1 static char help[] = "Nonlinear, time-dependent. Developed from radiative_surface_balance.c \n"; 2 /* 3 Contributed by Steve Froehlich, Illinois Institute of Technology 4 5 Usage: 6 mpiexec -n <np> ./ex5 [options] 7 ./ex5 -help [view petsc options] 8 ./ex5 -ts_type sundials -ts_view 9 ./ex5 -da_grid_x 20 -da_grid_y 20 -log_view 10 ./ex5 -da_grid_x 20 -da_grid_y 20 -ts_type rosw -ts_atol 1.e-6 -ts_rtol 1.e-6 11 ./ex5 -drawcontours -draw_pause 0.1 -draw_fields 0,1,2,3,4 12 */ 13 14 /* 15 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 17 Governing equations: 18 19 R = s*(Ea*Ta^4 - Es*Ts^4) 20 SH = p*Cp*Ch*wind*(Ta - Ts) 21 LH = p*L*Ch*wind*B(q(Ta) - q(Ts)) 22 G = k*(Tgnd - Ts)/dz 23 24 Fnet = R + SH + LH + G 25 26 du/dt = -u*(du/dx) - v*(du/dy) - 2*omeg*sin(lat)*v - (1/p)*(dP/dx) 27 dv/dt = -u*(dv/dx) - v*(dv/dy) + 2*omeg*sin(lat)*u - (1/p)*(dP/dy) 28 dTs/dt = Fnet/(Cp*dz) - Div([u*Ts, v*Ts]) + D*Lap(Ts) 29 = Fnet/(Cs*dz) - u*(dTs/dx) - v*(dTs/dy) + D*(Ts_xx + Ts_yy) 30 dp/dt = -Div([u*p,v*p]) 31 = - u*dp/dx - v*dp/dy 32 dTa/dt = Fnet/Cp 33 34 Equation of State: 35 36 P = p*R*Ts 37 38 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 40 Program considers the evolution of a two dimensional atmosphere from 41 sunset to sunrise. There are two components: 42 1. Surface energy balance model to compute diabatic dT (Fnet) 43 2. Dynamical model using simplified primitive equations 44 45 Program is to be initiated at sunset and run to sunrise. 46 47 Inputs are: 48 Surface temperature 49 Dew point temperature 50 Air temperature 51 Temperature at cloud base (if clouds are present) 52 Fraction of sky covered by clouds 53 Wind speed 54 Precipitable water in centimeters 55 Wind direction 56 57 Inputs are are read in from the text file ex5_control.txt. To change an 58 input value use ex5_control.txt. 59 60 Solvers: 61 Backward Euler = default solver 62 Sundials = fastest and most accurate, requires Sundials libraries 63 64 This model is under development and should be used only as an example 65 and not as a predictive weather model. 66 */ 67 68 #include <petscts.h> 69 #include <petscdm.h> 70 #include <petscdmda.h> 71 72 /* stefan-boltzmann constant */ 73 #define SIG 0.000000056703 74 /* absorption-emission constant for surface */ 75 #define EMMSFC 1 76 /* amount of time (seconds) that passes before new flux is calculated */ 77 #define TIMESTEP 1 78 79 /* variables of interest to be solved at each grid point */ 80 typedef struct { 81 PetscScalar Ts,Ta; /* surface and air temperature */ 82 PetscScalar u,v; /* wind speed */ 83 PetscScalar p; /* density */ 84 } Field; 85 86 /* User defined variables. Used in solving for variables of interest */ 87 typedef struct { 88 DM da; /* grid */ 89 PetscScalar csoil; /* heat constant for layer */ 90 PetscScalar dzlay; /* thickness of top soil layer */ 91 PetscScalar emma; /* emission parameter */ 92 PetscScalar wind; /* wind speed */ 93 PetscScalar dewtemp; /* dew point temperature (moisture in air) */ 94 PetscScalar pressure1; /* sea level pressure */ 95 PetscScalar airtemp; /* temperature of air near boundary layer inversion */ 96 PetscScalar Ts; /* temperature at the surface */ 97 PetscScalar fract; /* fraction of sky covered by clouds */ 98 PetscScalar Tc; /* temperature at base of lowest cloud layer */ 99 PetscScalar lat; /* Latitude in degrees */ 100 PetscScalar init; /* initialization scenario */ 101 PetscScalar deep_grnd_temp; /* temperature of ground under top soil surface layer */ 102 } AppCtx; 103 104 /* Struct for visualization */ 105 typedef struct { 106 PetscBool drawcontours; /* flag - 1 indicates drawing contours */ 107 PetscViewer drawviewer; 108 PetscInt interval; 109 } MonitorCtx; 110 111 /* Inputs read in from text file */ 112 struct in { 113 PetscScalar Ts; /* surface temperature */ 114 PetscScalar Td; /* dewpoint temperature */ 115 PetscScalar Tc; /* temperature of cloud base */ 116 PetscScalar fr; /* fraction of sky covered by clouds */ 117 PetscScalar wnd; /* wind speed */ 118 PetscScalar Ta; /* air temperature */ 119 PetscScalar pwt; /* precipitable water */ 120 PetscScalar