xref: /petsc/src/mat/impls/mffd/mffd.c (revision 0b4b7b1c20c2ed4ade67e3d50a7710fe0ffbfca5)

#include <../src/mat/impls/shell/shell.h> /*I  "petscmat.h"   I*/
#include <../src/mat/impls/mffd/mffdimpl.h>

PetscFunctionList MatMFFDList              = NULL;
PetscBool         MatMFFDRegisterAllCalled = PETSC_FALSE;

PetscClassId  MATMFFD_CLASSID;
PetscLogEvent MATMFFD_Mult;

static PetscBool MatMFFDPackageInitialized = PETSC_FALSE;

/*@C
  MatMFFDFinalizePackage - This function destroys everything in the MATMFFD` package. It is
  called from `PetscFinalize()`.

  Level: developer

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MATMFFD`, `PetscFinalize()`, `MatCreateMFFD()`, `MatCreateSNESMF()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode MatMFFDFinalizePackage(void)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(PetscFunctionListDestroy(&MatMFFDList));
  MatMFFDPackageInitialized = PETSC_FALSE;
  MatMFFDRegisterAllCalled  = PETSC_FALSE;
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*@C
  MatMFFDInitializePackage - This function initializes everything in the MATMFFD` package. It is called
  from `MatInitializePackage()`.

  Level: developer

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MATMFFD`, `PetscInitialize()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode MatMFFDInitializePackage(void)
{
  char      logList[256];
  PetscBool opt, pkg;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (MatMFFDPackageInitialized) PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
  MatMFFDPackageInitialized = PETSC_TRUE;
  /* Register Classes */
  PetscCall(PetscClassIdRegister("MatMFFD", &MATMFFD_CLASSID));
  /* Register Constructors */
  PetscCall(MatMFFDRegisterAll());
  /* Register Events */
  PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("MatMult MF", MATMFFD_CLASSID, &MATMFFD_Mult));
  /* Process Info */
  {
    PetscClassId classids[1];

    classids[0] = MATMFFD_CLASSID;
    PetscCall(PetscInfoProcessClass("matmffd", 1, classids));
  }
  /* Process summary exclusions */
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsGetString(NULL, NULL, "-log_exclude", logList, sizeof(logList), &opt));
  if (opt) {
    PetscCall(PetscStrInList("matmffd", logList, ',', &pkg));
    if (pkg) PetscCall(PetscLogEventExcludeClass(MATMFFD_CLASSID));
  }
  /* Register package finalizer */
  PetscCall(PetscRegisterFinalize(MatMFFDFinalizePackage));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetType_MFFD(Mat mat, MatMFFDType ftype)
{
  MatMFFD   ctx;
  PetscBool match;
  PetscErrorCode (*r)(MatMFFD);

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(mat, MAT_CLASSID, 1);
  PetscAssertPointer(ftype, 2);
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(mat, &ctx));

  /* already set, so just return */
  PetscCall(PetscObjectTypeCompare((PetscObject)ctx, ftype, &match));
  if (match) PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);

  /* destroy the old one if it exists */
  PetscTryTypeMethod(ctx, destroy);

  PetscCall(PetscFunctionListFind(MatMFFDList, ftype, &r));
  PetscCheck(r, PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)mat), PETSC_ERR_ARG_UNKNOWN_TYPE, "Unknown MatMFFD type %s given", ftype);
  PetscCall((*r)(ctx));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectChangeTypeName((PetscObject)ctx, ftype));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*@
  MatMFFDSetType - Sets the method that is used to compute the
  differencing parameter for finite difference matrix-free formulations.

  Input Parameters:
+ mat   - the "matrix-free" matrix created via `MatCreateSNESMF()`, or `MatCreateMFFD()`
          or `MatSetType`(mat,`MATMFFD`);
- ftype - the type requested, either `MATMFFD_WP` or `MATMFFD_DS`

  Level: advanced

  Note:
  For example, such routines can compute `h` for use in
  Jacobian-vector products of the form
.vb

                        F(x+ha) - F(x)
          F'(u)a  ~=  ----------------
                              h
.ve

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MATMFFD`, `MATMFFD_WP`, `MATMFFD_DS`, `MatCreateSNESMF()`, `MatMFFDRegister()`, `MatMFFDSetFunction()`, `MatCreateMFFD()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetType(Mat mat, MatMFFDType ftype)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(mat, MAT_CLASSID, 1);
  PetscAssertPointer(ftype, 2);
  PetscTryMethod(mat, "MatMFFDSetType_C", (Mat, MatMFFDType), (mat, ftype));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatGetDiagonal_MFFD(Mat, Vec);

typedef PetscErrorCode (*FCN1)(void *, Vec); /* force argument to next function to not be extern C*/
static PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetFunctioniBase_MFFD(Mat mat, FCN1 func)
{
  MatMFFD ctx;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(mat, &ctx));
  ctx->funcisetbase = func;
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

typedef PetscErrorCode (*FCN2)(void *, PetscInt, Vec, PetscScalar *); /* force argument to next function to not be extern C*/
static PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetFunctioni_MFFD(Mat mat, FCN2 funci)
{
  MatMFFD ctx;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(mat, &ctx));
  ctx->funci = funci;
  PetscCall(MatShellSetOperation(mat, MATOP_GET_DIAGONAL, (void (*)(void))MatGetDiagonal_MFFD));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatMFFDGetH_MFFD(Mat mat, PetscScalar *h)
{
  MatMFFD ctx;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(mat, &ctx));
  *h = ctx->currenth;
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatMFFDResetHHistory_MFFD(Mat J)
{
  MatMFFD ctx;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(J, &ctx));
  ctx->ncurrenth = 0;
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*@C
  MatMFFDRegister - Adds a method to the `MATMFFD` registry.

