xref: /petsc/src/ts/utils/dmplexlandau/plexland.c (revision e91c04dfc8a52dee1965211bb1cc8e5bf775178f)
1 #include <../src/mat/impls/aij/seq/aij.h>
2 #include <petsc/private/dmpleximpl.h> /*I "petscdmplex.h" I*/
3 #include <petsclandau.h>              /*I "petsclandau.h"   I*/
4 #include <petscts.h>
5 #include <petscdmforest.h>
6 #include <petscdmcomposite.h>
7 
8 /* Landau collision operator */
9 
10 /* relativistic terms */
11 #if defined(PETSC_USE_REAL_SINGLE)
12   #define SPEED_OF_LIGHT 2.99792458e8F
13   #define C_0(v0)        (SPEED_OF_LIGHT / v0) /* needed for relativistic tensor on all architectures */
14 #else
15   #define SPEED_OF_LIGHT 2.99792458e8
16   #define C_0(v0)        (SPEED_OF_LIGHT / v0) /* needed for relativistic tensor on all architectures */
17 #endif
18 
19 #include "land_tensors.h"
20 
21 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_OPENMP)
22   #include <omp.h>
23 #endif
24 
25 static PetscErrorCode LandauGPUMapsDestroy(void **ptr)
26 {
27   P4estVertexMaps *maps = (P4estVertexMaps *)*ptr;
28 
29   PetscFunctionBegin;
30   // free device data
31   if (maps[0].deviceType != LANDAU_CPU) {
32 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
33     if (maps[0].deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
34       PetscCall(LandauKokkosDestroyMatMaps(maps, maps[0].numgrids)); // implies Kokkos does
35     }
36 #endif
37   }
38   // free host data
39   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < maps[0].numgrids; grid++) {
40     PetscCall(PetscFree(maps[grid].c_maps));
41     PetscCall(PetscFree(maps[grid].gIdx));
42   }
43   PetscCall(PetscFree(maps));
44   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
45 }
46 static PetscErrorCode energy_f(PetscInt dim, PetscReal time, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt Nf_dummy, PetscScalar *u, void *actx)
47 {
48   PetscReal v2 = 0;
49 
50   PetscFunctionBegin;
51   /* compute v^2 / 2 */
52   for (PetscInt i = 0; i < dim; ++i) v2 += x[i] * x[i];
53   /* evaluate the Maxwellian */
54   u[0] = v2 / 2;
55   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
56 }
57 
58 /* needs double */
59 static PetscErrorCode gamma_m1_f(PetscInt dim, PetscReal time, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt Nf_dummy, PetscScalar *u, void *actx)
60 {
61   PetscReal *c2_0_arr = ((PetscReal *)actx);
62   double     u2 = 0, c02 = (double)*c2_0_arr, xx;
63 
64   PetscFunctionBegin;
65   /* compute u^2 / 2 */
66   for (PetscInt i = 0; i < dim; ++i) u2 += x[i] * x[i];
67   /* gamma - 1 = g_eps, for conditioning and we only take derivatives */
68   xx = u2 / c02;
69 #if defined(PETSC_USE_DEBUG)
70   u[0] = PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx);
71 #else
72   u[0] = xx / (PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx) + 1.) - 1.; // better conditioned. -1 might help condition and only used for derivative
73 #endif
74   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
75 }
76 
77 /*
78  LandauFormJacobian_Internal - Evaluates Jacobian matrix.
79 
80  Input Parameters:
81  .  globX - input vector
82  .  actx - optional user-defined context
83  .  dim - dimension
84 
85  Output Parameter:
86  .  J0acP - Jacobian matrix filled, not created
87  */
88 static PetscErrorCode LandauFormJacobian_Internal(Vec a_X, Mat JacP, const PetscInt dim, PetscReal shift, void *a_ctx)
89 {
90   LandauCtx         *ctx = (LandauCtx *)a_ctx;
91   PetscInt           numCells[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], Nq, Nb;
92   PetscQuadrature    quad;
93   PetscReal          Eq_m[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES]; // could be static data w/o quench (ex2)
94   PetscScalar       *cellClosure = NULL;
95   const PetscScalar *xdata       = NULL;
96   PetscDS            prob;
97   PetscContainer     container;
98   P4estVertexMaps   *maps;
99   Mat                subJ[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS * LANDAU_MAX_BATCH_SZ];
100 
101   PetscFunctionBegin;
102   PetscValidHeaderSpecific(a_X, VEC_CLASSID, 1);
103   PetscValidHeaderSpecific(JacP, MAT_CLASSID, 2);
104   PetscAssertPointer(ctx, 5);
105   /* check for matrix container for GPU assembly. Support CPU assembly for debugging */
106   PetscCheck(ctx->plex[0] != NULL, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Plex not created");
107   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[10], 0, 0, 0, 0));
108   PetscCall(DMGetDS(ctx->plex[0], &prob)); // same DS for all grids
109   PetscCall(PetscObjectQuery((PetscObject)JacP, "assembly_maps", (PetscObject *)&container));
110   if (container) {
111     PetscCheck(ctx->gpu_assembly, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "maps but no GPU assembly");
112     PetscCall(PetscContainerGetPointer(container, (void **)&maps));
113     PetscCheck(maps, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "empty GPU matrix container");
114     for (PetscInt i = 0; i < ctx->num_grids * ctx->batch_sz; i++) subJ[i] = NULL;
115   } else {
116     PetscCheck(!ctx->gpu_assembly, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "No maps but GPU assembly");
117     for (PetscInt tid = 0; tid < ctx->batch_sz; tid++) {
118       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(ctx->plex[grid], &subJ[LAND_PACK_IDX(tid, grid)]));
119     }
120     maps = NULL;
121   }
122   // get dynamic data (Eq is odd, for quench and Spitzer test) for CPU assembly and raw data for Jacobian GPU assembly. Get host numCells[], Nq (yuck)
123   PetscCall(PetscFEGetQuadrature(ctx->fe[0], &quad));
124   PetscCall(PetscQuadratureGetData(quad, NULL, NULL, &Nq, NULL, NULL));
125   PetscCall(PetscFEGetDimension(ctx->fe[0], &Nb));
126   PetscCheck(Nq <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nq = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nq, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
127   PetscCheck(Nb <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nb = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nb, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
128   // get metadata for collecting dynamic data
129   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
130     PetscInt cStart, cEnd;
131     PetscCheck(ctx->plex[grid] != NULL, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Plex not created");
132     PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
133     numCells[grid] = cEnd - cStart; // grids can have different topology
134   }
135   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[10], 0, 0, 0, 0));
136   if (shift == 0) { /* create dynamic point data: f_alpha for closure of each cell (cellClosure[nbatch,ngrids,ncells[g],f[Nb,ns[g]]]) or xdata */
137     DM pack;
138     PetscCall(VecGetDM(a_X, &pack));
139     PetscCheck(pack, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "pack has no DM");
140     PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[1], 0, 0, 0, 0));
141     for (PetscInt fieldA = 0; fieldA < ctx->num_species; fieldA++) {
142       Eq_m[fieldA] = ctx->Ez * ctx->t_0 * ctx->charges[fieldA] / (ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[fieldA]); /* normalize dimensionless */
143       if (dim == 2) Eq_m[fieldA] *= 2 * PETSC_PI;                                                  /* add the 2pi term that is not in Landau */
144     }
145     if (!ctx->gpu_assembly) {
146       Vec         *locXArray, *globXArray;
147       PetscScalar *cellClosure_it;
148       PetscInt     cellClosure_sz = 0, nDMs, Nf[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
149       PetscSection section[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], globsection[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
150       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
151         PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &section[grid]));
152         PetscCall(DMGetGlobalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &globsection[grid]));
153         PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section[grid], &Nf[grid]));
154       }
155       /* count cellClosure size */
156       PetscCall(DMCompositeGetNumberDM(pack, &nDMs));
157       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) cellClosure_sz += Nb * Nf[grid] * numCells[grid];
158       PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(cellClosure_sz * ctx->batch_sz, &cellClosure));
159       cellClosure_it = cellClosure;
160       PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*locXArray) * nDMs, &locXArray));
161       PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*globXArray) * nDMs, &globXArray));
162       PetscCall(DMCompositeGetLocalAccessArray(pack, a_X, nDMs, NULL, locXArray));
163       PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, a_X, nDMs, NULL, globXArray));
164       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // OpenMP (once)
165         for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
166           Vec      locX = locXArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(b_id, grid)], globX = globXArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(b_id, grid)], locX2;
167           PetscInt cStart, cEnd, ei;
168           PetscCall(VecDuplicate(locX, &locX2));
169           PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalBegin(ctx->plex[grid], globX, INSERT_VALUES, locX2));
170           PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalEnd(ctx->plex[grid], globX, INSERT_VALUES, locX2));
171           PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
172           for (ei = cStart; ei < cEnd; ++ei) {
173             PetscScalar *coef = NULL;
174             PetscCall(DMPlexVecGetClosure(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], locX2, ei, NULL, &coef));
175             PetscCall(PetscMemcpy(cellClosure_it, coef, Nb * Nf[grid] * sizeof(*cellClosure_it))); /* change if LandauIPReal != PetscScalar */
176             PetscCall(DMPlexVecRestoreClosure(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], locX2, ei, NULL, &coef));
177             cellClosure_it += Nb * Nf[grid];
178           }
179           PetscCall(VecDestroy(&locX2));
180         }
181       }
182       PetscCheck(cellClosure_it - cellClosure == cellClosure_sz * ctx->batch_sz, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "iteration wrong %" PetscCount_FMT " != cellClosure_sz = %" PetscInt_FMT, cellClosure_it - cellClosure, cellClosure_sz * ctx->batch_sz);
183       PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreLocalAccessArray(pack, a_X, nDMs, NULL, locXArray));
184       PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, a_X, nDMs, NULL, globXArray));
185       PetscCall(PetscFree(locXArray));
186       PetscCall(PetscFree(globXArray));
187       xdata = NULL;
188     } else {
189       PetscMemType mtype;
190       if (ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) { // get data in batch ordering
191         PetscCall(VecScatterBegin(ctx->plex_batch, a_X, ctx->work_vec, INSERT_VALUES, SCATTER_FORWARD));
192         PetscCall(VecScatterEnd(ctx->plex_batch, a_X, ctx->work_vec, INSERT_VALUES, SCATTER_FORWARD));
193         PetscCall(VecGetArrayReadAndMemType(ctx->work_vec, &xdata, &mtype));
194       } else {
195         PetscCall(VecGetArrayReadAndMemType(a_X, &xdata, &mtype));
196       }
197       PetscCheck(mtype == PETSC_MEMTYPE_HOST || ctx->deviceType != LANDAU_CPU, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "CPU run with device data: use -mat_type aij");
198       cellClosure = NULL;
199     }
200     PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[1], 0, 0, 0, 0));
201   } else xdata = cellClosure = NULL;
202 
203   /* do it */
204   if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
205 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
206     PetscCall(LandauKokkosJacobian(ctx->plex, Nq, Nb, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, numCells, Eq_m, cellClosure, xdata, &ctx->SData_d, shift, ctx->events, ctx->mat_offset, ctx->species_offset, subJ, JacP));
207 #else
208     SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-landau_device_type %s not built", "kokkos");
209 #endif
210   } else {               /* CPU version */
211     PetscTabulation *Tf; // used for CPU and print info. Same on all grids and all species
212     PetscInt         ip_offset[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS + 1], ipf_offset[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS + 1], elem_offset[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS + 1], IPf_sz_glb, IPf_sz_tot, num_grids = ctx->num_grids, Nf[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
213     PetscReal       *ff, *dudx, *dudy, *dudz, *invJ_a = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.invJ, *xx = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.x, *yy = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.y, *zz = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.z, *ww = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.w;
214     PetscReal       *nu_alpha = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.alpha, *nu_beta = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.beta, *invMass = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.invMass;
215     PetscReal(*lambdas)[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS][LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS] = (PetscReal(*)[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS][LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS])ctx->SData_d.lambdas;
216     PetscSection section[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], globsection[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
217     PetscScalar *coo_vals = NULL;
218     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
219       PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &section[grid]));
220       PetscCall(DMGetGlobalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &globsection[grid]));
221       PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section[grid], &Nf[grid]));
222     }
223     /* count IPf size, etc */
224     PetscCall(PetscDSGetTabulation(prob, &Tf)); // Bf, &Df same for all grids
225     const PetscReal *const BB = Tf[0]->T[0], *const DD = Tf[0]->T[1];
226     ip_offset[0] = ipf_offset[0] = elem_offset[0] = 0;
227     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < num_grids; grid++) {
228       PetscInt nfloc        = ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->species_offset[grid];
229       elem_offset[grid + 1] = elem_offset[grid] + numCells[grid];
230       ip_offset[grid + 1]   = ip_offset[grid] + numCells[grid] * Nq;
231       ipf_offset[grid + 1]  = ipf_offset[grid] + Nq * nfloc * numCells[grid];
232     }
233     IPf_sz_glb = ipf_offset[num_grids];
234     IPf_sz_tot = IPf_sz_glb * ctx->batch_sz;
235     // prep COO
236     PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(ctx->SData_d.coo_size, &coo_vals)); // allocate every time?
237     if (shift == 0.0) {                                        /* compute dynamic data f and df and init data for Jacobian */
238 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
239       double starttime, endtime;
240       starttime = MPI_Wtime();
241 #endif
242       PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[8], 0, 0, 0, 0));
243       PetscCall(PetscMalloc4(IPf_sz_tot, &ff, IPf_sz_tot, &dudx, IPf_sz_tot, &dudy, (dim == 3 ? IPf_sz_tot : 0), &dudz));
244       // F df/dx
245       for (PetscInt tid = 0; tid < ctx->batch_sz * elem_offset[num_grids]; tid++) {                        // for each element
246         const PetscInt b_Nelem = elem_offset[num_grids], b_elem_idx = tid % b_Nelem, b_id = tid / b_Nelem; // b_id == OMP thd_id in batch
247         // find my grid:
248         PetscInt grid = 0;
249         while (b_elem_idx >= elem_offset[grid + 1]) grid++; // yuck search for grid
250         {
251           const PetscInt loc_nip = numCells[grid] * Nq, loc_Nf = ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->species_offset[grid], loc_elem = b_elem_idx - elem_offset[grid];
252           const PetscInt moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset); //b_id*b_N + ctx->mat_offset[grid];
253           PetscScalar   *coef, coef_buff[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES * LANDAU_MAX_NQND];
254           PetscReal     *invJe = &invJ_a[(ip_offset[grid] + loc_elem * Nq) * dim * dim]; // ingJ is static data on batch 0
255           PetscInt       b, f, q;
256           if (cellClosure) {
257             coef = &cellClosure[b_id * IPf_sz_glb + ipf_offset[grid] + loc_elem * Nb * loc_Nf]; // this is const
258           } else {
259             coef = coef_buff;
260             for (f = 0; f < loc_Nf; ++f) {
261               LandauIdx *const Idxs = &maps[grid].gIdx[loc_elem][f][0];
262               for (b = 0; b < Nb; ++b) {
263                 PetscInt idx = Idxs[b];
264                 if (idx >= 0) {
265                   coef[f * Nb + b] = xdata[idx + moffset];
266                 } else {
267                   idx              = -idx - 1;
268                   coef[f * Nb + b] = 0;
269                   for (q = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; q++) {
270                     PetscInt    id    = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
271                     PetscScalar scale = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].scale;
272                     coef[f * Nb + b] += scale * xdata[id + moffset];
273                   }
274                 }
275               }
276             }
277           }
278           /* get f and df */
279           for (PetscInt qi = 0; qi < Nq; qi++) {
280             const PetscReal *invJ = &invJe[qi * dim * dim];
281             const PetscReal *Bq   = &BB[qi * Nb];
282             const PetscReal *Dq   = &DD[qi * Nb * dim];
283             PetscReal        u_x[LANDAU_DIM];
284             /* get f & df */
285             for (f = 0; f < loc_Nf; ++f) {
286               const PetscInt idx = b_id * IPf_sz_glb + ipf_offset[grid] + f * loc_nip + loc_elem * Nq + qi;
287               PetscInt       b, e;
288               PetscReal      refSpaceDer[LANDAU_DIM];
289               ff[idx] = 0.0;
290               for (PetscInt d = 0; d < LANDAU_DIM; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] = 0.0;
291               for (b = 0; b < Nb; ++b) {
292                 const PetscInt cidx = b;
293                 ff[idx] += Bq[cidx] * PetscRealPart(coef[f * Nb + cidx]);
294                 for (PetscInt d = 0; d < dim; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] += Dq[cidx * dim + d] * PetscRealPart(coef[f * Nb + cidx]);
295               }
296               for (PetscInt d = 0; d < LANDAU_DIM; ++d) {
297                 for (e = 0, u_x[d] = 0.0; e < LANDAU_DIM; ++e) u_x[d] += invJ[e * dim + d] * refSpaceDer[e];
298               }
299               dudx[idx] = u_x[0];
300               dudy[idx] = u_x[1];
301 #if LANDAU_DIM == 3
302               dudz[idx] = u_x[2];
303 #endif
304             }
305           } // q
306         } // grid
307       } // grid*batch
308       PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[8], 0, 0, 0, 0));
309 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
310       endtime = MPI_Wtime();
311       if (ctx->stage) ctx->times[LANDAU_F_DF] += (endtime - starttime);
312 #endif
313     } // Jacobian setup
314     // assemble Jacobian (or mass)
315     for (PetscInt tid = 0; tid < ctx->batch_sz * elem_offset[num_grids]; tid++) { // for each element
316       const PetscInt b_Nelem      = elem_offset[num_grids];
317       const PetscInt glb_elem_idx = tid % b_Nelem, b_id = tid / b_Nelem;
318       PetscInt       grid = 0;
319 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
320       double starttime, endtime;
321       starttime = MPI_Wtime();
322 #endif
323       while (glb_elem_idx >= elem_offset[grid + 1]) grid++;
324       {
325         const PetscInt   loc_Nf = ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->species_offset[grid], loc_elem = glb_elem_idx - elem_offset[grid];
326         const PetscInt   moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset), totDim = loc_Nf * Nq, elemMatSize = totDim * totDim;
327         PetscScalar     *elemMat;
