xref: /petsc/src/ts/utils/dmplexlandau/plexland.c (revision eae3dc7d82c4e75c6efc83af6cf84b0783a1b49f)
1 #include <../src/mat/impls/aij/seq/aij.h>
2 #include <petsc/private/dmpleximpl.h> /*I "petscdmplex.h" I*/
3 #include <petsclandau.h>              /*I "petsclandau.h"   I*/
4 #include <petscts.h>
5 #include <petscdmforest.h>
6 #include <petscdmcomposite.h>
7 
8 /* Landau collision operator */
9 
10 /* relativistic terms */
11 #if defined(PETSC_USE_REAL_SINGLE)
12   #define SPEED_OF_LIGHT 2.99792458e8F
13   #define C_0(v0)        (SPEED_OF_LIGHT / v0) /* needed for relativistic tensor on all architectures */
14 #else
15   #define SPEED_OF_LIGHT 2.99792458e8
16   #define C_0(v0)        (SPEED_OF_LIGHT / v0) /* needed for relativistic tensor on all architectures */
17 #endif
18 
19 #define PETSC_THREAD_SYNC
20 #include "land_tensors.h"
21 
22 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_OPENMP)
23   #include <omp.h>
24 #endif
25 
26 static PetscErrorCode LandauGPUMapsDestroy(void *ptr)
27 {
28   P4estVertexMaps *maps = (P4estVertexMaps *)ptr;
29   PetscFunctionBegin;
30   // free device data
31   if (maps[0].deviceType != LANDAU_CPU) {
32 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS_KERNELS)
33     if (maps[0].deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
34       PetscCall(LandauKokkosDestroyMatMaps(maps, maps[0].numgrids)); // implies Kokkos does
35     }                                                                // else could be CUDA
36 #elif defined(PETSC_HAVE_CUDA)
37     if (maps[0].deviceType == LANDAU_CUDA) {
38       PetscCall(LandauCUDADestroyMatMaps(maps, maps[0].numgrids));
39     } else SETERRQ(PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "maps->deviceType %d ?????", maps->deviceType);
40 #endif
41   }
42   // free host data
43   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < maps[0].numgrids; grid++) {
44     PetscCall(PetscFree(maps[grid].c_maps));
45     PetscCall(PetscFree(maps[grid].gIdx));
46   }
47   PetscCall(PetscFree(maps));
48 
49   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
50 }
51 static PetscErrorCode energy_f(PetscInt dim, PetscReal time, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt Nf_dummy, PetscScalar *u, void *actx)
52 {
53   PetscReal v2 = 0;
54   PetscFunctionBegin;
55   /* compute v^2 / 2 */
56   for (int i = 0; i < dim; ++i) v2 += x[i] * x[i];
57   /* evaluate the Maxwellian */
58   u[0] = v2 / 2;
59   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
60 }
61 
62 /* needs double */
63 static PetscErrorCode gamma_m1_f(PetscInt dim, PetscReal time, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt Nf_dummy, PetscScalar *u, void *actx)
64 {
65   PetscReal *c2_0_arr = ((PetscReal *)actx);
66   double     u2 = 0, c02 = (double)*c2_0_arr, xx;
67 
68   PetscFunctionBegin;
69   /* compute u^2 / 2 */
70   for (int i = 0; i < dim; ++i) u2 += x[i] * x[i];
71   /* gamma - 1 = g_eps, for conditioning and we only take derivatives */
72   xx = u2 / c02;
73 #if defined(PETSC_USE_DEBUG)
74   u[0] = PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx);
75 #else
76   u[0] = xx / (PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx) + 1.) - 1.; // better conditioned. -1 might help condition and only used for derivative
77 #endif
78   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
79 }
80 
81 /*
82  LandauFormJacobian_Internal - Evaluates Jacobian matrix.
83 
84  Input Parameters:
85  .  globX - input vector
86  .  actx - optional user-defined context
87  .  dim - dimension
88 
89  Output Parameters:
90  .  J0acP - Jacobian matrix filled, not created
91  */
92 static PetscErrorCode LandauFormJacobian_Internal(Vec a_X, Mat JacP, const PetscInt dim, PetscReal shift, void *a_ctx)
93 {
94   LandauCtx         *ctx = (LandauCtx *)a_ctx;
95   PetscInt           numCells[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], Nq, Nb;
96   PetscQuadrature    quad;
97   PetscReal          Eq_m[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES]; // could be static data w/o quench (ex2)
98   PetscScalar       *cellClosure = NULL;
99   const PetscScalar *xdata       = NULL;
100   PetscDS            prob;
101   PetscContainer     container;
102   P4estVertexMaps   *maps;
103   Mat                subJ[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS * LANDAU_MAX_BATCH_SZ];
104 
105   PetscFunctionBegin;
106   PetscValidHeaderSpecific(a_X, VEC_CLASSID, 1);
107   PetscValidHeaderSpecific(JacP, MAT_CLASSID, 2);
108   PetscValidPointer(ctx, 5);
109   /* check for matrix container for GPU assembly. Support CPU assembly for debugging */
110   PetscCheck(ctx->plex[0] != NULL, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Plex not created");
111   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[10], 0, 0, 0, 0));
112   PetscCall(DMGetDS(ctx->plex[0], &prob)); // same DS for all grids
113   PetscCall(PetscObjectQuery((PetscObject)JacP, "assembly_maps", (PetscObject *)&container));
114   if (container) {
115     PetscCheck(ctx->gpu_assembly, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "maps but no GPU assembly");
116     PetscCall(PetscContainerGetPointer(container, (void **)&maps));
117     PetscCheck(maps, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "empty GPU matrix container");
118     for (PetscInt i = 0; i < ctx->num_grids * ctx->batch_sz; i++) subJ[i] = NULL;
119   } else {
120     PetscCheck(!ctx->gpu_assembly, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "No maps but GPU assembly");
121     for (PetscInt tid = 0; tid < ctx->batch_sz; tid++) {
122       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(ctx->plex[grid], &subJ[LAND_PACK_IDX(tid, grid)]));
123     }
124     maps = NULL;
125   }
126   // get dynamic data (Eq is odd, for quench and Spitzer test) for CPU assembly and raw data for Jacobian GPU assembly. Get host numCells[], Nq (yuck)
127   PetscCall(PetscFEGetQuadrature(ctx->fe[0], &quad));
128   PetscCall(PetscQuadratureGetData(quad, NULL, NULL, &Nq, NULL, NULL));
129   Nb = Nq;
130   PetscCheck(Nq <= LANDAU_MAX_NQ, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nq = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQ (%d)", Nq, LANDAU_MAX_NQ);
131   // get metadata for collecting dynamic data
132   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
133     PetscInt cStart, cEnd;
134     PetscCheck(ctx->plex[grid] != NULL, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Plex not created");
135     PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
136     numCells[grid] = cEnd - cStart; // grids can have different topology
137   }
138   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[10], 0, 0, 0, 0));
139   if (shift == 0) { /* create dynamic point data: f_alpha for closure of each cell (cellClosure[nbatch,ngrids,ncells[g],f[Nb,ns[g]]]) or xdata */
140     DM pack;
141     PetscCall(VecGetDM(a_X, &pack));
142     PetscCheck(pack, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "pack has no DM");
143     PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[1], 0, 0, 0, 0));
144     for (PetscInt fieldA = 0; fieldA < ctx->num_species; fieldA++) {
145       Eq_m[fieldA] = ctx->Ez * ctx->t_0 * ctx->charges[fieldA] / (ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[fieldA]); /* normalize dimensionless */
146       if (dim == 2) Eq_m[fieldA] *= 2 * PETSC_PI;                                                  /* add the 2pi term that is not in Landau */
147     }
148     if (!ctx->gpu_assembly) {
149       Vec         *locXArray, *globXArray;
150       PetscScalar *cellClosure_it;
151       PetscInt     cellClosure_sz = 0, nDMs, Nf[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
152       PetscSection section[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], globsection[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
153       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
154         PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &section[grid]));
155         PetscCall(DMGetGlobalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &globsection[grid]));
156         PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section[grid], &Nf[grid]));
157       }
158       /* count cellClosure size */
159       PetscCall(DMCompositeGetNumberDM(pack, &nDMs));
160       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) cellClosure_sz += Nb * Nf[grid] * numCells[grid];
161       PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(cellClosure_sz * ctx->batch_sz, &cellClosure));
162       cellClosure_it = cellClosure;
163       PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*locXArray) * nDMs, &locXArray));
164       PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*globXArray) * nDMs, &globXArray));
165       PetscCall(DMCompositeGetLocalAccessArray(pack, a_X, nDMs, NULL, locXArray));
166       PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, a_X, nDMs, NULL, globXArray));
167       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // OpenMP (once)
168         for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
169           Vec      locX = locXArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(b_id, grid)], globX = globXArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(b_id, grid)], locX2;
170           PetscInt cStart, cEnd, ei;
171           PetscCall(VecDuplicate(locX, &locX2));
172           PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalBegin(ctx->plex[grid], globX, INSERT_VALUES, locX2));
173           PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalEnd(ctx->plex[grid], globX, INSERT_VALUES, locX2));
174           PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
175           for (ei = cStart; ei < cEnd; ++ei) {
176             PetscScalar *coef = NULL;
177             PetscCall(DMPlexVecGetClosure(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], locX2, ei, NULL, &coef));
178             PetscCall(PetscMemcpy(cellClosure_it, coef, Nb * Nf[grid] * sizeof(*cellClosure_it))); /* change if LandauIPReal != PetscScalar */
179             PetscCall(DMPlexVecRestoreClosure(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], locX2, ei, NULL, &coef));
