTH,PC_MG_GALERKIN_PMAT,PC_MG_GALERKIN_MAT, PC_MG_GALERKIN_NONE, or PC_MG_GALERKIN_EXTERNAL

   Level: intermediate

.keywords: MG, set, Galerkin

.seealso: PCMGSetGalerkin(), PCMGGalerkinType

@*/
PetscErrorCode  PCMGGetGalerkin(PC pc,PCMGGalerkinType  *galerkin)
{
  PC_MG *mg = (PC_MG*)pc->data;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(pc,PC_CLASSID,1);
  *galerkin = mg->galerkin;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@
   PCMGSetNumberSmooth - Sets the number of pre and post-smoothing steps to use
   on all levels.  Use PCMGDistinctSmoothUp() to create separate up and down smoothers if you want different numbers of
   pre- and post-smoothing steps.

   Logically Collective on PC

   Input Parameters:
+  mg - the multigrid context
-  n - the number of smoothing steps

   Options Database Key:
+  -mg_levels_ksp_max_it <n> - Sets number of pre and post-smoothing steps

   Level: advanced

   Notes:
    this does not set a value on the coarsest grid, since we assume that
    there is no separate smooth up on the coarsest grid.

.keywords: MG, smooth, up, post-smoothing, steps, multigrid

.seealso: PCMGSetDistinctSmoothUp()
@*/
PetscErrorCode  PCMGSetNumberSmooth(PC pc,PetscInt n)
{
  PC_MG          *mg        = (PC_MG*)pc->data;
  PC_MG_Levels   **mglevels = mg->levels;
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PetscInt       i,levels;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(pc,PC_CLASSID,1);
  PetscValidLogicalCollectiveInt(pc,n,2);
  if (!mglevels) SETERRQ(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc),PETSC_ERR_ORDER,"Must set MG levels with PCMGSetLevels() before calling");
  levels = mglevels[0]->levels;

  for (i=1; i<levels; i++) {
    ierr = KSPSetTolerances(mglevels[i]->smoothu,PETSC_DEFAULT,PETSC_DEFAULT,PETSC_DEFAULT,n);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = KSPSetTolerances(mglevels[i]->smoothd,PETSC_DEFAULT,PETSC_DEFAULT,PETSC_DEFAULT,n);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    mg->default_smoothu = n;
    mg->default_smoothd = n;
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*@
   PCMGSetDistinctSmoothUp - sets the up (post) smoother to be a seperate KSP from the down (pre) smoother on all levels
       and adds the suffix _up to the options name

   Logically Collective on PC

   Input Parameters:
.  pc - the preconditioner context

   Options Database Key:
.  -pc_mg_distinct_smoothup

   Level: advanced

   Notes:
    this does not set a value on the coarsest grid, since we assume that
    there is no separate smooth up on the coarsest grid.

.keywords: MG, smooth, up, post-smoothing, steps, multigrid

.seealso: PCMGSetNumberSmooth()
@*/
PetscErrorCode  PCMGSetDistinctSmoothUp(PC pc)
{
  PC_MG          *mg        = (PC_MG*)pc->data;
  PC_MG_Levels   **mglevels = mg->levels;
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PetscInt       i,levels;
  KSP            subksp;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(pc,PC_CLASSID,1);
  if (!mglevels) SETERRQ(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pc),PETSC_ERR_ORDER,"Must set MG levels with PCMGSetLevels() before calling");
  levels = mglevels[0]->levels;

  for (i=1; i<levels; i++) {
    const char *prefix = NULL;
    /* make sure smoother up and down are different */
    ierr = PCMGGetSmootherUp(pc,i,&subksp);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = KSPGetOptionsPrefix(mglevels[i]->smoothd,&prefix);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = KSPSetOptionsPrefix(subksp,prefix);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = KSPAppendOptionsPrefix(subksp,"up_");CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*MC
   PCMG - Use multigrid preconditioning. This preconditioner requires you provide additional
    information about the coarser grid matrices and restriction/interpolation operators.

   Options Database Keys:
+  -pc_mg_levels <nlevels> - number of levels including finest
.  -pc_mg_cycle_type <v,w> - provide the cycle desired
.  -pc_mg_type <additive,multiplicative,full,kaskade> - multiplicative is the default
.  -pc_mg_log - log information about time spent on each level of the solver
.  -pc_mg_distinct_smoothup - configure up (after interpolation) and down (before restriction) smoothers separately (with different options prefixes)
.  -pc_mg_galerkin <both,pmat,mat,none> - use Galerkin process to compute coarser operators, i.e. Acoarse = R A R'
.  -pc_mg_multiplicative_cycles - number of cycles to use as the preconditioner (defaults to 1)
.  -pc_mg_dump_matlab - dumps the matrices for each level and the restriction/interpolation matrices
                        to the Socket viewer for reading from MATLAB.
-  -pc_mg_dump_binary - dumps the matrices for each level and the restriction/interpolation matrices
                        to the binary output file called binaryoutput

   Notes:
    If one uses a Krylov method such GMRES or CG as the smoother then one must use KSPFGMRES, KSPGCR, or KSPRICHARDSON as the outer Krylov method

       When run with a single level the smoother options are used on that level NOT the coarse grid solver options

       When run with KSPRICHARDSON the convergence test changes slightly if monitor is turned on. The iteration count may change slightly. This
       is because without monitoring the residual norm is computed WITHIN each multigrid cycle on the finest level after the pre-smoothing
       (because the residual has just been computed for the multigrid algorithm and is hence available for free) while with monitoring the
       residual is computed at the end of each cycle.

   Level: intermediate

   Concepts: multigrid/multilevel

.seealso:  PCCreate(), PCSetType(), PCType (for list of available types), PC, PCMGType, PCEXOTIC, PCGAMG, PCML, PCHYPRE
           PCMGSetLevels(), PCMGGetLevels(), PCMGSetType(), PCMGSetCycleType(),
           PCMGSetDistinctSmoothUp(), PCMGGetCoarseSolve(), PCMGSetResidual(), PCMGSetInterpolation(),
           PCMGSetRestriction(), PCMGGetSmoother(), PCMGGetSmootherUp(), PCMGGetSmootherDown(),
           PCMGSetCycleTypeOnLevel(), PCMGSetRhs(), PCMGSetX(), PCMGSetR()
M*/

PETSC_EXTERN PetscErrorCode PCCreate_MG(PC pc)
{
  PC_MG          *mg;
  PetscErrorCode ierr;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  ierr         = PetscNewLog(pc,&mg);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  pc->data     = (void*)mg;
  mg->nlevels  = -1;
  mg->am       = PC_MG_MULTIPLICATIVE;
  mg->galerkin = PC_MG_GALERKIN_NONE;

  pc->useAmat = PETSC_TRUE;

  pc->ops->apply          = PCApply_MG;
  pc->ops->setup          = PCSetUp_MG;
  pc->ops->reset          = PCReset_MG;
  pc->ops->destroy        = PCDestroy_MG;
  pc->ops->setfromoptions = PCSetFromOptions_MG;
  pc->ops->view           = PCView_MG;

  ierr = PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)pc,"PCMGSetGalerkin_C",PCMGSetGalerkin_MG);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)pc,"PCMGGetLevels_C",PCMGGetLevels_MG);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)pc,"PCMGSetLevels_C",PCMGSetLevels_MG);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}