328         const PetscReal *invJe = &invJ_a[(ip_offset[grid] + loc_elem * Nq) * dim * dim];
329         PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(elemMatSize, &elemMat));
330         PetscCall(PetscMemzero(elemMat, elemMatSize * sizeof(*elemMat)));
331         if (shift == 0.0) { // Jacobian
332           PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[4], 0, 0, 0, 0));
333         } else { // mass
334           PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[16], 0, 0, 0, 0));
335         }
336         for (PetscInt qj = 0; qj < Nq; ++qj) {
337           const PetscInt jpidx_glb = ip_offset[grid] + qj + loc_elem * Nq;
338           PetscReal      g0[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], g2[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES][LANDAU_DIM], g3[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES][LANDAU_DIM][LANDAU_DIM]; // could make a LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES_GRID ~ number of ions - 1
339           PetscInt       d, d2, dp, d3, IPf_idx;
340           if (shift == 0.0) { // Jacobian
341             const PetscReal *const invJj = &invJe[qj * dim * dim];
342             PetscReal              gg2[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES][LANDAU_DIM], gg3[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES][LANDAU_DIM][LANDAU_DIM], gg2_temp[LANDAU_DIM], gg3_temp[LANDAU_DIM][LANDAU_DIM];
343             const PetscReal        vj[3] = {xx[jpidx_glb], yy[jpidx_glb], zz ? zz[jpidx_glb] : 0}, wj = ww[jpidx_glb];
344             // create g2 & g3
345             for (d = 0; d < LANDAU_DIM; d++) { // clear accumulation data D & K
346               gg2_temp[d] = 0;
347               for (d2 = 0; d2 < LANDAU_DIM; d2++) gg3_temp[d][d2] = 0;
348             }
349             /* inner beta reduction */
350             IPf_idx = 0;
351             for (PetscInt grid_r = 0, f_off = 0, ipidx = 0; grid_r < ctx->num_grids; grid_r++, f_off = ctx->species_offset[grid_r]) { // IPf_idx += nip_loc_r*Nfloc_r
352               PetscInt nip_loc_r = numCells[grid_r] * Nq, Nfloc_r = Nf[grid_r];
353               for (PetscInt ei_r = 0, loc_fdf_idx = 0; ei_r < numCells[grid_r]; ++ei_r) {
354                 for (PetscInt qi = 0; qi < Nq; qi++, ipidx++, loc_fdf_idx++) {
355                   const PetscReal wi = ww[ipidx], x = xx[ipidx], y = yy[ipidx];
356                   PetscReal       temp1[3] = {0, 0, 0}, temp2 = 0;
357 #if LANDAU_DIM == 2
358                   PetscReal Ud[2][2], Uk[2][2], mask = (PetscAbs(vj[0] - x) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON && PetscAbs(vj[1] - y) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON) ? 0. : 1.;
359                   LandauTensor2D(vj, x, y, Ud, Uk, mask);
360 #else
361                   PetscReal U[3][3], z = zz[ipidx], mask = (PetscAbs(vj[0] - x) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON && PetscAbs(vj[1] - y) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON && PetscAbs(vj[2] - z) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON) ? 0. : 1.;
362                   if (ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) {
363                     LandauTensor3DRelativistic(vj, x, y, z, U, mask, C_0(ctx->v_0));
364                   } else {
365                     LandauTensor3D(vj, x, y, z, U, mask);
366                   }
367 #endif
368                   for (PetscInt f = 0; f < Nfloc_r; ++f) {
369                     const PetscInt idx = b_id * IPf_sz_glb + ipf_offset[grid_r] + f * nip_loc_r + ei_r * Nq + qi; // IPf_idx + f*nip_loc_r + loc_fdf_idx;
370                     temp1[0] += dudx[idx] * nu_beta[f + f_off] * invMass[f + f_off] * (*lambdas)[grid][grid_r];
371                     temp1[1] += dudy[idx] * nu_beta[f + f_off] * invMass[f + f_off] * (*lambdas)[grid][grid_r];
372 #if LANDAU_DIM == 3
373                     temp1[2] += dudz[idx] * nu_beta[f + f_off] * invMass[f + f_off] * (*lambdas)[grid][grid_r];
374 #endif
375                     temp2 += ff[idx] * nu_beta[f + f_off] * (*lambdas)[grid][grid_r];
376                   }
377                   temp1[0] *= wi;
378                   temp1[1] *= wi;
379 #if LANDAU_DIM == 3
380                   temp1[2] *= wi;
381 #endif
382                   temp2 *= wi;
383 #if LANDAU_DIM == 2
384                   for (d2 = 0; d2 < 2; d2++) {
385                     for (d3 = 0; d3 < 2; ++d3) {
386                       /* K = U * grad(f): g2=e: i,A */
387                       gg2_temp[d2] += Uk[d2][d3] * temp1[d3];
388                       /* D = -U * (I \kron (fx)): g3=f: i,j,A */
389                       gg3_temp[d2][d3] += Ud[d2][d3] * temp2;
390                     }
391                   }
392 #else
393                   for (d2 = 0; d2 < 3; ++d2) {
394                     for (d3 = 0; d3 < 3; ++d3) {
395                       /* K = U * grad(f): g2 = e: i,A */
396                       gg2_temp[d2] += U[d2][d3] * temp1[d3];
397                       /* D = -U * (I \kron (fx)): g3 = f: i,j,A */
398                       gg3_temp[d2][d3] += U[d2][d3] * temp2;
399                     }
400                   }
401 #endif
402                 } // qi
403               } // ei_r
404               IPf_idx += nip_loc_r * Nfloc_r;
405             } /* grid_r - IPs */
406             PetscCheck(IPf_idx == IPf_sz_glb, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "IPf_idx != IPf_sz %" PetscInt_FMT " %" PetscInt_FMT, IPf_idx, IPf_sz_glb);
407             // add alpha and put in gg2/3
408             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0, f_off = ctx->species_offset[grid]; fieldA < loc_Nf; ++fieldA) {
409               for (d2 = 0; d2 < LANDAU_DIM; d2++) {
410                 gg2[fieldA][d2] = gg2_temp[d2] * nu_alpha[fieldA + f_off];
411                 for (d3 = 0; d3 < LANDAU_DIM; d3++) gg3[fieldA][d2][d3] = -gg3_temp[d2][d3] * nu_alpha[fieldA + f_off] * invMass[fieldA + f_off];
412               }
413             }
414             /* add electric field term once per IP */
415             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0, f_off = ctx->species_offset[grid]; fieldA < loc_Nf; ++fieldA) gg2[fieldA][LANDAU_DIM - 1] += Eq_m[fieldA + f_off];
416             /* Jacobian transform - g2, g3 */
417             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0; fieldA < loc_Nf; ++fieldA) {
418               for (d = 0; d < dim; ++d) {
419                 g2[fieldA][d] = 0.0;
420                 for (d2 = 0; d2 < dim; ++d2) {
421                   g2[fieldA][d] += invJj[d * dim + d2] * gg2[fieldA][d2];
422                   g3[fieldA][d][d2] = 0.0;
423                   for (d3 = 0; d3 < dim; ++d3) {
424                     for (dp = 0; dp < dim; ++dp) g3[fieldA][d][d2] += invJj[d * dim + d3] * gg3[fieldA][d3][dp] * invJj[d2 * dim + dp];
425                   }
426                   g3[fieldA][d][d2] *= wj;
427                 }
428                 g2[fieldA][d] *= wj;
429               }
430             }
431           } else { // mass
432             PetscReal wj = ww[jpidx_glb];
433             /* Jacobian transform - g0 */
434             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0; fieldA < loc_Nf; ++fieldA) {
435               if (dim == 2) {
436                 g0[fieldA] = wj * shift * 2. * PETSC_PI; // move this to below and remove g0
437               } else {
438                 g0[fieldA] = wj * shift; // move this to below and remove g0
439               }
440             }
441           }
442           /* FE matrix construction */
443           {
444             PetscInt         fieldA, d, f, d2, g;
445             const PetscReal *BJq = &BB[qj * Nb], *DIq = &DD[qj * Nb * dim];
446             /* assemble - on the diagonal (I,I) */
447             for (fieldA = 0; fieldA < loc_Nf; fieldA++) {
448               for (f = 0; f < Nb; f++) {
449                 const PetscInt i = fieldA * Nb + f; /* Element matrix row */
450                 for (g = 0; g < Nb; ++g) {
451                   const PetscInt j    = fieldA * Nb + g; /* Element matrix column */
452                   const PetscInt fOff = i * totDim + j;
453                   if (shift == 0.0) {
454                     for (d = 0; d < dim; ++d) {
455                       elemMat[fOff] += DIq[f * dim + d] * g2[fieldA][d] * BJq[g];
456                       for (d2 = 0; d2 < dim; ++d2) elemMat[fOff] += DIq[f * dim + d] * g3[fieldA][d][d2] * DIq[g * dim + d2];
457                     }
458                   } else { // mass
459                     elemMat[fOff] += BJq[f] * g0[fieldA] * BJq[g];
460                   }
461                 }
462               }
463             }
464           }
465         } /* qj loop */
466         if (shift == 0.0) { // Jacobian
467           PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[4], 0, 0, 0, 0));
468         } else {
469           PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[16], 0, 0, 0, 0));
470         }
471 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
472         endtime = MPI_Wtime();
473         if (ctx->stage) ctx->times[LANDAU_KERNEL] += (endtime - starttime);
474 #endif
475         /* assemble matrix */
476         if (!container) {
477           PetscInt cStart;
478           PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[6], 0, 0, 0, 0));
479           PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, NULL));
480           PetscCall(DMPlexMatSetClosure(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], globsection[grid], subJ[LAND_PACK_IDX(b_id, grid)], loc_elem + cStart, elemMat, ADD_VALUES));
481           PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[6], 0, 0, 0, 0));
482         } else { // GPU like assembly for debugging
483           PetscInt    fieldA, q, f, g, d, nr, nc, rows0[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0}, cols0[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0}, rows[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE], cols[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE];
484           PetscScalar vals[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE * LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0}, row_scale[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0}, col_scale[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0};
485           LandauIdx *coo_elem_offsets = (LandauIdx *)ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_offsets, *coo_elem_fullNb = (LandauIdx *)ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_fullNb, (*coo_elem_point_offsets)[LANDAU_MAX_NQND + 1] = (LandauIdx(*)[LANDAU_MAX_NQND + 1]) ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_point_offsets;
486           /* assemble - from the diagonal (I,I) in this format for DMPlexMatSetClosure */
487           for (fieldA = 0; fieldA < loc_Nf; fieldA++) {
488             LandauIdx *const Idxs = &maps[grid].gIdx[loc_elem][fieldA][0];
489             for (f = 0; f < Nb; f++) {
490               PetscInt idx = Idxs[f];
491               if (idx >= 0) {
492                 nr           = 1;
493                 rows0[0]     = idx;
494                 row_scale[0] = 1.;
495               } else {
496                 idx = -idx - 1;
497                 for (q = 0, nr = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; q++, nr++) {
498                   if (maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid < 0) break;
499                   rows0[q]     = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
500                   row_scale[q] = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].scale;
501                 }
502               }
503               for (g = 0; g < Nb; ++g) {
504                 idx = Idxs[g];
505                 if (idx >= 0) {
506                   nc           = 1;
507                   cols0[0]     = idx;
508                   col_scale[0] = 1.;
509                 } else {
510                   idx = -idx - 1;
511                   nc  = maps[grid].num_face;
512                   for (q = 0, nc = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; q++, nc++) {
513                     if (maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid < 0) break;
514                     cols0[q]     = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
515                     col_scale[q] = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].scale;
516                   }
517                 }
518                 const PetscInt    i   = fieldA * Nb + f; /* Element matrix row */
519                 const PetscInt    j   = fieldA * Nb + g; /* Element matrix column */
520                 const PetscScalar Aij = elemMat[i * totDim + j];
521                 if (coo_vals) { // mirror (i,j) in CreateStaticGPUData
522                   const PetscInt fullNb = coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx], fullNb2 = fullNb * fullNb;
523                   const PetscInt idx0 = b_id * coo_elem_offsets[elem_offset[num_grids]] + coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx] + fieldA * fullNb2 + fullNb * coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f] + nr * coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][g];
524                   for (PetscInt q = 0, idx2 = idx0; q < nr; q++) {
525                     for (PetscInt d = 0; d < nc; d++, idx2++) coo_vals[idx2] = row_scale[q] * col_scale[d] * Aij;
526                   }
527                 } else {
528                   for (q = 0; q < nr; q++) rows[q] = rows0[q] + moffset;
529                   for (d = 0; d < nc; d++) cols[d] = cols0[d] + moffset;
530                   for (q = 0; q < nr; q++) {
531                     for (d = 0; d < nc; d++) vals[q * nc + d] = row_scale[q] * col_scale[d] * Aij;
532                   }
533                   PetscCall(MatSetValues(JacP, nr, rows, nc, cols, vals, ADD_VALUES));
534                 }
535               }
536             }
537           }
538         }
539         if (loc_elem == -1) {
540           PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "CPU Element matrix\n"));
541           for (PetscInt d = 0; d < totDim; ++d) {
542             for (PetscInt f = 0; f < totDim; ++f) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, " %12.5e", (double)PetscRealPart(elemMat[d * totDim + f])));
543             PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "\n"));
544           }
545           exit(12);
546         }
547         PetscCall(PetscFree(elemMat));
548       } /* grid */
549     } /* outer element & batch loop */
550     if (shift == 0.0) { // mass
551       PetscCall(PetscFree4(ff, dudx, dudy, dudz));
552     }
553     if (!container) {                                         // 'CPU' assembly move nest matrix to global JacP
554       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // OpenMP
555         for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
556           const PetscInt     moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset); // b_id*b_N + ctx->mat_offset[grid];
557           PetscInt           nloc, nzl, colbuf[1024], row;
558           const PetscInt    *cols;
559           const PetscScalar *vals;
560           Mat                B = subJ[LAND_PACK_IDX(b_id, grid)];
561           PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(B, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
562           PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(B, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
563           PetscCall(MatGetSize(B, &nloc, NULL));
564           for (PetscInt i = 0; i < nloc; i++) {
565             PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
566             PetscCheck(nzl <= 1024, PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)B), PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Row too big: %" PetscInt_FMT, nzl);
567             for (PetscInt j = 0; j < nzl; j++) colbuf[j] = moffset + cols[j];
568             row = moffset + i;
569             PetscCall(MatSetValues(JacP, 1, &row, nzl, colbuf, vals, ADD_VALUES));
570             PetscCall(MatRestoreRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
571           }
572           PetscCall(MatDestroy(&B));
573         }
574       }
575     }
576     if (coo_vals) {
577       PetscCall(MatSetValuesCOO(JacP, coo_vals, ADD_VALUES));
578       PetscCall(PetscFree(coo_vals));
579     }
580   } /* CPU version */
581   PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(JacP, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
582   PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(JacP, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
583   /* clean up */
584   if (cellClosure) PetscCall(PetscFree(cellClosure));
585   if (xdata) PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayReadAndMemType(a_X, &xdata));
586   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
587 }
588 
589 static PetscErrorCode GeometryDMLandau(DM base, PetscInt point, PetscInt dim, const PetscReal abc[], PetscReal xyz[], void *a_ctx)
590 {
591   PetscReal  r = abc[0], z = abc[1];
592   LandauCtx *ctx = (LandauCtx *)a_ctx;
593 
594   PetscFunctionBegin;
595   if (ctx->sphere && dim == 3) { // make sphere: works for one AMR and Q2
596     PetscInt nzero = 0, idx = 0;
597     xyz[0] = r;
598     xyz[1] = z;
599     xyz[2] = abc[2];
600     for (PetscInt i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
601       if (PetscAbs(xyz[i]) < PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON) nzero++;
602       else idx = i;
603     }
604     if (nzero == 2) xyz[idx] *= 1.732050807568877; // sqrt(3)
605     else if (nzero == 1) {
606       for (PetscInt i = 0; i < 3; i++) xyz[i] *= 1.224744871391589; // sqrt(3/2)
607     }
608   } else {
609     xyz[0] = r;
610     xyz[1] = z;
611     if (dim == 3) xyz[2] = abc[2];
612   }
613   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
614 }
615 
616 /* create DMComposite of meshes for each species group */
617 static PetscErrorCode LandauDMCreateVMeshes(MPI_Comm comm_self, const PetscInt dim, const char prefix[], LandauCtx *ctx, DM pack)
618 {
619   PetscFunctionBegin;
620   { /* p4est, quads */
621     /* Create plex mesh of Landau domain */
622     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
623       PetscReal par_radius = ctx->radius_par[grid], perp_radius = ctx->radius_perp[grid];
624       if (!ctx->sphere && !ctx->simplex) { // 2 or 3D (only 3D option)
625         PetscReal      lo[] = {-perp_radius, -par_radius, -par_radius}, hi[] = {perp_radius, par_radius, par_radius};
626         DMBoundaryType periodicity[3] = {DM_BOUNDARY_NONE, dim == 2 ? DM_BOUNDARY_NONE : DM_BOUNDARY_NONE, DM_BOUNDARY_NONE};
627         if (dim == 2) lo[0] = 0;
628         else {
629           lo[1] = -perp_radius;
630           hi[1] = perp_radius; // 3D y is a perp
631         }
632         PetscCall(DMPlexCreateBoxMesh(comm_self, dim, PETSC_FALSE, ctx->cells0, lo, hi, periodicity, PETSC_TRUE, 0, PETSC_TRUE, &ctx->plex[grid])); // TODO: make composite and create dm[grid] here
633         PetscCall(DMLocalizeCoordinates(ctx->plex[grid]));                                                                                          /* needed for periodic */
634         if (dim == 3) PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->plex[grid], "cube"));
635         else PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->plex[grid], "half-plane"));
636       } else if (dim == 2) {
637         size_t len;
638         PetscCall(PetscStrlen(ctx->filename, &len));
639         if (len) {
640           Vec          coords;
641           PetscScalar *x;
642           PetscInt     N;
643           char         str[] = "-dm_landau_view_file_0";
644           str[21] += grid;
645           PetscCall(DMPlexCreateFromFile(comm_self, ctx->filename, "plexland.c", PETSC_TRUE, &ctx->plex[grid]));
646           PetscCall(DMPlexOrient(ctx->plex[grid]));
647           PetscCall(DMGetCoordinatesLocal(ctx->plex[grid], &coords));
648           PetscCall(VecGetSize(coords, &N));
649           PetscCall(VecGetArray(coords, &x));
650           /* scale by domain size */
651           for (PetscInt i = 0; i < N; i += 2) {
652             x[i + 0] *= ctx->radius_perp[grid];
653             x[i + 1] *= ctx->radius_par[grid];
654           }
655           PetscCall(VecRestoreArray(coords, &x));
