xref: /petsc/src/sys/error/err.c (revision 2c280183545e10b4f833c600a0eee231cdff34b4)

/*
      Code that allows one to set the error handlers
*/
#include <petsc-private/petscimpl.h>           /*I "petscsys.h" I*/
#include <petscviewer.h>

typedef struct _EH *EH;
struct _EH {
  PetscErrorCode (*handler)(MPI_Comm,int,const char*,const char*,const char*,PetscErrorCode,PetscErrorType,const char*,void*);
  void           *ctx;
  EH             previous;
};

static EH eh = 0;

#undef __FUNCT__
#define __FUNCT__ "PetscEmacsClientErrorHandler"
/*@C
   PetscEmacsClientErrorHandler - Error handler that uses the emacsclient program to
    load the file where the error occured. Then calls the "previous" error handler.

   Not Collective

   Input Parameters:
+  comm - communicator over which error occured
.  line - the line number of the error (indicated by __LINE__)
.  func - the function where error is detected (indicated by __FUNCT__)
.  file - the file in which the error was detected (indicated by __FILE__)
.  dir - the directory of the file (indicated by __SDIR__)
.  mess - an error text string, usually just printed to the screen
.  n - the generic error number
.  p - specific error number
-  ctx - error handler context

   Options Database Key:
.   -on_error_emacs <machinename>

   Level: developer

   Notes:
   You must put (server-start) in your .emacs file for the emacsclient software to work

   Most users need not directly employ this routine and the other error
   handlers, but can instead use the simplified interface SETERRQ, which has
   the calling sequence
$     SETERRQ(PETSC_COMM_SELF,number,p,mess)

   Notes for experienced users:
   Use PetscPushErrorHandler() to set the desired error handler.

   Developer Note: Since this is an error handler it cannot call CHKERRQ(); thus we just return if an error is detected.

   Concepts: emacs^going to on error
   Concepts: error handler^going to line in emacs

.seealso:  PetscPushErrorHandler(), PetscAttachDebuggerErrorHandler(),
          PetscAbortErrorHandler()
 @*/
PetscErrorCode  PetscEmacsClientErrorHandler(MPI_Comm comm,int line,const char *fun,const char *file,const char *dir,PetscErrorCode n,PetscErrorType p,const char *mess,void *ctx)
{
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  char           command[PETSC_MAX_PATH_LEN];
  const char     *pdir;
  FILE           *fp;
  PetscInt       rval;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  ierr = PetscGetPetscDir(&pdir);if (ierr) PetscFunctionReturn(ierr);
  sprintf(command,"cd %s; emacsclient --no-wait +%d %s%s\n",pdir,line,dir,file);
#if defined(PETSC_HAVE_POPEN)
  ierr = PetscPOpen(MPI_COMM_WORLD,(char*)ctx,command,"r",&fp);if (ierr) PetscFunctionReturn(ierr);
  ierr = PetscPClose(MPI_COMM_WORLD,fp,&rval);if (ierr) PetscFunctionReturn(ierr);
#else
  SETERRQ(PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_SUP_SYS,"Cannot run external programs on this machine");
#endif
  ierr = PetscPopErrorHandler();if (ierr) PetscFunctionReturn(ierr); /* remove this handler from the stack of handlers */
  if (!eh) {
    ierr = PetscTraceBackErrorHandler(comm,line,fun,file,dir,n,p,mess,0);if (ierr) PetscFunctionReturn(ierr);
  } else {
    ierr = (*eh->handler)(comm,line,fun,file,dir,n,p,mess,eh->ctx);if (ierr) PetscFunctionReturn(ierr);
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(ierr);
}

#undef __FUNCT__
#define __FUNCT__ "PetscPushErrorHandler"
/*@C
   PetscPushErrorHandler - Sets a routine to be called on detection of errors.

