1 static char help[] = "Nonlinear, time-dependent. Developed from radiative_surface_balance.c \n"; 2 /* 3 Contributed by Steve Froehlich, Illinois Institute of Technology 4 5 Usage: 6 mpiexec -n <np> ./ex5 [options] 7 ./ex5 -help [view petsc options] 8 ./ex5 -ts_type sundials -ts_view 9 ./ex5 -da_grid_x 20 -da_grid_y 20 -log_view 10 ./ex5 -da_grid_x 20 -da_grid_y 20 -ts_type rosw -ts_atol 1.e-6 -ts_rtol 1.e-6 11 ./ex5 -drawcontours -draw_pause 0.1 -draw_fields 0,1,2,3,4 12 */ 13 14 /* 15 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 17 Governing equations: 18 19 R = s*(Ea*Ta^4 - Es*Ts^4) 20 SH = p*Cp*Ch*wind*(Ta - Ts) 21 LH = p*L*Ch*wind*B(q(Ta) - q(Ts)) 22 G = k*(Tgnd - Ts)/dz 23 24 Fnet = R + SH + LH + G 25 26 du/dt = -u*(du/dx) - v*(du/dy) - 2*omeg*sin(lat)*v - (1/p)*(dP/dx) 27 dv/dt = -u*(dv/dx) - v*(dv/dy) + 2*omeg*sin(lat)*u - (1/p)*(dP/dy) 28 dTs/dt = Fnet/(Cp*dz) - Div([u*Ts, v*Ts]) + D*Lap(Ts) 29 = Fnet/(Cs*dz) - u*(dTs/dx) - v*(dTs/dy) + D*(Ts_xx + Ts_yy) 30 dp/dt = -Div([u*p,v*p]) 31 = - u*dp/dx - v*dp/dy 32 dTa/dt = Fnet/Cp 33 34 Equation of State: 35 36 P = p*R*Ts 37 38 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 40 Program considers the evolution of a two dimensional atmosphere from 41 sunset to sunrise. There are two components: 42 1. Surface energy balance model to compute diabatic dT (Fnet) 43 2. Dynamical model using simplified primitive equations 44 45 Program is to be initiated at sunset and run to sunrise. 46 47 Inputs are: 48 Surface temperature 49 Dew point temperature 50 Air temperature 51 Temperature at cloud base (if clouds are present) 52 Fraction of sky covered by clouds 53 Wind speed 54 Precipitable water in centimeters 55 Wind direction 56 57 Inputs are are read in from the text file ex5_control.txt. To change an 58 input value use ex5_control.txt. 59 60 Solvers: 61 Backward Euler = default solver 62 Sundials = fastest and most accurate, requires Sundials libraries 63 64 This model is under development and should be used only as an example 65 and not as a predictive weather model. 66 */ 67 68 #include <petscts.h> 69 #include <petscdm.h> 70 #include <petscdmda.h> 71 72 /* stefan-boltzmann constant */ 73 #define SIG 0.000000056703 74 /* absorption-emission constant for surface */ 75 #define EMMSFC 1 76 /* amount of time (seconds) that passes before new flux is calculated */ 77 #define TIMESTEP 1 78 79 /* variables of interest to be solved at each grid point */ 80 typedef struct { 81 PetscScalar Ts,Ta; /* surface and air temperature */ 82 PetscScalar u,v; /* wind speed */ 83 PetscScalar p; /* density */ 84 } Field; 85 86 /* User defined variables. Used in solving for variables of interest */ 87 typedef struct { 88 DM da; /* grid */ 89 PetscScalar csoil; /* heat constant for layer */ 90 PetscScalar dzlay; /* thickness of top soil layer */ 91 PetscScalar emma; /* emission parameter */ 92 PetscScalar wind; /* wind speed */ 93 PetscScalar dewtemp; /* dew point temperature (moisture in air) */ 94 PetscScalar pressure1; /* sea level pressure */ 95 PetscScalar airtemp; /* temperature of air near boundary layer inversion */ 96 PetscScalar Ts; /* temperature at the surface */ 97 PetscScalar fract; /* fraction of sky covered by clouds */ 98 PetscScalar Tc; /* temperature at base of lowest cloud layer */ 99 PetscScalar lat; /* Latitude in degrees */ 100 PetscScalar init; /* initialization scenario */ 101 PetscScalar deep_grnd_temp; /* temperature of ground under top soil surface layer */ 102 } AppCtx; 103 104 /* Struct for visualization */ 105 typedef struct { 106 PetscBool drawcontours; /* flag - 1 indicates drawing contours */ 107 PetscViewer drawviewer; 108 PetscInt interval; 109 } MonitorCtx; 110 111 /* Inputs read in from text file */ 112 struct in { 113 PetscScalar Ts; /* surface temperature */ 114 PetscScalar Td; /* dewpoint temperature */ 115 PetscScalar Tc; /* temperature of cloud base */ 116 PetscScalar fr; /* fraction of sky covered by clouds */ 117 PetscScalar wnd; /* wind speed */ 118 PetscScalar Ta; /* air temperature */ 119 PetscScalar pwt; /* precipitable