656           PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->plex[grid], ctx->filename));
657           PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[grid], "%" PetscInt_FMT ") Read %s mesh file (%s)\n", grid, ctx->filename, str));
658           PetscCall(DMViewFromOptions(ctx->plex[grid], NULL, str));
659         } else { // simplex forces a sphere
660           PetscInt       numCells = ctx->simplex ? 12 : 6, cell_size = ctx->simplex ? 3 : 4, j;
661           const PetscInt numVerts    = 11;
662           PetscInt       cellsT[][4] = {
663             {0,  1, 6, 5 },
664             {1,  2, 7, 6 },
665             {2,  3, 8, 7 },
666             {3,  4, 9, 8 },
667             {5,  6, 7, 10},
668             {10, 7, 8, 9 }
669           };
670           PetscInt cellsS[][3] = {
671             {0,  1, 6 },
672             {1,  2, 6 },
673             {6,  2, 7 },
674             {7,  2, 8 },
675             {8,  2, 3 },
676             {8,  3, 4 },
677             {0,  6, 5 },
678             {5,  6, 7 },
679             {5,  7, 10},
680             {10, 7, 9 },
681             {9,  7, 8 },
682             {9,  8, 4 }
683           };
684           const PetscInt *pcell = (const PetscInt *)(ctx->simplex ? &cellsS[0][0] : &cellsT[0][0]);
685           PetscReal       coords[11][2], *flatCoords = &coords[0][0];
686           PetscReal       rad = ctx->radius[grid];
687           for (j = 0; j < 5; j++) { // outside edge
688             PetscReal z, r, theta = -PETSC_PI / 2 + (j % 5) * PETSC_PI / 4;
689             r            = rad * PetscCosReal(theta);
690             coords[j][0] = r;
691             z            = rad * PetscSinReal(theta);
692             coords[j][1] = z;
693           }
694           coords[j][0]   = 0;
695           coords[j++][1] = -rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[grid];
696           coords[j][0]   = rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] * 0.707106781186548;
697           coords[j++][1] = -rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] * 0.707106781186548;
698           coords[j][0]   = rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[grid];
699           coords[j++][1] = 0;
700           coords[j][0]   = rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] * 0.707106781186548;
701           coords[j++][1] = rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] * 0.707106781186548;
702           coords[j][0]   = 0;
703           coords[j++][1] = rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[grid];
704           coords[j][0]   = 0;
705           coords[j++][1] = 0;
706           PetscCall(DMPlexCreateFromCellListPetsc(comm_self, 2, numCells, numVerts, cell_size, ctx->interpolate, pcell, 2, flatCoords, &ctx->plex[grid]));
707           PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->plex[grid], "semi-circle"));
708           PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[grid], "\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Make circle %s mesh\n", grid, ctx->simplex ? "simplex" : "tensor"));
709         }
710       } else {
711         PetscCheck(dim == 3 && ctx->sphere && !ctx->simplex, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "not: dim == 3 && ctx->sphere && !ctx->simplex");
712         PetscReal      rad = ctx->radius[grid] / 1.732050807568877, inner_rad = rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid], outer_rad = rad;
713         const PetscInt numCells = 7, cell_size = 8, numVerts = 16;
714         const PetscInt cells[][8] = {
715           {0, 3, 2, 1, 4,  5,  6,  7 },
716           {0, 4, 5, 1, 8,  9,  13, 12},
717           {1, 5, 6, 2, 9,  10, 14, 13},
718           {2, 6, 7, 3, 10, 11, 15, 14},
719           {0, 3, 7, 4, 8,  12, 15, 11},
720           {0, 1, 2, 3, 8,  11, 10, 9 },
721           {4, 7, 6, 5, 12, 13, 14, 15}
722         };
723         PetscReal coords[16 /* numVerts */][3];
724         for (PetscInt j = 0; j < 4; j++) { // inner edge, low
725           coords[j][0] = inner_rad * (j == 0 || j == 3 ? 1 : -1);
726           coords[j][1] = inner_rad * (j / 2 < 1 ? 1 : -1);
727           coords[j][2] = inner_rad * -1;
728         }
729         for (PetscInt j = 0, jj = 4; j < 4; j++, jj++) { // inner edge, hi
730           coords[jj][0] = inner_rad * (j == 0 || j == 3 ? 1 : -1);
731           coords[jj][1] = inner_rad * (j / 2 < 1 ? 1 : -1);
732           coords[jj][2] = inner_rad * 1;
733         }
734         for (PetscInt j = 0, jj = 8; j < 4; j++, jj++) { // outer edge, low
735           coords[jj][0] = outer_rad * (j == 0 || j == 3 ? 1 : -1);
736           coords[jj][1] = outer_rad * (j / 2 < 1 ? 1 : -1);
737           coords[jj][2] = outer_rad * -1;
738         }
739         for (PetscInt j = 0, jj = 12; j < 4; j++, jj++) { // outer edge, hi
740           coords[jj][0] = outer_rad * (j == 0 || j == 3 ? 1 : -1);
741           coords[jj][1] = outer_rad * (j / 2 < 1 ? 1 : -1);
742           coords[jj][2] = outer_rad * 1;
743         }
744         PetscCall(DMPlexCreateFromCellListPetsc(comm_self, 3, numCells, numVerts, cell_size, ctx->interpolate, (const PetscInt *)cells, 3, (const PetscReal *)coords, &ctx->plex[grid]));
745         PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->plex[grid], "cubed sphere"));
746         PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[grid], "\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Make cubed sphere %s mesh\n", grid, ctx->simplex ? "simplex" : "tensor"));
747       }
748       PetscCall(DMSetFromOptions(ctx->plex[grid]));
749     } // grid loop
750     PetscCall(PetscObjectSetOptionsPrefix((PetscObject)pack, prefix));
751     { /* convert to p4est (or whatever), wait for discretization to create pack */
752       char      convType[256];
753       PetscBool flg;
754 
755       PetscOptionsBegin(ctx->comm, prefix, "Mesh conversion options", "DMPLEX");
756       PetscCall(PetscOptionsFList("-dm_landau_type", "Convert DMPlex to another format (p4est)", "plexland.c", DMList, DMPLEX, convType, 256, &flg));
757       PetscOptionsEnd();
758       if (flg) {
759         ctx->use_p4est = PETSC_TRUE; /* flag for Forest */
760         for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
761           DM dmforest;
762           PetscCall(DMConvert(ctx->plex[grid], convType, &dmforest));
763           if (dmforest) {
764             PetscBool isForest;
765             PetscCall(PetscObjectSetOptionsPrefix((PetscObject)dmforest, prefix));
766             PetscCall(DMIsForest(dmforest, &isForest));
767             if (isForest) {
768               if (ctx->sphere) PetscCall(DMForestSetBaseCoordinateMapping(dmforest, GeometryDMLandau, ctx));
769               PetscCall(DMDestroy(&ctx->plex[grid]));
770               ctx->plex[grid] = dmforest; // Forest for adaptivity
771             } else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Converted to non Forest?");
772           } else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Convert failed?");
773         }
774       } else ctx->use_p4est = PETSC_FALSE; /* flag for Forest */
775     }
776   } /* non-file */
777   PetscCall(DMSetDimension(pack, dim));
778   PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)pack, "Mesh"));
779   PetscCall(DMSetApplicationContext(pack, ctx));
780   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
781 }
782 
783 static PetscErrorCode SetupDS(DM pack, PetscInt dim, PetscInt grid, LandauCtx *ctx)
784 {
785   PetscInt     ii, i0;
786   char         buf[256];
787   PetscSection section;
788 
789   PetscFunctionBegin;
790   for (ii = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, i0++) {
791     if (ii == 0) PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "e"));
792     else PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "i%" PetscInt_FMT, ii));
793     /* Setup Discretization - FEM */
794     PetscCall(PetscFECreateDefault(PETSC_COMM_SELF, dim, 1, ctx->simplex, NULL, PETSC_DECIDE, &ctx->fe[ii]));
795     PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->fe[ii], buf));
796     PetscCall(DMSetField(ctx->plex[grid], i0, NULL, (PetscObject)ctx->fe[ii]));
797   }
798   PetscCall(DMCreateDS(ctx->plex[grid]));
799   PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &section));
800   for (PetscInt ii = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, i0++) {
801     if (ii == 0) PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "se"));
802     else PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "si%" PetscInt_FMT, ii));
803     PetscCall(PetscSectionSetComponentName(section, i0, 0, buf));
804   }
805   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
806 }
807 
808 /* Define a Maxwellian function for testing out the operator. */
809 
810 /* Using cartesian velocity space coordinates, the particle */
811 /* density, [1/m^3], is defined according to */
812 
813 /* $$ n=\int_{R^3} dv^3 \left(\frac{m}{2\pi T}\right)^{3/2}\exp [- mv^2/(2T)] $$ */
814 
815 /* Using some constant, c, we normalize the velocity vector into a */
816 /* dimensionless variable according to v=c*x. Thus the density, $n$, becomes */
817 
818 /* $$ n=\int_{R^3} dx^3 \left(\frac{mc^2}{2\pi T}\right)^{3/2}\exp [- mc^2/(2T)*x^2] $$ */
819 
820 /* Defining $\theta=2T/mc^2$, we thus find that the probability density */
821 /* for finding the particle within the interval in a box dx^3 around x is */
822 
823 /* f(x;\theta)=\left(\frac{1}{\pi\theta}\right)^{3/2} \exp [ -x^2/\theta ] */
824 
825 typedef struct {
826   PetscReal v_0;
827   PetscReal kT_m;
828   PetscReal n;
829   PetscReal shift;
830 } MaxwellianCtx;
831 
832 static PetscErrorCode maxwellian(PetscInt dim, PetscReal time, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt Nf_dummy, PetscScalar *u, void *actx)
833 {
834   MaxwellianCtx *mctx = (MaxwellianCtx *)actx;
835   PetscInt       i;
836   PetscReal      v2 = 0, theta = 2 * mctx->kT_m / (mctx->v_0 * mctx->v_0), shift; /* theta = 2kT/mc^2 */
837 
838   PetscFunctionBegin;
839   /* compute the exponents, v^2 */
840   for (i = 0; i < dim; ++i) v2 += x[i] * x[i];
841   /* evaluate the Maxwellian */
842   if (mctx->shift < 0) shift = -mctx->shift;
843   else {
844     u[0]  = mctx->n * PetscPowReal(PETSC_PI * theta, -1.5) * (PetscExpReal(-v2 / theta));
845     shift = mctx->shift;
846   }
847   if (shift != 0.) {
848     v2 = 0;
849     for (i = 0; i < dim - 1; ++i) v2 += x[i] * x[i];
850     v2 += (x[dim - 1] - shift) * (x[dim - 1] - shift);
851     /* evaluate the shifted Maxwellian */
852     u[0] += mctx->n * PetscPowReal(PETSC_PI * theta, -1.5) * (PetscExpReal(-v2 / theta));
853   }
854   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
855 }
856 
857 /*@
858   DMPlexLandauAddMaxwellians - Add a Maxwellian distribution to a state
859 
860   Collective
861 
862   Input Parameters:
863 + dm      - The mesh (local)
864 . time    - Current time
865 . temps   - Temperatures of each species (global)
866 . ns      - Number density of each species (global)
867 . grid    - index into current grid - just used for offset into `temp` and `ns`
868 . b_id    - batch index
869 . n_batch - number of batches
870 - actx    - Landau context
871 
872   Output Parameter:
873 . X - The state (local to this grid)
874 
875   Level: beginner
876 
877 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
878  @*/
879 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauAddMaxwellians(DM dm, Vec X, PetscReal time, PetscReal temps[], PetscReal ns[], PetscInt grid, PetscInt b_id, PetscInt n_batch, void *actx)
880 {
881   LandauCtx *ctx = (LandauCtx *)actx;
882   PetscErrorCode (*initu[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES])(PetscInt, PetscReal, const PetscReal[], PetscInt, PetscScalar[], void *);
883   PetscInt       dim;
884   MaxwellianCtx *mctxs[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], data[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES];
885 
886   PetscFunctionBegin;
887   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(dm, &dim));
888   if (!ctx) PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(dm, &ctx));
889   for (PetscInt ii = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, i0++) {
890     mctxs[i0]      = &data[i0];
891     data[i0].v_0   = ctx->v_0;                             // v_0 same for all grids
892     data[i0].kT_m  = ctx->k * temps[ii] / ctx->masses[ii]; /* kT/m */
893     data[i0].n     = ns[ii];
894     initu[i0]      = maxwellian;
895     data[i0].shift = 0;
896   }
897   data[0].shift = ctx->electronShift;
898   /* need to make ADD_ALL_VALUES work - TODO */
899   PetscCall(DMProjectFunction(dm, time, initu, (void **)mctxs, INSERT_ALL_VALUES, X));
900   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
901 }
902 
903 /*
904  LandauSetInitialCondition - Adds Maxwellians with context
905 
906  Collective
907 
908  Input Parameters:
909  .   dm - The mesh
910  -   grid - index into current grid - just used for offset into temp and ns
911  .   b_id - batch index
912  -   n_batch - number of batches
913  +   actx - Landau context with T and n
914 
915  Output Parameter:
916  .   X  - The state
917 
918  Level: beginner
919 
920 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`, `DMPlexLandauAddMaxwellians()`
921  */
922 static PetscErrorCode LandauSetInitialCondition(DM dm, Vec X, PetscInt grid, PetscInt b_id, PetscInt n_batch, void *actx)
923 {
924   LandauCtx *ctx = (LandauCtx *)actx;
925 
926   PetscFunctionBegin;
927   if (!ctx) PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(dm, &ctx));
928   PetscCall(VecZeroEntries(X));
929   PetscCall(DMPlexLandauAddMaxwellians(dm, X, 0.0, ctx->thermal_temps, ctx->n, grid, b_id, n_batch, ctx));
930   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
931 }
932 
933 // adapt a level once. Forest in/out
934 #if defined(PETSC_USE_INFO)
935 static const char *s_refine_names[] = {"RE", "Z1", "Origin", "Z2", "Uniform"};
936 #endif
937 static PetscErrorCode adaptToleranceFEM(PetscFE fem, Vec sol, PetscInt type, PetscInt grid, LandauCtx *ctx, DM *newForest)
938 {
939   DM              forest, plex, adaptedDM = NULL;
940   PetscDS         prob;
941   PetscBool       isForest;
942   PetscQuadrature quad;
943   PetscInt        Nq, Nb, *Nb2, cStart, cEnd, c, dim, qj, k;
944   DMLabel         adaptLabel = NULL;
945 
946   PetscFunctionBegin;
947   forest = ctx->plex[grid];
948   PetscCall(DMCreateDS(forest));
949   PetscCall(DMGetDS(forest, &prob));
950   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(forest, &dim));
951   PetscCall(DMIsForest(forest, &isForest));
952   PetscCheck(isForest, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "! Forest");
953   PetscCall(DMConvert(forest, DMPLEX, &plex));
954   PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(plex, 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
955   PetscCall(DMLabelCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, "adapt", &adaptLabel));
956   PetscCall(PetscFEGetQuadrature(fem, &quad));
957   PetscCall(PetscQuadratureGetData(quad, NULL, NULL, &Nq, NULL, NULL));
958   PetscCheck(Nq <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nq = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nq, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
959   PetscCall(PetscFEGetDimension(ctx->fe[0], &Nb));
960   PetscCall(PetscDSGetDimensions(prob, &Nb2));
961   PetscCheck(Nb2[0] == Nb, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, " Nb = %" PetscInt_FMT " != Nb (%" PetscInt_FMT ")", Nb, Nb2[0]);
962   PetscCheck(Nb <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nb = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nb, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
963   PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "%" PetscInt_FMT ") Refine phase: %s\n", grid, s_refine_names[type]));
964   if (type == 4) {
965     for (c = cStart; c < cEnd; c++) PetscCall(DMLabelSetValue(adaptLabel, c, DM_ADAPT_REFINE));
966   } else if (type == 2) {
967     PetscInt  rCellIdx[8], nr = 0, nrmax = (dim == 3) ? 8 : 2;
968     PetscReal minRad = PETSC_INFINITY, r;
969     for (c = cStart; c < cEnd; c++) {
970       PetscReal tt, v0[LANDAU_MAX_NQND * 3], J[LANDAU_MAX_NQND * 9], invJ[LANDAU_MAX_NQND * 9], detJ[LANDAU_MAX_NQND];
971       PetscCall(DMPlexComputeCellGeometryFEM(plex, c, quad, v0, J, invJ, detJ));
972       (void)J;
973       (void)invJ;
974       for (qj = 0; qj < Nq; ++qj) {
975         tt = PetscSqr(v0[dim * qj + 0]) + PetscSqr(v0[dim * qj + 1]) + PetscSqr((dim == 3) ? v0[dim * qj + 2] : 0);
976         r  = PetscSqrtReal(tt);
977         if (r < minRad - PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON * 10.) {
978           minRad         = r;
979           nr             = 0;
980           rCellIdx[nr++] = c;
981           PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Found first inner r=%e, cell %" PetscInt_FMT ", qp %" PetscInt_FMT "/%" PetscInt_FMT "\n", grid, (double)r, c, qj + 1, Nq));
982         } else if ((r - minRad) < PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON * 100. && nr < nrmax) {
983           for (k = 0; k < nr; k++)
984             if (c == rCellIdx[k]) break;
985           if (k == nr) {
986             rCellIdx[nr++] = c;
987             PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Found another inner r=%e, cell %" PetscInt_FMT ", qp %" PetscInt_FMT "/%" PetscInt_FMT ", d=%e\n", grid, (double)r, c, qj + 1, Nq, (double)(r - minRad)));
988           }
989         }
990       }
991     }
992     for (k = 0; k < nr; k++) PetscCall(DMLabelSetValue(adaptLabel, rCellIdx[k], DM_ADAPT_REFINE));
993     PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Refined %" PetscInt_FMT " origin cells %" PetscInt_FMT ",%" PetscInt_FMT " r=%g\n", grid, nr, rCellIdx[0], rCellIdx[1], (double)minRad));
994   } else if (type == 0 || type == 1 || type == 3) { /* refine along r=0 axis */
995     PetscScalar *coef = NULL;
996     Vec          coords;
997     PetscInt     csize, Nv, d, nz, nrefined = 0;
998     DM           cdm;
999     PetscSection cs;
1000     PetscCall(DMGetCoordinatesLocal(forest, &coords));
1001     PetscCall(DMGetCoordinateDM(forest, &cdm));
1002     PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(cdm, &cs));
1003     for (c = cStart; c < cEnd; c++) {
1004       PetscInt doit = 0, outside = 0;
1005       PetscCall(DMPlexVecGetClosure(cdm, cs, coords, c, &csize, &coef));
1006       Nv = csize / dim;
1007       for (nz = d = 0; d < Nv; d++) {
1008         PetscReal z = PetscRealPart(coef[d * dim + (dim - 1)]), x = PetscSqr(PetscRealPart(coef[d * dim + 0])) + ((dim == 3) ? PetscSqr(PetscRealPart(coef[d * dim + 1])) : 0);
1009         x = PetscSqrtReal(x);
1010         if (type == 0) {
1011           if (ctx->re_radius > PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON && (z < -PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON * 10. || z > ctx->re_radius + PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON * 10.)) outside++; /* first pass don't refine bottom */
1012         } else if (type == 1 && (z > ctx->vperp0_radius1 || z < -ctx->vperp0_radius1)) {
1013           outside++; /* don't refine outside electron refine radius */
1014           PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") (debug) found %s cells\n", grid, s_refine_names[type]));
1015         } else if (type == 3 && (z > ctx->vperp0_radius2 || z < -ctx->vperp0_radius2)) {
1016           outside++; /* refine r=0 cells on refinement front */
1017           PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") (debug) found %s cells\n", grid, s_refine_names[type]));
1018         }
1019         if (x < PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON * 10. && (type != 0 || ctx->re_radius > PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON)) nz++;
1020       }
1021       PetscCall(DMPlexVecRestoreClosure(cdm, cs, coords, c, &csize, &coef));
1022       if (doit || (outside < Nv && nz)) {
1023         PetscCall(DMLabelSetValue(adaptLabel, c, DM_ADAPT_REFINE));
1024         nrefined++;
1025       }
1026     }
1027     PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Refined %" PetscInt_FMT " cells\n", grid, nrefined));
1028   }
1029   PetscCall(DMDestroy(&plex));
1030   PetscCall(DMAdaptLabel(forest, adaptLabel, &adaptedDM));
1031   PetscCall(DMLabelDestroy(&adaptLabel));
1032   *newForest = adaptedDM;