180             cellClosure_it += Nb * Nf[grid];
181           }
182           PetscCall(VecDestroy(&locX2));
183         }
184       }
185       PetscCheck(cellClosure_it - cellClosure == cellClosure_sz * ctx->batch_sz, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "iteration wrong %" PetscCount_FMT " != cellClosure_sz = %" PetscInt_FMT, (PetscCount)(cellClosure_it - cellClosure),
186                  cellClosure_sz * ctx->batch_sz);
187       PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreLocalAccessArray(pack, a_X, nDMs, NULL, locXArray));
188       PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, a_X, nDMs, NULL, globXArray));
189       PetscCall(PetscFree(locXArray));
190       PetscCall(PetscFree(globXArray));
191       xdata = NULL;
192     } else {
193       PetscMemType mtype;
194       if (ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) { // get data in batch ordering
195         PetscCall(VecScatterBegin(ctx->plex_batch, a_X, ctx->work_vec, INSERT_VALUES, SCATTER_FORWARD));
196         PetscCall(VecScatterEnd(ctx->plex_batch, a_X, ctx->work_vec, INSERT_VALUES, SCATTER_FORWARD));
197         PetscCall(VecGetArrayReadAndMemType(ctx->work_vec, &xdata, &mtype));
198       } else {
199         PetscCall(VecGetArrayReadAndMemType(a_X, &xdata, &mtype));
200       }
201       PetscCheck(mtype == PETSC_MEMTYPE_HOST || ctx->deviceType != LANDAU_CPU, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "CPU run with device data: use -mat_type aij");
202       cellClosure = NULL;
203     }
204     PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[1], 0, 0, 0, 0));
205   } else xdata = cellClosure = NULL;
206 
207   /* do it */
208   if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_CUDA || ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
209     if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_CUDA) {
210 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_CUDA)
211       PetscCall(LandauCUDAJacobian(ctx->plex, Nq, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, numCells, Eq_m, cellClosure, xdata, &ctx->SData_d, shift, ctx->events, ctx->mat_offset, ctx->species_offset, subJ, JacP));
212 #else
213       SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-landau_device_type %s not built", "cuda");
214 #endif
215     } else if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
216 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS_KERNELS)
217       PetscCall(LandauKokkosJacobian(ctx->plex, Nq, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, numCells, Eq_m, cellClosure, xdata, &ctx->SData_d, shift, ctx->events, ctx->mat_offset, ctx->species_offset, subJ, JacP));
218 #else
219       SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-landau_device_type %s not built", "kokkos");
220 #endif
221     }
222   } else {               /* CPU version */
223     PetscTabulation *Tf; // used for CPU and print info. Same on all grids and all species
224     PetscInt         ip_offset[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS + 1], ipf_offset[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS + 1], elem_offset[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS + 1], IPf_sz_glb, IPf_sz_tot, num_grids = ctx->num_grids, Nf[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
225     PetscReal       *ff, *dudx, *dudy, *dudz, *invJ_a = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.invJ, *xx = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.x, *yy = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.y, *zz = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.z, *ww = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.w;
226     PetscReal       *nu_alpha = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.alpha, *nu_beta = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.beta, *invMass = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.invMass;
227     PetscReal(*lambdas)[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS][LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS] = (PetscReal(*)[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS][LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS])ctx->SData_d.lambdas;
228     PetscSection section[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], globsection[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
229     PetscScalar *coo_vals = NULL;
230     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
231       PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &section[grid]));
232       PetscCall(DMGetGlobalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &globsection[grid]));
233       PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section[grid], &Nf[grid]));
234     }
235     /* count IPf size, etc */
236     PetscCall(PetscDSGetTabulation(prob, &Tf)); // Bf, &Df same for all grids
237     const PetscReal *const BB = Tf[0]->T[0], *const DD = Tf[0]->T[1];
238     ip_offset[0] = ipf_offset[0] = elem_offset[0] = 0;
239     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < num_grids; grid++) {
240       PetscInt nfloc        = ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->species_offset[grid];
241       elem_offset[grid + 1] = elem_offset[grid] + numCells[grid];
242       ip_offset[grid + 1]   = ip_offset[grid] + numCells[grid] * Nq;
243       ipf_offset[grid + 1]  = ipf_offset[grid] + Nq * nfloc * numCells[grid];
244     }
245     IPf_sz_glb = ipf_offset[num_grids];
246     IPf_sz_tot = IPf_sz_glb * ctx->batch_sz;
247     // prep COO
248     if (ctx->coo_assembly) {
249       PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(ctx->SData_d.coo_size, &coo_vals)); // allocate every time?
250       PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[0], "COO Allocate %" PetscInt_FMT " values\n", (PetscInt)ctx->SData_d.coo_size));
251     }
252     if (shift == 0.0) { /* compute dynamic data f and df and init data for Jacobian */
253 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
254       double starttime, endtime;
255       starttime = MPI_Wtime();
256 #endif
257       PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[8], 0, 0, 0, 0));
258       PetscCall(PetscMalloc4(IPf_sz_tot, &ff, IPf_sz_tot, &dudx, IPf_sz_tot, &dudy, dim == 3 ? IPf_sz_tot : 0, &dudz));
259       // F df/dx
260       for (PetscInt tid = 0; tid < ctx->batch_sz * elem_offset[num_grids]; tid++) {                        // for each element
261         const PetscInt b_Nelem = elem_offset[num_grids], b_elem_idx = tid % b_Nelem, b_id = tid / b_Nelem; // b_id == OMP thd_id in batch
262         // find my grid:
263         PetscInt grid = 0;
264         while (b_elem_idx >= elem_offset[grid + 1]) grid++; // yuck search for grid
265         {
266           const PetscInt loc_nip = numCells[grid] * Nq, loc_Nf = ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->species_offset[grid], loc_elem = b_elem_idx - elem_offset[grid];
267           const PetscInt moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset); //b_id*b_N + ctx->mat_offset[grid];
268           PetscScalar   *coef, coef_buff[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES * LANDAU_MAX_NQ];
269           PetscReal     *invJe = &invJ_a[(ip_offset[grid] + loc_elem * Nq) * dim * dim]; // ingJ is static data on batch 0
270           PetscInt       b, f, q;
271           if (cellClosure) {
272             coef = &cellClosure[b_id * IPf_sz_glb + ipf_offset[grid] + loc_elem * Nb * loc_Nf]; // this is const
273           } else {
274             coef = coef_buff;
275             for (f = 0; f < loc_Nf; ++f) {
276               LandauIdx *const Idxs = &maps[grid].gIdx[loc_elem][f][0];
277               for (b = 0; b < Nb; ++b) {
278                 PetscInt idx = Idxs[b];
279                 if (idx >= 0) {
280                   coef[f * Nb + b] = xdata[idx + moffset];
281                 } else {
282                   idx              = -idx - 1;
283                   coef[f * Nb + b] = 0;
284                   for (q = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; q++) {
285                     PetscInt    id    = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
286                     PetscScalar scale = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].scale;
287                     coef[f * Nb + b] += scale * xdata[id + moffset];
288                   }
289                 }
290               }
291             }
292           }
293           /* get f and df */
294           for (PetscInt qi = 0; qi < Nq; qi++) {
295             const PetscReal *invJ = &invJe[qi * dim * dim];
296             const PetscReal *Bq   = &BB[qi * Nb];
297             const PetscReal *Dq   = &DD[qi * Nb * dim];
298             PetscReal        u_x[LANDAU_DIM];
299             /* get f & df */
300             for (f = 0; f < loc_Nf; ++f) {
301               const PetscInt idx = b_id * IPf_sz_glb + ipf_offset[grid] + f * loc_nip + loc_elem * Nq + qi;
302               PetscInt       b, e;
303               PetscReal      refSpaceDer[LANDAU_DIM];
304               ff[idx] = 0.0;
305               for (int d = 0; d < LANDAU_DIM; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] = 0.0;
306               for (b = 0; b < Nb; ++b) {
307                 const PetscInt cidx = b;
308                 ff[idx] += Bq[cidx] * PetscRealPart(coef[f * Nb + cidx]);
309                 for (int d = 0; d < dim; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] += Dq[cidx * dim + d] * PetscRealPart(coef[f * Nb + cidx]);
310               }
311               for (int d = 0; d < LANDAU_DIM; ++d) {
312                 for (e = 0, u_x[d] = 0.0; e < LANDAU_DIM; ++e) u_x[d] += invJ[e * dim + d] * refSpaceDer[e];
313               }
314               dudx[idx] = u_x[0];
315               dudy[idx] = u_x[1];
316 #if LANDAU_DIM == 3
317               dudz[idx] = u_x[2];
318 #endif
319             }
320           } // q
321         }   // grid
322       }     // grid*batch
323       PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[8], 0, 0, 0, 0));