water */ 120 PetscScalar wndDir; /* wind direction */ 121 PetscScalar lat; /* latitude */ 122 PetscReal time; /* time in hours */ 123 PetscScalar init; 124 }; 125 126 /* functions */ 127 extern PetscScalar emission(PetscScalar); /* sets emission/absorption constant depending on water vapor content */ 128 extern PetscScalar calc_q(PetscScalar); /* calculates specific humidity */ 129 extern PetscScalar mph2mpers(PetscScalar); /* converts miles per hour to meters per second */ 130 extern PetscScalar Lconst(PetscScalar); /* calculates latent heat constant taken from Satellite estimates of wind speed and latent heat flux over the global oceans., Bentamy et al. */ 131 extern PetscScalar fahr_to_cel(PetscScalar); /* converts Fahrenheit to Celsius */ 132 extern PetscScalar cel_to_fahr(PetscScalar); /* converts Celsius to Fahrenheit */ 133 extern PetscScalar calcmixingr(PetscScalar, PetscScalar); /* calculates mixing ratio */ 134 extern PetscScalar cloud(PetscScalar); /* cloud radiative parameterization */ 135 extern PetscErrorCode FormInitialSolution(DM,Vec,void*); /* Specifies initial conditions for the system of equations (PETSc defined function) */ 136 extern PetscErrorCode RhsFunc(TS,PetscReal,Vec,Vec,void*); /* Specifies the user defined functions (PETSc defined function) */ 137 extern PetscErrorCode Monitor(TS,PetscInt,PetscReal,Vec,void*); /* Specifies output and visualization tools (PETSc defined function) */ 138 extern PetscErrorCode readinput(struct in *put); /* reads input from text file */ 139 extern PetscErrorCode calcfluxs(PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar*); /* calculates upward IR from surface */ 140 extern PetscErrorCode calcfluxa(PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar*); /* calculates downward IR from atmosphere */ 141 extern PetscErrorCode sensibleflux(PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar*); /* calculates sensible heat flux */ 142 extern PetscErrorCode potential_temperature(PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar*); /* calculates potential temperature */ 143 extern PetscErrorCode latentflux(PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar*); /* calculates latent heat flux */ 144 extern PetscErrorCode calc_gflux(PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar*); /* calculates flux between top soil layer and underlying earth */ 145 146 int main(int argc,char **argv) 147 { 148 PetscErrorCode ierr; 149 PetscInt time; /* amount of loops */ 150 struct in put; 151 PetscScalar rh; /* relative humidity */ 152 PetscScalar x; /* memory varialbe for relative humidity calculation */ 153 PetscScalar deep_grnd_temp; /* temperature of ground under top soil surface layer */ 154 PetscScalar emma; /* absorption-emission constant for air */ 155 PetscScalar pressure1 = 101300; /* surface pressure */ 156 PetscScalar mixratio; /* mixing ratio */ 157 PetscScalar airtemp; /* temperature of air near boundary layer inversion */ 158 PetscScalar dewtemp; /* dew point temperature */ 159 PetscScalar sfctemp; /* temperature at surface */ 160 PetscScalar pwat; /* total column precipitable water */ 161 PetscScalar cloudTemp; /* temperature at base of cloud */ 162 AppCtx user; /* user-defined work context */ 163 MonitorCtx usermonitor; /* user-defined monitor context */ 164 TS ts; 165 SNES snes; 166 DM da; 167 Vec T,rhs; /* solution vector */ 168 Mat J; /* Jacobian matrix */ 169 PetscReal ftime,dt; 170 PetscInt steps,dof = 5; 171 PetscBool use_coloring = PETSC_TRUE; 172 MatFDColoring matfdcoloring = 0; 173 PetscBool monitor_off = PETSC_FALSE; 174 175 ierr = PetscInitialize(&argc,&argv,(char*)0,help);if (ierr) return ierr; 176 177 /* Inputs */ 178 CHKERRQ(readinput(&put)); 179 180 sfctemp = put.Ts; 181 dewtemp = put.Td; 182 cloudTemp = put.Tc; 183 airtemp = put.Ta; 184 pwat = put.pwt; 185 186 CHKERRQ(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"Initial Temperature = %g\n",(double)sfctemp)); /* input surface temperature */ 187 188 deep_grnd_temp = sfctemp - 10; /* set underlying ground layer temperature */ 189 emma = emission(pwat); /* accounts for radiative effects of water vapor */ 190 191 /* Converts from Fahrenheit to Celsuis */ 192 sfctemp = fahr_to_cel(sfctemp); 193 airtemp = fahr_to_cel(airtemp); 194 dewtemp = fahr_to_cel(dewtemp); 195 cloudTemp = fahr_to_cel(cloudTemp); 196 deep_grnd_temp = fahr_to_cel(deep_grnd_temp); 197 198 /* Converts from Celsius to Kelvin */ 199 sfctemp += 273; 200 airtemp += 273; 201 dewtemp += 273; 202 cloudTemp += 273; 203 deep_grnd_temp += 273; 204 205 /* Calculates initial relative humidity */ 206 x = calcmixingr(dewtemp,pressure1); 207 mixratio = calcmixingr(sfctemp,pressure1); 208 rh = (x/mixratio)*100; 209 210 CHKERRQ(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"Initial RH = %.1f percent\n\n",(double)rh)); /* prints initial relative humidity */ 211 212 time = 3600*put.time; /* sets amount of timesteps to run model */ 213 214 /* Configure PETSc TS solver */ 215 /*------------------------------------------*/ 216 217 /* Create grid */ 218 CHKERRQ(DMDACreate2d(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,DM_BOUNDARY_PERIODIC,DM_BOUNDARY_PERIODIC,DMDA_STENCIL_STAR,20,20,PETSC_DECIDE,PETSC_DECIDE,dof,1,NULL,NULL,&da)); 219 CHKERRQ(DMSetFromOptions(da)); 220 CHKERRQ(DMSetUp(da)); 221 CHKERRQ(DMDASetUniformCoordinates(da, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0)); 222 223 /* Define output window for each variable of interest */ 224 CHKERRQ(DMDASetFieldName(da,0,"Ts")); 225 CHKERRQ(DMDASetFieldName(da,1,"Ta")); 226 CHKERRQ(DMDASetFieldName(da,2,"u")); 227 CHKERRQ(DMDASetFieldName(da,3,"v")); 228 CHKERRQ(DMDASetFieldName(da,4,"p")); 229 230 /* set values for appctx */ 231 user.da = da; 232 user.Ts = sfctemp; 233 user.fract = put.fr; /* fraction of sky covered by clouds */ 234 user.dewtemp = dewtemp; /* dew point temperature (mositure in air) */ 235 user.csoil = 2000000; /* heat constant for layer */ 236 user.dzlay = 0.08; /* thickness of top soil layer */ 237 user.emma = emma; /* emission parameter */ 238 user.wind = put.wnd; /* wind spped */ 239 user.pressure1 = pressure1; /* sea level pressure */ 240 user.airtemp = airtemp; /* temperature of air near boundar layer inversion */ 241 user.Tc = cloudTemp; /* temperature at base of lowest cloud layer */ 242 user.init = put.init; /* user chosen initiation scenario */ 243 user.lat = 70*0.0174532; /* converts latitude degrees to latitude in radians */ 244 user.deep_grnd_temp = deep_grnd_temp; /* temp in lowest ground layer */ 245 246 /* set values for MonitorCtx */ 247 usermonitor.drawcontours = PETSC_FALSE; 248 CHKERRQ(PetscOptionsHasName(NULL,NULL,"-drawcontours",&usermonitor.drawcontours)); 249 if (usermonitor.drawcontours) { 250 PetscReal bounds[] = {1000.0,-1000., -1000.,-1000., 1000.,-1000., 1000.,-1000., 1000,-1000, 100700,100800}; 251 CHKERRQ(PetscViewerDrawOpen(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,0,0,0,0,300,300,&usermonitor.drawviewer)); 252 CHKERRQ(PetscViewerDrawSetBounds(usermonitor.drawviewer,dof,bounds)); 253 } 254 usermonitor.interval = 1; 255 CHKERRQ(PetscOptionsGetInt(NULL,NULL,"-monitor_interval",&usermonitor.interval,NULL)); 256 257 /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 258 Extract global vectors from DA; 259 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */ 260 CHKERRQ(DMCreateGlobalVector(da,&T)); 261 CHKERRQ(VecDuplicate(T,&rhs)); /* r: vector to put the computed right hand side */ 262 263 CHKERRQ(TSCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&ts)); 264 CHKERRQ(TSSetProblemType(ts,TS_NONLINEAR)); 265 CHKERRQ(TSSetType(ts,TSBEULER)); 266 CHKERRQ(TSSetRHSFunction(ts,rhs,RhsFunc,&user)); 267 268 /* Set Jacobian evaluation routine - use coloring to compute finite difference Jacobian efficiently */ 269 CHKERRQ(DMSetMatType(da,MATAIJ)); 270 CHKERRQ(DMCreateMatrix(da,&J)); 271 CHKERRQ(TSGetSNES(ts,&snes)); 272 if (use_coloring) { 273 ISColoring iscoloring; 274 CHKERRQ(DMCreateColoring(da,IS_COLORING_GLOBAL,&iscoloring)); 275 CHKERRQ(MatFDColoringCreate(J,iscoloring,&matfdcoloring)); 276 CHKERRQ(MatFDColoringSetFromOptions(matfdcoloring)); 277 