1033   if (adaptedDM) {
1034     if (isForest) {
1035       PetscCall(DMForestSetAdaptivityForest(adaptedDM, NULL)); // ????
1036     }
1037     PetscCall(DMConvert(adaptedDM, DMPLEX, &plex));
1038     PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(plex, 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
1039     PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t\t\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") %" PetscInt_FMT " cells, %" PetscInt_FMT " total quadrature points\n", grid, cEnd - cStart, Nq * (cEnd - cStart)));
1040     PetscCall(DMDestroy(&plex));
1041   } else *newForest = NULL;
1042   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1043 }
1044 
1045 // forest goes in (ctx->plex[grid]), plex comes out
1046 static PetscErrorCode adapt(PetscInt grid, LandauCtx *ctx, Vec *uu)
1047 {
1048   PetscInt adaptIter;
1049 
1050   PetscFunctionBegin;
1051   PetscInt type, limits[5] = {(grid == 0) ? ctx->numRERefine : 0, (grid == 0) ? ctx->nZRefine1 : 0, ctx->numAMRRefine[grid], (grid == 0) ? ctx->nZRefine2 : 0, ctx->postAMRRefine[grid]};
1052   for (type = 0; type < 5; type++) {
1053     for (adaptIter = 0; adaptIter < limits[type]; adaptIter++) {
1054       DM newForest = NULL;
1055       PetscCall(adaptToleranceFEM(ctx->fe[0], *uu, type, grid, ctx, &newForest));
1056       if (newForest) {
1057         PetscCall(DMDestroy(&ctx->plex[grid]));
1058         PetscCall(VecDestroy(uu));
1059         PetscCall(DMCreateGlobalVector(newForest, uu));
1060         PetscCall(LandauSetInitialCondition(newForest, *uu, grid, 0, 1, ctx));
1061         ctx->plex[grid] = newForest;
1062       } else {
1063         PetscCall(PetscInfo(*uu, "No refinement\n"));
1064       }
1065     }
1066   }
1067   PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)*uu, "uAMR"));
1068   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1069 }
1070 
1071 // make log(Lambdas) from NRL Plasma formulary
1072 static PetscErrorCode makeLambdas(LandauCtx *ctx)
1073 {
1074   PetscFunctionBegin;
1075   for (PetscInt gridi = 0; gridi < ctx->num_grids; gridi++) {
1076     PetscInt  iii   = ctx->species_offset[gridi];
1077     PetscReal Ti_ev = (ctx->thermal_temps[iii] / 1.1604525e7) * 1000; // convert (back) to eV
1078     PetscReal ni    = ctx->n[iii] * ctx->n_0;
1079     for (PetscInt gridj = gridi; gridj < ctx->num_grids; gridj++) {
1080       PetscInt  jjj = ctx->species_offset[gridj];
1081       PetscReal Zj  = ctx->charges[jjj] / 1.6022e-19;
1082       if (gridi == 0) {
1083         if (gridj == 0) { // lam_ee
1084           ctx->lambdas[gridi][gridj] = 23.5 - PetscLogReal(PetscSqrtReal(ni) * PetscPowReal(Ti_ev, -1.25)) - PetscSqrtReal(1e-5 + PetscSqr(PetscLogReal(Ti_ev) - 2) / 16);
1085         } else { // lam_ei == lam_ie
1086           if (10 * Zj * Zj > Ti_ev) {
1087             ctx->lambdas[gridi][gridj] = ctx->lambdas[gridj][gridi] = 23 - PetscLogReal(PetscSqrtReal(ni) * Zj * PetscPowReal(Ti_ev, -1.5));
1088           } else {
1089             ctx->lambdas[gridi][gridj] = ctx->lambdas[gridj][gridi] = 24 - PetscLogReal(PetscSqrtReal(ni) / Ti_ev);
1090           }
1091         }
1092       } else { // lam_ii'
1093         PetscReal mui = ctx->masses[iii] / 1.6720e-27, Zi = ctx->charges[iii] / 1.6022e-19;
1094         PetscReal Tj_ev            = (ctx->thermal_temps[jjj] / 1.1604525e7) * 1000; // convert (back) to eV
1095         PetscReal muj              = ctx->masses[jjj] / 1.6720e-27;
1096         PetscReal nj               = ctx->n[jjj] * ctx->n_0;
1097         ctx->lambdas[gridi][gridj] = ctx->lambdas[gridj][gridi] = 23 - PetscLogReal(Zi * Zj * (mui + muj) / (mui * Tj_ev + muj * Ti_ev) * PetscSqrtReal(ni * Zi * Zi / Ti_ev + nj * Zj * Zj / Tj_ev));
1098       }
1099     }
1100   }
1101   //PetscReal v0 = PetscSqrtReal(ctx->k * ctx->thermal_temps[iii] / ctx->masses[iii]); /* arbitrary units for non-dimensionalization: plasma formulary def */
1102   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1103 }
1104 
1105 static PetscErrorCode ProcessOptions(LandauCtx *ctx, const char prefix[])
1106 {
1107   PetscBool flg, fileflg;
1108   PetscInt  ii, nt, nm, nc, num_species_grid[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], non_dim_grid;
1109   PetscReal lnLam = 10;
1110   DM        dummy;
1111 
1112   PetscFunctionBegin;
1113   PetscCall(DMCreate(ctx->comm, &dummy));
1114   /* get options - initialize context */
1115   ctx->verbose        = 1; // should be 0 for silent compliance
1116   ctx->batch_sz       = 1;
1117   ctx->batch_view_idx = 0;
1118   ctx->interpolate    = PETSC_TRUE;
1119   ctx->gpu_assembly   = PETSC_TRUE;
1120   ctx->norm_state     = 0;
1121   ctx->electronShift  = 0;
1122   ctx->M              = NULL;
1123   ctx->J              = NULL;
1124   /* geometry and grids */
1125   ctx->sphere    = PETSC_FALSE;
1126   ctx->use_p4est = PETSC_FALSE;
1127   ctx->simplex   = PETSC_FALSE;
1128   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; grid++) {
1129     ctx->radius[grid]             = 5.; /* thermal radius (velocity) */
1130     ctx->radius_perp[grid]        = 5.; /* thermal radius (velocity) */
1131     ctx->radius_par[grid]         = 5.; /* thermal radius (velocity) */
1132     ctx->numAMRRefine[grid]       = 0;
1133     ctx->postAMRRefine[grid]      = 0;
1134     ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] = 1; // one species default
1135     num_species_grid[grid]        = 0;
1136     ctx->plex[grid]               = NULL; /* cache as expensive to Convert */
1137   }
1138   ctx->species_offset[0] = 0;
1139   ctx->re_radius         = 0.;
1140   ctx->vperp0_radius1    = 0;
1141   ctx->vperp0_radius2    = 0;
1142   ctx->nZRefine1         = 0;
1143   ctx->nZRefine2         = 0;
1144   ctx->numRERefine       = 0;
1145   num_species_grid[0]    = 1; // one species default
1146   /* species - [0] electrons, [1] one ion species eg, duetarium, [2] heavy impurity ion, ... */
1147   ctx->charges[0]       = -1;                       /* electron charge (MKS) */
1148   ctx->masses[0]        = 1 / 1835.469965278441013; /* temporary value in proton mass */
1149   ctx->n[0]             = 1;
1150   ctx->v_0              = 1; /* thermal velocity, we could start with a scale != 1 */
1151   ctx->thermal_temps[0] = 1;
1152   /* constants, etc. */
1153   ctx->epsilon0 = 8.8542e-12;     /* permittivity of free space (MKS) F/m */
1154   ctx->k        = 1.38064852e-23; /* Boltzmann constant (MKS) J/K */
1155   ctx->n_0      = 1.e20;          /* typical plasma n, but could set it to 1 */
1156   ctx->Ez       = 0;
1157   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < LANDAU_NUM_TIMERS; grid++) ctx->times[grid] = 0;
1158   for (PetscInt ii = 0; ii < LANDAU_DIM; ii++) ctx->cells0[ii] = 2;
1159   if (LANDAU_DIM == 2) ctx->cells0[0] = 1;
1160   ctx->use_matrix_mass                = PETSC_FALSE;
1161   ctx->use_relativistic_corrections   = PETSC_FALSE;
1162   ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick        = PETSC_FALSE; /* Use Eero's trick for energy conservation v --> grad(v^2/2) */
1163   ctx->SData_d.w                      = NULL;
1164   ctx->SData_d.x                      = NULL;
1165   ctx->SData_d.y                      = NULL;
1166   ctx->SData_d.z                      = NULL;
1167   ctx->SData_d.invJ                   = NULL;
1168   ctx->jacobian_field_major_order     = PETSC_FALSE;
1169   ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_offsets       = NULL;
1170   ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_point_offsets = NULL;
1171   ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_fullNb        = NULL;
1172   ctx->SData_d.coo_size               = 0;
1173   PetscOptionsBegin(ctx->comm, prefix, "Options for Fokker-Plank-Landau collision operator", "none");
1174 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
1175   ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_KOKKOS;
1176   PetscCall(PetscStrncpy(ctx->filename, "kokkos", sizeof(ctx->filename)));
1177 #else
1178   ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_CPU;
1179   PetscCall(PetscStrncpy(ctx->filename, "cpu", sizeof(ctx->filename)));
1180 #endif
1181   PetscCall(PetscOptionsString("-dm_landau_device_type", "Use kernels on 'cpu' 'kokkos'", "plexland.c", ctx->filename, ctx->filename, sizeof(ctx->filename), NULL));
1182   PetscCall(PetscStrcmp("cpu", ctx->filename, &flg));
1183   if (flg) {
1184     ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_CPU;
1185   } else {
1186     PetscCall(PetscStrcmp("kokkos", ctx->filename, &flg));
1187     if (flg) ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_KOKKOS;
1188     else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_device_type %s", ctx->filename);
1189   }
1190   ctx->filename[0] = '\0';
1191   PetscCall(PetscOptionsString("-dm_landau_filename", "file to read mesh from", "plexland.c", ctx->filename, ctx->filename, sizeof(ctx->filename), &fileflg));
1192   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_electron_shift", "Shift in thermal velocity of electrons", "none", ctx->electronShift, &ctx->electronShift, NULL));
1193   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_verbose", "Level of verbosity output", "plexland.c", ctx->verbose, &ctx->verbose, NULL));
1194   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_batch_size", "Number of 'vertices' to batch", "ex2.c", ctx->batch_sz, &ctx->batch_sz, NULL));
1195   PetscCheck(LANDAU_MAX_BATCH_SZ >= ctx->batch_sz, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "LANDAU_MAX_BATCH_SZ %d < ctx->batch_sz %" PetscInt_FMT, LANDAU_MAX_BATCH_SZ, ctx->batch_sz);
1196   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_batch_view_idx", "Index of batch for diagnostics like plotting", "ex2.c", ctx->batch_view_idx, &ctx->batch_view_idx, NULL));
1197   PetscCheck(ctx->batch_view_idx < ctx->batch_sz, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-ctx->batch_view_idx %" PetscInt_FMT " > ctx->batch_sz %" PetscInt_FMT, ctx->batch_view_idx, ctx->batch_sz);
1198   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_Ez", "Initial parallel electric field in unites of Conner-Hastie critical field", "plexland.c", ctx->Ez, &ctx->Ez, NULL));
1199   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_n_0", "Normalization constant for number density", "plexland.c", ctx->n_0, &ctx->n_0, NULL));
1200   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_use_mataxpy_mass", "Use fast but slightly fragile MATAXPY to add mass term", "plexland.c", ctx->use_matrix_mass, &ctx->use_matrix_mass, NULL));
1201   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_use_relativistic_corrections", "Use relativistic corrections", "plexland.c", ctx->use_relativistic_corrections, &ctx->use_relativistic_corrections, NULL));
1202   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_simplex", "Use simplex elements", "plexland.c", ctx->simplex, &ctx->simplex, NULL));
1203   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_sphere", "use sphere/semi-circle domain instead of rectangle", "plexland.c", ctx->sphere, &ctx->sphere, NULL));
1204   if (LANDAU_DIM == 2 && ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) ctx->use_relativistic_corrections = PETSC_FALSE; // should warn
1205   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_use_energy_tensor_trick", "Use Eero's trick of using grad(v^2/2) instead of v as args to Landau tensor to conserve energy with relativistic corrections and Q1 elements", "plexland.c", ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick,
1206                              &ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick, NULL));
1207 
1208   /* get num species with temperature, set defaults */
1209   for (ii = 1; ii < LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES; ii++) {
1210     ctx->thermal_temps[ii] = 1;
1211     ctx->charges[ii]       = 1;
1212     ctx->masses[ii]        = 1;
1213     ctx->n[ii]             = 1;
1214   }
1215   nt = LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES;
1216   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_thermal_temps", "Temperature of each species [e,i_0,i_1,...] in keV (must be set to set number of species)", "plexland.c", ctx->thermal_temps, &nt, &flg));
1217   if (flg) {
1218     PetscCall(PetscInfo(dummy, "num_species set to number of thermal temps provided (%" PetscInt_FMT ")\n", nt));
1219     ctx->num_species = nt;
1220   } else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_thermal_temps ,t1,t2,.. must be provided to set the number of species");
1221   for (ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_species; ii++) ctx->thermal_temps[ii] *= 1.1604525e7; /* convert to Kelvin */
1222   nm = LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES - 1;
1223   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_ion_masses", "Mass of each species in units of proton mass [i_0=2,i_1=40...]", "plexland.c", &ctx->masses[1], &nm, &flg));
1224   PetscCheck(!flg || nm == ctx->num_species - 1, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "num ion masses %" PetscInt_FMT " != num species %" PetscInt_FMT, nm, ctx->num_species - 1);
1225   nm = LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES;
1226   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_n", "Number density of each species = n_s * n_0", "plexland.c", ctx->n, &nm, &flg));
1227   PetscCheck(!flg || nm == ctx->num_species, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "wrong num n: %" PetscInt_FMT " != num species %" PetscInt_FMT, nm, ctx->num_species);
1228   for (ii = 0; ii < LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES; ii++) ctx->masses[ii] *= 1.6720e-27; /* scale by proton mass kg */
1229   ctx->masses[0] = 9.10938356e-31;                                           /* electron mass kg (should be about right already) */
1230   nc             = LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES - 1;
1231   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_ion_charges", "Charge of each species in units of proton charge [i_0=2,i_1=18,...]", "plexland.c", &ctx->charges[1], &nc, &flg));
1232   if (flg) PetscCheck(nc == ctx->num_species - 1, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "num charges %" PetscInt_FMT " != num species %" PetscInt_FMT, nc, ctx->num_species - 1);
1233   for (ii = 0; ii < LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES; ii++) ctx->charges[ii] *= 1.6022e-19; /* electron/proton charge (MKS) */
1234   /* geometry and grids */
1235   nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1236   PetscCall(PetscOptionsIntArray("-dm_landau_num_species_grid", "Number of species on each grid: [ 1, ....] or [S, 0 ....] for single grid", "plexland.c", num_species_grid, &nt, &flg));
1237   if (flg) {
1238     ctx->num_grids = nt;
1239     for (ii = nt = 0; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) nt += num_species_grid[ii];
1240     PetscCheck(ctx->num_species == nt, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_num_species_grid: sum %" PetscInt_FMT " != num_species = %" PetscInt_FMT ". %" PetscInt_FMT " grids (check that number of grids <= LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS = %d)", nt, ctx->num_species,
1241                ctx->num_grids, LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS);
1242   } else {
1243     if (ctx->num_species > LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS) {
1244       num_species_grid[0] = 1;
1245       num_species_grid[1] = ctx->num_species - 1;
1246       ctx->num_grids      = 2;
1247     } else {
1248       ctx->num_grids = ctx->num_species;
1249       for (ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) num_species_grid[ii] = 1;
1250     }
1251   }
1252   for (ctx->species_offset[0] = ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) ctx->species_offset[ii + 1] = ctx->species_offset[ii] + num_species_grid[ii];
1253   PetscCheck(ctx->species_offset[ctx->num_grids] == ctx->num_species, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "ctx->species_offset[ctx->num_grids] %" PetscInt_FMT " != ctx->num_species = %" PetscInt_FMT " ???????????", ctx->species_offset[ctx->num_grids],
1254              ctx->num_species);
1255   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1256     PetscInt iii             = ctx->species_offset[grid];                                          // normalize with first (arbitrary) species on grid
1257     ctx->thermal_speed[grid] = PetscSqrtReal(ctx->k * ctx->thermal_temps[iii] / ctx->masses[iii]); /* arbitrary units for non-dimensionalization: plasma formulary def */
1258   }
1259   // get lambdas here because we need them for t_0 etc
1260   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_ln_lambda", "Universal cross section parameter. Default uses NRL formulas", "plexland.c", lnLam, &lnLam, &flg));
1261   if (flg) {
1262     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; grid++) {
1263       for (PetscInt gridj = 0; gridj < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; gridj++) ctx->lambdas[gridj][grid] = lnLam; /* cross section ratio large - small angle collisions */
1264     }
1265   } else {
1266     PetscCall(makeLambdas(ctx));
1267   }
1268   non_dim_grid = 0;
1269   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_normalization_grid", "Index of grid to use for setting v_0, m_0, t_0. (Not recommended)", "plexland.c", non_dim_grid, &non_dim_grid, &flg));
1270   if (non_dim_grid != 0) PetscCall(PetscInfo(dummy, "Normalization grid set to %" PetscInt_FMT ", but non-default not well verified\n", non_dim_grid));
1271   PetscCheck(non_dim_grid >= 0 && non_dim_grid < ctx->num_species, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Normalization grid wrong: %" PetscInt_FMT, non_dim_grid);
1272   ctx->v_0 = ctx->thermal_speed[non_dim_grid]; /* arbitrary units for non dimensionalization: global mean velocity in 1D of electrons */
1273   ctx->m_0 = ctx->masses[non_dim_grid];        /* arbitrary reference mass, electrons */
1274   ctx->t_0 = 8 * PETSC_PI * PetscSqr(ctx->epsilon0 * ctx->m_0 / PetscSqr(ctx->charges[non_dim_grid])) / ctx->lambdas[non_dim_grid][non_dim_grid] / ctx->n_0 * PetscPowReal(ctx->v_0, 3); /* note, this t_0 makes nu[non_dim_grid,non_dim_grid]=1 */
1275   /* domain */
1276   nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1277   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_domain_radius", "Phase space size in units of thermal velocity of grid", "plexland.c", ctx->radius, &nt, &flg));
1278   if (flg) {
1279     PetscCheck(nt >= ctx->num_grids, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_domain_radius: given %" PetscInt_FMT " radius != number grids %" PetscInt_FMT, nt, ctx->num_grids);
1280     while (nt--) ctx->radius_par[nt] = ctx->radius_perp[nt] = ctx->radius[nt];
1281   } else {
1282     nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1283     PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_domain_max_par", "Parallel velocity domain size in units of thermal velocity of grid", "plexland.c", ctx->radius_par, &nt, &flg));
1284     if (flg) PetscCheck(nt >= ctx->num_grids, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_domain_max_par: given %" PetscInt_FMT " radius != number grids %" PetscInt_FMT, nt, ctx->num_grids);
1285     PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_domain_max_perp", "Perpendicular velocity domain size in units of thermal velocity of grid", "plexland.c", ctx->radius_perp, &nt, &flg));
1286     if (flg) PetscCheck(nt >= ctx->num_grids, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_domain_max_perp: given %" PetscInt_FMT " radius != number grids %" PetscInt_FMT, nt, ctx->num_grids);
1287   }
1288   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1289     if (flg && ctx->radius[grid] <= 0) { /* negative is ratio of c - need to set par and perp with this -- todo */
1290       if (ctx->radius[grid] == 0) ctx->radius[grid] = 0.75;
1291       else ctx->radius[grid] = -ctx->radius[grid];
1292       ctx->radius[grid] = ctx->radius[grid] * SPEED_OF_LIGHT / ctx->v_0; // use any species on grid to normalize (v_0 same for all on grid)
1293       PetscCall(PetscInfo(dummy, "Change domain radius to %g for grid %" PetscInt_FMT "\n", (double)ctx->radius[grid], grid));
1294     }
1295     ctx->radius[grid] *= ctx->thermal_speed[grid] / ctx->v_0;      // scale domain by thermal radius relative to v_0
1296     ctx->radius_perp[grid] *= ctx->thermal_speed[grid] / ctx->v_0; // scale domain by thermal radius relative to v_0
1297     ctx->radius_par[grid] *= ctx->thermal_speed[grid] / ctx->v_0;  // scale domain by thermal radius relative to v_0
1298   }
1299   /* amr parameters */
1300   if (!fileflg) {
1301     nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1302     PetscCall(PetscOptionsIntArray("-dm_landau_amr_levels_max", "Number of AMR levels of refinement around origin, after (RE) refinements along z", "plexland.c", ctx->numAMRRefine, &nt, &flg));
1303     PetscCheck(!flg || nt >= ctx->num_grids, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_amr_levels_max: given %" PetscInt_FMT " != number grids %" PetscInt_FMT, nt, ctx->num_grids);
1304     nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1305     PetscCall(PetscOptionsIntArray("-dm_landau_amr_post_refine", "Number of levels to uniformly refine after AMR", "plexland.c", ctx->postAMRRefine, &nt, &flg));
1306     for (ii = 1; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) ctx->postAMRRefine[ii] = ctx->postAMRRefine[0]; // all grids the same now
1307     PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_amr_re_levels", "Number of levels to refine along v_perp=0, z>0", "plexland.c", ctx->numRERefine, &ctx->numRERefine, &flg));