  Not Collective, No Fortran Support

  Input Parameters:
+ sname    - name of a new user-defined compute-h module
- function - routine to create method context

  Level: developer

  Note:
  `MatMFFDRegister()` may be called multiple times to add several user-defined solvers.

  Example Usage:
.vb
   MatMFFDRegister("my_h", MyHCreate);
.ve

  Then, your solver can be chosen with the procedural interface via `MatMFFDSetType`(mfctx, "my_h")` or at runtime via the option
  `-mat_mffd_type my_h`

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MATMFFD`, `MatMFFDRegisterAll()`, `MatMFFDRegisterDestroy()`
 @*/
PetscErrorCode MatMFFDRegister(const char sname[], PetscErrorCode (*function)(MatMFFD))
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatInitializePackage());
  PetscCall(PetscFunctionListAdd(&MatMFFDList, sname, function));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatDestroy_MFFD(Mat mat)
{
  MatMFFD ctx;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(mat, &ctx));
  PetscCall(VecDestroy(&ctx->w));
  PetscCall(VecDestroy(&ctx->current_u));
  if (ctx->current_f_allocated) PetscCall(VecDestroy(&ctx->current_f));
  PetscTryTypeMethod(ctx, destroy);
  PetscCall(PetscHeaderDestroy(&ctx));

  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)mat, "MatMFFDSetBase_C", NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)mat, "MatMFFDSetFunctioniBase_C", NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)mat, "MatMFFDSetFunctioni_C", NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)mat, "MatMFFDSetFunction_C", NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)mat, "MatMFFDSetFunctionError_C", NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)mat, "MatMFFDSetCheckh_C", NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)mat, "MatMFFDSetPeriod_C", NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)mat, "MatMFFDResetHHistory_C", NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)mat, "MatMFFDSetHHistory_C", NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)mat, "MatMFFDSetType_C", NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)mat, "MatMFFDGetH_C", NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)mat, "MatSNESMFSetReuseBase_C", NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)mat, "MatSNESMFGetReuseBase_C", NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)mat, "MatShellSetContext_C", NULL));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*
   MatMFFDView_MFFD - Views matrix-free parameters.

*/
static PetscErrorCode MatView_MFFD(Mat J, PetscViewer viewer)
{
  MatMFFD     ctx;
  PetscBool   iascii, viewbase, viewfunction;
  const char *prefix;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(J, &ctx));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectTypeCompare((PetscObject)viewer, PETSCVIEWERASCII, &iascii));
  if (iascii) {
    PetscCall(PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer, "Matrix-free approximation:\n"));
    PetscCall(PetscViewerASCIIPushTab(viewer));
    PetscCall(PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer, "err=%g (relative error in function evaluation)\n", (double)ctx->error_rel));
    if (!((PetscObject)ctx)->type_name) {
      PetscCall(PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer, "The compute h routine has not yet been set\n"));
    } else {
      PetscCall(PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer, "Using %s compute h routine\n", ((PetscObject)ctx)->type_name));
    }
#if defined(PETSC_USE_COMPLEX)
    if (ctx->usecomplex) PetscCall(PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer, "Using Lyness complex number trick to compute the matrix-vector product\n"));
#endif
    PetscTryTypeMethod(ctx, view, viewer);
    PetscCall(PetscObjectGetOptionsPrefix((PetscObject)J, &prefix));

    PetscCall(PetscOptionsHasName(((PetscObject)J)->options, prefix, "-mat_mffd_view_base", &viewbase));
    if (viewbase) {
      PetscCall(PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer, "Base:\n"));
      PetscCall(VecView(ctx->current_u, viewer));
    }
    PetscCall(PetscOptionsHasName(((PetscObject)J)->options, prefix, "-mat_mffd_view_function", &viewfunction));
    if (viewfunction) {
      PetscCall(PetscViewerASCIIPrintf(viewer, "Function:\n"));
      PetscCall(VecView(ctx->current_f, viewer));
    }
    PetscCall(PetscViewerASCIIPopTab(viewer));
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*
   MatAssemblyEnd_MFFD - Resets the ctx->ncurrenth to zero. This
   allows the user to indicate the beginning of a new linear solve by calling
   MatAssemblyXXX() on the matrix-free matrix. This then allows the
   MatCreateMFFD_WP() to properly compute ||U|| only the first time
   in the linear solver rather than every time.