CHKERRQ(MatFDColoringSetUp(J,iscoloring,matfdcoloring)); 278 CHKERRQ(ISColoringDestroy(&iscoloring)); 279 CHKERRQ(MatFDColoringSetFunction(matfdcoloring,(PetscErrorCode (*)(void))SNESTSFormFunction,ts)); 280 CHKERRQ(SNESSetJacobian(snes,J,J,SNESComputeJacobianDefaultColor,matfdcoloring)); 281 } else { 282 CHKERRQ(SNESSetJacobian(snes,J,J,SNESComputeJacobianDefault,NULL)); 283 } 284 285 /* Define what to print for ts_monitor option */ 286 CHKERRQ(PetscOptionsHasName(NULL,NULL,"-monitor_off",&monitor_off)); 287 if (!monitor_off) { 288 CHKERRQ(TSMonitorSet(ts,Monitor,&usermonitor,NULL)); 289 } 290 CHKERRQ(FormInitialSolution(da,T,&user)); 291 dt = TIMESTEP; /* initial time step */ 292 ftime = TIMESTEP*time; 293 CHKERRQ(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"time %D, ftime %g hour, TIMESTEP %g\n",time,(double)(ftime/3600),(double)dt)); 294 295 CHKERRQ(TSSetTimeStep(ts,dt)); 296 CHKERRQ(TSSetMaxSteps(ts,time)); 297 CHKERRQ(TSSetMaxTime(ts,ftime)); 298 CHKERRQ(TSSetExactFinalTime(ts,TS_EXACTFINALTIME_STEPOVER)); 299 CHKERRQ(TSSetSolution(ts,T)); 300 CHKERRQ(TSSetDM(ts,da)); 301 302 /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 303 Set runtime options 304 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */ 305 CHKERRQ(TSSetFromOptions(ts)); 306 307 /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 308 Solve nonlinear system 309 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */ 310 CHKERRQ(TSSolve(ts,T)); 311 CHKERRQ(TSGetSolveTime(ts,&ftime)); 312 CHKERRQ(TSGetStepNumber(ts,&steps)); 313 CHKERRQ(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"Solution T after %g hours %D steps\n",(double)(ftime/3600),steps)); 314 315 if (matfdcoloring) CHKERRQ(MatFDColoringDestroy(&matfdcoloring)); 316 if (usermonitor.drawcontours) { 317 CHKERRQ(PetscViewerDestroy(&usermonitor.drawviewer)); 318 } 319 CHKERRQ(MatDestroy(&J)); 320 CHKERRQ(VecDestroy(&T)); 321 CHKERRQ(VecDestroy(&rhs)); 322 CHKERRQ(TSDestroy(&ts)); 323 CHKERRQ(DMDestroy(&da)); 324 325 ierr = PetscFinalize(); 326 return ierr; 327 } 328 /*****************************end main program********************************/ 329 /*****************************************************************************/ 330 /*****************************************************************************/ 331 /*****************************************************************************/ 332 PetscErrorCode calcfluxs(PetscScalar sfctemp, PetscScalar airtemp, PetscScalar emma, PetscScalar fract, PetscScalar cloudTemp, PetscScalar *flux) 333 { 334 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 335 *flux = SIG*((EMMSFC*emma*PetscPowScalarInt(airtemp,4)) + (EMMSFC*fract*(1 - emma)*PetscPowScalarInt(cloudTemp,4)) - (EMMSFC*PetscPowScalarInt(sfctemp,4))); /* calculates flux using Stefan-Boltzmann relation */ 336 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 337 } 338 339 PetscErrorCode calcfluxa(PetscScalar sfctemp, PetscScalar airtemp, PetscScalar emma, PetscScalar *flux) /* this function is not currently called upon */ 340 { 341 PetscScalar emm = 0.001; 342 343 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 344 *flux = SIG*(-emm*(PetscPowScalarInt(airtemp,4))); /* calculates flux usinge Stefan-Boltzmann relation */ 345 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 346 } 347 PetscErrorCode sensibleflux(PetscScalar sfctemp, PetscScalar airtemp, PetscScalar wind, PetscScalar *sheat) 348 { 349 PetscScalar density = 1; /* air density */ 350 PetscScalar Cp = 1005; /* heat capicity for dry air */ 351 PetscScalar wndmix; /* temperature change from wind mixing: wind*Ch */ 352 353 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 354 wndmix = 0.0025 + 0.0042*wind; /* regression equation valid for neutral and stable BL */ 355 *sheat = density*Cp*wndmix*(airtemp - sfctemp); /* calculates sensible heat flux */ 356 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 357 } 358 359 PetscErrorCode latentflux(PetscScalar sfctemp, PetscScalar dewtemp, PetscScalar wind, PetscScalar pressure1, PetscScalar *latentheat) 360 { 361 