324 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
325       endtime = MPI_Wtime();
326       if (ctx->stage) ctx->times[LANDAU_F_DF] += (endtime - starttime);
327 #endif
328     } // Jacobian setup
329     // assemble Jacobian (or mass)
330     for (PetscInt tid = 0; tid < ctx->batch_sz * elem_offset[num_grids]; tid++) { // for each element
331       const PetscInt b_Nelem      = elem_offset[num_grids];
332       const PetscInt glb_elem_idx = tid % b_Nelem, b_id = tid / b_Nelem;
333       PetscInt       grid = 0;
334 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
335       double starttime, endtime;
336       starttime = MPI_Wtime();
337 #endif
338       while (glb_elem_idx >= elem_offset[grid + 1]) grid++;
339       {
340         const PetscInt   loc_Nf = ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->species_offset[grid], loc_elem = glb_elem_idx - elem_offset[grid];
341         const PetscInt   moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset), totDim = loc_Nf * Nq, elemMatSize = totDim * totDim;
342         PetscScalar     *elemMat;
343         const PetscReal *invJe = &invJ_a[(ip_offset[grid] + loc_elem * Nq) * dim * dim];
344         PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(elemMatSize, &elemMat));
345         PetscCall(PetscMemzero(elemMat, elemMatSize * sizeof(*elemMat)));
346         if (shift == 0.0) { // Jacobian
347           PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[4], 0, 0, 0, 0));
348         } else { // mass
349           PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[16], 0, 0, 0, 0));
350         }
351         for (PetscInt qj = 0; qj < Nq; ++qj) {
352           const PetscInt jpidx_glb = ip_offset[grid] + qj + loc_elem * Nq;
353           PetscReal      g0[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], g2[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES][LANDAU_DIM], g3[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES][LANDAU_DIM][LANDAU_DIM]; // could make a LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES_GRID ~ number of ions - 1
354           PetscInt       d, d2, dp, d3, IPf_idx;
355           if (shift == 0.0) { // Jacobian
356             const PetscReal *const invJj = &invJe[qj * dim * dim];
357             PetscReal              gg2[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES][LANDAU_DIM], gg3[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES][LANDAU_DIM][LANDAU_DIM], gg2_temp[LANDAU_DIM], gg3_temp[LANDAU_DIM][LANDAU_DIM];
358             const PetscReal        vj[3] = {xx[jpidx_glb], yy[jpidx_glb], zz ? zz[jpidx_glb] : 0}, wj = ww[jpidx_glb];
359             // create g2 & g3
360             for (d = 0; d < LANDAU_DIM; d++) { // clear accumulation data D & K
361               gg2_temp[d] = 0;
362               for (d2 = 0; d2 < LANDAU_DIM; d2++) gg3_temp[d][d2] = 0;
363             }
364             /* inner beta reduction */
365             IPf_idx = 0;
366             for (PetscInt grid_r = 0, f_off = 0, ipidx = 0; grid_r < ctx->num_grids; grid_r++, f_off = ctx->species_offset[grid_r]) { // IPf_idx += nip_loc_r*Nfloc_r
367               PetscInt nip_loc_r = numCells[grid_r] * Nq, Nfloc_r = Nf[grid_r];
368               for (PetscInt ei_r = 0, loc_fdf_idx = 0; ei_r < numCells[grid_r]; ++ei_r) {
369                 for (PetscInt qi = 0; qi < Nq; qi++, ipidx++, loc_fdf_idx++) {
370                   const PetscReal wi = ww[ipidx], x = xx[ipidx], y = yy[ipidx];
371                   PetscReal       temp1[3] = {0, 0, 0}, temp2 = 0;
372 #if LANDAU_DIM == 2
373                   PetscReal Ud[2][2], Uk[2][2], mask = (PetscAbs(vj[0] - x) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON && PetscAbs(vj[1] - y) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON) ? 0. : 1.;
374                   LandauTensor2D(vj, x, y, Ud, Uk, mask);
375 #else
376                   PetscReal U[3][3], z = zz[ipidx], mask = (PetscAbs(vj[0] - x) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON && PetscAbs(vj[1] - y) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON && PetscAbs(vj[2] - z) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON) ? 0. : 1.;
377                   if (ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) {
378                     LandauTensor3DRelativistic(vj, x, y, z, U, mask, C_0(ctx->v_0));
379                   } else {
380                     LandauTensor3D(vj, x, y, z, U, mask);
381                   }
382 #endif
383                   for (int f = 0; f < Nfloc_r; ++f) {
384                     const PetscInt idx = b_id * IPf_sz_glb + ipf_offset[grid_r] + f * nip_loc_r + ei_r * Nq + qi; // IPf_idx + f*nip_loc_r + loc_fdf_idx;
385                     temp1[0] += dudx[idx] * nu_beta[f + f_off] * invMass[f + f_off] * (*lambdas)[grid][grid_r];
386                     temp1[1] += dudy[idx] * nu_beta[f + f_off] * invMass[f + f_off] * (*lambdas)[grid][grid_r];
387 #if LANDAU_DIM == 3
388                     temp1[2] += dudz[idx] * nu_beta[f + f_off] * invMass[f + f_off] * (*lambdas)[grid][grid_r];
389 #endif
390                     temp2 += ff[idx] * nu_beta[f + f_off] * (*lambdas)[grid][grid_r];
391                   }
392                   temp1[0] *= wi;
393                   temp1[1] *= wi;
394 #if LANDAU_DIM == 3
395                   temp1[2] *= wi;
396 #endif
397                   temp2 *= wi;
398 #if LANDAU_DIM == 2
399                   for (d2 = 0; d2 < 2; d2++) {
400                     for (d3 = 0; d3 < 2; ++d3) {
401                       /* K = U * grad(f): g2=e: i,A */
402                       gg2_temp[d2] += Uk[d2][d3] * temp1[d3];
403                       /* D = -U * (I \kron (fx)): g3=f: i,j,A */
404                       gg3_temp[d2][d3] += Ud[d2][d3] * temp2;
405                     }
406                   }
407 #else
408                   for (d2 = 0; d2 < 3; ++d2) {
409                     for (d3 = 0; d3 < 3; ++d3) {
410                       /* K = U * grad(f): g2 = e: i,A */
411                       gg2_temp[d2] += U[d2][d3] * temp1[d3];
412                       /* D = -U * (I \kron (fx)): g3 = f: i,j,A */
413                       gg3_temp[d2][d3] += U[d2][d3] * temp2;
414                     }
415                   }
416 #endif
417                 } // qi
418               }   // ei_r
419               IPf_idx += nip_loc_r * Nfloc_r;
420             } /* grid_r - IPs */
421             PetscCheck(IPf_idx == IPf_sz_glb, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "IPf_idx != IPf_sz %" PetscInt_FMT " %" PetscInt_FMT, IPf_idx, IPf_sz_glb);
422             // add alpha and put in gg2/3
423             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0, f_off = ctx->species_offset[grid]; fieldA < loc_Nf; ++fieldA) {
424               for (d2 = 0; d2 < LANDAU_DIM; d2++) {
425                 gg2[fieldA][d2] = gg2_temp[d2] * nu_alpha[fieldA + f_off];
426                 for (d3 = 0; d3 < LANDAU_DIM; d3++) gg3[fieldA][d2][d3] = -gg3_temp[d2][d3] * nu_alpha[fieldA + f_off] * invMass[fieldA + f_off];
427               }
428             }
429             /* add electric field term once per IP */
430             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0, f_off = ctx->species_offset[grid]; fieldA < loc_Nf; ++fieldA) gg2[fieldA][LANDAU_DIM - 1] += Eq_m[fieldA + f_off];
431             /* Jacobian transform - g2, g3 */
432             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0; fieldA < loc_Nf; ++fieldA) {
433               for (d = 0; d < dim; ++d) {
434                 g2[fieldA][d] = 0.0;
435                 for (d2 = 0; d2 < dim; ++d2) {
436                   g2[fieldA][d] += invJj[d * dim + d2] * gg2[fieldA][d2];
437                   g3[fieldA][d][d2] = 0.0;
438                   for (d3 = 0; d3 < dim; ++d3) {
439                     for (dp = 0; dp < dim; ++dp) g3[fieldA][d][d2] += invJj[d * dim + d3] * gg3[fieldA][d3][dp] * invJj[d2 * dim + dp];
440                   }
441                   g3[fieldA][d][d2] *= wj;
442                 }
443                 g2[fieldA][d] *= wj;
444               }
445             }
446           } else { // mass
447             PetscReal wj = ww[jpidx_glb];
448             /* Jacobian transform - g0 */
449             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0; fieldA < loc_Nf; ++fieldA) {
450               if (dim == 2) {
451                 g0[fieldA] = wj * shift * 2. * PETSC_PI; // move this to below and remove g0
452               } else {
453                 g0[fieldA] = wj * shift; // move this to below and remove g0
454               }
455             }
456           }
457           /* FE matrix construction */
458           {
459             PetscInt         fieldA, d, f, d2, g;
460             const PetscReal *BJq = &BB[qj * Nb], *DIq = &DD[qj * Nb * dim];
461             /* assemble - on the diagonal (I,I) */
462             for (fieldA = 0; fieldA < loc_Nf; fieldA++) {
463               for (f = 0; f < Nb; f++) {
464                 const PetscInt i = fieldA * Nb + f; /* Element matrix row */
465                 for (g = 0; g < Nb; ++g) {
466                   const PetscInt j    = fieldA * Nb + g; /* Element matrix column */
467                   const PetscInt fOff = i * totDim + j;
468                   if (shift == 0.0) {
469                     for (d = 0; d < dim; ++d) {
470                       elemMat[fOff] += DIq[f * dim + d] * g2[fieldA][d] * BJq[g];
471                       for (d2 = 0; d2 < dim; ++d2) elemMat[fOff] += DIq[f * dim + d] * g3[fieldA][d][d2] * DIq[g * dim + d2];
472                     }
473                   } else { // mass
474                     elemMat[fOff] += BJq[f] * g0[fieldA] * BJq[g];
475                   }
476                 }
477               }
478             }
479           }
480         }                   /* qj loop */
481         if (shift == 0.0) { // Jacobian
482           PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[4], 0, 0, 0, 0));
483         } else {
484           PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[16], 0, 0, 0, 0));
485         }
486 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
487         endtime = MPI_Wtime();