   This function is referenced directly from MatAssemblyEnd_SNESMF(), which may be in a different shared library hence
   it must be labeled as PETSC_EXTERN
*/
PETSC_EXTERN PetscErrorCode MatAssemblyEnd_MFFD(Mat J, MatAssemblyType mt)
{
  MatMFFD j;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(J, &j));
  PetscCall(MatMFFDResetHHistory(J));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*
  MatMult_MFFD - Default matrix-free form for Jacobian-vector product, y = F'(u)*a:

        y ~= (F(u + ha) - F(u))/h,
  where F = nonlinear function, as set by SNESSetFunction()
        u = current iterate
        h = difference interval
*/
static PetscErrorCode MatMult_MFFD(Mat mat, Vec a, Vec y)
{
  MatMFFD     ctx;
  PetscScalar h;
  Vec         w, U, F;
  PetscBool   zeroa;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(mat, &ctx));
  PetscCheck(ctx->current_u, PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)mat), PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONGSTATE, "MatMFFDSetBase() has not been called, this is often caused by forgetting to call MatAssemblyBegin/End on the first Mat in the SNES compute function");
  /* We log matrix-free matrix-vector products separately, so that we can
     separate the performance monitoring from the cases that use conventional
     storage.  We may eventually modify event logging to associate events
     with particular objects, hence alleviating the more general problem. */
  PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(MATMFFD_Mult, a, y, 0, 0));

  w = ctx->w;
  U = ctx->current_u;
  F = ctx->current_f;
  /*
      Compute differencing parameter
  */
  if (!((PetscObject)ctx)->type_name) {
    PetscCall(MatMFFDSetType(mat, MATMFFD_WP));
    PetscCall(MatSetFromOptions(mat));
  }
  PetscUseTypeMethod(ctx, compute, U, a, &h, &zeroa);
  if (zeroa) {
    PetscCall(VecSet(y, 0.0));
    PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(MATMFFD_Mult, a, y, 0, 0));
    PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
  }

  PetscCheck(!mat->erroriffailure || !PetscIsInfOrNanScalar(h), PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Computed Nan differencing parameter h");
  if (ctx->checkh) PetscCall((*ctx->checkh)(ctx->checkhctx, U, a, &h));

  /* keep a record of the current differencing parameter h */
  ctx->currenth = h;
#if defined(PETSC_USE_COMPLEX)
  PetscCall(PetscInfo(mat, "Current differencing parameter: %g + %g i\n", (double)PetscRealPart(h), (double)PetscImaginaryPart(h)));
#else
  PetscCall(PetscInfo(mat, "Current differencing parameter: %15.12e\n", (double)PetscRealPart(h)));
#endif
  if (ctx->historyh && ctx->ncurrenth < ctx->maxcurrenth) ctx->historyh[ctx->ncurrenth] = h;
  ctx->ncurrenth++;

#if defined(PETSC_USE_COMPLEX)
  if (ctx->usecomplex) h = PETSC_i * h;
#endif

  /* w = u + ha */
  PetscCall(VecWAXPY(w, h, a, U));

  /* compute func(U) as base for differencing; only needed first time in and not when provided by user */
  if (ctx->ncurrenth == 1 && ctx->current_f_allocated) PetscCall((*ctx->func)(ctx->funcctx, U, F));
  PetscCall((*ctx->func)(ctx->funcctx, w, y));

#if defined(PETSC_USE_COMPLEX)
  if (ctx->usecomplex) {
    PetscCall(VecImaginaryPart(y));
    h = PetscImaginaryPart(h);
  } else {
    PetscCall(VecAXPY(y, -1.0, F));
  }
#else
  PetscCall(VecAXPY(y, -1.0, F));
#endif
  PetscCall(VecScale(y, 1.0 / h));
  if (mat->nullsp) PetscCall(MatNullSpaceRemove(mat->nullsp, y));

  PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(MATMFFD_Mult, a, y, 0, 0));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*
  MatGetDiagonal_MFFD - Gets the diagonal for a matrix-free matrix

        y ~= (F(u + ha) - F(u))/h,
  where F = nonlinear function, as set by SNESSetFunction()
        u = current iterate
        h = difference interval
*/
static PetscErrorCode MatGetDiagonal_MFFD(Mat mat, Vec a)
{
  MatMFFD     ctx;
  PetscScalar h, *aa, *ww, v;
  PetscReal   epsilon = PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON, umin = 100.0 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON;
  Vec         w, U;
  PetscInt    i, rstart, rend;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(mat, &ctx));
  PetscCheck(ctx->func, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONGSTATE, "Requires calling MatMFFDSetFunction() first");
  PetscCheck(ctx->funci, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONGSTATE, "Requires calling MatMFFDSetFunctioni() first");
  w = ctx->w;
  U = ctx->current_u;
  PetscCall((*ctx->func)(ctx->funcctx, U, a));
  if (ctx->funcisetbase) PetscCall((*ctx->funcisetbase)(ctx->funcctx, U));
  PetscCall(VecCopy(U, w));

  PetscCall(VecGetOwnershipRange(a, &rstart, &rend));
  PetscCall(VecGetArray(a, &aa));
  for (i = rstart; i < rend; i++) {
    PetscCall(VecGetArray(w, &ww));
    h = ww[i - rstart];
    if (h == 0.0) h = 1.0;
    if (PetscAbsScalar(h) < umin && PetscRealPart(h) >= 0.0) h = umin;
    else if (PetscRealPart(h) < 0.0 && PetscAbsScalar(h) < umin) h = -umin;
    h *= epsilon;

    ww[i - rstart] += h;
    PetscCall(VecRestoreArray(w, &ww));
    PetscCall((*ctx->funci)(ctx->funcctx, i, w, &v));
    aa[i - rstart] = (v - aa[i - rstart]) / h;