PetscScalar density = 1; /* density of dry air */ 362 PetscScalar q; /* actual specific humitity */ 363 PetscScalar qs; /* saturation specific humidity */ 364 PetscScalar wndmix; /* temperature change from wind mixing: wind*Ch */ 365 PetscScalar beta = .4; /* moisture availability */ 366 PetscScalar mr; /* mixing ratio */ 367 PetscScalar lhcnst; /* latent heat of vaporization constant = 2501000 J/kg at 0c */ 368 /* latent heat of saturation const = 2834000 J/kg */ 369 /* latent heat of fusion const = 333700 J/kg */ 370 371 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 372 wind = mph2mpers(wind); /* converts wind from mph to meters per second */ 373 wndmix = 0.0025 + 0.0042*wind; /* regression equation valid for neutral BL */ 374 lhcnst = Lconst(sfctemp); /* calculates latent heat of evaporation */ 375 mr = calcmixingr(sfctemp,pressure1); /* calculates saturation mixing ratio */ 376 qs = calc_q(mr); /* calculates saturation specific humidty */ 377 mr = calcmixingr(dewtemp,pressure1); /* calculates mixing ratio */ 378 q = calc_q(mr); /* calculates specific humidty */ 379 380 *latentheat = density*wndmix*beta*lhcnst*(q - qs); /* calculates latent heat flux */ 381 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 382 } 383 384 PetscErrorCode potential_temperature(PetscScalar temp, PetscScalar pressure1, PetscScalar pressure2, PetscScalar sfctemp, PetscScalar *pottemp) 385 { 386 PetscScalar kdry; /* poisson constant for dry atmosphere */ 387 PetscScalar pavg; /* average atmospheric pressure */ 388 /* PetscScalar mixratio; mixing ratio */ 389 /* PetscScalar kmoist; poisson constant for moist atmosphere */ 390 391 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 392 /* mixratio = calcmixingr(sfctemp,pressure1); */ 393 394 /* initialize poisson constant */ 395 kdry = 0.2854; 396 /* kmoist = 0.2854*(1 - 0.24*mixratio); */ 397 398 pavg = ((0.7*pressure1)+pressure2)/2; /* calculates simple average press */ 399 *pottemp = temp*(PetscPowScalar((pressure1/pavg),kdry)); /* calculates potential temperature */ 400 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 401 } 402 extern PetscScalar calcmixingr(PetscScalar dtemp, PetscScalar pressure1) 403 { 404 PetscScalar e; /* vapor pressure */ 405 PetscScalar mixratio; /* mixing ratio */ 406 407 dtemp = dtemp - 273; /* converts from Kelvin to Celsuis */ 408 e = 6.11*(PetscPowScalar(10,((7.5*dtemp)/(237.7+dtemp)))); /* converts from dew point temp to vapor pressure */ 409 e = e*100; /* converts from hPa to Pa */ 410 mixratio = (0.622*e)/(pressure1 - e); /* computes mixing ratio */ 411 mixratio = mixratio*1; /* convert to g/Kg */ 412 413 return mixratio; 414 } 415 extern PetscScalar calc_q(PetscScalar rv) 416 { 417 PetscScalar specific_humidity; /* define specific humidity variable */ 418 specific_humidity = rv/(1 + rv); /* calculates specific humidity */ 419 return specific_humidity; 420 } 421 422 PetscErrorCode calc_gflux(PetscScalar sfctemp, PetscScalar deep_grnd_temp, PetscScalar* Gflux) 423 { 424 PetscScalar k; /* thermal conductivity parameter */ 425 PetscScalar n = 0.38; /* value of soil porosity */ 426 PetscScalar dz = 1; /* depth of layer between soil surface and deep soil layer */ 427 PetscScalar unit_soil_weight = 2700; /* unit soil weight in kg/m^3 */ 428 429 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 430 k = ((0.135*(1-n)*unit_soil_weight) + 64.7)/(unit_soil_weight - (0.947*(1-n)*unit_soil_weight)); /* dry soil conductivity */ 431 *Gflux = (k*(deep_grnd_temp - sfctemp)/dz); /* calculates flux from deep ground layer */ 432 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 433 } 434 extern PetscScalar emission(PetscScalar pwat) 435 { 436 PetscScalar emma; 437 438 emma = 0.725 + 0.17*PetscLog10Real(PetscRealPart(pwat)); 439 440 return emma; 441 } 442 extern PetscScalar cloud(PetscScalar fract) 443 { 444 PetscScalar emma = 0; 445 446 /* modifies radiative balance depending on cloud cover */ 447 if (fract >= 0.9) emma = 1; 448 else if (0.9 > fract && fract >= 0.8) emma = 0.9; 449 else if (0.8 > fract && fract >= 0.7) emma = 0.85; 