wndDir; /* wind direction */ 121 PetscScalar lat; /* latitude */ 122 PetscReal time; /* time in hours */ 123 PetscScalar init; 124 }; 125 126 /* functions */ 127 extern PetscScalar emission(PetscScalar); /* sets emission/absorption constant depending on water vapor content */ 128 extern PetscScalar calc_q(PetscScalar); /* calculates specific humidity */ 129 extern PetscScalar mph2mpers(PetscScalar); /* converts miles per hour to meters per second */ 130 extern PetscScalar Lconst(PetscScalar); /* calculates latent heat constant taken from Satellite estimates of wind speed and latent heat flux over the global oceans., Bentamy et al. */ 131 extern PetscScalar fahr_to_cel(PetscScalar); /* converts Fahrenheit to Celsius */ 132 extern PetscScalar cel_to_fahr(PetscScalar); /* converts Celsius to Fahrenheit */ 133 extern PetscScalar calcmixingr(PetscScalar, PetscScalar); /* calculates mixing ratio */ 134 extern PetscScalar cloud(PetscScalar); /* cloud radiative parameterization */ 135 extern PetscErrorCode FormInitialSolution(DM,Vec,void*); /* Specifies initial conditions for the system of equations (PETSc defined function) */ 136 extern PetscErrorCode RhsFunc(TS,PetscReal,Vec,Vec,void*); /* Specifies the user defined functions (PETSc defined function) */ 137 extern PetscErrorCode Monitor(TS,PetscInt,PetscReal,Vec,void*); /* Specifies output and visualization tools (PETSc defined function) */ 138 extern PetscErrorCode readinput(struct in *put); /* reads input from text file */ 139 extern PetscErrorCode calcfluxs(PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar*); /* calculates upward IR from surface */ 140 extern PetscErrorCode calcfluxa(PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar*); /* calculates downward IR from atmosphere */ 141 extern PetscErrorCode sensibleflux(PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar*); /* calculates sensible heat flux */ 142 extern PetscErrorCode potential_temperature(PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar*); /* calculates potential temperature */ 143 extern PetscErrorCode latentflux(PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar*); /* calculates latent heat flux */ 144 extern PetscErrorCode calc_gflux(PetscScalar, PetscScalar, PetscScalar*); /* calculates flux between top soil layer and underlying earth */ 145 146 int main(int argc,char **argv) 147 { 148 PetscInt time; /* amount of loops */ 149 struct in put; 150 PetscScalar rh; /* relative humidity */ 151 PetscScalar x; /* memory varialbe for relative humidity calculation */ 152 PetscScalar deep_grnd_temp; /* temperature of ground under top soil surface layer */ 153 PetscScalar emma; /* absorption-emission constant for air */ 154 PetscScalar pressure1 = 101300; /* surface pressure */ 155 PetscScalar mixratio; /* mixing ratio */ 156 PetscScalar airtemp; /* temperature of air near boundary layer inversion */ 157 PetscScalar dewtemp; /* dew point temperature */ 158 PetscScalar sfctemp; /* temperature at surface */ 159 PetscScalar pwat; /* total column precipitable water */ 160 PetscScalar cloudTemp; /* temperature at base of cloud */ 161 AppCtx user; /* user-defined work context */ 162 MonitorCtx usermonitor; /* user-defined monitor context */ 163 TS ts; 164 SNES snes; 165 DM da; 166 Vec T,rhs; /* solution vector */ 167 Mat J; /* Jacobian matrix */ 168 PetscReal ftime,dt; 169 PetscInt steps,dof = 5; 170 PetscBool use_coloring = PETSC_TRUE; 171 MatFDColoring matfdcoloring = 0; 172 PetscBool monitor_off = PETSC_FALSE; 173 174 PetscCall(PetscInitialize(&argc,&argv,(char*)0,help)); 175 176 /* Inputs */ 177 PetscCall(readinput(&put)); 178 179 sfctemp = put.Ts; 180 dewtemp = put.Td; 181 cloudTemp = put.Tc; 182 airtemp = put.Ta; 183 pwat = put.pwt; 184 185 PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"Initial Temperature = %g\n",(double)sfctemp)); /* input surface temperature */ 186 187 deep_grnd_temp = sfctemp - 10; /* set underlying ground layer temperature */ 188 emma = emission(pwat); /* accounts for radiative effects of water vapor */ 189 190 /* Converts from Fahrenheit to Celsuis */ 191 sfctemp = fahr_to_cel(sfctemp); 192 airtemp = fahr_to_cel(airtemp); 193 dewtemp = fahr_to_cel(dewtemp); 194 cloudTemp = fahr_to_cel(cloudTemp); 195 deep_grnd_temp = fahr_to_cel(deep_grnd_temp); 196 197 /* Converts from Celsius to Kelvin */ 198 sfctemp += 273; 199 airtemp += 273; 200 dewtemp += 273; 201 cloudTemp += 273; 202 deep_grnd_temp += 273; 203 204 /* Calculates initial relative humidity */ 205 x = calcmixingr(dewtemp,pressure1); 206 mixratio = calcmixingr(sfctemp,pressure1); 207 rh = (x/mixratio)*100; 208 209 PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"Initial RH = %.1f percent\n\n",(double)rh)); /* prints initial relative humidity */ 210 211 time = 3600*put.time; /* sets amount of timesteps to run model */ 212 213 /* Configure PETSc TS solver */ 214 /*------------------------------------------*/ 215 216 /* Create grid */ 217 PetscCall(DMDACreate2d(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,DM_BOUNDARY_PERIODIC,DM_BOUNDARY_PERIODIC,DMDA_STENCIL_STAR,20,20,PETSC_DECIDE,PETSC_DECIDE,dof,1,NULL,NULL,&da)); 218 PetscCall(DMSetFromOptions(da)); 219 PetscCall(DMSetUp(da)); 220 PetscCall(DMDASetUniformCoordinates(da, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0)); 221 222 /* Define output window for each variable of interest */ 223 PetscCall(DMDASetFieldName(da,0,"Ts")); 224 PetscCall(DMDASetFieldName(da,1,"Ta")); 225 PetscCall(DMDASetFieldName(da,2,"u")); 226 PetscCall(DMDASetFieldName(da,3,"v")); 227 PetscCall(DMDASetFieldName(da,4,"p")); 228 229 /* set values for appctx */ 230 user.da = da; 231 user.Ts = sfctemp; 232 user.fract = put.fr; /* fraction of sky covered by clouds */ 233 user.dewtemp = dewtemp; /* dew point temperature (mositure in air) */ 234 user.csoil = 2000000; /* heat constant for layer */ 235 user.dzlay = 0.08; /* thickness of top soil layer */ 236 user.emma = emma; /* emission parameter */ 237 user.wind = put.wnd; /* wind spped */ 238 user.pressure1 = pressure1; /* sea level pressure */ 239 user.airtemp = airtemp; /* temperature of air near boundar layer inversion */ 240 user.Tc = cloudTemp; /* temperature at base of lowest cloud layer */ 241 user.init = put.init; /* user chosen initiation scenario */ 242 user.lat = 70*0.0174532; /* converts latitude degrees to latitude in radians */ 243 user.deep_grnd_temp = deep_grnd_temp; /* temp in lowest ground layer */ 244 245 /* set values for MonitorCtx */ 246 usermonitor.drawcontours = PETSC_FALSE; 247 PetscCall(PetscOptionsHasName(NULL,NULL,"-drawcontours",&usermonitor.drawcontours)); 248 if (usermonitor.drawcontours) { 249 PetscReal bounds[] = {1000.0,-1000., -1000.,-1000., 1000.,-1000., 1000.,-1000., 1000,-1000, 100700,100800}; 250 PetscCall(PetscViewerDrawOpen(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,0,0,0,0,300,300,&usermonitor.drawviewer)); 251 PetscCall(PetscViewerDrawSetBounds(usermonitor.drawviewer,dof,bounds)); 252 } 253 usermonitor.interval = 1; 254 PetscCall(PetscOptionsGetInt(NULL,NULL,"-monitor_interval",&usermonitor.interval,NULL)); 255 256 /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 257 Extract global vectors from DA; 258 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */ 259 PetscCall(DMCreateGlobalVector(da,&T)); 260 PetscCall(VecDuplicate(T,&rhs)); /* r: vector to put the computed right hand side */ 261 262 PetscCall(TSCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&ts)); 263 PetscCall(TSSetProblemType(ts,TS_NONLINEAR)); 264 PetscCall(TSSetType(ts,TSBEULER)); 265 PetscCall(TSSetRHSFunction(ts,rhs,RhsFunc,&user)); 266 267 /* Set Jacobian evaluation routine - use coloring to compute finite difference Jacobian efficiently */ 268 PetscCall(DMSetMatType(da,MATAIJ)); 269 PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(da,&J)); 270 PetscCall(TSGetSNES(ts,&snes)); 271 if (use_coloring) { 272 ISColoring iscoloring; 273 PetscCall(DMCreateColoring(da,IS_COLORING_GLOBAL,&iscoloring)); 274 PetscCall(MatFDColoringCreate(J,iscoloring,&matfdcoloring)); 275 PetscCall(MatFDColoringSetFromOptions(matfdcoloring)); 276 PetscCall(MatFDColoringSetUp(J,iscoloring,matfdcoloring)); 277 