1308     PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_amr_z_refine_pre", "Number of levels to refine along v_perp=0 before origin refine", "plexland.c", ctx->nZRefine1, &ctx->nZRefine1, &flg));
1309     PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_amr_z_refine_post", "Number of levels to refine along v_perp=0 after origin refine", "plexland.c", ctx->nZRefine2, &ctx->nZRefine2, &flg));
1310     PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_re_radius", "velocity range to refine on positive (z>0) r=0 axis for runaways", "plexland.c", ctx->re_radius, &ctx->re_radius, &flg));
1311     PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_z_radius_pre", "velocity range to refine r=0 axis (for electrons)", "plexland.c", ctx->vperp0_radius1, &ctx->vperp0_radius1, &flg));
1312     PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_z_radius_post", "velocity range to refine r=0 axis (for electrons) after origin AMR", "plexland.c", ctx->vperp0_radius2, &ctx->vperp0_radius2, &flg));
1313     /* spherical domain */
1314     if (ctx->sphere || ctx->simplex) {
1315       ctx->sphere_uniform_normal = PETSC_FALSE;
1316       PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_sphere_uniform_normal", "Scaling of circle radius to get uniform particles per cell with Maxwellians (not used)", "plexland.c", ctx->sphere_uniform_normal, &ctx->sphere_uniform_normal, NULL));
1317       if (!ctx->sphere_uniform_normal) { // true
1318         nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1319         PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_sphere_inner_radius_90degree_scale", "Scaling of radius for inner circle on 90 degree grid", "plexland.c", ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree, &nt, &flg));
1320         if (flg && nt < ctx->num_grids) {
1321           for (PetscInt grid = nt; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[grid] = ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[0];
1322         } else if (!flg || nt == 0) {
1323           if (LANDAU_DIM == 2) {
1324             for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[grid] = 0.4; // optimized for R=5, Q4, AMR=0
1325           } else {
1326             for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[grid] = 0.577 * 0.40;
1327           }
1328         }
1329         nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1330         PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_sphere_inner_radius_45degree_scale", "Scaling of radius for inner circle on 45 degree grid", "plexland.c", ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree, &nt, &flg));
1331         if (flg && nt < ctx->num_grids) {
1332           for (PetscInt grid = nt; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] = ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[0];
1333         } else if (!flg || nt == 0) {
1334           if (LANDAU_DIM == 2) {
1335             for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] = 0.45; // optimized for R=5, Q4, AMR=0
1336           } else {
1337             for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] = 0.4; // 3D sphere
1338           }
1339         }
1340         if (ctx->sphere) PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[0], "sphere : , 45 degree scaling = %g; 90 degree scaling = %g\n", (double)ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[0], (double)ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[0]));
1341       } else {
1342         for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1343           switch (ctx->numAMRRefine[grid]) {
1344           case 0:
1345           case 1:
1346           case 2:
1347           case 3:
1348           default:
1349             if (LANDAU_DIM == 2) {
1350               ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree[grid] = 0.40;
1351               ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] = 0.45;
1352             } else {
1353               ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree[grid] = 0.25;
1354             }
1355           }
1356         }
1357       }
1358     } else {
1359       nt = LANDAU_DIM;
1360       PetscCall(PetscOptionsIntArray("-dm_landau_num_cells", "Number of cells in each dimension of base grid", "plexland.c", ctx->cells0, &nt, &flg));
1361     }
1362   }
1363   /* processing options */
1364   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_gpu_assembly", "Assemble Jacobian on GPU", "plexland.c", ctx->gpu_assembly, &ctx->gpu_assembly, NULL));
1365   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order", "Reorder Jacobian for GPU assembly with field major, or block diagonal, ordering (DEPRECATED)", "plexland.c", ctx->jacobian_field_major_order, &ctx->jacobian_field_major_order, NULL));
1366   if (ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) PetscCheck(ctx->gpu_assembly, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order requires -dm_landau_gpu_assembly");
1367   PetscCheck(!ctx->jacobian_field_major_order, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order DEPRECATED");
1368   PetscOptionsEnd();
1369 
1370   for (ii = ctx->num_species; ii < LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES; ii++) ctx->masses[ii] = ctx->thermal_temps[ii] = ctx->charges[ii] = 0;
1371   if (ctx->verbose != 0) {
1372     PetscReal pmassunit = PetscRealConstant(1.6720e-27);
1373 
1374     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "masses:        e=%10.3e; ions in proton mass units:   %10.3e %10.3e ...\n", (double)ctx->masses[0], (double)(ctx->masses[1] / pmassunit), (double)(ctx->num_species > 2 ? ctx->masses[2] / pmassunit : 0)));
1375     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "charges:       e=%10.3e; charges in elementary units: %10.3e %10.3e\n", (double)ctx->charges[0], (double)(-ctx->charges[1] / ctx->charges[0]), (double)(ctx->num_species > 2 ? -ctx->charges[2] / ctx->charges[0] : 0)));
1376     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "n:             e: %10.3e                           i: %10.3e %10.3e\n", (double)ctx->n[0], (double)ctx->n[1], (double)(ctx->num_species > 2 ? ctx->n[2] : 0)));
1377     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "thermal T (K): e=%10.3e i=%10.3e %10.3e. Normalization grid %" PetscInt_FMT ": v_0=%10.3e (%10.3ec) n_0=%10.3e t_0=%10.3e %" PetscInt_FMT " batched, view batch %" PetscInt_FMT "\n", (double)ctx->thermal_temps[0],
1378                           (double)ctx->thermal_temps[1], (double)((ctx->num_species > 2) ? ctx->thermal_temps[2] : 0), non_dim_grid, (double)ctx->v_0, (double)(ctx->v_0 / SPEED_OF_LIGHT), (double)ctx->n_0, (double)ctx->t_0, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->batch_view_idx));
1379     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "Domain radius (AMR levels) grid %d: par=%10.3e perp=%10.3e (%" PetscInt_FMT ") ", 0, (double)ctx->radius_par[0], (double)ctx->radius_perp[0], ctx->numAMRRefine[0]));
1380     for (ii = 1; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, ", %" PetscInt_FMT ": par=%10.3e perp=%10.3e (%" PetscInt_FMT ") ", ii, (double)ctx->radius_par[ii], (double)ctx->radius_perp[ii], ctx->numAMRRefine[ii]));
1381     if (ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\nUse relativistic corrections\n"));
1382     else PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
1383   }
1384   PetscCall(DMDestroy(&dummy));
1385   {
1386     PetscMPIInt rank;
1387     PetscCallMPI(MPI_Comm_rank(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &rank));
1388     ctx->stage = 0;
1389     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Create", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[13]));   /* 13 */
1390     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" GPU ass. setup", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[2]));  /* 2 */
1391     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Build matrix", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[12]));   /* 12 */
1392     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Assembly maps", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[15]));  /* 15 */
1393     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Mass mat", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[14])); /* 14 */
1394     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Operator", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[11])); /* 11 */
1395     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Jacobian", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[0]));  /* 0 */
1396     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Mass", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[9]));      /* 9 */
1397     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Preamble", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[10]));       /* 10 */
1398     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" static IP Data", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[7]));  /* 7 */
1399     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" dynamic IP-Jac", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[1]));  /* 1 */
1400     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Kernel-init", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[3]));     /* 3 */
1401     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Jac-f-df (GPU)", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[8]));  /* 8 */
1402     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" J Kernel (GPU)", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[4]));  /* 4 */
1403     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" M Kernel (GPU)", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[16])); /* 16 */
1404     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Copy to CPU", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[5]));     /* 5 */
1405     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" CPU assemble", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[6]));    /* 6 */
1406 
1407     if (rank) { /* turn off output stuff for duplicate runs - do we need to add the prefix to all this? */
1408       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-snes_converged_reason"));
1409       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ksp_converged_reason"));
1410       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-snes_monitor"));
1411       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ksp_monitor"));
1412       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ts_monitor"));
1413       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ts_view"));
1414       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ts_adapt_monitor"));
1415       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_amr_dm_view"));
1416       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_amr_vec_view"));
1417       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_mass_dm_view"));
1418       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_mass_view"));
1419       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_jacobian_view"));
1420       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_mat_view"));
1421       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-pc_bjkokkos_ksp_converged_reason"));
1422       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-pc_bjkokkos_ksp_monitor"));
1423       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-"));
1424       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-info"));
1425     }
1426   }
1427   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1428 }
1429 
1430 static PetscErrorCode CreateStaticData(PetscInt dim, IS grid_batch_is_inv[], LandauCtx *ctx)
1431 {
1432   PetscSection     section[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], globsection[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
1433   PetscQuadrature  quad;
1434   const PetscReal *quadWeights;
1435   PetscReal        invMass[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], nu_alpha[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], nu_beta[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES];
1436   PetscInt         numCells[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], Nq, Nb, Nf[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], ncellsTot = 0, MAP_BF_SIZE = 64 * LANDAU_DIM * LANDAU_DIM * LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE * LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES;
1437   PetscTabulation *Tf;
1438   PetscDS          prob;
1439 
1440   PetscFunctionBegin;
1441   PetscCall(PetscFEGetDimension(ctx->fe[0], &Nb));
1442   PetscCheck(Nb <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nb = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nb, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
1443   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1444     for (PetscInt ii = ctx->species_offset[grid]; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) {
1445       invMass[ii]  = ctx->m_0 / ctx->masses[ii];
1446       nu_alpha[ii] = PetscSqr(ctx->charges[ii] / ctx->m_0) * ctx->m_0 / ctx->masses[ii];
1447       nu_beta[ii]  = PetscSqr(ctx->charges[ii] / ctx->epsilon0) / (8 * PETSC_PI) * ctx->t_0 * ctx->n_0 / PetscPowReal(ctx->v_0, 3);
1448     }
1449   }
1450   if (ctx->verbose == 4) {
1451     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "nu_alpha: "));
1452     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1453       PetscInt iii = ctx->species_offset[grid];
1454       for (PetscInt ii = iii; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " %e", (double)nu_alpha[ii]));
1455     }
1456     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\nnu_beta: "));
1457     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1458       PetscInt iii = ctx->species_offset[grid];
1459       for (PetscInt ii = iii; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " %e", (double)nu_beta[ii]));
1460     }
1461     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\nnu_alpha[i]*nu_beta[j]*lambda[i][j]:\n"));
1462     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1463       PetscInt iii = ctx->species_offset[grid];
1464       for (PetscInt ii = iii; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) {
1465         for (PetscInt gridj = 0; gridj < ctx->num_grids; gridj++) {
1466           PetscInt jjj = ctx->species_offset[gridj];
1467           for (PetscInt jj = jjj; jj < ctx->species_offset[gridj + 1]; jj++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " %14.9e", (double)(nu_alpha[ii] * nu_beta[jj] * ctx->lambdas[grid][gridj])));
1468         }
1469         PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
1470       }
1471     }
1472     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "lambda[i][j]:\n"));
1473     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1474       PetscInt iii = ctx->species_offset[grid];
1475       for (PetscInt ii = iii; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) {
1476         for (PetscInt gridj = 0; gridj < ctx->num_grids; gridj++) {
1477           PetscInt jjj = ctx->species_offset[gridj];
1478           for (PetscInt jj = jjj; jj < ctx->species_offset[gridj + 1]; jj++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " %14.9e", (double)ctx->lambdas[grid][gridj]));
1479         }
1480         PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
1481       }
1482     }
1483   }
1484   PetscCall(DMGetDS(ctx->plex[0], &prob));    // same DS for all grids
1485   PetscCall(PetscDSGetTabulation(prob, &Tf)); // Bf, &Df same for all grids
1486   /* DS, Tab and quad is same on all grids */
1487   PetscCheck(ctx->plex[0], ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Plex not created");
1488   PetscCall(PetscFEGetQuadrature(ctx->fe[0], &quad));
1489   PetscCall(PetscQuadratureGetData(quad, NULL, NULL, &Nq, NULL, &quadWeights));
1490   PetscCheck(Nq <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nq = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nq, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
1491   /* setup each grid */
1492   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1493     PetscInt cStart, cEnd;
1494     PetscCheck(ctx->plex[grid] != NULL, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Plex not created");
1495     PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
1496     numCells[grid] = cEnd - cStart; // grids can have different topology
1497     PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &section[grid]));
1498     PetscCall(DMGetGlobalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &globsection[grid]));
1499     PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section[grid], &Nf[grid]));
1500     ncellsTot += numCells[grid];
1501   }
1502   /* create GPU assembly data */
1503   if (ctx->gpu_assembly) { /* we need GPU object with GPU assembly */
1504     PetscContainer container;
1505     PetscScalar   *elemMatrix, *elMat;
1506     pointInterpolationP4est(*pointMaps)[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE];
1507     P4estVertexMaps *maps;
1508     const PetscInt  *plex_batch = NULL, elMatSz = Nb * Nb * ctx->num_species * ctx->num_species;
1509     LandauIdx       *coo_elem_offsets = NULL, *coo_elem_fullNb = NULL, (*coo_elem_point_offsets)[LANDAU_MAX_NQND + 1] = NULL;
1510     /* create GPU assembly data */
1511     PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[0], "Make GPU maps %d\n", 1));
1512     PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[2], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1513     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*maps) * ctx->num_grids, &maps));
1514     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*pointMaps) * MAP_BF_SIZE, &pointMaps));
1515     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*elemMatrix) * elMatSz, &elemMatrix));
1516 
1517     {                                                                                                                             // setup COO assembly -- put COO metadata directly in ctx->SData_d
1518       PetscCall(PetscMalloc3(ncellsTot + 1, &coo_elem_offsets, ncellsTot, &coo_elem_fullNb, ncellsTot, &coo_elem_point_offsets)); // array of integer pointers
1519       coo_elem_offsets[0] = 0;                                                                                                    // finish later
1520       PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[0], "COO initialization, %" PetscInt_FMT " cells\n", ncellsTot));
1521       ctx->SData_d.coo_n_cellsTot         = ncellsTot;
1522       ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_offsets       = (void *)coo_elem_offsets;
1523       ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_fullNb        = (void *)coo_elem_fullNb;
1524       ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_point_offsets = (void *)coo_elem_point_offsets;
1525     }
1526 
1527     ctx->SData_d.coo_max_fullnb = 0;
1528     for (PetscInt grid = 0, glb_elem_idx = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1529       PetscInt cStart, cEnd, Nfloc = Nf[grid], totDim = Nfloc * Nb;
1530       if (grid_batch_is_inv[grid]) PetscCall(ISGetIndices(grid_batch_is_inv[grid], &plex_batch));
1531       PetscCheck(!plex_batch, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order DEPRECATED");
1532       PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
1533       // make maps
1534       maps[grid].d_self       = NULL;
1535       maps[grid].num_elements = numCells[grid];
1536       maps[grid].num_face     = (PetscInt)(pow(Nq, 1. / ((double)dim)) + .001);                 // Q
1537       maps[grid].num_face     = (PetscInt)(pow(maps[grid].num_face, (double)(dim - 1)) + .001); // Q^2
1538       maps[grid].num_reduced  = 0;
1539       maps[grid].deviceType   = ctx->deviceType;
1540       maps[grid].numgrids     = ctx->num_grids;
1541       // count reduced and get
1542       PetscCall(PetscMalloc(maps[grid].num_elements * sizeof(*maps[grid].gIdx), &maps[grid].gIdx));
1543       for (PetscInt ej = cStart, eidx = 0; ej < cEnd; ++ej, ++eidx, glb_elem_idx++) {
1544         if (coo_elem_offsets) coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx + 1] = coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx]; // start with last one, then add
1545         for (PetscInt fieldA = 0; fieldA < Nf[grid]; fieldA++) {
1546           PetscInt fullNb = 0;
1547           for (PetscInt q = 0; q < Nb; ++q) {
1548             PetscInt     numindices, *indices;
1549             PetscScalar *valuesOrig = elMat = elemMatrix;
1550             PetscCall(PetscArrayzero(elMat, totDim * totDim));
1551             elMat[(fieldA * Nb + q) * totDim + fieldA * Nb + q] = 1;
1552             PetscCall(DMPlexGetClosureIndices(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], globsection[grid], ej, PETSC_TRUE, &numindices, &indices, NULL, &elMat));
1553             if (ctx->simplex) {
1554               PetscCheck(numindices == Nb, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "numindices != Nb numindices=%" PetscInt_FMT " Nb=%" PetscInt_FMT, numindices, Nb);
1555               for (PetscInt q = 0; q < numindices; ++q) { maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][fieldA][q] = indices[q]; }
1556               fullNb++;
1557             } else {
1558               for (PetscInt f = 0; f < numindices; ++f) { // look for a non-zero on the diagonal (is this too complicated for simplices?)