   Not Collective

   Input Parameters:
+  handler - error handler routine
-  ctx - optional handler context that contains information needed by the handler (for
         example file pointers for error messages etc.)

   Calling sequence of handler:
$    int handler(MPI_Comm comm,int line,char *func,char *file,char *dir,PetscErrorCode n,int p,char *mess,void *ctx);

+  comm - communicator over which error occured
.  func - the function where the error occured (indicated by __FUNCT__)
.  line - the line number of the error (indicated by __LINE__)
.  file - the file in which the error was detected (indicated by __FILE__)
.  dir - the directory of the file (indicated by __SDIR__)
.  n - the generic error number (see list defined in include/petscerror.h)
.  p - PETSC_ERROR_INITIAL if error just detected, otherwise PETSC_ERROR_REPEAT
.  mess - an error text string, usually just printed to the screen
-  ctx - the error handler context

   Options Database Keys:
+   -on_error_attach_debugger <noxterm,gdb or dbx>
-   -on_error_abort

   Level: intermediate

   Notes:
   The currently available PETSc error handlers include PetscTraceBackErrorHandler(),
   PetscAttachDebuggerErrorHandler(), PetscAbortErrorHandler(), and PetscMPIAbortErrorHandler(), PetscReturnErrorHandler().

   Fortran Notes: You can only push one error handler from Fortran before poping it.

.seealso: PetscPopErrorHandler(), PetscAttachDebuggerErrorHandler(), PetscAbortErrorHandler(), PetscTraceBackErrorHandler(), PetscPushSignalHandler()

@*/
PetscErrorCode  PetscPushErrorHandler(PetscErrorCode (*handler)(MPI_Comm comm,int,const char*,const char*,const char*,PetscErrorCode,PetscErrorType,const char*,void*),void *ctx)
{
  EH             neweh;
  PetscErrorCode ierr;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  ierr = PetscNew(struct _EH,&neweh);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (eh) neweh->previous = eh;
  else    neweh->previous = 0;
  neweh->handler = handler;
  neweh->ctx     = ctx;
  eh             = neweh;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

#undef __FUNCT__
#define __FUNCT__ "PetscPopErrorHandler"
/*@
   PetscPopErrorHandler - Removes the latest error handler that was
   pushed with PetscPushErrorHandler().

   Not Collective

   Level: intermediate

   Concepts: error handler^setting

.seealso: PetscPushErrorHandler()
@*/
PetscErrorCode  PetscPopErrorHandler(void)
{
  EH             tmp;
  PetscErrorCode ierr;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (!eh) PetscFunctionReturn(0);
  tmp  = eh;
  eh   = eh->previous;
  ierr = PetscFree(tmp);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

#undef __FUNCT__
#define __FUNCT__ "PetscReturnErrorHandler"
/*@C
  PetscReturnErrorHandler - Error handler that causes a return to the current
  level.

   Not Collective

   Input Parameters:
+  comm - communicator over which error occurred
.  line - the line number of the error (indicated by __LINE__)
.  func - the function where error is detected (indicated by __FUNCT__)
.  file - the file in which the error was detected (indicated by __FILE__)
.  dir - the directory of the file (indicated by __SDIR__)
.  mess - an error text string, usually just printed to the screen
.  n - the generic error number
.  p - specific error number
-  ctx - error handler context

   Level: developer

   Notes:
   Most users need not directly employ this routine and the other error
   handlers, but can instead use the simplified interface SETERRQ, which has
   the calling sequence
$     SETERRQ(comm,number,mess)

   Notes for experienced users:
   This routine is good for catching errors such as zero pivots in preconditioners
   or breakdown of iterative methods. It is not appropriate for memory violations
   and similar errors.