450 else if (0.7 > fract && fract >= 0.6) emma = 0.75; 451 else if (0.6 > fract && fract >= 0.5) emma = 0.65; 452 else if (0.4 > fract && fract >= 0.3) emma = emma*1.086956; 453 return emma; 454 } 455 extern PetscScalar Lconst(PetscScalar sfctemp) 456 { 457 PetscScalar Lheat; 458 sfctemp -=273; /* converts from kelvin to celsius */ 459 Lheat = 4186.8*(597.31 - 0.5625*sfctemp); /* calculates latent heat constant */ 460 return Lheat; 461 } 462 extern PetscScalar mph2mpers(PetscScalar wind) 463 { 464 wind = ((wind*1.6*1000)/3600); /* converts wind from mph to meters per second */ 465 return wind; 466 } 467 extern PetscScalar fahr_to_cel(PetscScalar temp) 468 { 469 temp = (5*(temp-32))/9; /* converts from farhrenheit to celsuis */ 470 return temp; 471 } 472 extern PetscScalar cel_to_fahr(PetscScalar temp) 473 { 474 temp = ((temp*9)/5) + 32; /* converts from celsuis to farhrenheit */ 475 return temp; 476 } 477 PetscErrorCode readinput(struct in *put) 478 { 479 int i; 480 char x; 481 FILE *ifp; 482 double tmp; 483 484 PetscFunctionBegin; 485 ifp = fopen("ex5_control.txt", "r"); 486 PetscCheck(ifp,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_OPEN,"Unable to open input file"); 487 for (i=0; i<110; i++) { PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 488 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 489 put->Ts = tmp; 490 491 for (i=0; i<43; i++) { PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 492 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 493 put->Td = tmp; 494 495 for (i=0; i<43; i++) { PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 496 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 497 put->Ta = tmp; 498 499 for (i=0; i<43; i++) { PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 500 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp)== 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 501 put->Tc = tmp; 502 503 for (i=0; i<43; i++) { PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 504 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 505 put->fr = tmp; 506 507 for (i=0; i<43; i++) {PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 508 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 509 put->wnd = tmp; 510 511 for (i=0; i<43; i++) {PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 512 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 513 put->pwt = tmp; 514 515 for (i=0; i<43; i++) {PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 516 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 517 put->wndDir = tmp; 518 519 for (i=0; i<43; i++) {PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 520 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 521 put->time = tmp; 522 523 for (i=0; i<63; i++) {PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 524 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 525 put->init = tmp; 526 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 527 } 528 529 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */ 530 PetscErrorCode FormInitialSolution(DM da,Vec Xglobal,void *ctx) 531 { 532 PetscErrorCode ierr; 533 AppCtx *user = (AppCtx*)ctx; /* user-defined application context */ 534 PetscInt i,j,xs,ys,xm,ym,Mx,My; 535 Field **X; 536 537 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 538 ierr = DMDAGetInfo(da,PETSC_IGNORE,&Mx,&My,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE, 539 PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE);CHKERRQ(ierr); 540 541 /* Get pointers to vector data */ 542 CHKERRQ(DMDAVecGetArray(da,Xglobal,&X)); 543 544 /* Get local grid boundaries */ 545 CHKERRQ(DMDAGetCorners(da,&xs,&ys,NULL,&xm,&ym,NULL)); 546 547 /* Compute function over the locally owned part of the grid */ 548 549 if (user->init == 1) { 550 for (j=ys; j<ys+ym; j++) { 551 for (i=xs; i<xs+xm; i++) { 552 X[j][i].Ts = user->Ts - i*0.0001; 553 X[j][i].Ta = X[j][i].Ts - 5; 554 X[j][i].u = 0; 555 X[j][i].v = 0; 556 X[j][i].p = 1.25; 557 if ((j == 5 || j == 6) && (i == 4 || i == 5)) X[j][i].p += 0.00001; 558 if ((j == 5 || j == 6) && (i == 12 || i == 13)) X[j][i].p += 0.00001; 559 } 560 } 561 } else { 562 for (j=ys; j<ys+ym; j++) { 563 for (i=xs; i<xs+xm; i++) { 564 X[j][i].Ts = user->Ts; 565 X[j][i].Ta = X[j][i].Ts - 5; 566 X[j][i].u = 0; 567 X[j][i].v = 0; 568 X[j][i].p = 1.25; 569 } 570 } 571 } 572 573 /* Restore vectors */ 574 CHKERRQ(DMDAVecRestoreArray(da,Xglobal,&X)); 575 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 576 } 577 578 /* 579 RhsFunc - Evaluates nonlinear function F(u). 