    PetscCall(VecGetArray(w, &ww));
    ww[i - rstart] -= h;
    PetscCall(VecRestoreArray(w, &ww));
  }
  PetscCall(VecRestoreArray(a, &aa));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

PETSC_EXTERN PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetBase_MFFD(Mat J, Vec U, Vec F)
{
  MatMFFD ctx;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(J, &ctx));
  PetscCall(MatMFFDResetHHistory(J));
  if (!ctx->current_u) {
    PetscCall(VecDuplicate(U, &ctx->current_u));
    PetscCall(VecLockReadPush(ctx->current_u));
  }
  PetscCall(VecLockReadPop(ctx->current_u));
  PetscCall(VecCopy(U, ctx->current_u));
  PetscCall(VecLockReadPush(ctx->current_u));
  if (F) {
    if (ctx->current_f_allocated) PetscCall(VecDestroy(&ctx->current_f));
    ctx->current_f           = F;
    ctx->current_f_allocated = PETSC_FALSE;
  } else if (!ctx->current_f_allocated) {
    PetscCall(MatCreateVecs(J, NULL, &ctx->current_f));
    ctx->current_f_allocated = PETSC_TRUE;
  }
  if (!ctx->w) PetscCall(VecDuplicate(ctx->current_u, &ctx->w));
  J->assembled = PETSC_TRUE;
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

typedef PetscErrorCode (*FCN3)(void *, Vec, Vec, PetscScalar *); /* force argument to next function to not be extern C*/

static PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetCheckh_MFFD(Mat J, FCN3 fun, void *ectx)
{
  MatMFFD ctx;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(J, &ctx));
  ctx->checkh    = fun;
  ctx->checkhctx = ectx;
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*@
  MatMFFDSetOptionsPrefix - Sets the prefix used for searching for all
  MATMFFD` options in the database.

  Collective

  Input Parameters:
+ mat    - the `MATMFFD` context
- prefix - the prefix to prepend to all option names

  Note:
  A hyphen (-) must NOT be given at the beginning of the prefix name.
  The first character of all runtime options is AUTOMATICALLY the hyphen.

  Level: advanced

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MATMFFD`, `MatSetFromOptions()`, `MatCreateSNESMF()`, `MatCreateMFFD()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetOptionsPrefix(Mat mat, const char prefix[])
{
  MatMFFD mfctx;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(mat, MAT_CLASSID, 1);
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(mat, &mfctx));
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(mfctx, MATMFFD_CLASSID, 1);
  PetscCall(PetscObjectSetOptionsPrefix((PetscObject)mfctx, prefix));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatSetFromOptions_MFFD(Mat mat, PetscOptionItems *PetscOptionsObject)
{
  MatMFFD   mfctx;
  PetscBool flg;
  char      ftype[256];

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(mat, &mfctx));
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(mfctx, MATMFFD_CLASSID, 1);
  PetscObjectOptionsBegin((PetscObject)mfctx);
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsFList("-mat_mffd_type", "Matrix free type", "MatMFFDSetType", MatMFFDList, ((PetscObject)mfctx)->type_name, ftype, 256, &flg));
  if (flg) PetscCall(MatMFFDSetType(mat, ftype));

  PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-mat_mffd_err", "set sqrt relative error in function", "MatMFFDSetFunctionError", mfctx->error_rel, &mfctx->error_rel, NULL));
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-mat_mffd_period", "how often h is recomputed", "MatMFFDSetPeriod", mfctx->recomputeperiod, &mfctx->recomputeperiod, NULL));

  flg = PETSC_FALSE;
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-mat_mffd_check_positivity", "Insure that U + h*a is nonnegative", "MatMFFDSetCheckh", flg, &flg, NULL));
  if (flg) PetscCall(MatMFFDSetCheckh(mat, MatMFFDCheckPositivity, NULL));
#if defined(PETSC_USE_COMPLEX)
  PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-mat_mffd_complex", "Use Lyness complex number trick to compute the matrix-vector product", "None", mfctx->usecomplex, &mfctx->usecomplex, NULL));
#endif
  PetscTryTypeMethod(mfctx, setfromoptions, PetscOptionsObject);
  PetscOptionsEnd();
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetPeriod_MFFD(Mat mat, PetscInt period)
{
  MatMFFD ctx;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(mat, &ctx));
  ctx->recomputeperiod = period;
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetFunction_MFFD(Mat mat, PetscErrorCode (*func)(void *, Vec, Vec), void *funcctx)
{
  MatMFFD ctx;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(mat, &ctx));
  ctx->func    = func;
  ctx->funcctx = funcctx;
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetFunctionError_MFFD(Mat mat, PetscReal error)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (error != (PetscReal)PETSC_DEFAULT) {
    MatMFFD ctx;

    PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(mat, &ctx));
    ctx->error_rel = error;
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

static PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetHHistory_MFFD(Mat J, PetscScalar history[], PetscInt nhistory)
{
  MatMFFD ctx;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatShellGetContext(J, &ctx));
  ctx->historyh    = history;
  ctx->maxcurrenth = nhistory;
  ctx->currenth    = 0.;
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*MC
  MATMFFD - "mffd" - A matrix-free matrix type.