   Use PetscPushErrorHandler() to set the desired error handler.  The
   currently available PETSc error handlers include PetscTraceBackErrorHandler(),
   PetscAttachDebuggerErrorHandler(), PetscAbortErrorHandler(), and PetscAbortErrorHandler()

   Concepts: error handler

.seealso:  PetscPushErrorHandler(), PetscPopErrorHandler().
 @*/

PetscErrorCode  PetscReturnErrorHandler(MPI_Comm comm,int line,const char *fun,const char *file,const char *dir,PetscErrorCode n,PetscErrorType p,const char *mess,void *ctx)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  PetscFunctionReturn(n);
}

static char PetscErrorBaseMessage[1024];
/*
       The numerical values for these are defined in include/petscerror.h; any changes
   there must also be made here
*/
static const char *PetscErrorStrings[] = {
  /*55 */ "Out of memory",
          "No support for this operation for this object type",
          "No support for this operation on this system",
  /*58 */ "Operation done in wrong order",
  /*59 */ "Signal received",
  /*60 */ "Nonconforming object sizes",
          "Argument aliasing not permitted",
          "Invalid argument",
  /*63 */ "Argument out of range",
          "Corrupt argument:\nsee http://www.mcs.anl.gov/petsc/documentation/faq.html#valgrind",
          "Unable to open file",
          "Read from file failed",
          "Write to file failed",
          "Invalid pointer",
  /*69 */ "Arguments must have same type",
  /*70 */ "Attempt to use a pointer that does not point to a valid accessible location",
  /*71 */ "Detected zero pivot in LU factorization:\nsee http://www.mcs.anl.gov/petsc/documentation/faq.html#ZeroPivot",
  /*72 */ "Floating point exception",
  /*73 */ "Object is in wrong state",
          "Corrupted Petsc object",
          "Arguments are incompatible",
          "Error in external library",
  /*77 */ "Petsc has generated inconsistent data",
          "Memory corruption",
          "Unexpected data in file",
  /*80 */ "Arguments must have same communicators",
  /*81 */ "Detected zero pivot in Cholesky factorization:\nsee http://www.mcs.anl.gov/petsc/documentation/faq.html#ZeroPivot",
          "  ",
          "  ",
          "Overflow in integer operation:\nsee http://www.mcs.anl.gov/petsc/documentation/faq.html#64-bit-indices",
  /*85 */ "Null argument, when expecting valid pointer",
  /*86 */ "Unknown type. Check for miss-spelling or missing external package needed for type:\nsee http://www.mcs.anl.gov/petsc/documentation/installation.html#external",
  /*87 */ "Not used",
  /*88 */ "Error in system call",
  /*89 */ "Object Type not set:\nsee http://www.mcs.anl.gov/petsc/documentation/faq.html#objecttypenotset"
  /*90 */ "  ",
  /*   */ "  ",
  /*   */ "  ",
  /*   */ "  ",
  /*   */ "  ",
  /*95 */ "  ",
};

#undef __FUNCT__
#define __FUNCT__ "PetscErrorMessage"
/*@C
   PetscErrorMessage - returns the text string associated with a PETSc error code.

   Not Collective

   Input Parameter:
.   errnum - the error code

   Output Parameter:
+  text - the error message (NULL if not desired)
-  specific - the specific error message that was set with SETERRxxx() or PetscError().  (NULL if not desired)

   Level: developer

   Concepts: error handler^messages

.seealso:  PetscPushErrorHandler(), PetscAttachDebuggerErrorHandler(),
          PetscAbortErrorHandler(), PetscTraceBackErrorHandler()
 @*/
PetscErrorCode  PetscErrorMessage(int errnum,const char *text[],char **specific)
{
  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (text && errnum > PETSC_ERR_MIN_VALUE && errnum < PETSC_ERR_MAX_VALUE) *text = PetscErrorStrings[errnum-PETSC_ERR_MIN_VALUE-1];
  else if (text) *text = 0;

  if (specific) *specific = PetscErrorBaseMessage;
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