488         if (ctx->stage) ctx->times[LANDAU_KERNEL] += (endtime - starttime);
489 #endif
490         /* assemble matrix */
491         if (!container) {
492           PetscInt cStart;
493           PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[6], 0, 0, 0, 0));
494           PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, NULL));
495           PetscCall(DMPlexMatSetClosure(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], globsection[grid], subJ[LAND_PACK_IDX(b_id, grid)], loc_elem + cStart, elemMat, ADD_VALUES));
496           PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[6], 0, 0, 0, 0));
497         } else { // GPU like assembly for debugging
498           PetscInt    fieldA, q, f, g, d, nr, nc, rows0[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0}, cols0[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0}, rows[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE], cols[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE];
499           PetscScalar vals[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE * LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0}, row_scale[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0}, col_scale[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0};
500           LandauIdx *coo_elem_offsets = (LandauIdx *)ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_offsets, *coo_elem_fullNb = (LandauIdx *)ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_fullNb, (*coo_elem_point_offsets)[LANDAU_MAX_NQ + 1] = (LandauIdx(*)[LANDAU_MAX_NQ + 1]) ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_point_offsets;
501           /* assemble - from the diagonal (I,I) in this format for DMPlexMatSetClosure */
502           for (fieldA = 0; fieldA < loc_Nf; fieldA++) {
503             LandauIdx *const Idxs = &maps[grid].gIdx[loc_elem][fieldA][0];
504             for (f = 0; f < Nb; f++) {
505               PetscInt idx = Idxs[f];
506               if (idx >= 0) {
507                 nr           = 1;
508                 rows0[0]     = idx;
509                 row_scale[0] = 1.;
510               } else {
511                 idx = -idx - 1;
512                 for (q = 0, nr = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; q++, nr++) {
513                   if (maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid < 0) break;
514                   rows0[q]     = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
515                   row_scale[q] = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].scale;
516                 }
517               }
518               for (g = 0; g < Nb; ++g) {
519                 idx = Idxs[g];
520                 if (idx >= 0) {
521                   nc           = 1;
522                   cols0[0]     = idx;
523                   col_scale[0] = 1.;
524                 } else {
525                   idx = -idx - 1;
526                   nc  = maps[grid].num_face;
527                   for (q = 0, nc = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; q++, nc++) {
528                     if (maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid < 0) break;
529                     cols0[q]     = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
530                     col_scale[q] = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].scale;
531                   }
532                 }
533                 const PetscInt    i   = fieldA * Nb + f; /* Element matrix row */
534                 const PetscInt    j   = fieldA * Nb + g; /* Element matrix column */
535                 const PetscScalar Aij = elemMat[i * totDim + j];
536                 if (coo_vals) { // mirror (i,j) in CreateStaticGPUData
537                   const int fullNb = coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx], fullNb2 = fullNb * fullNb;
538                   const int idx0 = b_id * coo_elem_offsets[elem_offset[num_grids]] + coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx] + fieldA * fullNb2 + fullNb * coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f] + nr * coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][g];
539                   for (int q = 0, idx2 = idx0; q < nr; q++) {
540                     for (int d = 0; d < nc; d++, idx2++) coo_vals[idx2] = row_scale[q] * col_scale[d] * Aij;
541                   }
542                 } else {
543                   for (q = 0; q < nr; q++) rows[q] = rows0[q] + moffset;
544                   for (d = 0; d < nc; d++) cols[d] = cols0[d] + moffset;
545                   for (q = 0; q < nr; q++) {
546                     for (d = 0; d < nc; d++) vals[q * nc + d] = row_scale[q] * col_scale[d] * Aij;
547                   }
548                   PetscCall(MatSetValues(JacP, nr, rows, nc, cols, vals, ADD_VALUES));
549                 }
550               }
551             }
552           }
553         }
554         if (loc_elem == -1) {
555           PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "CPU Element matrix\n"));
556           for (int d = 0; d < totDim; ++d) {
557             for (int f = 0; f < totDim; ++f) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, " %12.5e", (double)PetscRealPart(elemMat[d * totDim + f])));
558             PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "\n"));
559           }
560           exit(12);
561         }
562         PetscCall(PetscFree(elemMat));
563       }                 /* grid */
564     }                   /* outer element & batch loop */
565     if (shift == 0.0) { // mass
566       PetscCall(PetscFree4(ff, dudx, dudy, dudz));
567     }
568     if (!container) {                                         // 'CPU' assembly move nest matrix to global JacP
569       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // OpenMP
570         for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
571           const PetscInt     moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset); // b_id*b_N + ctx->mat_offset[grid];
572           PetscInt           nloc, nzl, colbuf[1024], row;
573           const PetscInt    *cols;
574           const PetscScalar *vals;
575           Mat                B = subJ[LAND_PACK_IDX(b_id, grid)];
576           PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(B, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
577           PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(B, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
578           PetscCall(MatGetSize(B, &nloc, NULL));
579           for (int i = 0; i < nloc; i++) {
580             PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
581             PetscCheck(nzl <= 1024, PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)B), PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Row too big: %" PetscInt_FMT, nzl);
582             for (int j = 0; j < nzl; j++) colbuf[j] = moffset + cols[j];
583             row = moffset + i;
584             PetscCall(MatSetValues(JacP, 1, &row, nzl, colbuf, vals, ADD_VALUES));
585             PetscCall(MatRestoreRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
586           }
587           PetscCall(MatDestroy(&B));
588         }
589       }
590     }
591     if (coo_vals) {
592       PetscCall(MatSetValuesCOO(JacP, coo_vals, ADD_VALUES));
593       PetscCall(PetscFree(coo_vals));
594     }
595   } /* CPU version */
596   PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(JacP, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
597   PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(JacP, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
598   /* clean up */
599   if (cellClosure) PetscCall(PetscFree(cellClosure));
600   if (xdata) PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayReadAndMemType(a_X, &xdata));
601   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
602 }
603 
604 static PetscErrorCode GeometryDMLandau(DM base, PetscInt point, PetscInt dim, const PetscReal abc[], PetscReal xyz[], void *a_ctx)
605 {
606   PetscReal r = abc[0], z = abc[1];
607 
608   PetscFunctionBegin;
609   xyz[0] = r;
610   xyz[1] = z;
611   if (dim == 3) xyz[2] = abc[2];
612 
613   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
614 }
615 
616 /* create DMComposite of meshes for each species group */
617 static PetscErrorCode LandauDMCreateVMeshes(MPI_Comm comm_self, const PetscInt dim, const char prefix[], LandauCtx *ctx, DM pack)
618 {
619   PetscFunctionBegin;
620   { /* p4est, quads */
621     /* Create plex mesh of Landau domain */
622     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
623       PetscReal par_radius = ctx->radius_par[grid], perp_radius = ctx->radius_perp[grid];
624       if (!ctx->sphere) {
625         PetscReal      lo[] = {-perp_radius, -par_radius, -par_radius}, hi[] = {perp_radius, par_radius, par_radius};
626         DMBoundaryType periodicity[3] = {DM_BOUNDARY_NONE, dim == 2 ? DM_BOUNDARY_NONE : DM_BOUNDARY_NONE, DM_BOUNDARY_NONE};
627         if (dim == 2) lo[0] = 0;
628         else {
629           lo[1] = -perp_radius;
630           hi[1] = perp_radius; // 3D y is a perp
631         }
632         PetscCall(DMPlexCreateBoxMesh(comm_self, dim, PETSC_FALSE, ctx->cells0, lo, hi, periodicity, PETSC_TRUE, &ctx->plex[grid])); // todo: make composite and create dm[grid] here
633         PetscCall(DMLocalizeCoordinates(ctx->plex[grid]));                                                                           /* needed for periodic */
634         if (dim == 3) PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->plex[grid], "cube"));
635         else PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->plex[grid], "half-plane"));
636       } else if (dim == 2) {
637         PetscInt   numCells, cells[16][4], i, j;
638         PetscInt   numVerts;
639         PetscReal *flatCoords = NULL;
640         PetscInt  *flatCells  = NULL, *pcell;
641         numCells              = 10;
642         numVerts              = 16;
643         int cells2[][4]       = {
644           {0,  1,  6,  5 },
645           {1,  2,  7,  6 },
646           {2,  3,  8,  7 },
647           {3,  4,  9,  8 },
648           {5,  6,  11, 10},