  Level: advanced

  Developer Notes:
  This is implemented on top of `MATSHELL` to get support for scaling and shifting without requiring duplicate code

  Users should not MatShell... operations on this class, there is some error checking for that incorrect usage

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MatCreateMFFD()`, `MatCreateSNESMF()`, `MatMFFDSetFunction()`, `MatMFFDSetType()`,
          `MatMFFDSetFunctionError()`, `MatMFFDDSSetUmin()`, `MatMFFDSetFunction()`
          `MatMFFDSetHHistory()`, `MatMFFDResetHHistory()`, `MatCreateSNESMF()`,
          `MatMFFDGetH()`,
M*/
PETSC_EXTERN PetscErrorCode MatCreate_MFFD(Mat A)
{
  MatMFFD mfctx;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatMFFDInitializePackage());

  PetscCall(PetscHeaderCreate(mfctx, MATMFFD_CLASSID, "MatMFFD", "Matrix-free Finite Differencing", "Mat", PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)A), NULL, NULL));

  mfctx->error_rel                = PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON;
  mfctx->recomputeperiod          = 1;
  mfctx->count                    = 0;
  mfctx->currenth                 = 0.0;
  mfctx->historyh                 = NULL;
  mfctx->ncurrenth                = 0;
  mfctx->maxcurrenth              = 0;
  ((PetscObject)mfctx)->type_name = NULL;

  /*
     Create the empty data structure to contain compute-h routines.
     These will be filled in below from the command line options or
     a later call with MatMFFDSetType() or if that is not called
     then it will default in the first use of MatMult_MFFD()
  */
  mfctx->ops->compute        = NULL;
  mfctx->ops->destroy        = NULL;
  mfctx->ops->view           = NULL;
  mfctx->ops->setfromoptions = NULL;
  mfctx->hctx                = NULL;

  mfctx->func    = NULL;
  mfctx->funcctx = NULL;
  mfctx->w       = NULL;
  mfctx->mat     = A;

  PetscCall(MatSetType(A, MATSHELL));
  PetscCall(MatShellSetContext(A, mfctx));
  PetscCall(MatShellSetOperation(A, MATOP_MULT, (void (*)(void))MatMult_MFFD));
  PetscCall(MatShellSetOperation(A, MATOP_DESTROY, (void (*)(void))MatDestroy_MFFD));
  PetscCall(MatShellSetOperation(A, MATOP_VIEW, (void (*)(void))MatView_MFFD));
  PetscCall(MatShellSetOperation(A, MATOP_ASSEMBLY_END, (void (*)(void))MatAssemblyEnd_MFFD));
  PetscCall(MatShellSetOperation(A, MATOP_SET_FROM_OPTIONS, (void (*)(void))MatSetFromOptions_MFFD));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)A, "MatShellSetContext_C", MatShellSetContext_Immutable));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)A, "MatShellSetContextDestroy_C", MatShellSetContextDestroy_Immutable));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)A, "MatShellSetManageScalingShifts_C", MatShellSetManageScalingShifts_Immutable));

  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)A, "MatMFFDSetBase_C", MatMFFDSetBase_MFFD));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)A, "MatMFFDSetFunctioniBase_C", MatMFFDSetFunctioniBase_MFFD));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)A, "MatMFFDSetFunctioni_C", MatMFFDSetFunctioni_MFFD));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)A, "MatMFFDSetFunction_C", MatMFFDSetFunction_MFFD));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)A, "MatMFFDSetCheckh_C", MatMFFDSetCheckh_MFFD));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)A, "MatMFFDSetPeriod_C", MatMFFDSetPeriod_MFFD));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)A, "MatMFFDSetFunctionError_C", MatMFFDSetFunctionError_MFFD));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)A, "MatMFFDResetHHistory_C", MatMFFDResetHHistory_MFFD));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)A, "MatMFFDSetHHistory_C", MatMFFDSetHHistory_MFFD));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)A, "MatMFFDSetType_C", MatMFFDSetType_MFFD));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectComposeFunction((PetscObject)A, "MatMFFDGetH_C", MatMFFDGetH_MFFD));
  PetscCall(PetscObjectChangeTypeName((PetscObject)A, MATMFFD));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*@
  MatCreateMFFD - Creates a matrix-free matrix of type `MATMFFD` that uses finite differences on a provided function to
  approximately multiply a vector by the matrix (Jacobian) . See also `MatCreateSNESMF()`

  Collective

  Input Parameters:
+ comm - MPI communicator
. m    - number of local rows (or `PETSC_DECIDE` to have calculated if `M` is given)
         This value should be the same as the local size used in creating the
         y vector for the matrix-vector product y = Ax.
. n    - This value should be the same as the local size used in creating the
         x vector for the matrix-vector product y = Ax. (or `PETSC_DECIDE` to have
         calculated if `N` is given) For square matrices `n` is almost always `m`.
. M    - number of global rows (or `PETSC_DETERMINE` to have calculated if `m` is given)
- N    - number of global columns (or `PETSC_DETERMINE` to have calculated if `n` is given)