#if defined(PETSC_CLANGUAGE_CXX)
/* C++ exceptions are formally not allowed to propagate through extern "C" code. In practice, far too much software
 * would be broken if implementations did not handle it it some common cases. However, keep in mind
 *
 *   Rule 62. Don't allow exceptions to propagate across module boundaries
 *
 * in "C++ Coding Standards" by Sutter and Alexandrescu. (This accounts for part of the ongoing C++ binary interface
 * instability.) Having PETSc raise errors as C++ exceptions was probably misguided and should eventually be removed.
 */
static void PetscCxxErrorThrow() {
  const char *str;
  if (eh && eh->ctx) {
    std::ostringstream *msg;
    msg = (std::ostringstream*) eh->ctx;
    str = msg->str().c_str();
  } else str = "Error detected in C PETSc";

  throw PETSc::Exception(str);
}
#endif

#undef __FUNCT__
#define __FUNCT__ "PetscError"
/*@C
   PetscError - Routine that is called when an error has been detected,
   usually called through the macro SETERRQ(PETSC_COMM_SELF,).

   Not Collective

   Input Parameters:
+  comm - communicator over which error occurred.  ALL ranks of this communicator MUST call this routine
.  line - the line number of the error (indicated by __LINE__)
.  func - the function where the error occured (indicated by __FUNCT__)
.  dir - the directory of file (indicated by __SDIR__)
.  file - the file in which the error was detected (indicated by __FILE__)
.  mess - an error text string, usually just printed to the screen
.  n - the generic error number
.  p - PETSC_ERROR_INITIAL indicates the error was initially detected, PETSC_ERROR_REPEAT indicates this is a traceback from a previously detected error
-  mess - formatted message string - aka printf

  Level: intermediate

   Notes:
   Most users need not directly use this routine and the error handlers, but
   can instead use the simplified interface SETERRQ, which has the calling
   sequence
$     SETERRQ(comm,n,mess)

   Experienced users can set the error handler with PetscPushErrorHandler().

   Developer Note: Since this is called after an error condition it should not be calling any error handlers (currently it ignores any error codes)
   BUT this routine does call regular PETSc functions that may call error handlers, this is problematic and could be fixed by never calling other PETSc routines
   but this annoying.

   Concepts: error^setting condition

.seealso: PetscTraceBackErrorHandler(), PetscPushErrorHandler(), SETERRQ(), CHKERRQ(), CHKMEMQ, SETERRQ1(), SETERRQ2()
@*/
PetscErrorCode  PetscError(MPI_Comm comm,int line,const char *func,const char *file,const char *dir,PetscErrorCode n,PetscErrorType p,const char *mess,...)
{
  va_list        Argp;
  size_t         fullLength;
  char           buf[2048],*lbuf = 0;
  PetscBool      ismain,isunknown;
  PetscErrorCode ierr;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (!func) func = "User provided function";
  if (!file) file = "User file";
  if (!dir)   dir = " ";
  if (comm == MPI_COMM_NULL) comm = PETSC_COMM_SELF;

  /* Compose the message evaluating the print format */
  if (mess) {
    va_start(Argp,mess);
    PetscVSNPrintf(buf,2048,mess,&fullLength,Argp);
    va_end(Argp);
    lbuf = buf;
    if (p == 1) PetscStrncpy(PetscErrorBaseMessage,lbuf,1023);
  }

  if (!eh) ierr = PetscTraceBackErrorHandler(comm,line,func,file,dir,n,p,lbuf,0);
  else     ierr = (*eh->handler)(comm,line,func,file,dir,n,p,lbuf,eh->ctx);

  /*
      If this is called from the main() routine we call MPI_Abort() instead of
    return to allow the parallel program to be properly shutdown.