649           {6,  7,  12, 11},
650           {7,  8,  13, 12},
651           {8,  9,  14, 13},
652           {10, 11, 12, 15},
653           {12, 13, 14, 15}
654         };
655         for (i = 0; i < numCells; i++)
656           for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) cells[i][j] = cells2[i][j];
657         PetscCall(PetscMalloc2(numVerts * 2, &flatCoords, numCells * 4, &flatCells));
658         {
659           PetscReal(*coords)[2] = (PetscReal(*)[2])flatCoords;
660           for (j = 0; j < numVerts - 1; j++) {
661             PetscReal z, r, theta = -PETSC_PI / 2 + (j % 5) * PETSC_PI / 4;
662             PetscReal rad = ctx->radius[grid];
663             z             = rad * PetscSinReal(theta);
664             coords[j][1]  = z;
665             r             = rad * PetscCosReal(theta);
666             coords[j][0]  = r;
667           }
668           coords[numVerts - 1][0] = coords[numVerts - 1][1] = 0;
669         }
670         for (j = 0, pcell = flatCells; j < numCells; j++, pcell += 4) {
671           pcell[0] = cells[j][0];
672           pcell[1] = cells[j][1];
673           pcell[2] = cells[j][2];
674           pcell[3] = cells[j][3];
675         }
676         PetscCall(DMPlexCreateFromCellListPetsc(comm_self, 2, numCells, numVerts, 4, ctx->interpolate, flatCells, 2, flatCoords, &ctx->plex[grid]));
677         PetscCall(PetscFree2(flatCoords, flatCells));
678         PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->plex[grid], "semi-circle"));
679       } else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Velocity space meshes does not support cubed sphere");
680 
681       PetscCall(DMSetFromOptions(ctx->plex[grid]));
682     } // grid loop
683     PetscCall(PetscObjectSetOptionsPrefix((PetscObject)pack, prefix));
684 
685     { /* convert to p4est (or whatever), wait for discretization to create pack */
686       char      convType[256];
687       PetscBool flg;
688 
689       PetscOptionsBegin(ctx->comm, prefix, "Mesh conversion options", "DMPLEX");
690       PetscCall(PetscOptionsFList("-dm_landau_type", "Convert DMPlex to another format (p4est)", "plexland.c", DMList, DMPLEX, convType, 256, &flg));
691       PetscOptionsEnd();
692       if (flg) {
693         ctx->use_p4est = PETSC_TRUE; /* flag for Forest */
694         for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
695           DM dmforest;
696           PetscCall(DMConvert(ctx->plex[grid], convType, &dmforest));
697           if (dmforest) {
698             PetscBool isForest;
699             PetscCall(PetscObjectSetOptionsPrefix((PetscObject)dmforest, prefix));
700             PetscCall(DMIsForest(dmforest, &isForest));
701             if (isForest) {
702               if (ctx->sphere) PetscCall(DMForestSetBaseCoordinateMapping(dmforest, GeometryDMLandau, ctx));
703               PetscCall(DMDestroy(&ctx->plex[grid]));
704               ctx->plex[grid] = dmforest; // Forest for adaptivity
705             } else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Converted to non Forest?");
706           } else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Convert failed?");
707         }
708       } else ctx->use_p4est = PETSC_FALSE; /* flag for Forest */
709     }
710   } /* non-file */
711   PetscCall(DMSetDimension(pack, dim));
712   PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)pack, "Mesh"));
713   PetscCall(DMSetApplicationContext(pack, ctx));
714 
715   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
716 }
717 
718 static PetscErrorCode SetupDS(DM pack, PetscInt dim, PetscInt grid, LandauCtx *ctx)
719 {
720   PetscInt     ii, i0;
721   char         buf[256];
722   PetscSection section;
723 
724   PetscFunctionBegin;
725   for (ii = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, i0++) {
726     if (ii == 0) PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "e"));
727     else PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "i%" PetscInt_FMT, ii));
728     /* Setup Discretization - FEM */
729     PetscCall(PetscFECreateDefault(PETSC_COMM_SELF, dim, 1, PETSC_FALSE, NULL, PETSC_DECIDE, &ctx->fe[ii]));
730     PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->fe[ii], buf));
731     PetscCall(DMSetField(ctx->plex[grid], i0, NULL, (PetscObject)ctx->fe[ii]));
732   }
733   PetscCall(DMCreateDS(ctx->plex[grid]));
734   PetscCall(DMGetSection(ctx->plex[grid], &section));
735   for (PetscInt ii = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, i0++) {
736     if (ii == 0) PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "se"));
737     else PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "si%" PetscInt_FMT, ii));
738     PetscCall(PetscSectionSetComponentName(section, i0, 0, buf));
739   }
740   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
741 }
742 
743 /* Define a Maxwellian function for testing out the operator. */
744 
745 /* Using cartesian velocity space coordinates, the particle */
746 /* density, [1/m^3], is defined according to */
747 
748 /* $$ n=\int_{R^3} dv^3 \left(\frac{m}{2\pi T}\right)^{3/2}\exp [- mv^2/(2T)] $$ */
749 
750 /* Using some constant, c, we normalize the velocity vector into a */
751 /* dimensionless variable according to v=c*x. Thus the density, $n$, becomes */
752 
753 /* $$ n=\int_{R^3} dx^3 \left(\frac{mc^2}{2\pi T}\right)^{3/2}\exp [- mc^2/(2T)*x^2] $$ */
754 
755 /* Defining $\theta=2T/mc^2$, we thus find that the probability density */
756 /* for finding the particle within the interval in a box dx^3 around x is */
757 
758 /* f(x;\theta)=\left(\frac{1}{\pi\theta}\right)^{3/2} \exp [ -x^2/\theta ] */
759 
760 typedef struct {
761   PetscReal v_0;
762   PetscReal kT_m;
763   PetscReal n;
764   PetscReal shift;
765 } MaxwellianCtx;
766 
767 static PetscErrorCode maxwellian(PetscInt dim, PetscReal time, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt Nf_dummy, PetscScalar *u, void *actx)
768 {
769   MaxwellianCtx *mctx = (MaxwellianCtx *)actx;
770   PetscInt       i;
771   PetscReal      v2 = 0, theta = 2 * mctx->kT_m / (mctx->v_0 * mctx->v_0), shift; /* theta = 2kT/mc^2 */
772   PetscFunctionBegin;
773   /* compute the exponents, v^2 */
774   for (i = 0; i < dim; ++i) v2 += x[i] * x[i];
775   /* evaluate the Maxwellian */
776   if (mctx->shift < 0) shift = -mctx->shift;
777   else {
778     u[0]  = mctx->n * PetscPowReal(PETSC_PI * theta, -1.5) * (PetscExpReal(-v2 / theta));
779     shift = mctx->shift;
780   }
781   if (shift != 0.) {
782     v2 = 0;
783     for (i = 0; i < dim - 1; ++i) v2 += x[i] * x[i];
784     v2 += (x[dim - 1] - shift) * (x[dim - 1] - shift);
785     /* evaluate the shifted Maxwellian */
786     u[0] += mctx->n * PetscPowReal(PETSC_PI * theta, -1.5) * (PetscExpReal(-v2 / theta));
787   }
788   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
789 }
790 
791 /*@
792  DMPlexLandauAddMaxwellians - Add a Maxwellian distribution to a state
793 
794  Collective
795 
796  Input Parameters:
797  .   dm - The mesh (local)
798  +   time - Current time
799  -   temps - Temperatures of each species (global)
800  .   ns - Number density of each species (global)
801  -   grid - index into current grid - just used for offset into temp and ns
802  .   b_id - batch index
803  -   n_batch - number of batches
804  +   actx - Landau context
805 
806  Output Parameter:
807  .   X  - The state (local to this grid)
808 
809  Level: beginner
810 
811  .keywords: mesh
812  .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
813  @*/
814 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauAddMaxwellians(DM dm, Vec X, PetscReal time, PetscReal temps[], PetscReal ns[], PetscInt grid, PetscInt b_id, PetscInt n_batch, void *actx)
815 {
816   LandauCtx *ctx = (LandauCtx *)actx;
817   PetscErrorCode (*initu[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES])(PetscInt, PetscReal, const PetscReal[], PetscInt, PetscScalar[], void *);
818   PetscInt       dim;
819   MaxwellianCtx *mctxs[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], data[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES];
820 
821   PetscFunctionBegin;
822   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(dm, &dim));
823   if (!ctx) PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(dm, &ctx));
824   for (PetscInt ii = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, i0++) {
825     mctxs[i0]      = &data[i0];
826     data[i0].v_0   = ctx->v_0;                             // v_0 same for all grids
827     data[i0].kT_m  = ctx->k * temps[ii] / ctx->masses[ii]; /* kT/m */
828     data[i0].n     = ns[ii];
829     initu[i0]      = maxwellian;
830     data[i0].shift = 0;
831   }
832   data[0].shift = ctx->electronShift;
833   /* need to make ADD_ALL_VALUES work - TODO */
834   PetscCall(DMProjectFunction(dm, time, initu, (void **)mctxs, INSERT_ALL_VALUES, X));
835   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
836 }
837 
838 /*
839  LandauSetInitialCondition - Addes Maxwellians with context
840 
841  Collective
842 
843  Input Parameters:
844  .   dm - The mesh
845  -   grid - index into current grid - just used for offset into temp and ns
846  .   b_id - batch index
847  -   n_batch - number of batches
848  +   actx - Landau context with T and n
849 
850  Output Parameter:
851  .   X  - The state
852 
853  Level: beginner
854 
855  .keywords: mesh
856  .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`, `DMPlexLandauAddMaxwellians()`
857  */
858 static PetscErrorCode LandauSetInitialCondition(DM dm, Vec X, PetscInt grid, PetscInt b_id, PetscInt n_batch, void *actx)
859 {
860   LandauCtx *ctx = (LandauCtx *)actx;
861   PetscFunctionBegin;
862   if (!ctx) PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(dm, &ctx));
863   PetscCall(VecZeroEntries(X));
864   PetscCall(DMPlexLandauAddMaxwellians(dm, X, 0.0, ctx->thermal_temps, ctx->n, grid, b_id, n_batch, ctx));
865   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
866 }
867 
868 // adapt a level once. Forest in/out
869 static const char    *s_refine_names[] = {"RE", "Z1", "Origin", "Z2", "Uniform"};
870 static PetscErrorCode adaptToleranceFEM(PetscFE fem, Vec sol, PetscInt type, PetscInt grid, LandauCtx *ctx, DM *newForest)