580 581 Input Parameters: 582 . ts - the TS context 583 . t - current time 584 . Xglobal - input vector 585 . F - output vector 586 . ptr - optional user-defined context, as set by SNESSetFunction() 587 588 Output Parameter: 589 . F - rhs function vector 590 */ 591 PetscErrorCode RhsFunc(TS ts,PetscReal t,Vec Xglobal,Vec F,void *ctx) 592 { 593 AppCtx *user = (AppCtx*)ctx; /* user-defined application context */ 594 DM da = user->da; 595 PetscInt i,j,Mx,My,xs,ys,xm,ym; 596 PetscReal dhx,dhy; 597 Vec localT; 598 Field **X,**Frhs; /* structures that contain variables of interest and left hand side of governing equations respectively */ 599 PetscScalar csoil = user->csoil; /* heat constant for layer */ 600 PetscScalar dzlay = user->dzlay; /* thickness of top soil layer */ 601 PetscScalar emma = user->emma; /* emission parameter */ 602 PetscScalar wind = user->wind; /* wind speed */ 603 PetscScalar dewtemp = user->dewtemp; /* dew point temperature (moisture in air) */ 604 PetscScalar pressure1 = user->pressure1; /* sea level pressure */ 605 PetscScalar airtemp = user->airtemp; /* temperature of air near boundary layer inversion */ 606 PetscScalar fract = user->fract; /* fraction of the sky covered by clouds */ 607 PetscScalar Tc = user->Tc; /* temperature at base of lowest cloud layer */ 608 PetscScalar lat = user->lat; /* latitude */ 609 PetscScalar Cp = 1005.7; /* specific heat of air at constant pressure */ 610 PetscScalar Rd = 287.058; /* gas constant for dry air */ 611 PetscScalar diffconst = 1000; /* diffusion coefficient */ 612 PetscScalar f = 2*0.0000727*PetscSinScalar(lat); /* coriolis force */ 613 PetscScalar deep_grnd_temp = user->deep_grnd_temp; /* temp in lowest ground layer */ 614 PetscScalar Ts,u,v,p; 615 PetscScalar u_abs,u_plus,u_minus,v_abs,v_plus,v_minus; 616 617 PetscScalar sfctemp1,fsfc1,Ra; 618 PetscScalar sheat; /* sensible heat flux */ 619 PetscScalar latentheat; /* latent heat flux */ 620 PetscScalar groundflux; /* flux from conduction of deep ground layer in contact with top soil */ 621 PetscInt xend,yend; 622 623 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 624 CHKERRQ(DMGetLocalVector(da,&localT)); 625 CHKERRQ(DMDAGetInfo(da,PETSC_IGNORE,&Mx,&My,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE)); 626 627 dhx = (PetscReal)(Mx-1)/(5000*(Mx-1)); /* dhx = 1/dx; assume 2D space domain: [0.0, 1.e5] x [0.0, 1.e5] */ 628 dhy = (PetscReal)(My-1)/(5000*(Mx-1)); /* dhy = 1/dy; */ 629 630 /* 631 Scatter ghost points to local vector,using the 2-step process 632 DAGlobalToLocalBegin(),DAGlobalToLocalEnd(). 633 By placing code between these two statements, computations can be 634 done while messages are in transition. 635 */ 636 CHKERRQ(DMGlobalToLocalBegin(da,Xglobal,INSERT_VALUES,localT)); 637 CHKERRQ(DMGlobalToLocalEnd(da,Xglobal,INSERT_VALUES,localT)); 638 639 /* Get pointers to vector data */ 640 CHKERRQ(DMDAVecGetArrayRead(da,localT,&X)); 641 CHKERRQ(DMDAVecGetArray(da,F,&Frhs)); 642 643 /* Get local grid boundaries */ 644 CHKERRQ(DMDAGetCorners(da,&xs,&ys,NULL,&xm,&ym,NULL)); 645 646 /* Compute function over the locally owned part of the grid */ 647 /* the interior points */ 648 xend=xs+xm; yend=ys+ym; 649 for (j=ys; j<yend; j++) { 650 for (i=xs; i<xend; i++) { 651 Ts = X[j][i].Ts; u = X[j][i].u; v = X[j][i].v; p = X[j][i].p; /*P = X[j][i].P; */ 652 653 sfctemp1 = (double)Ts; 654 CHKERRQ(calcfluxs(sfctemp1,airtemp,emma,fract,Tc,&fsfc1)); /* calculates surface net radiative flux */ 655 CHKERRQ(sensibleflux(sfctemp1,airtemp,wind,&sheat)); /* calculate sensible heat flux */ 656 CHKERRQ(latentflux(sfctemp1,dewtemp,wind,pressure1,&latentheat)); /* calculates