    Since this is in the error handler we don't check the errors below. Of course,
    PetscStrncmp() does its own error checking which is problamatic
  */
  PetscStrncmp(func,"main",4,&ismain);
  PetscStrncmp(func,"unknown",7,&isunknown);
  if (ismain || isunknown) MPI_Abort(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,(int)ierr);

#if defined(PETSC_CLANGUAGE_CXX)
  if (p == PETSC_ERROR_IN_CXX) {
    PetscCxxErrorThrow();
  }
#endif
  PetscFunctionReturn(ierr);
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#undef __FUNCT__
#define __FUNCT__ "PetscIntView"
/*@C
    PetscIntView - Prints an array of integers; useful for debugging.

    Collective on PetscViewer

    Input Parameters:
+   N - number of integers in array
.   idx - array of integers
-   viewer - location to print array,  PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_WORLD, PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_SELF or 0

  Level: intermediate

    Developer Notes: idx cannot be const because may be passed to binary viewer where byte swappping is done

.seealso: PetscRealView()
@*/
PetscErrorCode  PetscIntView(PetscInt N,const PetscInt idx[],PetscViewer viewer)
{
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PetscInt       j,i,n = N/20,p = N % 20;
  PetscBool      iascii,isbinary;
  MPI_Comm       comm;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (!viewer) viewer = PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_SELF;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(viewer,PETSC_VIEWER_CLASSID,3);
  if (N) PetscValidIntPointer(idx,2);
  ierr = PetscObjectGetComm((PetscObject)viewer,&comm);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = PetscObjectTypeCompare((PetscObject)viewer,PETSCVIEWERASCII,&iascii);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscObjectTypeCompare((PetscObject)viewer,PETSCVIEWERBINARY,&isbinary);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (iascii) {
    ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedAllow(viewer,PETSC_TRUE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer,"%D:",20*i);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      for (j=0; j<20; j++) {
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer," %D",idx[i*20+j]);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer,"\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    if (p) {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer,"%D:",20*n);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      for (i=0; i<p; i++) { ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer," %D",idx[20*n+i]);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer,"\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    ierr = PetscViewerFlush(viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedAllow(viewer,PETSC_FALSE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  } else if (isbinary) {
    PetscMPIInt rank,size,*sizes,Ntotal,*displs,NN;
    PetscInt    *array;

    ierr = PetscMPIIntCast(N,&NN);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = MPI_Comm_rank(comm,&rank);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = MPI_Comm_size(comm,&size);CHKERRQ(ierr);

    if (size > 1) {
      if (rank) {
        ierr = MPI_Gather(&NN,1,MPI_INT,0,0,MPI_INT,0,comm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = MPI_Gatherv((void*)idx,NN,MPIU_INT,0,0,0,MPIU_INT,0,comm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      } else {
        ierr      = PetscMalloc(size*sizeof(PetscMPIInt),&sizes);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr      = MPI_Gather(&NN,1,MPI_INT,sizes,1,MPI_INT,0,comm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        Ntotal    = sizes[0];
        ierr      = PetscMalloc(size*sizeof(PetscMPIInt),&displs);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        displs[0] = 0;
        for (i=1; i<size; i++) {
          Ntotal   += sizes[i];
          displs[i] =  displs[i-1] + sizes[i-1];
        }
        ierr = PetscMalloc(Ntotal*sizeof(PetscInt),&array);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = MPI_Gatherv((void*)idx,NN,MPIU_INT,array,sizes,displs,MPIU_INT,0,comm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscViewerBinaryWrite(viewer,array,Ntotal,PETSC_INT,PETSC_TRUE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscFree(sizes);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscFree(displs);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscFree(array);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
    } else {
      ierr = PetscViewerBinaryWrite(viewer,(void*) idx,N,PETSC_INT,PETSC_FALSE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  } else {
    const char *tname;
    ierr = PetscObjectGetName((PetscObject)viewer,&tname);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    SETERRQ1(PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_SUP,"Cannot handle that PetscViewer of type %s",tname);
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

#undef __FUNCT__
#define __FUNCT__ "PetscRealView"
/*@C
    PetscRealView - Prints an array of doubles; useful for debugging.