871 {
872   DM              forest, plex, adaptedDM = NULL;
873   PetscDS         prob;
874   PetscBool       isForest;
875   PetscQuadrature quad;
876   PetscInt        Nq, *Nb, cStart, cEnd, c, dim, qj, k;
877   DMLabel         adaptLabel = NULL;
878 
879   PetscFunctionBegin;
880   forest = ctx->plex[grid];
881   PetscCall(DMCreateDS(forest));
882   PetscCall(DMGetDS(forest, &prob));
883   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(forest, &dim));
884   PetscCall(DMIsForest(forest, &isForest));
885   PetscCheck(isForest, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "! Forest");
886   PetscCall(DMConvert(forest, DMPLEX, &plex));
887   PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(plex, 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
888   PetscCall(DMLabelCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, "adapt", &adaptLabel));
889   PetscCall(PetscFEGetQuadrature(fem, &quad));
890   PetscCall(PetscQuadratureGetData(quad, NULL, NULL, &Nq, NULL, NULL));
891   PetscCheck(Nq <= LANDAU_MAX_NQ, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nq = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQ (%d)", Nq, LANDAU_MAX_NQ);
892   PetscCall(PetscDSGetDimensions(prob, &Nb));
893   PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "%" PetscInt_FMT ") Refine phase: %s\n", grid, s_refine_names[type]));
894   if (type == 4) {
895     for (c = cStart; c < cEnd; c++) PetscCall(DMLabelSetValue(adaptLabel, c, DM_ADAPT_REFINE));
896   } else if (type == 2) {
897     PetscInt  rCellIdx[8], nr = 0, nrmax = (dim == 3) ? 8 : 2;
898     PetscReal minRad = PETSC_INFINITY, r;
899     for (c = cStart; c < cEnd; c++) {
900       PetscReal tt, v0[LANDAU_MAX_NQ * 3], detJ[LANDAU_MAX_NQ];
901       PetscCall(DMPlexComputeCellGeometryFEM(plex, c, quad, v0, NULL, NULL, detJ));
902       for (qj = 0; qj < Nq; ++qj) {
903         tt = PetscSqr(v0[dim * qj + 0]) + PetscSqr(v0[dim * qj + 1]) + PetscSqr(((dim == 3) ? v0[dim * qj + 2] : 0));
904         r  = PetscSqrtReal(tt);
905         if (r < minRad - PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON * 10.) {
906           minRad         = r;
907           nr             = 0;
908           rCellIdx[nr++] = c;
909           PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Found first inner r=%e, cell %" PetscInt_FMT ", qp %" PetscInt_FMT "/%" PetscInt_FMT "\n", grid, (double)r, c, qj + 1, Nq));
910         } else if ((r - minRad) < PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON * 100. && nr < nrmax) {
911           for (k = 0; k < nr; k++)
912             if (c == rCellIdx[k]) break;
913           if (k == nr) {
914             rCellIdx[nr++] = c;
915             PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Found another inner r=%e, cell %" PetscInt_FMT ", qp %" PetscInt_FMT "/%" PetscInt_FMT ", d=%e\n", grid, (double)r, c, qj + 1, Nq, (double)(r - minRad)));
916           }
917         }
918       }
919     }
920     for (k = 0; k < nr; k++) PetscCall(DMLabelSetValue(adaptLabel, rCellIdx[k], DM_ADAPT_REFINE));
921     PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Refined %" PetscInt_FMT " origin cells %" PetscInt_FMT ",%" PetscInt_FMT " r=%g\n", grid, nr, rCellIdx[0], rCellIdx[1], (double)minRad));
922   } else if (type == 0 || type == 1 || type == 3) { /* refine along r=0 axis */
923     PetscScalar *coef = NULL;
924     Vec          coords;
925     PetscInt     csize, Nv, d, nz, nrefined = 0;
926     DM           cdm;
927     PetscSection cs;
928     PetscCall(DMGetCoordinatesLocal(forest, &coords));
929     PetscCall(DMGetCoordinateDM(forest, &cdm));
930     PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(cdm, &cs));
931     for (c = cStart; c < cEnd; c++) {
932       PetscInt doit = 0, outside = 0;
933       PetscCall(DMPlexVecGetClosure(cdm, cs, coords, c, &csize, &coef));
934       Nv = csize / dim;
935       for (nz = d = 0; d < Nv; d++) {
936         PetscReal z = PetscRealPart(coef[d * dim + (dim - 1)]), x = PetscSqr(PetscRealPart(coef[d * dim + 0])) + ((dim == 3) ? PetscSqr(PetscRealPart(coef[d * dim + 1])) : 0);
937         x = PetscSqrtReal(x);
938         if (type == 0) {
939           if (ctx->re_radius > PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON && (z < -PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON * 10. || z > ctx->re_radius + PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON * 10.)) outside++; /* first pass don't refine bottom */
940         } else if (type == 1 && (z > ctx->vperp0_radius1 || z < -ctx->vperp0_radius1)) {
941           outside++; /* don't refine outside electron refine radius */
942           PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") (debug) found %s cells\n", grid, s_refine_names[type]));
943         } else if (type == 3 && (z > ctx->vperp0_radius2 || z < -ctx->vperp0_radius2)) {
944           outside++; /* refine r=0 cells on refinement front */
945           PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") (debug) found %s cells\n", grid, s_refine_names[type]));
946         }
947         if (x < PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON * 10. && (type != 0 || ctx->re_radius > PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON)) nz++;
948       }
949       PetscCall(DMPlexVecRestoreClosure(cdm, cs, coords, c, &csize, &coef));
950       if (doit || (outside < Nv && nz)) {
951         PetscCall(DMLabelSetValue(adaptLabel, c, DM_ADAPT_REFINE));
952         nrefined++;
953       }
954     }
955     PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Refined %" PetscInt_FMT " cells\n", grid, nrefined));
956   }
957   PetscCall(DMDestroy(&plex));
958   PetscCall(DMAdaptLabel(forest, adaptLabel, &adaptedDM));
959   PetscCall(DMLabelDestroy(&adaptLabel));
960   *newForest = adaptedDM;
961   if (adaptedDM) {
962     if (isForest) {
963       PetscCall(DMForestSetAdaptivityForest(adaptedDM, NULL)); // ????
964     }
965     PetscCall(DMConvert(adaptedDM, DMPLEX, &plex));
966     PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(plex, 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
967     PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t\t\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") %" PetscInt_FMT " cells, %" PetscInt_FMT " total quadrature points\n", grid, cEnd - cStart, Nq * (cEnd - cStart)));
968     PetscCall(DMDestroy(&plex));
969   } else *newForest = NULL;
970   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
971 }
972 
973 // forest goes in (ctx->plex[grid]), plex comes out
974 static PetscErrorCode adapt(PetscInt grid, LandauCtx *ctx, Vec *uu)
975 {
976   PetscInt adaptIter;
977 
978   PetscFunctionBegin;
979   PetscInt type, limits[5] = {(grid == 0) ? ctx->numRERefine : 0, (grid == 0) ? ctx->nZRefine1 : 0, ctx->numAMRRefine[grid], (grid == 0) ? ctx->nZRefine2 : 0, ctx->postAMRRefine[grid]};
980   for (type = 0; type < 5; type++) {
981     for (adaptIter = 0; adaptIter < limits[type]; adaptIter++) {
982       DM newForest = NULL;
983       PetscCall(adaptToleranceFEM(ctx->fe[0], *uu, type, grid, ctx, &newForest));
984       if (newForest) {
985         PetscCall(DMDestroy(&ctx->plex[grid]));
986         PetscCall(VecDestroy(uu));
987         PetscCall(DMCreateGlobalVector(newForest, uu));
988         PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)*uu, "uAMR"));
989         PetscCall(LandauSetInitialCondition(newForest, *uu, grid, 0, 1, ctx));
990         ctx->plex[grid] = newForest;
991       } else {
992         PetscCall(PetscInfo(*uu, "No refinement\n"));
993       }
994     }
995   }
996   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
997 }
998 
999 // make log(Lambdas) from NRL Plasma formulary
1000 static PetscErrorCode makeLambdas(LandauCtx *ctx)
1001 {
1002   PetscFunctionBegin;
1003   for (PetscInt gridi = 0; gridi < ctx->num_grids; gridi++) {
1004     int       iii   = ctx->species_offset[gridi];
1005     PetscReal Ti_ev = (ctx->thermal_temps[iii] / 1.1604525e7) * 1000; // convert (back) to eV
1006     PetscReal ni    = ctx->n[iii] * ctx->n_0;
1007     for (PetscInt gridj = gridi; gridj < ctx->num_grids; gridj++) {
1008       PetscInt  jjj = ctx->species_offset[gridj];
1009       PetscReal Zj  = ctx->charges[jjj] / 1.6022e-19;
1010       if (gridi == 0) {
1011         if (gridj == 0) { // lam_ee
1012           ctx->lambdas[gridi][gridj] = 23.5 - PetscLogReal(PetscSqrtReal(ni) * PetscPowReal(Ti_ev, -1.25)) - PetscSqrtReal(1e-5 + PetscSqr(PetscLogReal(Ti_ev) - 2) / 16);
1013         } else { // lam_ei == lam_ie
1014           if (10 * Zj * Zj > Ti_ev) {
1015             ctx->lambdas[gridi][gridj] = ctx->lambdas[gridj][gridi] = 23 - PetscLogReal(PetscSqrtReal(ni) * Zj * PetscPowReal(Ti_ev, -1.5));
1016           } else {
1017             ctx->lambdas[gridi][gridj] = ctx->lambdas[gridj][gridi] = 24 - PetscLogReal(PetscSqrtReal(ni) / Ti_ev);
1018           }
1019         }
1020       } else { // lam_ii'
1021         PetscReal mui = ctx->masses[iii] / 1.6720e-27, Zi = ctx->charges[iii] / 1.6022e-19;
1022         PetscReal Tj_ev            = (ctx->thermal_temps[jjj] / 1.1604525e7) * 1000; // convert (back) to eV
1023         PetscReal muj              = ctx->masses[jjj] / 1.6720e-27;
1024         PetscReal nj               = ctx->n[jjj] * ctx->n_0;
1025         ctx->lambdas[gridi][gridj] = ctx->lambdas[gridj][gridi] = 23 - PetscLogReal(Zi * Zj * (mui + muj) / (mui * Tj_ev + muj * Ti_ev) * PetscSqrtReal(ni * Zi * Zi / Ti_ev + nj * Zj * Zj / Tj_ev));
1026       }
1027     }
1028   }
1029   //PetscReal v0 = PetscSqrtReal(ctx->k * ctx->thermal_temps[iii] / ctx->masses[iii]); /* arbitrary units for non-dimensionalization: plasma formulary def */
1030   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1031 }
1032 
1033 static PetscErrorCode ProcessOptions(LandauCtx *ctx, const char prefix[])
1034 {
1035   PetscBool flg, sph_flg;
1036   PetscInt  ii, nt, nm, nc, num_species_grid[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], non_dim_grid;
1037   PetscReal v0_grid[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], lnLam = 10;