1559                 if (PetscAbs(PetscRealPart(elMat[f * numindices + f])) > PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON) {
1560                   // found it
1561                   if (PetscAbs(PetscRealPart(elMat[f * numindices + f] - 1.)) < PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON) { // normal vertex 1.0
1562                     if (plex_batch) {
1563                       maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][fieldA][q] = plex_batch[indices[f]];
1564                     } else {
1565                       maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][fieldA][q] = indices[f];
1566                     }
1567                     fullNb++;
1568                   } else { //found a constraint
1569                     PetscInt       jj                = 0;
1570                     PetscReal      sum               = 0;
1571                     const PetscInt ff                = f;
1572                     maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][fieldA][q] = -maps[grid].num_reduced - 1; // store (-)index: id = -(idx+1): idx = -id - 1
1573                     PetscCheck(!ctx->simplex, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "No constraints with simplex");
1574                     do {                                                                                              // constraints are continuous in Plex - exploit that here
1575                       PetscInt ii;                                                                                    // get 'scale'
1576                       for (ii = 0, pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale = 0; ii < maps[grid].num_face; ii++) { // sum row of outer product to recover vector value
1577                         if (ff + ii < numindices) {                                                                   // 3D has Q and Q^2 interps so might run off end. We could test that elMat[f*numindices + ff + ii] > 0, and break if not
1578                           pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale += PetscRealPart(elMat[f * numindices + ff + ii]);
1579                         }
1580                       }
1581                       sum += pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale; // diagnostic
1582                       // get 'gid'
1583                       if (pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale == 0) pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].gid = -1; // 3D has Q and Q^2 interps
1584                       else {
1585                         if (plex_batch) {
1586                           pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].gid = plex_batch[indices[f]];
1587                         } else {
1588                           pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].gid = indices[f];
1589                         }
1590                         fullNb++;
1591                       }
1592                     } while (++jj < maps[grid].num_face && ++f < numindices); // jj is incremented if we hit the end
1593                     while (jj < maps[grid].num_face) {
1594                       pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale = 0;
1595                       pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].gid   = -1;
1596                       jj++;
1597                     }
1598                     if (PetscAbs(sum - 1.0) > 10 * PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON) { // debug
1599                       PetscInt  d, f;
1600                       PetscReal tmp = 0;
1601                       PetscCall(
1602                         PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, "\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ".%" PetscInt_FMT ".%" PetscInt_FMT ") ERROR total I = %22.16e (LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE=%d, #face=%" PetscInt_FMT ")\n", eidx, q, fieldA, (double)sum, LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE, maps[grid].num_face));
1603                       for (d = 0, tmp = 0; d < numindices; ++d) {
1604                         if (tmp != 0 && PetscAbs(tmp - 1.0) > 10 * PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "%3" PetscInt_FMT ") %3" PetscInt_FMT ": ", d, indices[d]));
1605                         for (f = 0; f < numindices; ++f) tmp += PetscRealPart(elMat[d * numindices + f]);
1606                         if (tmp != 0) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, " | %22.16e\n", (double)tmp));
1607                       }
1608                     }
1609                     maps[grid].num_reduced++;
1610                     PetscCheck(maps[grid].num_reduced < MAP_BF_SIZE, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "maps[grid].num_reduced %" PetscInt_FMT " > %" PetscInt_FMT, maps[grid].num_reduced, MAP_BF_SIZE);
1611                   }
1612                   break;
1613                 }
1614               }
1615             } // !simplex
1616             // cleanup
1617             PetscCall(DMPlexRestoreClosureIndices(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], globsection[grid], ej, PETSC_TRUE, &numindices, &indices, NULL, &elMat));
1618             if (elMat != valuesOrig) PetscCall(DMRestoreWorkArray(ctx->plex[grid], numindices * numindices, MPIU_SCALAR, &elMat));
1619           }
1620           {                                                        // setup COO assembly
1621             coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx + 1] += fullNb * fullNb; // one species block, adds a block for each species, on this element in this grid
1622             if (fieldA == 0) {                                     // cache full Nb for this element, on this grid per species
1623               coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx] = fullNb;
1624               if (fullNb > ctx->SData_d.coo_max_fullnb) ctx->SData_d.coo_max_fullnb = fullNb;
1625             } else PetscCheck(coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx] == fullNb, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "full element size change with species %" PetscInt_FMT " %" PetscInt_FMT, coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx], fullNb);
1626           }
1627         } // field
1628       } // cell
1629       // allocate and copy point data maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][field][q]
1630       PetscCall(PetscMalloc(maps[grid].num_reduced * sizeof(*maps[grid].c_maps), &maps[grid].c_maps));
1631       for (PetscInt ej = 0; ej < maps[grid].num_reduced; ++ej) {
1632         for (PetscInt q = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; ++q) {
1633           maps[grid].c_maps[ej][q].scale = pointMaps[ej][q].scale;
1634           maps[grid].c_maps[ej][q].gid   = pointMaps[ej][q].gid;
1635         }
1636       }
1637 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
1638       if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
1639         PetscCall(LandauKokkosCreateMatMaps(maps, pointMaps, Nf, grid)); // implies Kokkos does
1640       }
1641 #endif
1642       if (plex_batch) {
1643         PetscCall(ISRestoreIndices(grid_batch_is_inv[grid], &plex_batch));
1644         PetscCall(ISDestroy(&grid_batch_is_inv[grid])); // we are done with this
1645       }
1646     } /* grids */
1647     // finish COO
1648     { // setup COO assembly
1649       PetscInt *oor, *ooc;
1650       ctx->SData_d.coo_size = coo_elem_offsets[ncellsTot] * ctx->batch_sz;
1651       PetscCall(PetscMalloc2(ctx->SData_d.coo_size, &oor, ctx->SData_d.coo_size, &ooc));
1652       for (PetscInt i = 0; i < ctx->SData_d.coo_size; i++) oor[i] = ooc[i] = -1;
1653       // get
1654       for (PetscInt grid = 0, glb_elem_idx = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1655         for (PetscInt ej = 0; ej < numCells[grid]; ++ej, glb_elem_idx++) {
1656           const PetscInt         fullNb           = coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx];
1657           const LandauIdx *const Idxs             = &maps[grid].gIdx[ej][0][0]; // just use field-0 maps, They should be the same but this is just for COO storage
1658           coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][0] = 0;
1659           for (PetscInt f = 0, cnt2 = 0; f < Nb; f++) {
1660             PetscInt idx                                = Idxs[f];
1661             coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f + 1] = coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f]; // start at last
1662             if (idx >= 0) {
1663               cnt2++;
1664               coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f + 1]++; // inc
1665             } else {
1666               idx = -idx - 1;
1667               for (PetscInt q = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; q++) {
1668                 if (maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid < 0) break;
1669                 cnt2++;
1670                 coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f + 1]++; // inc
1671               }
1672             }
1673             PetscCheck(cnt2 <= fullNb, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "wrong count %" PetscInt_FMT " < %" PetscInt_FMT, fullNb, cnt2);
1674           }
1675           PetscCheck(coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][Nb] == fullNb, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "coo_elem_point_offsets size %" PetscInt_FMT " != fullNb=%" PetscInt_FMT, coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][Nb], fullNb);
1676         }
1677       }
1678       // set
1679       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
1680         for (PetscInt grid = 0, glb_elem_idx = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1681           const PetscInt moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
1682           for (PetscInt ej = 0; ej < numCells[grid]; ++ej, glb_elem_idx++) {
1683             const PetscInt fullNb = coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx], fullNb2 = fullNb * fullNb;
1684             // set (i,j)
1685             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0; fieldA < Nf[grid]; fieldA++) {
1686               const LandauIdx *const Idxs = &maps[grid].gIdx[ej][fieldA][0];
1687               PetscInt               rows[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE], cols[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE];
1688               for (PetscInt f = 0; f < Nb; ++f) {
1689                 const PetscInt nr = coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f + 1] - coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f];
1690                 if (nr == 1) rows[0] = Idxs[f];
1691                 else {
1692                   const PetscInt idx = -Idxs[f] - 1;
1693                   for (PetscInt q = 0; q < nr; q++) rows[q] = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
1694                 }
1695                 for (PetscInt g = 0; g < Nb; ++g) {
1696                   const PetscInt nc = coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][g + 1] - coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][g];
1697                   if (nc == 1) cols[0] = Idxs[g];
1698                   else {
1699                     const PetscInt idx = -Idxs[g] - 1;
1700                     for (PetscInt q = 0; q < nc; q++) cols[q] = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
1701                   }
1702                   const PetscInt idx0 = b_id * coo_elem_offsets[ncellsTot] + coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx] + fieldA * fullNb2 + fullNb * coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f] + nr * coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][g];
1703                   for (PetscInt q = 0, idx = idx0; q < nr; q++) {
1704                     for (PetscInt d = 0; d < nc; d++, idx++) {
1705                       oor[idx] = rows[q] + moffset;
1706                       ooc[idx] = cols[d] + moffset;
1707                     }
1708                   }
1709                 }
1710               }
1711             }
1712           } // cell
1713         } // grid
1714       } // batch
1715       PetscCall(MatSetPreallocationCOO(ctx->J, ctx->SData_d.coo_size, oor, ooc));
1716       PetscCall(PetscFree2(oor, ooc));
1717     }
1718     PetscCall(PetscFree(pointMaps));
1719     PetscCall(PetscFree(elemMatrix));
1720     PetscCall(PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, &container));
1721     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetPointer(container, (void *)maps));
1722     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetCtxDestroy(container, LandauGPUMapsDestroy));
1723     PetscCall(PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)ctx->J, "assembly_maps", (PetscObject)container));
1724     PetscCall(PetscContainerDestroy(&container));
1725     PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[2], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1726   } // end GPU assembly
1727   { /* create static point data, Jacobian called first, only one vertex copy */
1728     PetscReal *invJe, *ww, *xx, *yy, *zz = NULL, *invJ_a;
1729     PetscInt   outer_ipidx, outer_ej, grid, nip_glb = 0;
1730     PetscFE    fe;
1731     PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[7], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1732     PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[0], "Initialize static data\n"));
1733     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) nip_glb += Nq * numCells[grid];
1734     /* collect f data, first time is for Jacobian, but make mass now */
1735     if (ctx->verbose != 0) {
1736       PetscInt ncells = 0, N;
1737       MatInfo  info;
1738       PetscCall(MatGetInfo(ctx->J, MAT_LOCAL, &info));
1739       PetscCall(MatGetSize(ctx->J, &N, NULL));
1740       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) ncells += numCells[grid];
1741       PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "%d) %s %" PetscInt_FMT " IPs, %" PetscInt_FMT " cells total, Nb=%" PetscInt_FMT ", Nq=%" PetscInt_FMT ", dim=%" PetscInt_FMT ", Tab: Nb=%" PetscInt_FMT " Nf=%" PetscInt_FMT " Np=%" PetscInt_FMT " cdim=%" PetscInt_FMT " N=%" PetscInt_FMT " nnz= %" PetscInt_FMT "\n", 0, "FormLandau", nip_glb, ncells, Nb, Nq, dim, Nb,
1742                             ctx->num_species, Nb, dim, N, (PetscInt)info.nz_used));
1743     }
1744     PetscCall(PetscMalloc4(nip_glb, &ww, nip_glb, &xx, nip_glb, &yy, nip_glb * dim * dim, &invJ_a));
1745     if (dim == 3) PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(nip_glb, &zz));
1746     if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) {
1747       PetscCall(PetscFECreateDefault(PETSC_COMM_SELF, dim, 1, ctx->simplex, NULL, PETSC_DECIDE, &fe));
1748       PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)fe, "energy"));
1749     }
1750     /* init each grids static data - no batch */
1751     for (grid = 0, outer_ipidx = 0, outer_ej = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) { // OpenMP (once)
1752       Vec          v2_2 = NULL;                                                    // projected function: v^2/2 for non-relativistic, gamma... for relativistic
1753       PetscSection e_section;
1754       DM           dmEnergy;
1755       PetscInt     cStart, cEnd, ej;
1756 
1757       PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
1758       // prep energy trick, get v^2 / 2 vector
1759       if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) {
1760         PetscErrorCode (*energyf[1])(PetscInt, PetscReal, const PetscReal[], PetscInt, PetscScalar[], void *) = {ctx->use_relativistic_corrections ? gamma_m1_f : energy_f};
1761         Vec        glob_v2;
1762         PetscReal *c2_0[1], data[1] = {PetscSqr(C_0(ctx->v_0))};
1763 
1764         PetscCall(DMClone(ctx->plex[grid], &dmEnergy));
1765         PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)dmEnergy, "energy"));
1766         PetscCall(DMSetField(dmEnergy, 0, NULL, (PetscObject)fe));
1767         PetscCall(DMCreateDS(dmEnergy));
1768         PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(dmEnergy, &e_section));
1769         PetscCall(DMGetGlobalVector(dmEnergy, &glob_v2));
1770         PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)glob_v2, "trick"));
1771         c2_0[0] = &data[0];
1772         PetscCall(DMProjectFunction(dmEnergy, 0., energyf, (void **)c2_0, INSERT_ALL_VALUES, glob_v2));
1773         PetscCall(DMGetLocalVector(dmEnergy, &v2_2));
1774         PetscCall(VecZeroEntries(v2_2)); /* zero BCs so don't set */
1775         PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalBegin(dmEnergy, glob_v2, INSERT_VALUES, v2_2));
1776         PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalEnd(dmEnergy, glob_v2, INSERT_VALUES, v2_2));
1777         PetscCall(DMViewFromOptions(dmEnergy, NULL, "-energy_dm_view"));
1778         PetscCall(VecViewFromOptions(glob_v2, NULL, "-energy_vec_view"));
1779         PetscCall(DMRestoreGlobalVector(dmEnergy, &glob_v2));
1780       }
1781       /* append part of the IP data for each grid */
1782       for (ej = 0; ej < numCells[grid]; ++ej, ++outer_ej) {
1783         PetscScalar *coefs = NULL;
1784         PetscReal    vj[LANDAU_MAX_NQND * LANDAU_DIM], detJj[LANDAU_MAX_NQND], Jdummy[LANDAU_MAX_NQND * LANDAU_DIM * LANDAU_DIM], c0 = C_0(ctx->v_0), c02 = PetscSqr(c0);
1785         invJe = invJ_a + outer_ej * Nq * dim * dim;
1786         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeCellGeometryFEM(ctx->plex[grid], ej + cStart, quad, vj, Jdummy, invJe, detJj));
1787         if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) PetscCall(DMPlexVecGetClosure(dmEnergy, e_section, v2_2, ej + cStart, NULL, &coefs));
1788         /* create static point data */
1789         for (PetscInt qj = 0; qj < Nq; qj++, outer_ipidx++) {
1790           const PetscInt   gidx = outer_ipidx;
1791           const PetscReal *invJ = &invJe[qj * dim * dim];
1792           ww[gidx]              = detJj[qj] * quadWeights[qj];
1793           if (dim == 2) ww[gidx] *= vj[qj * dim + 0]; /* cylindrical coordinate, w/o 2pi */
1794           // get xx, yy, zz
1795           if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) {
1796             double                 refSpaceDer[3], eGradPhi[3];
1797             const PetscReal *const DD = Tf[0]->T[1];
1798             const PetscReal       *Dq = &DD[qj * Nb * dim];
1799             for (PetscInt d = 0; d < 3; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] = eGradPhi[d] = 0.0;
1800             for (PetscInt b = 0; b < Nb; ++b) {
1801               for (PetscInt d = 0; d < dim; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] += Dq[b * dim + d] * PetscRealPart(coefs[b]);
1802             }
1803             xx[gidx] = 1e10;
1804             if (ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) {
1805               double dg2_c2 = 0;
1806               //for (PetscInt d = 0; d < dim; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] *= c02;
1807               for (PetscInt d = 0; d < dim; ++d) dg2_c2 += PetscSqr(refSpaceDer[d]);
1808               dg2_c2 *= (double)c02;
1809               if (dg2_c2 >= .999) {
1810                 xx[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 0]; /* coordinate */
1811                 yy[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 1];
1812                 if (dim == 3) zz[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 2];
1813                 PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "Error: %12.5e %" PetscInt_FMT ".%" PetscInt_FMT ") dg2/c02 = %12.5e x= %12.5e %12.5e %12.5e\n", (double)PetscSqrtReal(xx[gidx] * xx[gidx] + yy[gidx] * yy[gidx] + zz[gidx] * zz[gidx]), ej, qj, dg2_c2, (double)xx[gidx], (double)yy[gidx], (double)zz[gidx]));
1814               } else {
1815                 PetscReal fact = c02 / PetscSqrtReal(1. - dg2_c2);
1816                 for (PetscInt d = 0; d < dim; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] *= fact;
1817                 // could test with other point u' that (grad - grad') * U (refSpaceDer, refSpaceDer') == 0
1818               }
1819             }
1820             if (xx[gidx] == 1e10) {
1821               for (PetscInt d = 0; d < dim; ++d) {
1822                 for (PetscInt e = 0; e < dim; ++e) eGradPhi[d] += invJ[e * dim + d] * refSpaceDer[e];
1823               }
1824               xx[gidx] = eGradPhi[0];
1825               yy[gidx] = eGradPhi[1];
1826               if (dim == 3) zz[gidx] = eGradPhi[2];
1827             }
1828           } else {
1829             xx[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 0]; /* coordinate */
1830             yy[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 1];
1831             if (dim == 3) zz[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 2];
1832           }
1833         } /* q */
1834         if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) PetscCall(DMPlexVecRestoreClosure(dmEnergy, e_section, v2_2, ej + cStart, NULL, &coefs));
1835       } /* ej */
1836       if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) {
1837         PetscCall(DMRestoreLocalVector(dmEnergy, &v2_2));
1838         PetscCall(DMDestroy(&dmEnergy));
1839       }
1840     } /* grid */
1841     if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) PetscCall(PetscFEDestroy(&fe));
1842     /* cache static data */
1843     if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
1844 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
1845       PetscCall(LandauKokkosStaticDataSet(ctx->plex[0], Nq, Nb, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, numCells, ctx->species_offset, ctx->mat_offset, nu_alpha, nu_beta, invMass, (PetscReal *)ctx->lambdas, invJ_a, xx, yy, zz, ww, &ctx->SData_d));
1846       /* free */
1847       PetscCall(PetscFree4(ww, xx, yy, invJ_a));
1848       if (dim == 3) PetscCall(PetscFree(zz));
1849 #else
1850       SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-landau_device_type kokkos not built");
1851 #endif
1852     } else {                                                                                                                                                                   /* CPU version, just copy in, only use part */
1853       PetscReal *nu_alpha_p = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.alpha, *nu_beta_p = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.beta, *invMass_p = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.invMass, *lambdas_p = NULL; // why set these ?
1854       ctx->SData_d.w    = (void *)ww;
1855       ctx->SData_d.x    = (void *)xx;
1856       ctx->SData_d.y    = (void *)yy;
1857       ctx->SData_d.z    = (void *)zz;
1858       ctx->SData_d.invJ = (void *)invJ_a;
1859       PetscCall(PetscMalloc4(ctx->num_species, &nu_alpha_p, ctx->num_species, &nu_beta_p, ctx->num_species, &invMass_p, LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS * LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS, &lambdas_p));
1860       for (PetscInt ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_species; ii++) {
1861         nu_alpha_p[ii] = nu_alpha[ii];
1862         nu_beta_p[ii]  = nu_beta[ii];
1863         invMass_p[ii]  = invMass[ii];
1864       }
1865       ctx->SData_d.alpha   = (void *)nu_alpha_p;
1866       ctx->SData_d.beta    = (void *)nu_beta_p;
1867       ctx->SData_d.invMass = (void *)invMass_p;
1868       ctx->SData_d.lambdas = (void *)lambdas_p;
1869       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; grid++) {
1870         PetscReal(*lambdas)[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS][LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS] = (PetscReal(*)[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS][LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS])ctx->SData_d.lambdas;
1871         for (PetscInt gridj = 0; gridj < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; gridj++) { (*lambdas)[grid][gridj] = ctx->lambdas[grid][gridj]; }
1872       }
1873     }
1874     PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[7], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1875   } // initialize
1876   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1877 }
1878 
1879 /* < v, u > */
1880 static void g0_1(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, PetscReal u_tShift, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar g0[])
1881 {
1882   g0[0] = 1.;
1883 }
1884 
1885 /* < v, u > */
1886 static void g0_fake(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, PetscReal u_tShift, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar g0[])
1887 {
1888   static double ttt = 1e-12;
1889   g0[0]             = ttt++;
1890 }
1891 
1892 /* < v, u > */
1893 static void g0_r(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, PetscReal u_tShift, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar g0[])
1894 {
1895   g0[0] = 2. * PETSC_PI * x[0];