    Collective on PetscViewer

    Input Parameters:
+   N - number of doubles in array
.   idx - array of doubles
-   viewer - location to print array,  PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_WORLD, PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_SELF or 0

  Level: intermediate

    Developer Notes: idx cannot be const because may be passed to binary viewer where byte swappping is done

.seealso: PetscIntView()
@*/
PetscErrorCode  PetscRealView(PetscInt N,const PetscReal idx[],PetscViewer viewer)
{
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PetscInt       j,i,n = N/5,p = N % 5;
  PetscBool      iascii,isbinary;
  MPI_Comm       comm;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (!viewer) viewer = PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_SELF;
  PetscValidHeaderSpecific(viewer,PETSC_VIEWER_CLASSID,3);
  PetscValidScalarPointer(idx,2);
  ierr = PetscObjectGetComm((PetscObject)viewer,&comm);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = PetscObjectTypeCompare((PetscObject)viewer,PETSCVIEWERASCII,&iascii);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscObjectTypeCompare((PetscObject)viewer,PETSCVIEWERBINARY,&isbinary);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (iascii) {
    ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedAllow(viewer,PETSC_TRUE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer,"%2d:",5*i);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      for (j=0; j<5; j++) {
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer," %12.4e",idx[i*5+j]);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer,"\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    if (p) {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer,"%2d:",5*n);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      for (i=0; i<p; i++) { PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer," %12.4e",idx[5*n+i]);CHKERRQ(ierr);}
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer,"\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    ierr = PetscViewerFlush(viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedAllow(viewer,PETSC_FALSE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  } else if (isbinary) {
    PetscMPIInt rank,size,*sizes,*displs, Ntotal,NN;
    PetscReal   *array;

    ierr = PetscMPIIntCast(N,&NN);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = MPI_Comm_rank(comm,&rank);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = MPI_Comm_size(comm,&size);CHKERRQ(ierr);

    if (size > 1) {
      if (rank) {
        ierr = MPI_Gather(&NN,1,MPI_INT,0,0,MPI_INT,0,comm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = MPI_Gatherv((PetscReal*)idx,NN,MPIU_REAL,0,0,0,MPIU_REAL,0,comm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      } else {
        ierr      = PetscMalloc(size*sizeof(PetscMPIInt),&sizes);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr      = MPI_Gather(&NN,1,MPI_INT,sizes,1,MPI_INT,0,comm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        Ntotal    = sizes[0];
        ierr      = PetscMalloc(size*sizeof(PetscMPIInt),&displs);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        displs[0] = 0;
        for (i=1; i<size; i++) {
          Ntotal   += sizes[i];
          displs[i] =  displs[i-1] + sizes[i-1];
        }
        ierr = PetscMalloc(Ntotal*sizeof(PetscReal),&array);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = MPI_Gatherv((PetscReal*)idx,NN,MPIU_REAL,array,sizes,displs,MPIU_REAL,0,comm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscViewerBinaryWrite(viewer,array,Ntotal,PETSC_REAL,PETSC_TRUE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscFree(sizes);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscFree(displs);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscFree(array);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
    } else {
      ierr = PetscViewerBinaryWrite(viewer,(void*) idx,N,PETSC_REAL,PETSC_FALSE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  } else {
    const char *tname;
    ierr = PetscObjectGetName((PetscObject)viewer,&tname);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    SETERRQ1(PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_SUP,"Cannot handle that PetscViewer of type %s",tname);
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

#undef __FUNCT__
#define __FUNCT__ "PetscScalarView"
/*@C
    PetscScalarView - Prints an array of scalars; useful for debugging.