  Output Parameter:
. J - the matrix-free matrix

  Options Database Keys:
+ -mat_mffd_type             - wp or ds (see `MATMFFD_WP` or `MATMFFD_DS`)
. -mat_mffd_err              - square root of estimated relative error in function evaluation
. -mat_mffd_period           - how often h is recomputed, defaults to 1, every time
. -mat_mffd_check_positivity - possibly decrease `h` until U + h*a has only positive values
. -mat_mffd_umin <umin>      - Sets umin (for default PETSc routine that computes h only)
. -mat_mffd_complex          - use the Lyness trick with complex numbers to compute the matrix-vector product instead of differencing
                               (requires real valued functions but that PETSc be configured for complex numbers)
. -snes_mf                   - use the finite difference based matrix-free matrix with `SNESSolve()` and no preconditioner
- -snes_mf_operator          - use the finite difference based matrix-free matrix with `SNESSolve()` but construct a preconditioner
                               using the matrix passed as `pmat` to `SNESSetJacobian()`.

  Level: advanced

  Notes:
  Use `MatMFFDSetFunction()` to provide the function that will be differenced to compute the matrix-vector product.

  The matrix-free matrix context contains the function pointers
  and work space for performing finite difference approximations of
  Jacobian-vector products, F'(u)*a,

  The default code uses the following approach to compute h

.vb
     F'(u)*a = [F(u+h*a) - F(u)]/h where
     h = error_rel*u'a/||a||^2                        if  |u'a| > umin*||a||_{1}
       = error_rel*umin*sign(u'a)*||a||_{1}/||a||^2   otherwise
 where
     error_rel = square root of relative error in function evaluation
     umin = minimum iterate parameter
.ve

  To have `SNES` use the matrix-free finite difference matrix-vector product and not provide a separate matrix
  from which to compute the preconditioner (the `pmat` argument `SNESSetJacobian()`), then simply call `SNESSetJacobian()`
  with `NULL` for the matrices and `MatMFFDComputeJacobian()`. Or use the options database option `-snes_mf`

  The user can set `error_rel` via `MatMFFDSetFunctionError()` and `umin` via `MatMFFDDSSetUmin()`.

  Use `MATSHELL` or `MatCreateShell()` to provide your own custom matrix-vector operation.

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MATMFFD`, `MatDestroy()`, `MatMFFDSetFunctionError()`, `MatMFFDDSSetUmin()`, `MatMFFDSetFunction()`
          `MatMFFDSetHHistory()`, `MatMFFDResetHHistory()`, `MatCreateSNESMF()`, `MatCreateShell()`, `MATSHELL`,
          `MatMFFDGetH()`, `MatMFFDRegister()`, `MatMFFDComputeJacobian()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode MatCreateMFFD(MPI_Comm comm, PetscInt m, PetscInt n, PetscInt M, PetscInt N, Mat *J)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscCall(MatCreate(comm, J));
  PetscCall(MatSetSizes(*J, m, n, M, N));
  PetscCall(MatSetType(*J, MATMFFD));
  PetscCall(MatSetUp(*J));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*@
  MatMFFDGetH - Gets the last value that was used as the differencing for a `MATMFFD` matrix
  parameter.

  Not Collective

  Input Parameters:
. mat - the `MATMFFD` matrix

  Output Parameter:
. h - the differencing step size

  Level: advanced

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MATMFFD`, `MatCreateSNESMF()`, `MatMFFDSetHHistory()`, `MatCreateMFFD()`, `MatMFFDResetHHistory()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode MatMFFDGetH(Mat mat, PetscScalar *h)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(mat, MAT_CLASSID, 1);
  PetscAssertPointer(h, 2);
  PetscUseMethod(mat, "MatMFFDGetH_C", (Mat, PetscScalar *), (mat, h));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*@C
  MatMFFDSetFunction - Sets the function used in applying the matrix-free `MATMFFD` matrix.

  Logically Collective

  Input Parameters:
+ mat     - the matrix-free matrix `MATMFFD` created via `MatCreateSNESMF()` or `MatCreateMFFD()`
. func    - the function to use
- funcctx - optional function context passed to function

  Calling sequence of `func`:
+ funcctx - user provided context
. x       - input vector
- f       - computed output function

  Level: advanced

  Notes:
  If you use this you MUST call `MatAssemblyBegin()` and `MatAssemblyEnd()` on the matrix-free
  matrix inside your compute Jacobian routine

  If this is not set then it will use the function set with `SNESSetFunction()` if `MatCreateSNESMF()` was used.

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MATMFFD`, `MatCreateSNESMF()`, `MatMFFDGetH()`, `MatCreateMFFD()`,
          `MatMFFDSetHHistory()`, `MatMFFDResetHHistory()`, `SNESSetFunction()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetFunction(Mat mat, PetscErrorCode (*func)(void *funcctx, Vec x, Vec f), void *funcctx)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(mat, MAT_CLASSID, 1);
  PetscTryMethod(mat, "MatMFFDSetFunction_C", (Mat, PetscErrorCode (*)(void *, Vec, Vec), void *), (mat, func, funcctx));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*@C
  MatMFFDSetFunctioni - Sets the function for a single component for a `MATMFFD` matrix

  Logically Collective

  Input Parameters:
+ mat   - the matrix-free matrix `MATMFFD`
- funci - the function to use

  Level: advanced

  Notes:
  If you use this you MUST call `MatAssemblyBegin()` and `MatAssemblyEnd()` on the matrix-free
  matrix inside your compute Jacobian routine.