1896 }
1897 
1898 /*
1899  LandauCreateJacobianMatrix - creates ctx->J with without real data. Hard to keep sparse.
1900   - Like DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix. Should remove one and combine
1901   - has old support for field major ordering
1902  */
1903 static PetscErrorCode LandauCreateJacobianMatrix(MPI_Comm comm, Vec X, IS grid_batch_is_inv[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], LandauCtx *ctx)
1904 {
1905   PetscInt *idxs = NULL;
1906   Mat       subM[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
1907 
1908   PetscFunctionBegin;
1909   if (!ctx->gpu_assembly) { /* we need GPU object with GPU assembly */
1910     PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1911   }
1912   // get the RCM for this grid to separate out species into blocks -- create 'idxs' & 'ctx->batch_is' -- not used
1913   if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(ctx->mat_offset[ctx->num_grids] * ctx->batch_sz, &idxs));
1914   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1915     const PetscInt *values, n = ctx->mat_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->mat_offset[grid];
1916     Mat             gMat;
1917     DM              massDM;
1918     PetscDS         prob;
1919     Vec             tvec;
1920     // get "mass" matrix for reordering
1921     PetscCall(DMClone(ctx->plex[grid], &massDM));
1922     PetscCall(DMCopyFields(ctx->plex[grid], PETSC_DETERMINE, PETSC_DETERMINE, massDM));
1923     PetscCall(DMCreateDS(massDM));
1924     PetscCall(DMGetDS(massDM, &prob));
1925     for (PetscInt ix = 0, ii = ctx->species_offset[grid]; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, ix++) PetscCall(PetscDSSetJacobian(prob, ix, ix, g0_fake, NULL, NULL, NULL));
1926     PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only")); // this trick is need to both sparsify the matrix and avoid runtime error
1927     PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(massDM, &gMat));
1928     PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only false"));
1929     PetscCall(MatSetOption(gMat, MAT_STRUCTURALLY_SYMMETRIC, PETSC_TRUE));
1930     PetscCall(MatSetOption(gMat, MAT_IGNORE_ZERO_ENTRIES, PETSC_TRUE));
1931     PetscCall(DMCreateLocalVector(ctx->plex[grid], &tvec));
1932     PetscCall(DMPlexSNESComputeJacobianFEM(massDM, tvec, gMat, gMat, ctx));
1933     PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(gMat, NULL, "-dm_landau_reorder_mat_view"));
1934     PetscCall(DMDestroy(&massDM));
1935     PetscCall(VecDestroy(&tvec));
1936     subM[grid] = gMat;
1937     if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) {
1938       MatOrderingType rtype = MATORDERINGRCM;
1939       IS              isrow, isicol;
1940       PetscCall(MatGetOrdering(gMat, rtype, &isrow, &isicol));
1941       PetscCall(ISInvertPermutation(isrow, PETSC_DECIDE, &grid_batch_is_inv[grid]));
1942       PetscCall(ISGetIndices(isrow, &values));
1943       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // add batch size DMs for this species grid
1944 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
1945         PetscInt N = ctx->mat_offset[ctx->num_grids], n0 = ctx->mat_offset[grid] + b_id * N;
1946         for (PetscInt ii = 0; ii < n; ++ii) idxs[n0 + ii] = values[ii] + n0;
1947 #else
1948         PetscInt n0 = ctx->mat_offset[grid] * ctx->batch_sz + b_id * n;
1949         for (PetscInt ii = 0; ii < n; ++ii) idxs[n0 + ii] = values[ii] + n0;
1950 #endif
1951       }
1952       PetscCall(ISRestoreIndices(isrow, &values));
1953       PetscCall(ISDestroy(&isrow));
1954       PetscCall(ISDestroy(&isicol));
1955     }
1956   }
1957   if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) PetscCall(ISCreateGeneral(comm, ctx->mat_offset[ctx->num_grids] * ctx->batch_sz, idxs, PETSC_OWN_POINTER, &ctx->batch_is));
1958   // get a block matrix
1959   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1960     Mat      B = subM[grid];
1961     PetscInt nloc, nzl, *colbuf, row, COL_BF_SIZE = 1024;
1962     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*colbuf) * COL_BF_SIZE, &colbuf));
1963     PetscCall(MatGetSize(B, &nloc, NULL));
1964     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
1965       const PetscInt     moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
1966       const PetscInt    *cols;
1967       const PetscScalar *vals;
1968       for (PetscInt i = 0; i < nloc; i++) {
1969         PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, NULL, NULL));
1970         if (nzl > COL_BF_SIZE) {
1971           PetscCall(PetscFree(colbuf));
1972           PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[grid], "Realloc buffer %" PetscInt_FMT " to %" PetscInt_FMT " (row size %" PetscInt_FMT ") \n", COL_BF_SIZE, 2 * COL_BF_SIZE, nzl));
1973           COL_BF_SIZE = nzl;
1974           PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*colbuf) * COL_BF_SIZE, &colbuf));
1975         }
1976         PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
1977         for (PetscInt j = 0; j < nzl; j++) colbuf[j] = cols[j] + moffset;
1978         row = i + moffset;
1979         PetscCall(MatSetValues(ctx->J, 1, &row, nzl, colbuf, vals, INSERT_VALUES));
1980         PetscCall(MatRestoreRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
1981       }
1982     }
1983     PetscCall(PetscFree(colbuf));
1984   }
1985   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(MatDestroy(&subM[grid]));
1986   PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(ctx->J, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
1987   PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(ctx->J, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
1988 
1989   // debug
1990   PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(ctx->J, NULL, "-dm_landau_mat_view"));
1991   if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) {
1992     Mat mat_block_order;
1993     PetscCall(MatCreateSubMatrix(ctx->J, ctx->batch_is, ctx->batch_is, MAT_INITIAL_MATRIX, &mat_block_order)); // use MatPermute
1994     PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(mat_block_order, NULL, "-dm_landau_mat_view"));
1995     PetscCall(MatDestroy(&mat_block_order));
1996     PetscCall(VecScatterCreate(X, ctx->batch_is, X, NULL, &ctx->plex_batch));
1997     PetscCall(VecDuplicate(X, &ctx->work_vec));
1998   }
1999   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2000 }
2001 
2002 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix(DM pack, Mat *Amat);
2003 /*@C
2004   DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace - Create a `DMPLEX` velocity space mesh
2005 
2006   Collective
2007 
2008   Input Parameters:
2009 + comm   - The MPI communicator
2010 . dim    - velocity space dimension (2 for axisymmetric, 3 for full 3X + 3V solver)
2011 - prefix - prefix for options (not tested)
2012 
2013   Output Parameters:
2014 + pack - The `DM` object representing the mesh
2015 . X    - A vector (user destroys)
2016 - J    - Optional matrix (object destroys)
2017 
2018   Level: beginner
2019 
2020 .seealso: `DMPlexCreate()`, `DMPlexLandauDestroyVelocitySpace()`
2021  @*/
2022 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace(MPI_Comm comm, PetscInt dim, const char prefix[], Vec *X, Mat *J, DM *pack)
2023 {
2024   LandauCtx *ctx;
2025   Vec        Xsub[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
2026   IS         grid_batch_is_inv[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
2027 
2028   PetscFunctionBegin;
2029   PetscCheck(dim == 2 || dim == 3, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Only 2D and 3D supported");
2030   PetscCheck(LANDAU_DIM == dim, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "dim %" PetscInt_FMT " != LANDAU_DIM %d", dim, LANDAU_DIM);
2031   PetscCall(PetscNew(&ctx));
2032   ctx->comm = comm; /* used for diagnostics and global errors */
2033   /* process options */
2034   PetscCall(ProcessOptions(ctx, prefix));
2035   if (dim == 2) ctx->use_relativistic_corrections = PETSC_FALSE;
2036   /* Create Mesh */
2037   PetscCall(DMCompositeCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, pack));
2038   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[13], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2039   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[15], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2040   PetscCall(LandauDMCreateVMeshes(PETSC_COMM_SELF, dim, prefix, ctx, *pack)); // creates grids (Forest of AMR)
2041   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2042     /* create FEM */
2043     PetscCall(SetupDS(ctx->plex[grid], dim, grid, ctx));
2044     /* set initial state */
2045     PetscCall(DMCreateGlobalVector(ctx->plex[grid], &Xsub[grid]));
2046     PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)Xsub[grid], "u_orig"));
2047     /* initial static refinement, no solve */
2048     PetscCall(LandauSetInitialCondition(ctx->plex[grid], Xsub[grid], grid, 0, 1, ctx));
2049     /* forest refinement - forest goes in (if forest), plex comes out */
2050     if (ctx->use_p4est) {
2051       DM plex;
2052       PetscCall(adapt(grid, ctx, &Xsub[grid])); // forest goes in, plex comes out
2053       if (grid == 0) {
2054         PetscCall(DMViewFromOptions(ctx->plex[grid], NULL, "-dm_landau_amr_dm_view")); // need to differentiate - todo
2055         PetscCall(VecViewFromOptions(Xsub[grid], NULL, "-dm_landau_amr_vec_view"));
2056       }
2057       // convert to plex, all done with this level
2058       PetscCall(DMConvert(ctx->plex[grid], DMPLEX, &plex));
2059       PetscCall(DMDestroy(&ctx->plex[grid]));
2060       ctx->plex[grid] = plex;
2061     }
2062 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
2063     PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(*pack, ctx->plex[grid]));
2064 #else
2065     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // add batch size DMs for this species grid
2066       PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(*pack, ctx->plex[grid]));
2067     }
2068 #endif
2069     PetscCall(DMSetApplicationContext(ctx->plex[grid], ctx));
2070   }
2071 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
2072   // stack the batched DMs, could do it all here!!! b_id=0
2073   for (PetscInt b_id = 1; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2074     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(*pack, ctx->plex[grid]));
2075   }
2076 #endif
2077   // create ctx->mat_offset
2078   ctx->mat_offset[0] = 0;
2079   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2080     PetscInt n;
2081     PetscCall(VecGetLocalSize(Xsub[grid], &n));
2082     ctx->mat_offset[grid + 1] = ctx->mat_offset[grid] + n;
2083   }
2084   // creat DM & Jac
2085   PetscCall(DMSetApplicationContext(*pack, ctx));
2086   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only"));
2087   PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(*pack, &ctx->J));
2088   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only false"));
2089   PetscCall(MatSetOption(ctx->J, MAT_STRUCTURALLY_SYMMETRIC, PETSC_TRUE));
2090   PetscCall(MatSetOption(ctx->J, MAT_IGNORE_ZERO_ENTRIES, PETSC_TRUE));
2091   PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->J, "Jac"));
2092   // construct initial conditions in X
2093   PetscCall(DMCreateGlobalVector(*pack, X));
2094   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2095     PetscInt n;
2096     PetscCall(VecGetLocalSize(Xsub[grid], &n));
2097     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2098       PetscScalar const *values;
2099       const PetscInt     moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
2100       PetscCall(LandauSetInitialCondition(ctx->plex[grid], Xsub[grid], grid, b_id, ctx->batch_sz, ctx));
2101       PetscCall(VecGetArrayRead(Xsub[grid], &values)); // Drop whole grid in Plex ordering
2102       for (PetscInt i = 0, idx = moffset; i < n; i++, idx++) PetscCall(VecSetValue(*X, idx, values[i], INSERT_VALUES));
2103       PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayRead(Xsub[grid], &values));
2104     }
2105   }
2106   // cleanup
2107   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(VecDestroy(&Xsub[grid]));
2108   /* check for correct matrix type */
2109   if (ctx->gpu_assembly) { /* we need GPU object with GPU assembly */
2110     PetscBool flg;
2111     if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
2112       PetscCall(PetscObjectTypeCompareAny((PetscObject)ctx->J, &flg, MATSEQAIJKOKKOS, MATMPIAIJKOKKOS, MATAIJKOKKOS, ""));
2113 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
2114       PetscCheck(flg, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "must use '-dm_mat_type aijkokkos -dm_vec_type kokkos' for GPU assembly and Kokkos or use '-dm_landau_device_type cpu'");
2115 #else
2116       PetscCheck(flg, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "must configure with '--download-kokkos-kernels' for GPU assembly and Kokkos or use '-dm_landau_device_type cpu'");
2117 #endif
2118     }
2119   }
2120   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[15], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2121 
2122   // create field major ordering
2123   ctx->work_vec   = NULL;
2124   ctx->plex_batch = NULL;
2125   ctx->batch_is   = NULL;
2126   for (PetscInt i = 0; i < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; i++) grid_batch_is_inv[i] = NULL;
2127   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[12], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2128   PetscCall(LandauCreateJacobianMatrix(comm, *X, grid_batch_is_inv, ctx));
2129   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[12], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2130 
2131   // create AMR GPU assembly maps and static GPU data
2132   PetscCall(CreateStaticData(dim, grid_batch_is_inv, ctx));
2133 
2134   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[13], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2135 
2136   // create mass matrix
2137   PetscCall(DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix(*pack, NULL));
2138 
2139   if (J) *J = ctx->J;
2140 
2141   if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) {
2142     PetscContainer container;
2143     // cache ctx for KSP with batch/field major Jacobian ordering -ksp_type gmres/etc -dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order
2144     PetscCall(PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, &container));
2145     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetPointer(container, (void *)ctx));
2146     PetscCall(PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)ctx->J, "LandauCtx", (PetscObject)container));
2147     PetscCall(PetscContainerDestroy(&container));
2148     // batch solvers need to map -- can batch solvers work
2149     PetscCall(PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, &container));
2150     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetPointer(container, (void *)ctx->plex_batch));
2151     PetscCall(PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)ctx->J, "plex_batch_is", (PetscObject)container));
2152     PetscCall(PetscContainerDestroy(&container));
2153   }
2154   // for batch solvers
2155   {
2156     PetscContainer container;
2157     PetscInt      *pNf;
2158     PetscCall(PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, &container));
2159     PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(sizeof(*pNf), &pNf));
2160     *pNf = ctx->batch_sz;
2161     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetPointer(container, (void *)pNf));
2162     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetCtxDestroy(container, PetscCtxDestroyDefault));
2163     PetscCall(PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)ctx->J, "batch size", (PetscObject)container));
2164     PetscCall(PetscContainerDestroy(&container));
2165   }
2166   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2167 }
2168 
2169 /*@C
2170   DMPlexLandauAccess - Access to the distribution function with user callback
2171 
2172   Collective
2173 
2174   Input Parameters:
2175 + pack     - the `DMCOMPOSITE`
2176 . func     - call back function
2177 - user_ctx - user context
2178 
2179   Input/Output Parameter:
2180 . X - Vector to data to
2181 
2182   Level: advanced
2183 
2184 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
2185  @*/
2186 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauAccess(DM pack, Vec X, PetscErrorCode (*func)(DM, Vec, PetscInt, PetscInt, PetscInt, void *), void *user_ctx)
2187 {
2188   LandauCtx *ctx;
2189 
2190   PetscFunctionBegin;
2191   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx)); // uses ctx->num_grids; ctx->plex[grid]; ctx->batch_sz; ctx->mat_offset
2192   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2193     PetscInt dim, n;
2194     PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2195     for (PetscInt sp = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; sp < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; sp++, i0++) {
2196       Vec      vec;
2197       PetscInt vf[1] = {i0};
2198       IS       vis;
2199       DM       vdm;
2200       PetscCall(DMCreateSubDM(ctx->plex[grid], 1, vf, &vis, &vdm));
2201       PetscCall(DMSetApplicationContext(vdm, ctx)); // the user might want this
2202       PetscCall(DMCreateGlobalVector(vdm, &vec));
2203       PetscCall(VecGetSize(vec, &n));
2204       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2205         const PetscInt moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
2206         PetscCall(VecZeroEntries(vec));
2207         /* Add your data with 'dm' for species 'sp' to 'vec' */
2208         PetscCall(func(vdm, vec, i0, grid, b_id, user_ctx));
2209         /* add to global */
2210         PetscScalar const *values;
2211         const PetscInt    *offsets;
2212         PetscCall(VecGetArrayRead(vec, &values));
2213         PetscCall(ISGetIndices(vis, &offsets));
2214         for (PetscInt i = 0; i < n; i++) PetscCall(VecSetValue(X, moffset + offsets[i], values[i], ADD_VALUES));
2215         PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayRead(vec, &values));
2216         PetscCall(ISRestoreIndices(vis, &offsets));
2217       } // batch
2218       PetscCall(VecDestroy(&vec));
2219       PetscCall(ISDestroy(&vis));
2220       PetscCall(DMDestroy(&vdm));
2221     }
2222   } // grid
2223   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2224 }
2225 
2226 /*@
2227   DMPlexLandauDestroyVelocitySpace - Destroy a `DMPLEX` velocity space mesh
2228 
2229   Collective
2230 
2231   Input/Output Parameters:
2232 . dm - the `DM` to destroy
2233 
2234   Level: beginner
2235 
2236 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
2237  @*/
2238 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauDestroyVelocitySpace(DM *dm)
2239 {
2240   LandauCtx *ctx;
2241 
2242   PetscFunctionBegin;
2243   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(*dm, &ctx));
2244   PetscCall(MatDestroy(&ctx->M));
2245   PetscCall(MatDestroy(&ctx->J));
2246   for (PetscInt ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_species; ii++) PetscCall(PetscFEDestroy(&ctx->fe[ii]));
2247   PetscCall(ISDestroy(&ctx->batch_is));
2248   PetscCall(VecDestroy(&ctx->work_vec));
2249   PetscCall(VecScatterDestroy(&ctx->plex_batch));
2250   if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
2251 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
2252     PetscCall(LandauKokkosStaticDataClear(&ctx->SData_d));
2253 #else
2254     SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-landau_device_type %s not built", "kokkos");
2255 #endif
2256   } else {
2257     if (ctx->SData_d.x) { /* in a CPU run */
2258       PetscReal *invJ = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.invJ, *xx = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.x, *yy = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.y, *zz = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.z, *ww = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.w;
2259       LandauIdx *coo_elem_offsets = (LandauIdx *)ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_offsets, *coo_elem_fullNb = (LandauIdx *)ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_fullNb, (*coo_elem_point_offsets)[LANDAU_MAX_NQND + 1] = (LandauIdx(*)[LANDAU_MAX_NQND + 1]) ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_point_offsets;
2260       PetscCall(PetscFree4(ww, xx, yy, invJ));
2261       if (zz) PetscCall(PetscFree(zz));
2262       if (coo_elem_offsets) {
2263         PetscCall(PetscFree3(coo_elem_offsets, coo_elem_fullNb, coo_elem_point_offsets)); // could be NULL
2264       }
2265       PetscCall(PetscFree4(ctx->SData_d.alpha, ctx->SData_d.beta, ctx->SData_d.invMass, ctx->SData_d.lambdas));
2266     }
2267   }
2268 
2269   if (ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL] > 0) { // OMP timings
2270     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "TSStep               N  1.0 %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_EX2_TSSOLVE]));
2271     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "2:           Solve:  %10.3e with %" PetscInt_FMT " threads\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_EX2_TSSOLVE] - ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL], ctx->batch_sz));
2272     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "3:          Landau:  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL]));
2273     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "Landau Jacobian       %" PetscInt_FMT " 1.0 %10.3e\n", (PetscInt)ctx->times[LANDAU_JACOBIAN_COUNT], ctx->times[LANDAU_JACOBIAN]));
2274     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "Landau Operator       N 1.0  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_OPERATOR]));
2275     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "Landau Mass           N 1.0  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_MASS]));
2276     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, " Jac-f-df (GPU)       N 1.0  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_F_DF]));
2277     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, " Kernel (GPU)         N 1.0  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_KERNEL]));
2278     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "MatLUFactorNum        X 1.0 %10.3e\n", ctx->times[KSP_FACTOR]));
2279     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "MatSolve              X 1.0 %10.3e\n", ctx->times[KSP_SOLVE]));
2280   }
2281   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(DMDestroy(&ctx->plex[grid]));
2282   PetscCall(PetscFree(ctx));
2283   PetscCall(DMDestroy(dm));
2284   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2285 }
2286 
2287 /* < v, ru > */
2288 static void f0_s_den(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2289 {
2290   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2291   f0[0]       = u[ii];
2292 }
2293 
2294 /* < v, ru > */
2295 static void f0_s_mom(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2296 {
2297   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]), jj = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[1]);
2298   f0[0] = x[jj] * u[ii]; /* x momentum */
2299 }
2300 
2301 static void f0_s_v2(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2302 {
2303   PetscInt i, ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2304   double   tmp1 = 0.;
2305   for (i = 0; i < dim; ++i) tmp1 += x[i] * x[i];
2306   f0[0] = tmp1 * u[ii];
2307 }
2308 
2309 static PetscErrorCode gamma_n_f(PetscInt dim, PetscReal time, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt Nf, PetscScalar *u, void *actx)
2310 {
2311   const PetscReal *c2_0_arr = ((PetscReal *)actx);
2312   const PetscReal  c02      = c2_0_arr[0];
2313 
2314   PetscFunctionBegin;
2315   for (PetscInt s = 0; s < Nf; s++) {
2316     PetscReal tmp1 = 0.;
2317     for (PetscInt i = 0; i < dim; ++i) tmp1 += x[i] * x[i];
2318 #if defined(PETSC_USE_DEBUG)
2319     u[s] = PetscSqrtReal(1. + tmp1 / c02); //  u[0] = PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx);
2320 #else
2321     {
2322       PetscReal xx = tmp1 / c02;
2323       u[s]         = xx / (PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx) + 1.); // better conditioned = xx/(PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx) + 1.)