PetscCall(ISColoringDestroy(&iscoloring)); 278 PetscCall(MatFDColoringSetFunction(matfdcoloring,(PetscErrorCode (*)(void))SNESTSFormFunction,ts)); 279 PetscCall(SNESSetJacobian(snes,J,J,SNESComputeJacobianDefaultColor,matfdcoloring)); 280 } else { 281 PetscCall(SNESSetJacobian(snes,J,J,SNESComputeJacobianDefault,NULL)); 282 } 283 284 /* Define what to print for ts_monitor option */ 285 PetscCall(PetscOptionsHasName(NULL,NULL,"-monitor_off",&monitor_off)); 286 if (!monitor_off) { 287 PetscCall(TSMonitorSet(ts,Monitor,&usermonitor,NULL)); 288 } 289 PetscCall(FormInitialSolution(da,T,&user)); 290 dt = TIMESTEP; /* initial time step */ 291 ftime = TIMESTEP*time; 292 PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"time %D, ftime %g hour, TIMESTEP %g\n",time,(double)(ftime/3600),(double)dt)); 293 294 PetscCall(TSSetTimeStep(ts,dt)); 295 PetscCall(TSSetMaxSteps(ts,time)); 296 PetscCall(TSSetMaxTime(ts,ftime)); 297 PetscCall(TSSetExactFinalTime(ts,TS_EXACTFINALTIME_STEPOVER)); 298 PetscCall(TSSetSolution(ts,T)); 299 PetscCall(TSSetDM(ts,da)); 300 301 /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 302 Set runtime options 303 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */ 304 PetscCall(TSSetFromOptions(ts)); 305 306 /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 307 Solve nonlinear system 308 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */ 309 PetscCall(TSSolve(ts,T)); 310 PetscCall(TSGetSolveTime(ts,&ftime)); 311 PetscCall(TSGetStepNumber(ts,&steps)); 312 PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"Solution T after %g hours %D steps\n",(double)(ftime/3600),steps)); 313 314 if (matfdcoloring) PetscCall(MatFDColoringDestroy(&matfdcoloring)); 315 if (usermonitor.drawcontours) { 316 PetscCall(PetscViewerDestroy(&usermonitor.drawviewer)); 317 } 318 PetscCall(MatDestroy(&J)); 319 PetscCall(VecDestroy(&T)); 320 PetscCall(VecDestroy(&rhs)); 321 PetscCall(TSDestroy(&ts)); 322 PetscCall(DMDestroy(&da)); 323 324 PetscCall(PetscFinalize()); 325 return 0; 326 } 327 /*****************************end main program********************************/ 328 /*****************************************************************************/ 329 /*****************************************************************************/ 330 /*****************************************************************************/ 331 PetscErrorCode calcfluxs(PetscScalar sfctemp, PetscScalar airtemp, PetscScalar emma, PetscScalar fract, PetscScalar cloudTemp, PetscScalar *flux) 332 { 333 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 334 *flux = SIG*((EMMSFC*emma*PetscPowScalarInt(airtemp,4)) + (EMMSFC*fract*(1 - emma)*PetscPowScalarInt(cloudTemp,4)) - (EMMSFC*PetscPowScalarInt(sfctemp,4))); /* calculates flux using Stefan-Boltzmann relation */ 335 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 336 } 337 338 PetscErrorCode calcfluxa(PetscScalar sfctemp, PetscScalar airtemp, PetscScalar emma, PetscScalar *flux) /* this function is not currently called upon */ 339 { 340 PetscScalar emm = 0.001; 341 342 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 343 *flux = SIG*(-emm*(PetscPowScalarInt(airtemp,4))); /* calculates flux usinge Stefan-Boltzmann relation */ 344 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 345 } 346 PetscErrorCode sensibleflux(PetscScalar sfctemp, PetscScalar airtemp, PetscScalar wind, PetscScalar *sheat) 347 { 348 PetscScalar density = 1; /* air density */ 349 PetscScalar Cp = 1005; /* heat capicity for dry air */ 350 PetscScalar wndmix; /* temperature change from wind mixing: wind*Ch */ 351 352 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 353 wndmix = 0.0025 + 0.0042*wind; /* regression equation valid for neutral and stable BL */ 354 *sheat = density*Cp*wndmix*(airtemp - sfctemp); /* calculates sensible heat flux */ 355 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 356 } 357 358 PetscErrorCode latentflux(PetscScalar sfctemp, PetscScalar dewtemp, PetscScalar wind, PetscScalar pressure1, PetscScalar *latentheat) 359 { 360 PetscScalar density = 1; /* density of dry air */ 361 PetscScalar q; /* actual