  This function is necessary to compute the diagonal of the matrix.
  funci must not contain any MPI call as it is called inside a loop on the local portion of the vector.

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MATMFFD`, `MatCreateSNESMF()`, `MatMFFDGetH()`, `MatMFFDSetHHistory()`, `MatMFFDResetHHistory()`, `SNESetFunction()`, `MatGetDiagonal()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetFunctioni(Mat mat, PetscErrorCode (*funci)(void *, PetscInt, Vec, PetscScalar *))
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(mat, MAT_CLASSID, 1);
  PetscTryMethod(mat, "MatMFFDSetFunctioni_C", (Mat, PetscErrorCode (*)(void *, PetscInt, Vec, PetscScalar *)), (mat, funci));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*@C
  MatMFFDSetFunctioniBase - Sets the base vector for a single component function evaluation for a `MATMFFD` matrix

  Logically Collective

  Input Parameters:
+ mat  - the `MATMFFD` matrix-free matrix
- func - the function to use

  Level: advanced

  Notes:
  If you use this you MUST call `MatAssemblyBegin()` and `MatAssemblyEnd()` on the matrix-free
  matrix inside your compute Jacobian routine.

  This function is necessary to compute the diagonal of the matrix, used for example with `PCJACOBI`

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MATMFFD`, `MatCreateSNESMF()`, `MatMFFDGetH()`, `MatCreateMFFD()`,
          `MatMFFDSetHHistory()`, `MatMFFDResetHHistory()`, `SNESetFunction()`, `MatGetDiagonal()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetFunctioniBase(Mat mat, PetscErrorCode (*func)(void *, Vec))
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(mat, MAT_CLASSID, 1);
  PetscTryMethod(mat, "MatMFFDSetFunctioniBase_C", (Mat, PetscErrorCode (*)(void *, Vec)), (mat, func));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*@
  MatMFFDSetPeriod - Sets how often h is recomputed for a `MATMFFD` matrix, by default it is every time

  Logically Collective

  Input Parameters:
+ mat    - the `MATMFFD` matrix-free matrix
- period - 1 for every time, 2 for every second etc

  Options Database Key:
. -mat_mffd_period <period> - Sets how often `h` is recomputed

  Level: advanced

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MATMFFD`, `MatCreateSNESMF()`, `MatMFFDGetH()`,
          `MatMFFDSetHHistory()`, `MatMFFDResetHHistory()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetPeriod(Mat mat, PetscInt period)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(mat, MAT_CLASSID, 1);
  PetscValidLogicalCollectiveInt(mat, period, 2);
  PetscTryMethod(mat, "MatMFFDSetPeriod_C", (Mat, PetscInt), (mat, period));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*@
  MatMFFDSetFunctionError - Sets the error_rel for the approximation of matrix-vector products using finite differences with the `MATMFFD` matrix

  Logically Collective

  Input Parameters:
+ mat   - the `MATMFFD` matrix-free matrix
- error - relative error (should be set to the square root of the relative error in the function evaluations)

  Options Database Key:
. -mat_mffd_err <error_rel> - Sets error_rel

  Level: advanced

  Note:
  The default matrix-free matrix-vector product routine computes
.vb
     F'(u)*a = [F(u+h*a) - F(u)]/h where
     h = error_rel*u'a/||a||^2                        if  |u'a| > umin*||a||_{1}
       = error_rel*umin*sign(u'a)*||a||_{1}/||a||^2   else
.ve

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MATMFFD`, `MatCreateSNESMF()`, `MatMFFDGetH()`, `MatCreateMFFD()`,
          `MatMFFDSetHHistory()`, `MatMFFDResetHHistory()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetFunctionError(Mat mat, PetscReal error)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(mat, MAT_CLASSID, 1);
  PetscValidLogicalCollectiveReal(mat, error, 2);
  PetscTryMethod(mat, "MatMFFDSetFunctionError_C", (Mat, PetscReal), (mat, error));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*@
  MatMFFDSetHHistory - Sets an array to collect a history of the
  differencing values (h) computed for the matrix-free product `MATMFFD` matrix

  Logically Collective

  Input Parameters:
+ J        - the `MATMFFD` matrix-free matrix
. history  - space to hold the history
- nhistory - number of entries in history, if more entries are generated than
              nhistory, then the later ones are discarded

  Level: advanced

  Note:
  Use `MatMFFDResetHHistory()` to reset the history counter and collect
  a new batch of differencing parameters, h.