2324     }
2325 #endif
2326   }
2327   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2328 }
2329 
2330 /* < v, ru > */
2331 static void f0_s_rden(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2332 {
2333   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2334   f0[0]       = 2. * PETSC_PI * x[0] * u[ii];
2335 }
2336 
2337 /* < v, ru > */
2338 static void f0_s_rmom(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2339 {
2340   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2341   f0[0]       = 2. * PETSC_PI * x[0] * x[1] * u[ii];
2342 }
2343 
2344 static void f0_s_rv2(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2345 {
2346   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2347   f0[0]       = 2. * PETSC_PI * x[0] * (x[0] * x[0] + x[1] * x[1]) * u[ii];
2348 }
2349 
2350 /*@
2351   DMPlexLandauPrintNorms - collects moments and prints them
2352 
2353   Collective
2354 
2355   Input Parameters:
2356 + X     - the state
2357 - stepi - current step to print
2358 
2359   Level: beginner
2360 
2361 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
2362  @*/
2363 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauPrintNorms(Vec X, PetscInt stepi)
2364 {
2365   LandauCtx  *ctx;
2366   PetscDS     prob;
2367   DM          pack;
2368   PetscInt    cStart, cEnd, dim, ii, i0, nDMs;
2369   PetscScalar xmomentumtot = 0, ymomentumtot = 0, zmomentumtot = 0, energytot = 0, densitytot = 0, tt[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES];
2370   PetscScalar xmomentum[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], ymomentum[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], zmomentum[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], energy[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], density[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES];
2371   Vec        *globXArray;
2372 
2373   PetscFunctionBegin;
2374   PetscCall(VecGetDM(X, &pack));
2375   PetscCheck(pack, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Vector has no DM");
2376   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2377   PetscCheck(dim == 2 || dim == 3, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "dim %" PetscInt_FMT " not in [2,3]", dim);
2378   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx));
2379   PetscCheck(ctx, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "no context");
2380   /* print momentum and energy */
2381   PetscCall(DMCompositeGetNumberDM(pack, &nDMs));
2382   PetscCheck(nDMs == ctx->num_grids * ctx->batch_sz, PETSC_COMM_WORLD, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "#DM wrong %" PetscInt_FMT " %" PetscInt_FMT, nDMs, ctx->num_grids * ctx->batch_sz);
2383   PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*globXArray) * nDMs, &globXArray));
2384   PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, X, nDMs, NULL, globXArray));
2385   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2386     Vec Xloc = globXArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(ctx->batch_view_idx, grid)];
2387     PetscCall(DMGetDS(ctx->plex[grid], &prob));
2388     for (ii = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, i0++) {
2389       PetscScalar user[2] = {(PetscScalar)i0, ctx->charges[ii]};
2390       PetscCall(PetscDSSetConstants(prob, 2, user));
2391       if (dim == 2) { /* 2/3X + 3V (cylindrical coordinates) */
2392         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_rden));
2393         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2394         density[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->charges[ii];
2395         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_rmom));
2396         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2397         zmomentum[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2398         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_rv2));
2399         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2400         energy[ii] = tt[0] * 0.5 * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2401         zmomentumtot += zmomentum[ii];
2402         energytot += energy[ii];
2403         densitytot += density[ii];
2404         PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "%3" PetscInt_FMT ") species-%" PetscInt_FMT ": charge density= %20.13e z-momentum= %20.13e energy= %20.13e", stepi, ii, (double)PetscRealPart(density[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(zmomentum[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(energy[ii])));
2405       } else { /* 2/3Xloc + 3V */
2406         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_den));
2407         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2408         density[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->charges[ii];
2409         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_mom));
2410         user[1] = 0;
2411         PetscCall(PetscDSSetConstants(prob, 2, user));
2412         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2413         xmomentum[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2414         user[1]       = 1;
2415         PetscCall(PetscDSSetConstants(prob, 2, user));
2416         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2417         ymomentum[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2418         user[1]       = 2;
2419         PetscCall(PetscDSSetConstants(prob, 2, user));
2420         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2421         zmomentum[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2422         if (ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) {
2423           /* gamma * M * f */
2424           if (ii == 0 && grid == 0) { // do all at once
2425             Vec Mf, globGamma, *globMfArray, *globGammaArray;
2426             PetscErrorCode (*gammaf[1])(PetscInt, PetscReal, const PetscReal[], PetscInt, PetscScalar[], void *) = {gamma_n_f};
2427             PetscReal *c2_0[1], data[1];
2428 
2429             PetscCall(VecDuplicate(X, &globGamma));
2430             PetscCall(VecDuplicate(X, &Mf));
2431             PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*globMfArray) * nDMs, &globMfArray));
2432             PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*globMfArray) * nDMs, &globGammaArray));
2433             /* M * f */
2434             PetscCall(MatMult(ctx->M, X, Mf));
2435             /* gamma */
2436             PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, globGamma, nDMs, NULL, globGammaArray));
2437             for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) { // yes a grid loop in a grid loop to print nice, need to fix for batching
2438               Vec v1  = globGammaArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(ctx->batch_view_idx, grid)];
2439               data[0] = PetscSqr(C_0(ctx->v_0));
2440               c2_0[0] = &data[0];
2441               PetscCall(DMProjectFunction(ctx->plex[grid], 0., gammaf, (void **)c2_0, INSERT_ALL_VALUES, v1));
2442             }
2443             PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, globGamma, nDMs, NULL, globGammaArray));
2444             /* gamma * Mf */
2445             PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, globGamma, nDMs, NULL, globGammaArray));
2446             PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, Mf, nDMs, NULL, globMfArray));
2447             for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) { // yes a grid loop in a grid loop to print nice
2448               PetscInt Nf    = ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->species_offset[grid], N, bs;
2449               Vec      Mfsub = globMfArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(ctx->batch_view_idx, grid)], Gsub = globGammaArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(ctx->batch_view_idx, grid)], v1, v2;
2450               // get each component
2451               PetscCall(VecGetSize(Mfsub, &N));
2452               PetscCall(VecCreate(ctx->comm, &v1));
2453               PetscCall(VecSetSizes(v1, PETSC_DECIDE, N / Nf));
2454               PetscCall(VecCreate(ctx->comm, &v2));
2455               PetscCall(VecSetSizes(v2, PETSC_DECIDE, N / Nf));
2456               PetscCall(VecSetFromOptions(v1)); // ???
2457               PetscCall(VecSetFromOptions(v2));
2458               // get each component
2459               PetscCall(VecGetBlockSize(Gsub, &bs));
2460               PetscCheck(bs == Nf, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "bs %" PetscInt_FMT " != num_species %" PetscInt_FMT " in Gsub", bs, Nf);
2461               PetscCall(VecGetBlockSize(Mfsub, &bs));
2462               PetscCheck(bs == Nf, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "bs %" PetscInt_FMT " != num_species %" PetscInt_FMT, bs, Nf);
2463               for (PetscInt i = 0, ix = ctx->species_offset[grid]; i < Nf; i++, ix++) {
2464                 PetscScalar val;
2465                 PetscCall(VecStrideGather(Gsub, i, v1, INSERT_VALUES)); // this is not right -- TODO
2466                 PetscCall(VecStrideGather(Mfsub, i, v2, INSERT_VALUES));
2467                 PetscCall(VecDot(v1, v2, &val));
2468                 energy[ix] = PetscRealPart(val) * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ix];
2469               }
2470               PetscCall(VecDestroy(&v1));
2471               PetscCall(VecDestroy(&v2));
2472             } /* grids */
2473             PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, globGamma, nDMs, NULL, globGammaArray));
2474             PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, Mf, nDMs, NULL, globMfArray));
2475             PetscCall(PetscFree(globGammaArray));
2476             PetscCall(PetscFree(globMfArray));
2477             PetscCall(VecDestroy(&globGamma));
2478             PetscCall(VecDestroy(&Mf));
2479           }
2480         } else {
2481           PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_v2));
2482           PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2483           energy[ii] = 0.5 * tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2484         }
2485         PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "%3" PetscInt_FMT ") species %" PetscInt_FMT ": density=%20.13e, x-momentum=%20.13e, y-momentum=%20.13e, z-momentum=%20.13e, energy=%21.13e", stepi, ii, (double)PetscRealPart(density[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(xmomentum[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(ymomentum[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(zmomentum[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(energy[ii])));
2486         xmomentumtot += xmomentum[ii];
2487         ymomentumtot += ymomentum[ii];
2488         zmomentumtot += zmomentum[ii];
2489         energytot += energy[ii];
2490         densitytot += density[ii];
2491       }
2492       if (ctx->num_species > 1) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
2493     }
2494   }
2495   PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, X, nDMs, NULL, globXArray));
2496   PetscCall(PetscFree(globXArray));
2497   /* totals */
2498   PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[0], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
2499   if (ctx->num_species > 1) {
2500     if (dim == 2) {
2501       PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\t%3" PetscInt_FMT ") Total: charge density=%21.13e, momentum=%21.13e, energy=%21.13e (m_i[0]/m_e = %g, %" PetscInt_FMT " cells on electron grid)", stepi, (double)PetscRealPart(densitytot), (double)PetscRealPart(zmomentumtot), (double)PetscRealPart(energytot),
2502                             (double)(ctx->masses[1] / ctx->masses[0]), cEnd - cStart));
2503     } else {
2504       PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\t%3" PetscInt_FMT ") Total: charge density=%21.13e, x-momentum=%21.13e, y-momentum=%21.13e, z-momentum=%21.13e, energy=%21.13e (m_i[0]/m_e = %g, %" PetscInt_FMT " cells)", stepi, (double)PetscRealPart(densitytot), (double)PetscRealPart(xmomentumtot), (double)PetscRealPart(ymomentumtot), (double)PetscRealPart(zmomentumtot), (double)PetscRealPart(energytot),
2505                             (double)(ctx->masses[1] / ctx->masses[0]), cEnd - cStart));
2506     }
2507   } else PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " -- %" PetscInt_FMT " cells", cEnd - cStart));
2508   PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
2509   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2510 }
2511 
2512 /*@
2513   DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix - Create mass matrix for Landau in Plex space (not field major order of Jacobian)
2514   - puts mass matrix into ctx->M
2515 
2516   Collective
2517 
2518   Input Parameter:
2519 . pack - the `DM` object. Puts matrix in Landau context M field
2520 
2521   Output Parameter:
2522 . Amat - The mass matrix (optional), mass matrix is added to the `DM` context
2523 
2524   Level: beginner
2525 
2526 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
2527  @*/
2528 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix(DM pack, Mat *Amat)
2529 {
2530   DM         mass_pack, massDM[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
2531   PetscDS    prob;
2532   PetscInt   ii, dim, N1 = 1, N2;
2533   LandauCtx *ctx;
2534   Mat        packM, subM[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
2535 
2536   PetscFunctionBegin;
2537   PetscValidHeaderSpecific(pack, DM_CLASSID, 1);
2538   if (Amat) PetscAssertPointer(Amat, 2);
2539   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx));
2540   PetscCheck(ctx, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "no context");
2541   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[14], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2542   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2543   PetscCall(DMCompositeCreate(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pack), &mass_pack));
2544   /* create pack mass matrix */
2545   for (PetscInt grid = 0, ix = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2546     PetscCall(DMClone(ctx->plex[grid], &massDM[grid]));
2547     PetscCall(DMCopyFields(ctx->plex[grid], PETSC_DETERMINE, PETSC_DETERMINE, massDM[grid]));
2548     PetscCall(DMCreateDS(massDM[grid]));
2549     PetscCall(DMGetDS(massDM[grid], &prob));
2550     for (ix = 0, ii = ctx->species_offset[grid]; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, ix++) {
2551       if (dim == 3) PetscCall(PetscDSSetJacobian(prob, ix, ix, g0_1, NULL, NULL, NULL));
2552       else PetscCall(PetscDSSetJacobian(prob, ix, ix, g0_r, NULL, NULL, NULL));
2553     }
2554 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
2555     PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(mass_pack, massDM[grid]));
2556 #else
2557     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // add batch size DMs for this species grid
2558       PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(mass_pack, massDM[grid]));
2559     }
2560 #endif
2561     PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(massDM[grid], &subM[grid]));
2562   }
2563 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
2564   // stack the batched DMs
2565   for (PetscInt b_id = 1; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2566     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(mass_pack, massDM[grid]));
2567   }
2568 #endif
2569   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only"));
2570   PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(mass_pack, &packM));
2571   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only false"));
2572   PetscCall(MatSetOption(packM, MAT_STRUCTURALLY_SYMMETRIC, PETSC_TRUE));
2573   PetscCall(MatSetOption(packM, MAT_IGNORE_ZERO_ENTRIES, PETSC_TRUE));
2574   PetscCall(DMDestroy(&mass_pack));
2575   /* make mass matrix for each block */
2576   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2577     Vec locX;
2578     DM  plex = massDM[grid];
2579     PetscCall(DMGetLocalVector(plex, &locX));
2580     /* Mass matrix is independent of the input, so no need to fill locX */
2581     PetscCall(DMPlexSNESComputeJacobianFEM(plex, locX, subM[grid], subM[grid], ctx));
2582     PetscCall(DMRestoreLocalVector(plex, &locX));
2583     PetscCall(DMDestroy(&massDM[grid]));
2584   }
2585   PetscCall(MatGetSize(ctx->J, &N1, NULL));
2586   PetscCall(MatGetSize(packM, &N2, NULL));
2587   PetscCheck(N1 == N2, PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pack), PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Incorrect matrix sizes: |Jacobian| = %" PetscInt_FMT ", |Mass|=%" PetscInt_FMT, N1, N2);
2588   /* assemble block diagonals */
2589   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2590     Mat      B = subM[grid];
2591     PetscInt nloc, nzl, *colbuf, COL_BF_SIZE = 1024, row;
2592     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*colbuf) * COL_BF_SIZE, &colbuf));
2593     PetscCall(MatGetSize(B, &nloc, NULL));
2594     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2595       const PetscInt     moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
2596       const PetscInt    *cols;
2597       const PetscScalar *vals;
2598       for (PetscInt i = 0; i < nloc; i++) {
2599         PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, NULL, NULL));
2600         if (nzl > COL_BF_SIZE) {
2601           PetscCall(PetscFree(colbuf));
2602           PetscCall(PetscInfo(pack, "Realloc buffer %" PetscInt_FMT " to %" PetscInt_FMT " (row size %" PetscInt_FMT ") \n", COL_BF_SIZE, 2 * COL_BF_SIZE, nzl));
2603           COL_BF_SIZE = nzl;
2604           PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*colbuf) * COL_BF_SIZE, &colbuf));
2605         }
2606         PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
2607         for (PetscInt j = 0; j < nzl; j++) colbuf[j] = cols[j] + moffset;
2608         row = i + moffset;
2609         PetscCall(MatSetValues(packM, 1, &row, nzl, colbuf, vals, INSERT_VALUES));
2610         PetscCall(MatRestoreRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
2611       }
2612     }
2613     PetscCall(PetscFree(colbuf));
2614   }
2615   // cleanup
2616   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(MatDestroy(&subM[grid]));
2617   PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(packM, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
2618   PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(packM, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
2619   PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)packM, "mass"));
2620   PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(packM, NULL, "-dm_landau_mass_view"));
2621   ctx->M = packM;
2622   if (Amat) *Amat = packM;
2623   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[14], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2624   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2625 }
2626 
2627 /*@
2628   DMPlexLandauIFunction - `TS` residual calculation, confusingly this computes the Jacobian w/o mass
2629 
2630   Collective
2631 
2632   Input Parameters:
2633 + ts         - The time stepping context
2634 . time_dummy - current time (not used)
2635 . X          - Current state
2636 . X_t        - Time derivative of current state
2637 - actx       - Landau context
2638 
2639   Output Parameter:
2640 . F - The residual
2641 
2642   Level: beginner
2643 
2644 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`, `DMPlexLandauIJacobian()`
2645  @*/
2646 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauIFunction(TS ts, PetscReal time_dummy, Vec X, Vec X_t, Vec F, void *actx)
2647 {
2648   LandauCtx *ctx = (LandauCtx *)actx;
2649   PetscInt   dim;
2650   DM         pack;
2651 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2652   double starttime, endtime;
2653 #endif
2654   PetscObjectState state;
2655 
2656   PetscFunctionBegin;
2657   PetscCall(TSGetDM(ts, &pack));
2658   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx));
2659   PetscCheck(ctx, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "no context");
2660   if (ctx->stage) PetscCall(PetscLogStagePush(ctx->stage));
2661   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[11], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2662   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[0], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2663 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2664   starttime = MPI_Wtime();
2665 #endif
2666   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2667   PetscCall(PetscObjectStateGet((PetscObject)ctx->J, &state));
2668   if (state != ctx->norm_state) {
2669     PetscCall(MatZeroEntries(ctx->J));
2670     PetscCall(LandauFormJacobian_Internal(X, ctx->J, dim, 0.0, (void *)ctx));
2671     PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(ctx->J, NULL, "-dm_landau_jacobian_view"));
2672     PetscCall(PetscObjectStateGet((PetscObject)ctx->J, &state));
2673     ctx->norm_state = state;
2674   } else {
2675     PetscCall(PetscInfo(ts, "WARNING Skip forming Jacobian, has not changed %" PetscInt64_FMT "\n", state));
2676   }
2677   /* mat vec for op */
2678   PetscCall(MatMult(ctx->J, X, F)); /* C*f */
2679   /* add time term */
2680   if (X_t) PetscCall(MatMultAdd(ctx->M, X_t, F, F));
2681 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2682   if (ctx->stage) {
2683     endtime = MPI_Wtime();
2684     ctx->times[LANDAU_OPERATOR] += (endtime - starttime);
2685     ctx->times[LANDAU_JACOBIAN] += (endtime - starttime);
2686     ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL] += (endtime - starttime);
2687     ctx->times[LANDAU_JACOBIAN_COUNT] += 1;
2688   }
2689 #endif
2690   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[0], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2691   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[11], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2692   if (ctx->stage) PetscCall(PetscLogStagePop());
2693   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2694 }
2695 
2696 /*@
2697   DMPlexLandauIJacobian - `TS` Jacobian construction, confusingly this adds mass
2698 
2699   Collective
2700 
2701   Input Parameters:
2702 + ts         - The time stepping context
2703 . time_dummy - current time (not used)
2704 . X          - Current state
2705 . U_tdummy   - Time derivative of current state (not used)
2706 . shift      - shift for du/dt term
2707 - actx       - Landau context
2708 
2709   Output Parameters:
2710 + Amat - Jacobian
2711 - Pmat - same as Amat
2712 
2713   Level: beginner
2714 
2715 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`, `DMPlexLandauIFunction()`
2716  @*/
2717 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauIJacobian(TS ts, PetscReal time_dummy, Vec X, Vec U_tdummy, PetscReal shift, Mat Amat, Mat Pmat, void *actx)
2718 {
2719   LandauCtx *ctx = NULL;
2720   PetscInt   dim;
2721   DM         pack;
2722 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2723   double starttime, endtime;
2724 #endif
2725   PetscObjectState state;
2726 
2727   PetscFunctionBegin;
2728   PetscCall(TSGetDM(ts, &pack));
2729   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx));
2730   PetscCheck(ctx, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "no context");
2731   PetscCheck(Amat == Pmat && Amat == ctx->J, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Amat!=Pmat || Amat!=ctx->J");
2732   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2733   /* get collision Jacobian into A */
2734   if (ctx->stage) PetscCall(PetscLogStagePush(ctx->stage));
2735   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[11], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2736   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[9], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2737 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2738   starttime = MPI_Wtime();
2739 #endif
2740   PetscCheck(shift != 0.0, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "zero shift");
2741   PetscCall(PetscObjectStateGet((PetscObject)ctx->J, &state));
2742   PetscCheck(state == ctx->norm_state, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "wrong state, %" PetscInt64_FMT " %" PetscInt64_FMT, ctx->norm_state, state);
2743   if (!ctx->use_matrix_mass) {
2744     PetscCall(LandauFormJacobian_Internal(X, ctx->J, dim, shift, (void *)ctx));
2745   } else { /* add mass */
2746     PetscCall(MatAXPY(Pmat, shift, ctx->M, SAME_NONZERO_PATTERN));
2747   }
2748 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2749   if (ctx->stage) {
2750     endtime = MPI_Wtime();
2751     ctx->times[LANDAU_OPERATOR] += (endtime - starttime);
2752     ctx->times[LANDAU_MASS] += (endtime - starttime);
2753     ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL] += (endtime - starttime);
2754   }
2755 #endif
2756   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[9], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2757   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[11], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2758   if (ctx->stage) PetscCall(PetscLogStagePop());
2759   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2760 }
2761