specific humitity */ 362 PetscScalar qs; /* saturation specific humidity */ 363 PetscScalar wndmix; /* temperature change from wind mixing: wind*Ch */ 364 PetscScalar beta = .4; /* moisture availability */ 365 PetscScalar mr; /* mixing ratio */ 366 PetscScalar lhcnst; /* latent heat of vaporization constant = 2501000 J/kg at 0c */ 367 /* latent heat of saturation const = 2834000 J/kg */ 368 /* latent heat of fusion const = 333700 J/kg */ 369 370 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 371 wind = mph2mpers(wind); /* converts wind from mph to meters per second */ 372 wndmix = 0.0025 + 0.0042*wind; /* regression equation valid for neutral BL */ 373 lhcnst = Lconst(sfctemp); /* calculates latent heat of evaporation */ 374 mr = calcmixingr(sfctemp,pressure1); /* calculates saturation mixing ratio */ 375 qs = calc_q(mr); /* calculates saturation specific humidty */ 376 mr = calcmixingr(dewtemp,pressure1); /* calculates mixing ratio */ 377 q = calc_q(mr); /* calculates specific humidty */ 378 379 *latentheat = density*wndmix*beta*lhcnst*(q - qs); /* calculates latent heat flux */ 380 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 381 } 382 383 PetscErrorCode potential_temperature(PetscScalar temp, PetscScalar pressure1, PetscScalar pressure2, PetscScalar sfctemp, PetscScalar *pottemp) 384 { 385 PetscScalar kdry; /* poisson constant for dry atmosphere */ 386 PetscScalar pavg; /* average atmospheric pressure */ 387 /* PetscScalar mixratio; mixing ratio */ 388 /* PetscScalar kmoist; poisson constant for moist atmosphere */ 389 390 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 391 /* mixratio = calcmixingr(sfctemp,pressure1); */ 392 393 /* initialize poisson constant */ 394 kdry = 0.2854; 395 /* kmoist = 0.2854*(1 - 0.24*mixratio); */ 396 397 pavg = ((0.7*pressure1)+pressure2)/2; /* calculates simple average press */ 398 *pottemp = temp*(PetscPowScalar((pressure1/pavg),kdry)); /* calculates potential temperature */ 399 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 400 } 401 extern PetscScalar calcmixingr(PetscScalar dtemp, PetscScalar pressure1) 402 { 403 PetscScalar e; /* vapor pressure */ 404 PetscScalar mixratio; /* mixing ratio */ 405 406 dtemp = dtemp - 273; /* converts from Kelvin to Celsuis */ 407 e = 6.11*(PetscPowScalar(10,((7.5*dtemp)/(237.7+dtemp)))); /* converts from dew point temp to vapor pressure */ 408 e = e*100; /* converts from hPa to Pa */ 409 mixratio = (0.622*e)/(pressure1 - e); /* computes mixing ratio */ 410 mixratio = mixratio*1; /* convert to g/Kg */ 411 412 return mixratio; 413 } 414 extern PetscScalar calc_q(PetscScalar rv) 415 { 416 PetscScalar specific_humidity; /* define specific humidity variable */ 417 specific_humidity = rv/(1 + rv); /* calculates specific humidity */ 418 return specific_humidity; 419 } 420 421 PetscErrorCode calc_gflux(PetscScalar sfctemp, PetscScalar deep_grnd_temp, PetscScalar* Gflux) 422 { 423 PetscScalar k; /* thermal conductivity parameter */ 424 PetscScalar n = 0.38; /* value of soil porosity */ 425 PetscScalar dz = 1; /* depth of layer between soil surface and deep soil layer */ 426 PetscScalar unit_soil_weight = 2700; /* unit soil weight in kg/m^3 */ 427 428 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 429 k = ((0.135*(1-n)*unit_soil_weight) + 64.7)/(unit_soil_weight - (0.947*(1-n)*unit_soil_weight)); /* dry soil conductivity */ 430 *Gflux = (k*(deep_grnd_temp - sfctemp)/dz); /* calculates flux from deep ground layer */ 431 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 432 } 433 extern PetscScalar emission(PetscScalar pwat) 434 { 435 PetscScalar emma; 436 437 emma = 0.725 + 0.17*PetscLog10Real(PetscRealPart(pwat)); 438 439 return emma; 440 } 441 extern PetscScalar cloud(PetscScalar fract) 442 { 443 PetscScalar emma = 0; 444 445 /* modifies radiative balance depending on cloud cover */ 446 if (fract >= 0.9) emma = 1; 447 else if (0.9 > fract && fract >= 0.8) emma = 0.9; 448 else if (0.8 > fract && fract >= 0.7) emma = 0.85; 449 else if (0.7 > fract && fract >= 0.6) emma = 0.75; 450 else if (0.6 > fract && fract >= 0.5) emma = 0.65; 