    Collective on PetscViewer

    Input Parameters:
+   N - number of scalars in array
.   idx - array of scalars
-   viewer - location to print array,  PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_WORLD, PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_SELF or 0

  Level: intermediate

    Developer Notes: idx cannot be const because may be passed to binary viewer where byte swappping is done

.seealso: PetscIntView(), PetscRealView()
@*/
PetscErrorCode  PetscScalarView(PetscInt N,const PetscScalar idx[],PetscViewer viewer)
{
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PetscInt       j,i,n = N/3,p = N % 3;
  PetscBool      iascii,isbinary;
  MPI_Comm       comm;

  PetscFunctionBegin;
  if (!viewer) viewer = PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_SELF;
  PetscValidHeader(viewer,3);
  PetscValidScalarPointer(idx,2);
  ierr = PetscObjectGetComm((PetscObject)viewer,&comm);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = PetscObjectTypeCompare((PetscObject)viewer,PETSCVIEWERASCII,&iascii);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscObjectTypeCompare((PetscObject)viewer,PETSCVIEWERBINARY,&isbinary);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (iascii) {
    ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedAllow(viewer,PETSC_TRUE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer,"%2d:",3*i);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      for (j=0; j<3; j++) {
#if defined(PETSC_USE_COMPLEX)
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer," (%12.4e,%12.4e)", PetscRealPart(idx[i*3+j]),PetscImaginaryPart(idx[i*3+j]));CHKERRQ(ierr);
#else
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer," %12.4e",idx[i*3+j]);CHKERRQ(ierr);
#endif
      }
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer,"\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    if (p) {
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer,"%2d:",3*n);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      for (i=0; i<p; i++) {
#if defined(PETSC_USE_COMPLEX)
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer," (%12.4e,%12.4e)", PetscRealPart(idx[n*3+i]),PetscImaginaryPart(idx[n*3+i]));CHKERRQ(ierr);
#else
        ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer," %12.4e",idx[3*n+i]);CHKERRQ(ierr);
#endif
      }
      ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedPrintf(viewer,"\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
    ierr = PetscViewerFlush(viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = PetscViewerASCIISynchronizedAllow(viewer,PETSC_FALSE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  } else if (isbinary) {
    PetscMPIInt size,rank,*sizes,Ntotal,*displs,NN;
    PetscScalar *array;

    ierr = PetscMPIIntCast(N,&NN);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = MPI_Comm_rank(comm,&rank);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = MPI_Comm_size(comm,&size);CHKERRQ(ierr);

    if (size > 1) {
      if (rank) {
        ierr = MPI_Gather(&NN,1,MPI_INT,0,0,MPI_INT,0,comm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = MPI_Gatherv((void*)idx,NN,MPIU_SCALAR,0,0,0,MPIU_SCALAR,0,comm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      } else {
        ierr      = PetscMalloc(size*sizeof(PetscMPIInt),&sizes);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr      = MPI_Gather(&NN,1,MPI_INT,sizes,1,MPI_INT,0,comm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        Ntotal    = sizes[0];
        ierr      = PetscMalloc(size*sizeof(PetscMPIInt),&displs);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        displs[0] = 0;
        for (i=1; i<size; i++) {
          Ntotal   += sizes[i];
          displs[i] =  displs[i-1] + sizes[i-1];
        }
        ierr = PetscMalloc(Ntotal*sizeof(PetscScalar),&array);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = MPI_Gatherv((void*)idx,NN,MPIU_SCALAR,array,sizes,displs,MPIU_SCALAR,0,comm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscViewerBinaryWrite(viewer,array,Ntotal,PETSC_SCALAR,PETSC_TRUE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscFree(sizes);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscFree(displs);CHKERRQ(ierr);
        ierr = PetscFree(array);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      }
    } else {
      ierr = PetscViewerBinaryWrite(viewer,(void*) idx,N,PETSC_SCALAR,PETSC_FALSE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  } else {
    const char *tname;
    ierr = PetscObjectGetName((PetscObject)viewer,&tname);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    SETERRQ1(PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_SUP,"Cannot handle that PetscViewer of type %s",tname);
  }
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}