latent heat flux */ 657 CHKERRQ(calc_gflux(sfctemp1,deep_grnd_temp,&groundflux)); /* calculates flux from earth below surface soil layer by conduction */ 658 CHKERRQ(calcfluxa(sfctemp1,airtemp,emma,&Ra)); /* Calculates the change in downward radiative flux */ 659 fsfc1 = fsfc1 + latentheat + sheat + groundflux; /* adds radiative, sensible heat, latent heat, and ground heat flux yielding net flux */ 660 661 /* convective coefficients for upwinding */ 662 u_abs = PetscAbsScalar(u); 663 u_plus = .5*(u + u_abs); /* u if u>0; 0 if u<0 */ 664 u_minus = .5*(u - u_abs); /* u if u <0; 0 if u>0 */ 665 666 v_abs = PetscAbsScalar(v); 667 v_plus = .5*(v + v_abs); /* v if v>0; 0 if v<0 */ 668 v_minus = .5*(v - v_abs); /* v if v <0; 0 if v>0 */ 669 670 /* Solve governing equations */ 671 /* P = p*Rd*Ts; */ 672 673 /* du/dt -> time change of east-west component of the wind */ 674 Frhs[j][i].u = - u_plus*(u - X[j][i-1].u)*dhx - u_minus*(X[j][i+1].u - u)*dhx /* - u(du/dx) */ 675 - v_plus*(u - X[j-1][i].u)*dhy - v_minus*(X[j+1][i].u - u)*dhy /* - v(du/dy) */ 676 -(Rd/p)*(Ts*(X[j][i+1].p - X[j][i-1].p)*0.5*dhx + p*0*(X[j][i+1].Ts - X[j][i-1].Ts)*0.5*dhx) /* -(R/p)[Ts(dp/dx)+ p(dTs/dx)] */ 677 /* -(1/p)*(X[j][i+1].P - X[j][i-1].P)*dhx */ 678 + f*v; 679 680 /* dv/dt -> time change of north-south component of the wind */ 681 Frhs[j][i].v = - u_plus*(v - X[j][i-1].v)*dhx - u_minus*(X[j][i+1].v - v)*dhx /* - u(dv/dx) */ 682 - v_plus*(v - X[j-1][i].v)*dhy - v_minus*(X[j+1][i].v - v)*dhy /* - v(dv/dy) */ 683 -(Rd/p)*(Ts*(X[j+1][i].p - X[j-1][i].p)*0.5*dhy + p*0*(X[j+1][i].Ts - X[j-1][i].Ts)*0.5*dhy) /* -(R/p)[Ts(dp/dy)+ p(dTs/dy)] */ 684 /* -(1/p)*(X[j+1][i].P - X[j-1][i].P)*dhy */ 685 -f*u; 686 687 /* dT/dt -> time change of temperature */ 688 Frhs[j][i].Ts = (fsfc1/(csoil*dzlay)) /* Fnet/(Cp*dz) diabatic change in T */ 689 -u_plus*(Ts - X[j][i-1].Ts)*dhx - u_minus*(X[j][i+1].Ts - Ts)*dhx /* - u*(dTs/dx) advection x */ 690 -v_plus*(Ts - X[j-1][i].Ts)*dhy - v_minus*(X[j+1][i].Ts - Ts)*dhy /* - v*(dTs/dy) advection y */ 691 + diffconst*((X[j][i+1].Ts - 2*Ts + X[j][i-1].Ts)*dhx*dhx /* + D(Ts_xx + Ts_yy) diffusion */ 692 + (X[j+1][i].Ts - 2*Ts + X[j-1][i].Ts)*dhy*dhy); 693 694 /* dp/dt -> time change of */ 695 Frhs[j][i].p = -u_plus*(p - X[j][i-1].p)*dhx - u_minus*(X[j][i+1].p - p)*dhx /* - u*(dp/dx) */ 696 -v_plus*(p - X[j-1][i].p)*dhy - v_minus*(X[j+1][i].p - p)*dhy; /* - v*(dp/dy) */ 697 698 Frhs[j][i].Ta = Ra/Cp; /* dTa/dt time change of air temperature */ 699 } 700 } 701 702 /* Restore vectors */ 703 CHKERRQ(DMDAVecRestoreArrayRead(da,localT,&X)); 704 CHKERRQ(DMDAVecRestoreArray(da,F,&Frhs)); 705 CHKERRQ(DMRestoreLocalVector(da,&localT)); 706 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 707 } 708 709 PetscErrorCode Monitor(TS ts,PetscInt step,PetscReal time,Vec T,void *ctx) 710 { 711 const PetscScalar *array; 712 MonitorCtx *user = (MonitorCtx*)ctx; 713 PetscViewer viewer = user->drawviewer; 714 PetscReal norm; 715 716 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 717 CHKERRQ(VecNorm(T,NORM_INFINITY,&norm)); 718 719 if (step%user->interval == 0) { 720 CHKERRQ(VecGetArrayRead(T,&array)); 721 CHKERRQ(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"step %D, time %8.1f, %6.4f, %6.4f, %6.4f, %6.4f, %6.4f, %6.4f\n",step,(double)time,(double)(((array[0]-273)*9)/5 + 32),(double)(((array[1]-273)*9)/5 + 32),(double)array[2],(double)array[3],(double)array[4],(double)array[5])); 722 CHKERRQ(VecRestoreArrayRead(T,&array)); 723 } 724 725 if (user->drawcontours) { 726 CHKERRQ(VecView(T,viewer)); 727 } 728 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 729 } 730 731 /*TEST 732 733 build: 734 requires: !complex !single 735 736 test: 737 args: -ts_max_steps 130 -monitor_interval 60 738 output_file: output/ex5.out 739 requires: !complex !single 740 localrunfiles: ex5_control.txt 741 742 test: 743 suffix: 2 744 nsize: 4 745 args: -ts_max_steps 130 -monitor_interval 60 746 output_file: output/ex5.out 747 localrunfiles: ex5_control.txt 748 requires: !complex !single 749 750 TEST*/ 751