451 else if (0.4 > fract && fract >= 0.3) emma = emma*1.086956; 452 return emma; 453 } 454 extern PetscScalar Lconst(PetscScalar sfctemp) 455 { 456 PetscScalar Lheat; 457 sfctemp -=273; /* converts from kelvin to celsius */ 458 Lheat = 4186.8*(597.31 - 0.5625*sfctemp); /* calculates latent heat constant */ 459 return Lheat; 460 } 461 extern PetscScalar mph2mpers(PetscScalar wind) 462 { 463 wind = ((wind*1.6*1000)/3600); /* converts wind from mph to meters per second */ 464 return wind; 465 } 466 extern PetscScalar fahr_to_cel(PetscScalar temp) 467 { 468 temp = (5*(temp-32))/9; /* converts from farhrenheit to celsuis */ 469 return temp; 470 } 471 extern PetscScalar cel_to_fahr(PetscScalar temp) 472 { 473 temp = ((temp*9)/5) + 32; /* converts from celsuis to farhrenheit */ 474 return temp; 475 } 476 PetscErrorCode readinput(struct in *put) 477 { 478 int i; 479 char x; 480 FILE *ifp; 481 double tmp; 482 483 PetscFunctionBegin; 484 ifp = fopen("ex5_control.txt", "r"); 485 PetscCheck(ifp,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_OPEN,"Unable to open input file"); 486 for (i=0; i<110; i++) { PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 487 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 488 put->Ts = tmp; 489 490 for (i=0; i<43; i++) { PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 491 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 492 put->Td = tmp; 493 494 for (i=0; i<43; i++) { PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 495 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 496 put->Ta = tmp; 497 498 for (i=0; i<43; i++) { PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 499 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp)== 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 500 put->Tc = tmp; 501 502 for (i=0; i<43; i++) { PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 503 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 504 put->fr = tmp; 505 506 for (i=0; i<43; i++) {PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 507 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 508 put->wnd = tmp; 509 510 for (i=0; i<43; i++) {PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 511 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 512 put->pwt = tmp; 513 514 for (i=0; i<43; i++) {PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 515 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 516 put->wndDir = tmp; 517 518 for (i=0; i<43; i++) {PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 519 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 520 put->time = tmp; 521 522 for (i=0; i<63; i++) {PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%c", &x) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file");} 523 PetscCheck(fscanf(ifp, "%lf", &tmp) == 1,PETSC_COMM_SELF,PETSC_ERR_FILE_READ,"Unable to read file"); 524 put->init = tmp; 525 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 526 } 527 528 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */ 529 PetscErrorCode FormInitialSolution(DM da,Vec Xglobal,void *ctx) 530 { 531 PetscErrorCode ierr; 532 AppCtx *user = (AppCtx*)ctx; /* user-defined application context */ 533 PetscInt i,j,xs,ys,xm,ym,Mx,My; 534 Field **X; 535 536 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 537 ierr = DMDAGetInfo(da,PETSC_IGNORE,&Mx,&My,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE, 538 PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE);PetscCall(ierr); 539 540 /* Get pointers to vector data */ 541 PetscCall(DMDAVecGetArray(da,Xglobal,&X)); 542 543 /* Get local grid boundaries */ 544 PetscCall(DMDAGetCorners(da,&xs,&ys,NULL,&xm,&ym,NULL)); 545 546 /* Compute function over the locally owned part of the grid */ 547 548 if (user->init == 1) { 549 for (j=ys; j<ys+ym; j++) { 550 for (i=xs; i<xs+xm; i++) { 551 X[j][i].Ts = user->Ts - i*0.0001; 552 X[j][i].Ta = X[j][i].Ts - 5; 553 X[j][i].u = 0; 554 X[j][i].v = 0; 555 X[j][i].p = 1.25; 556 if ((j == 5 || j == 6) && (i == 4 || i == 5)) X[j][i].p += 0.00001; 557 if ((j == 5 || j == 6) && (i == 12 || i == 13)) X[j][i].p += 0.00001; 558 } 559 } 560 } else { 561 for (j=ys; j<ys+ym; j++) { 562 for (i=xs; i<xs+xm; i++) { 563 X[j][i].Ts = user->Ts; 564 X[j][i].Ta = X[j][i].Ts - 5; 565 X[j][i].u = 0; 566 X[j][i].v = 0; 567 X[j][i].p = 1.25; 568 } 569 } 570 } 571 572 /* Restore vectors */ 573 PetscCall(DMDAVecRestoreArray(da,Xglobal,&X)); 574 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 575 } 576 577 /* 578 RhsFunc - Evaluates nonlinear function F(u). 