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MATMFFD`, `MatMFFDGetH()`, `MatCreateSNESMF()`,
          `MatMFFDResetHHistory()`, `MatMFFDSetFunctionError()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetHHistory(Mat J, PetscScalar history[], PetscInt nhistory)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(J, MAT_CLASSID, 1);
  if (history) PetscAssertPointer(history, 2);
  PetscValidLogicalCollectiveInt(J, nhistory, 3);
  PetscUseMethod(J, "MatMFFDSetHHistory_C", (Mat, PetscScalar[], PetscInt), (J, history, nhistory));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*@
  MatMFFDResetHHistory - Resets the counter to zero to begin
  collecting a new set of differencing histories for the `MATMFFD` matrix

  Logically Collective

  Input Parameter:
. J - the matrix-free matrix context

  Level: advanced

  Note:
  Use `MatMFFDSetHHistory()` to create the original history counter.

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MATMFFD`, `MatMFFDGetH()`, `MatCreateSNESMF()`,
          `MatMFFDSetHHistory()`, `MatMFFDSetFunctionError()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode MatMFFDResetHHistory(Mat J)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(J, MAT_CLASSID, 1);
  PetscTryMethod(J, "MatMFFDResetHHistory_C", (Mat), (J));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*@
  MatMFFDSetBase - Sets the vector `U` at which matrix vector products of the
  Jacobian are computed for the `MATMFFD` matrix

  Logically Collective

  Input Parameters:
+ J - the `MATMFFD` matrix
. U - the vector
- F - (optional) vector that contains F(u) if it has been already computed

  Level: advanced

  Notes:
  This is rarely used directly

  If `F` is provided then it is not recomputed. Otherwise the function is evaluated at the base
  point during the first `MatMult()` after each call to `MatMFFDSetBase()`.

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MATMFFD`, `MatMult()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetBase(Mat J, Vec U, Vec F)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(J, MAT_CLASSID, 1);
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(U, VEC_CLASSID, 2);
  if (F) PetscValidHeaderSpecific(F, VEC_CLASSID, 3);
  PetscTryMethod(J, "MatMFFDSetBase_C", (Mat, Vec, Vec), (J, U, F));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*@C
  MatMFFDSetCheckh - Sets a function that checks the computed h and adjusts
  it to satisfy some criteria for the `MATMFFD` matrix

  Logically Collective

  Input Parameters:
+ J   - the `MATMFFD` matrix
. fun - the function that checks `h`
- ctx - any context needed by the function

  Options Database Keys:
. -mat_mffd_check_positivity <bool> - Insure that U + h*a is non-negative

  Level: advanced

  Notes:
  For example, `MatMFFDCheckPositivity()` insures that all entries of U + h*a are non-negative

  The function you provide is called after the default `h` has been computed and allows you to
  modify it.

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MATMFFD`, `MatMFFDCheckPositivity()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode MatMFFDSetCheckh(Mat J, PetscErrorCode (*fun)(void *, Vec, Vec, PetscScalar *), void *ctx)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(J, MAT_CLASSID, 1);
  PetscTryMethod(J, "MatMFFDSetCheckh_C", (Mat, PetscErrorCode (*)(void *, Vec, Vec, PetscScalar *), void *), (J, fun, ctx));
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}

/*@
  MatMFFDCheckPositivity - Checks that all entries in U + h*a are positive or
  zero, decreases h until this is satisfied for a `MATMFFD` matrix

  Logically Collective

  Input Parameters:
+ U     - base vector that is added to
. a     - vector that is added
. h     - scaling factor on a
- dummy - context variable (unused)

  Options Database Keys:
. -mat_mffd_check_positivity <bool> - Insure that U + h*a is nonnegative

  Level: advanced

  Note:
  This is rarely used directly, rather it is passed as an argument to `MatMFFDSetCheckh()`

.seealso: [](ch_matrices), `Mat`, `MATMFFD`, `MatMFFDSetCheckh()`
@*/
PetscErrorCode MatMFFDCheckPositivity(void *dummy, Vec U, Vec a, PetscScalar *h)
{
  PetscReal    val, minval;
  PetscScalar *u_vec, *a_vec;
  PetscInt     i, n;
  MPI_Comm     comm;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(U, VEC_CLASSID, 2);
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(a, VEC_CLASSID, 3);
  PetscAssertPointer(h, 4);
  PetscCall(PetscObjectGetComm((PetscObject)U, &comm));
  PetscCall(VecGetArray(U, &u_vec));
  PetscCall(VecGetArray(a, &a_vec));
  PetscCall(VecGetLocalSize(U, &n));
  minval = PetscAbsScalar(*h) * PetscRealConstant(1.01);
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    if (PetscRealPart(u_vec[i] + *h * a_vec[i]) <= 0.0) {
      val = PetscAbsScalar(u_vec[i] / a_vec[i]);
      if (val < minval) minval = val;
    }
  }
  PetscCall(VecRestoreArray(U, &u_vec));
  PetscCall(VecRestoreArray(a, &a_vec));
  PetscCallMPI(MPIU_Allreduce(&minval, &val, 1, MPIU_REAL, MPIU_MIN, comm));
  if (val <= PetscAbsScalar(*h)) {
    PetscCall(PetscInfo(U, "Scaling back h from %g to %g\n", (double)PetscRealPart(*h), (double)(.99 * val)));
    if (PetscRealPart(*h) > 0.0) *h = 0.99 * val;
    else *h = -0.99 * val;
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
}