1038   DM        dummy;
1039 
1040   PetscFunctionBegin;
1041   PetscCall(DMCreate(ctx->comm, &dummy));
1042   /* get options - initialize context */
1043   ctx->verbose = 1; // should be 0 for silent compliance
1044 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY) && defined(PETSC_HAVE_OPENMP)
1045   ctx->batch_sz = PetscNumOMPThreads;
1046 #else
1047   ctx->batch_sz = 1;
1048 #endif
1049   ctx->batch_view_idx = 0;
1050   ctx->interpolate    = PETSC_TRUE;
1051   ctx->gpu_assembly   = PETSC_TRUE;
1052   ctx->norm_state     = 0;
1053   ctx->electronShift  = 0;
1054   ctx->M              = NULL;
1055   ctx->J              = NULL;
1056   /* geometry and grids */
1057   ctx->sphere    = PETSC_FALSE;
1058   ctx->use_p4est = PETSC_FALSE;
1059   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; grid++) {
1060     ctx->radius[grid]             = 5.; /* thermal radius (velocity) */
1061     ctx->radius_perp[grid]        = 5.; /* thermal radius (velocity) */
1062     ctx->radius_par[grid]         = 5.; /* thermal radius (velocity) */
1063     ctx->numAMRRefine[grid]       = 0;
1064     ctx->postAMRRefine[grid]      = 0;
1065     ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] = 1; // one species default
1066     num_species_grid[grid]        = 0;
1067     ctx->plex[grid]               = NULL; /* cache as expensive to Convert */
1068   }
1069   ctx->species_offset[0] = 0;
1070   ctx->re_radius         = 0.;
1071   ctx->vperp0_radius1    = 0;
1072   ctx->vperp0_radius2    = 0;
1073   ctx->nZRefine1         = 0;
1074   ctx->nZRefine2         = 0;
1075   ctx->numRERefine       = 0;
1076   num_species_grid[0]    = 1; // one species default
1077   /* species - [0] electrons, [1] one ion species eg, duetarium, [2] heavy impurity ion, ... */
1078   ctx->charges[0]       = -1;                       /* electron charge (MKS) */
1079   ctx->masses[0]        = 1 / 1835.469965278441013; /* temporary value in proton mass */
1080   ctx->n[0]             = 1;
1081   ctx->v_0              = 1; /* thermal velocity, we could start with a scale != 1 */
1082   ctx->thermal_temps[0] = 1;
1083   /* constants, etc. */
1084   ctx->epsilon0 = 8.8542e-12;     /* permittivity of free space (MKS) F/m */
1085   ctx->k        = 1.38064852e-23; /* Boltzmann constant (MKS) J/K */
1086   ctx->n_0      = 1.e20;          /* typical plasma n, but could set it to 1 */
1087   ctx->Ez       = 0;
1088   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < LANDAU_NUM_TIMERS; grid++) ctx->times[grid] = 0;
1089   for (PetscInt ii = 0; ii < LANDAU_DIM; ii++) ctx->cells0[ii] = 2;
1090   if (LANDAU_DIM == 2) ctx->cells0[0] = 1;
1091   ctx->use_matrix_mass                = PETSC_FALSE;
1092   ctx->use_relativistic_corrections   = PETSC_FALSE;
1093   ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick        = PETSC_FALSE; /* Use Eero's trick for energy conservation v --> grad(v^2/2) */
1094   ctx->SData_d.w                      = NULL;
1095   ctx->SData_d.x                      = NULL;
1096   ctx->SData_d.y                      = NULL;
1097   ctx->SData_d.z                      = NULL;
1098   ctx->SData_d.invJ                   = NULL;
1099   ctx->jacobian_field_major_order     = PETSC_FALSE;
1100   ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_offsets       = NULL;
1101   ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_point_offsets = NULL;
1102   ctx->coo_assembly                   = PETSC_FALSE;
1103   ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_fullNb        = NULL;
1104   ctx->SData_d.coo_size               = 0;
1105   PetscOptionsBegin(ctx->comm, prefix, "Options for Fokker-Plank-Landau collision operator", "none");
1106   {
1107     char opstring[256];
1108 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS_KERNELS)
1109     ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_KOKKOS;
1110     PetscCall(PetscStrncpy(opstring, "kokkos", sizeof(opstring)));
1111 #elif defined(PETSC_HAVE_CUDA)
1112     ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_CUDA;
1113     PetscCall(PetscStrncpy(opstring, "cuda", sizeof(opstring)));
1114 #else
1115     ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_CPU;
1116     PetscCall(PetscStrncpy(opstring, "cpu", sizeof(opstring)));
1117 #endif
1118     PetscCall(PetscOptionsString("-dm_landau_device_type", "Use kernels on 'cpu', 'cuda', or 'kokkos'", "plexland.c", opstring, opstring, sizeof(opstring), NULL));
1119     PetscCall(PetscStrcmp("cpu", opstring, &flg));
1120     if (flg) {
1121       ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_CPU;
1122     } else {
1123       PetscCall(PetscStrcmp("cuda", opstring, &flg));
1124       if (flg) {
1125         ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_CUDA;
1126       } else {
1127         PetscCall(PetscStrcmp("kokkos", opstring, &flg));
1128         if (flg) ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_KOKKOS;
1129         else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_device_type %s", opstring);
1130       }
1131     }
1132   }
1133   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_electron_shift", "Shift in thermal velocity of electrons", "none", ctx->electronShift, &ctx->electronShift, NULL));
1134   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_verbose", "Level of verbosity output", "plexland.c", ctx->verbose, &ctx->verbose, NULL));
1135   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_batch_size", "Number of 'vertices' to batch", "ex2.c", ctx->batch_sz, &ctx->batch_sz, NULL));
1136   PetscCheck(LANDAU_MAX_BATCH_SZ >= ctx->batch_sz, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "LANDAU_MAX_BATCH_SZ %" PetscInt_FMT " < ctx->batch_sz %" PetscInt_FMT, (PetscInt)LANDAU_MAX_BATCH_SZ, ctx->batch_sz);
1137   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_batch_view_idx", "Index of batch for diagnostics like plotting", "ex2.c", ctx->batch_view_idx, &ctx->batch_view_idx, NULL));
1138   PetscCheck(ctx->batch_view_idx < ctx->batch_sz, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-ctx->batch_view_idx %" PetscInt_FMT " > ctx->batch_sz %" PetscInt_FMT, ctx->batch_view_idx, ctx->batch_sz);
1139   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_Ez", "Initial parallel electric field in unites of Conner-Hastie critical field", "plexland.c", ctx->Ez, &ctx->Ez, NULL));
1140   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_n_0", "Normalization constant for number density", "plexland.c", ctx->n_0, &ctx->n_0, NULL));
1141   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_use_mataxpy_mass", "Use fast but slightly fragile MATAXPY to add mass term", "plexland.c", ctx->use_matrix_mass, &ctx->use_matrix_mass, NULL));
1142   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_use_relativistic_corrections", "Use relativistic corrections", "plexland.c", ctx->use_relativistic_corrections, &ctx->use_relativistic_corrections, NULL));
1143   if (LANDAU_DIM == 2 && ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) ctx->use_relativistic_corrections = PETSC_FALSE; // should warn
1144   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_use_energy_tensor_trick", "Use Eero's trick of using grad(v^2/2) instead of v as args to Landau tensor to conserve energy with relativistic corrections and Q1 elements", "plexland.c", ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick,
1145                              &ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick, NULL));
1146 
1147   /* get num species with temperature, set defaults */
1148   for (ii = 1; ii < LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES; ii++) {
1149     ctx->thermal_temps[ii] = 1;
1150     ctx->charges[ii]       = 1;
1151     ctx->masses[ii]        = 1;
1152     ctx->n[ii]             = 1;
1153   }
1154   nt = LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES;
1155   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_thermal_temps", "Temperature of each species [e,i_0,i_1,...] in keV (must be set to set number of species)", "plexland.c", ctx->thermal_temps, &nt, &flg));
1156   if (flg) {
1157     PetscCall(PetscInfo(dummy, "num_species set to number of thermal temps provided (%" PetscInt_FMT ")\n", nt));
1158     ctx->num_species = nt;
1159   } else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_thermal_temps ,t1,t2,.. must be provided to set the number of species");
1160   for (ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_species; ii++) ctx->thermal_temps[ii] *= 1.1604525e7; /* convert to Kelvin */
1161   nm = LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES - 1;
1162   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_ion_masses", "Mass of each species in units of proton mass [i_0=2,i_1=40...]", "plexland.c", &ctx->masses[1], &nm, &flg));
1163   PetscCheck(!flg || nm == ctx->num_species - 1, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "num ion masses %" PetscInt_FMT " != num species %" PetscInt_FMT, nm, ctx->num_species - 1);
1164   nm = LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES;
1165   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_n", "Number density of each species = n_s * n_0", "plexland.c", ctx->n, &nm, &flg));
1166   PetscCheck(!flg || nm == ctx->num_species, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "wrong num n: %" PetscInt_FMT " != num species %" PetscInt_FMT, nm, ctx->num_species);
1167   for (ii = 0; ii < LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES; ii++) ctx->masses[ii] *= 1.6720e-27; /* scale by proton mass kg */
1168   ctx->masses[0] = 9.10938356e-31;                                           /* electron mass kg (should be about right already) */
1169   nc             = LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES - 1;
1170   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_ion_charges", "Charge of each species in units of proton charge [i_0=2,i_1=18,...]", "plexland.c", &ctx->charges[1], &nc, &flg));
1171   if (flg) PetscCheck(nc == ctx->num_species - 1, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "num charges %" PetscInt_FMT " != num species %" PetscInt_FMT, nc, ctx->num_species - 1);