579 580 Input Parameters: 581 . ts - the TS context 582 . t - current time 583 . Xglobal - input vector 584 . F - output vector 585 . ptr - optional user-defined context, as set by SNESSetFunction() 586 587 Output Parameter: 588 . F - rhs function vector 589 */ 590 PetscErrorCode RhsFunc(TS ts,PetscReal t,Vec Xglobal,Vec F,void *ctx) 591 { 592 AppCtx *user = (AppCtx*)ctx; /* user-defined application context */ 593 DM da = user->da; 594 PetscInt i,j,Mx,My,xs,ys,xm,ym; 595 PetscReal dhx,dhy; 596 Vec localT; 597 Field **X,**Frhs; /* structures that contain variables of interest and left hand side of governing equations respectively */ 598 PetscScalar csoil = user->csoil; /* heat constant for layer */ 599 PetscScalar dzlay = user->dzlay; /* thickness of top soil layer */ 600 PetscScalar emma = user->emma; /* emission parameter */ 601 PetscScalar wind = user->wind; /* wind speed */ 602 PetscScalar dewtemp = user->dewtemp; /* dew point temperature (moisture in air) */ 603 PetscScalar pressure1 = user->pressure1; /* sea level pressure */ 604 PetscScalar airtemp = user->airtemp; /* temperature of air near boundary layer inversion */ 605 PetscScalar fract = user->fract; /* fraction of the sky covered by clouds */ 606 PetscScalar Tc = user->Tc; /* temperature at base of lowest cloud layer */ 607 PetscScalar lat = user->lat; /* latitude */ 608 PetscScalar Cp = 1005.7; /* specific heat of air at constant pressure */ 609 PetscScalar Rd = 287.058; /* gas constant for dry air */ 610 PetscScalar diffconst = 1000; /* diffusion coefficient */ 611 PetscScalar f = 2*0.0000727*PetscSinScalar(lat); /* coriolis force */ 612 PetscScalar deep_grnd_temp = user->deep_grnd_temp; /* temp in lowest ground layer */ 613 PetscScalar Ts,u,v,p; 614 PetscScalar u_abs,u_plus,u_minus,v_abs,v_plus,v_minus; 615 616 PetscScalar sfctemp1,fsfc1,Ra; 617 PetscScalar sheat; /* sensible heat flux */ 618 PetscScalar latentheat; /* latent heat flux */ 619 PetscScalar groundflux; /* flux from conduction of deep ground layer in contact with top soil */ 620 PetscInt xend,yend; 621 622 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 623 PetscCall(DMGetLocalVector(da,&localT)); 624 PetscCall(DMDAGetInfo(da,PETSC_IGNORE,&Mx,&My,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE,PETSC_IGNORE)); 625 626 dhx = (PetscReal)(Mx-1)/(5000*(Mx-1)); /* dhx = 1/dx; assume 2D space domain: [0.0, 1.e5] x [0.0, 1.e5] */ 627 dhy = (PetscReal)(My-1)/(5000*(Mx-1)); /* dhy = 1/dy; */ 628 629 /* 630 Scatter ghost points to local vector,using the 2-step process 631 DAGlobalToLocalBegin(),DAGlobalToLocalEnd(). 632 By placing code between these two statements, computations can be 633 done while messages are in transition. 634 */ 635 PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalBegin(da,Xglobal,INSERT_VALUES,localT)); 636 PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalEnd(da,Xglobal,INSERT_VALUES,localT)); 637 638 /* Get pointers to vector data */ 639 PetscCall(DMDAVecGetArrayRead(da,localT,&X)); 640 PetscCall(DMDAVecGetArray(da,F,&Frhs)); 641 642 /* Get local grid boundaries */ 643 PetscCall(DMDAGetCorners(da,&xs,&ys,NULL,&xm,&ym,NULL)); 644 645 /* Compute function over the locally owned part of the grid */ 646 /* the interior points */ 647 xend=xs+xm; yend=ys+ym; 648 for (j=ys; j<yend; j++) { 649 for (i=xs; i<xend; i++) { 650 Ts = X[j][i].Ts; u = X[j][i].u; v = X[j][i].v; p = X[j][i].p; /*P = X[j][i].P; */ 651 652 sfctemp1 = (double)Ts; 653 PetscCall(calcfluxs(sfctemp1,airtemp,emma,fract,Tc,&fsfc1)); /* calculates surface net radiative flux */ 654 PetscCall(sensibleflux(sfctemp1,airtemp,wind,&sheat)); /* calculate sensible heat flux */ 655 PetscCall(latentflux(sfctemp1,dewtemp,wind,pressure1,&latentheat)); /* calculates latent heat flux */ 656 PetscCall(calc_gflux(sfctemp1,deep_grnd_temp,&groundflux)); /* calculates flux from earth below surface soil layer by conduction */ 657 PetscCall(calcfluxa(sfctemp1,airtemp,emma,&Ra)); /* Calculates the change in downward radiative flux */ 658 fsfc1 = fsfc1 + latentheat + sheat + groundflux; /* adds radiative, sensible heat, latent heat, and ground heat flux yielding net flux */ 659 660 /* convective coefficients for upwinding */ 661 u_abs = PetscAbsScalar(u); 662 u_plus = .5*(u + u_abs); /* u if u>0; 0 if u<0 */ 663 u_minus = .5*(u - u_abs); /* u if u <0; 0 if u>0 */ 664 665 v_abs = PetscAbsScalar(v); 666 v_plus = .5*(v + v_abs); /* v if v>0; 0 if v<0 */ 667 v_minus = .5*(v - v_abs); /* v if v <0; 0 if v>0 */ 668 669 /* Solve governing equations */ 670 /* P = p*Rd*Ts; */ 671 672 /* du/dt -> time change of east-west component of the wind */ 673 Frhs[j][i].u = - u_plus*(u - X[j][i-1].u)*dhx - u_minus*(X[j][i+1].u - u)*dhx /* - u(du/dx) */ 674 - v_plus*(u - X[j-1][i].u)*dhy - v_minus*(X[j+1][i].u - u)*dhy /* - v(du/dy) */ 675 -(Rd/p)*(Ts*(X[j][i+1].p - X[j][i-1].p)*0.5*dhx + p*0*(X[j][i+1].Ts - X[j][i-1].Ts)*0.5*dhx) /* -(R/p)[Ts(dp/dx)+ p(dTs/dx)] */ 676 /* -(1/p)*(X[j][i+1].P - X[j][i-1].P)*dhx */ 677 + f*v; 678 679 /* dv/dt -> time change of north-south component of the wind */ 680 Frhs[j][i].v = - u_plus*(v - X[j][i-1].v)*dhx - u_minus*(X[j][i+1].v - v)*dhx /* - u(dv/dx) */ 681 - v_plus*(v - X[j-1][i].v)*dhy - v_minus*(X[j+1][i].v - v)*dhy /* - v(dv/dy) */ 682 -(Rd/p)*(Ts*(X[j+1][i].p - X[j-1][i].p)*0.5*dhy + p*0*(X[j+1][i].Ts - X[j-1][i].Ts)*0.5*dhy) /* -(R/p)[Ts(dp/dy)+ p(dTs/dy)] */ 683 /* -(1/p)*(X[j+1][i].P - X[j-1][i].P)*dhy */ 684 -f*u; 685 686 /* dT/dt -> time change of temperature */ 687 Frhs[j][i].Ts = (fsfc1/(csoil*dzlay)) /* Fnet/(Cp*dz) diabatic change in T */ 688 -u_plus*(Ts - X[j][i-1].Ts)*dhx - u_minus*(X[j][i+1].Ts - Ts)*dhx /* - u*(dTs/dx) advection x */ 689 -v_plus*(Ts - X[j-1][i].Ts)*dhy - v_minus*(X[j+1][i].Ts - Ts)*dhy /* - v*(dTs/dy) advection y */ 690 + diffconst*((X[j][i+1].Ts - 2*Ts + X[j][i-1].Ts)*dhx*dhx /* + D(Ts_xx + Ts_yy) diffusion */ 691 + (X[j+1][i].Ts - 2*Ts + X[j-1][i].Ts)*dhy*dhy); 692 693 /* dp/dt -> time change of */ 694 Frhs[j][i].p = -u_plus*(p - X[j][i-1].p)*dhx - u_minus*(X[j][i+1].p - p)*dhx /* - u*(dp/dx) */ 695 -v_plus*(p - X[j-1][i].p)*dhy - v_minus*(X[j+1][i].p - p)*dhy; /* - v*(dp/dy) */ 696 697 Frhs[j][i].Ta = Ra/Cp; /* dTa/dt time change of air temperature */ 698 } 699 } 700 701 /* Restore vectors */ 702 PetscCall(DMDAVecRestoreArrayRead(da,localT,&X)); 703 PetscCall(DMDAVecRestoreArray(da,F,&Frhs)); 704 PetscCall(DMRestoreLocalVector(da,&localT)); 705 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 706 } 707 708 PetscErrorCode Monitor(TS ts,PetscInt step,PetscReal time,Vec T,void *ctx) 709 { 710 const PetscScalar *array; 711 MonitorCtx *user = (MonitorCtx*)ctx; 712 PetscViewer viewer = user->drawviewer; 713 PetscReal norm; 714 715 PetscFunctionBeginUser; 716 PetscCall(VecNorm(T,NORM_INFINITY,&norm)); 717 718 if (step%user->interval == 0) { 719 PetscCall(VecGetArrayRead(T,&array)); 720 PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"step %D, time %8.1f, %6.4f, %6.4f, %6.4f, %6.4f, %6.4f, %6.4f\n",step,(double)time,(double)(((array[0]-273)*9)/5 + 32),(double)(((array[1]-273)*9)/5 + 32),(double)array[2],(double)array[3],(double)array[4],(double)array[5])); 721 PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayRead(T,&array)); 722 } 723 724 if (user->drawcontours) { 725 PetscCall(VecView(T,viewer)); 726 } 727 PetscFunctionReturn(0); 728 } 729 730 /*TEST 731 732 build: 733 requires: !complex !single 734 735 test: 736 args: -ts_max_steps 130 -monitor_interval 60 737 output_file: output/ex5.out 738 requires: !complex !single 739 localrunfiles: ex5_control.txt 740 741 test: 742 suffix: 2 743 nsize: 4 744 args: -ts_max_steps 130 -monitor_interval 60 745 output_file: output/ex5.out 746 localrunfiles: ex5_control.txt 747 requires: !complex !single 748 749 TEST*/ 750