1172   for (ii = 0; ii < LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES; ii++) ctx->charges[ii] *= 1.6022e-19; /* electron/proton charge (MKS) */
1173   /* geometry and grids */
1174   nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1175   PetscCall(PetscOptionsIntArray("-dm_landau_num_species_grid", "Number of species on each grid: [ 1, ....] or [S, 0 ....] for single grid", "plexland.c", num_species_grid, &nt, &flg));
1176   if (flg) {
1177     ctx->num_grids = nt;
1178     for (ii = nt = 0; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) nt += num_species_grid[ii];
1179     PetscCheck(ctx->num_species == nt, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_num_species_grid: sum %" PetscInt_FMT " != num_species = %" PetscInt_FMT ". %" PetscInt_FMT " grids (check that number of grids <= LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS = %d)", nt, ctx->num_species,
1180                ctx->num_grids, LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS);
1181   } else {
1182     ctx->num_grids      = 1; // go back to a single grid run
1183     num_species_grid[0] = ctx->num_species;
1184   }
1185   for (ctx->species_offset[0] = ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) ctx->species_offset[ii + 1] = ctx->species_offset[ii] + num_species_grid[ii];
1186   PetscCheck(ctx->species_offset[ctx->num_grids] == ctx->num_species, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "ctx->species_offset[ctx->num_grids] %" PetscInt_FMT " != ctx->num_species = %" PetscInt_FMT " ???????????", ctx->species_offset[ctx->num_grids],
1187              ctx->num_species);
1188   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1189     int iii       = ctx->species_offset[grid];                                          // normalize with first (arbitrary) species on grid
1190     v0_grid[grid] = PetscSqrtReal(ctx->k * ctx->thermal_temps[iii] / ctx->masses[iii]); /* arbitrary units for non-dimensionalization: plasma formulary def */
1191   }
1192   // get lambdas here because we need them for t_0 etc
1193   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_ln_lambda", "Universal cross section parameter. Default uses NRL formulas", "plexland.c", lnLam, &lnLam, &flg));
1194   if (flg) {
1195     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; grid++) {
1196       for (PetscInt gridj = 0; gridj < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; gridj++) ctx->lambdas[gridj][grid] = lnLam; /* cross section ratio large - small angle collisions */
1197     }
1198   } else {
1199     PetscCall(makeLambdas(ctx));
1200   }
1201   non_dim_grid = 0;
1202   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_normalization_grid", "Index of grid to use for setting v_0, m_0, t_0. (Not recommended)", "plexland.c", non_dim_grid, &non_dim_grid, &flg));
1203   if (non_dim_grid != 0) PetscCall(PetscInfo(dummy, "Normalization grid set to %" PetscInt_FMT ", but non-default not well verified\n", non_dim_grid));
1204   PetscCheck(non_dim_grid >= 0 && non_dim_grid < ctx->num_species, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Normalization grid wrong: %" PetscInt_FMT, non_dim_grid);
1205   ctx->v_0 = v0_grid[non_dim_grid];     /* arbitrary units for non dimensionalization: global mean velocity in 1D of electrons */
1206   ctx->m_0 = ctx->masses[non_dim_grid]; /* arbitrary reference mass, electrons */
1207   ctx->t_0 = 8 * PETSC_PI * PetscSqr(ctx->epsilon0 * ctx->m_0 / PetscSqr(ctx->charges[non_dim_grid])) / ctx->lambdas[non_dim_grid][non_dim_grid] / ctx->n_0 * PetscPowReal(ctx->v_0, 3); /* note, this t_0 makes nu[non_dim_grid,non_dim_grid]=1 */
1208   /* domain */
1209   nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1210   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_domain_radius", "Phase space size in units of thermal velocity of grid", "plexland.c", ctx->radius, &nt, &flg));
1211   if (flg) {
1212     PetscCheck(nt >= ctx->num_grids, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_domain_radius: given %" PetscInt_FMT " radius != number grids %" PetscInt_FMT, nt, ctx->num_grids);
1213     while (nt--) ctx->radius_par[nt] = ctx->radius_perp[nt] = ctx->radius[nt];
1214   } else {
1215     nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1216     PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_domain_max_par", "Parallel velocity domain size in units of thermal velocity of grid", "plexland.c", ctx->radius_par, &nt, &flg));
1217     if (flg) PetscCheck(nt >= ctx->num_grids, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_domain_max_par: given %" PetscInt_FMT " radius != number grids %" PetscInt_FMT, nt, ctx->num_grids);
1218     PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_domain_max_perp", "Perpendicular velocity domain size in units of thermal velocity of grid", "plexland.c", ctx->radius_perp, &nt, &flg));
1219     if (flg) PetscCheck(nt >= ctx->num_grids, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_domain_max_perp: given %" PetscInt_FMT " radius != number grids %" PetscInt_FMT, nt, ctx->num_grids);
1220   }
1221   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1222     if (flg && ctx->radius[grid] <= 0) { /* negative is ratio of c - need to set par and perp with this -- todo */
1223       if (ctx->radius[grid] == 0) ctx->radius[grid] = 0.75;
1224       else ctx->radius[grid] = -ctx->radius[grid];
1225       ctx->radius[grid] = ctx->radius[grid] * SPEED_OF_LIGHT / ctx->v_0; // use any species on grid to normalize (v_0 same for all on grid)
1226       PetscCall(PetscInfo(dummy, "Change domain radius to %g for grid %" PetscInt_FMT "\n", (double)ctx->radius[grid], grid));
1227     }
1228     ctx->radius[grid] *= v0_grid[grid] / ctx->v_0;      // scale domain by thermal radius relative to v_0
1229     ctx->radius_perp[grid] *= v0_grid[grid] / ctx->v_0; // scale domain by thermal radius relative to v_0
1230     ctx->radius_par[grid] *= v0_grid[grid] / ctx->v_0;  // scale domain by thermal radius relative to v_0
1231   }
1232   /* amr parameters */
1233   nt = LANDAU_DIM;
1234   PetscCall(PetscOptionsIntArray("-dm_landau_num_cells", "Number of cells in each dimension of base grid", "plexland.c", ctx->cells0, &nt, &flg));
1235   nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1236   PetscCall(PetscOptionsIntArray("-dm_landau_amr_levels_max", "Number of AMR levels of refinement around origin, after (RE) refinements along z", "plexland.c", ctx->numAMRRefine, &nt, &flg));
1237   PetscCheck(!flg || nt >= ctx->num_grids, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_amr_levels_max: given %" PetscInt_FMT " != number grids %" PetscInt_FMT, nt, ctx->num_grids);
1238   nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1239   PetscCall(PetscOptionsIntArray("-dm_landau_amr_post_refine", "Number of levels to uniformly refine after AMR", "plexland.c", ctx->postAMRRefine, &nt, &flg));
1240   for (ii = 1; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) ctx->postAMRRefine[ii] = ctx->postAMRRefine[0]; // all grids the same now
1241   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_amr_re_levels", "Number of levels to refine along v_perp=0, z>0", "plexland.c", ctx->numRERefine, &ctx->numRERefine, &flg));
1242   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_amr_z_refine_pre", "Number of levels to refine along v_perp=0 before origin refine", "plexland.c", ctx->nZRefine1, &ctx->nZRefine1, &flg));
1243   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_amr_z_refine_post", "Number of levels to refine along v_perp=0 after origin refine", "plexland.c", ctx->nZRefine2, &ctx->nZRefine2, &flg));
1244   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_re_radius", "velocity range to refine on positive (z>0) r=0 axis for runaways", "plexland.c", ctx->re_radius, &ctx->re_radius, &flg));
1245   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_z_radius_pre", "velocity range to refine r=0 axis (for electrons)", "plexland.c", ctx->vperp0_radius1, &ctx->vperp0_radius1, &flg));
1246   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_z_radius_post", "velocity range to refine r=0 axis (for electrons) after origin AMR", "plexland.c", ctx->vperp0_radius2, &ctx->vperp0_radius2, &flg));
1247   /* spherical domain (not used) */
1248   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_sphere", "use sphere/semi-circle domain instead of rectangle", "plexland.c", ctx->sphere, &ctx->sphere, &sph_flg));
1249   /* processing options */
1250   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_gpu_assembly", "Assemble Jacobian on GPU", "plexland.c", ctx->gpu_assembly, &ctx->gpu_assembly, NULL));
1251   if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_CPU || ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) { // make Kokkos
1252     PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_coo_assembly", "Assemble Jacobian with Kokkos on 'device'", "plexland.c", ctx->coo_assembly, &ctx->coo_assembly, NULL));
1253     if (ctx->coo_assembly) PetscCheck(ctx->gpu_assembly, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "COO assembly requires 'gpu assembly' even if Kokkos 'CPU' back-end %d", ctx->coo_assembly);
1254   }
1255   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order", "Reorder Jacobian for GPU assembly with field major, or block diagonal, ordering (DEPRECATED)", "plexland.c", ctx->jacobian_field_major_order, &ctx->jacobian_field_major_order, NULL));
1256   if (ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) PetscCheck(ctx->gpu_assembly, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order requires -dm_landau_gpu_assembly");
1257   PetscCheck(!ctx->jacobian_field_major_order, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order DEPRECATED");
1258   PetscOptionsEnd();
1259 
1260   for (ii = ctx->num_species; ii < LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES; ii++) ctx->masses[ii] = ctx->thermal_temps[ii] = ctx->charges[ii] = 0;
1261   if (ctx->verbose != 0) {
1262     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "masses:        e=%10.3e; ions in proton mass units:   %10.3e %10.3e ...\n", (double)ctx->masses[0], (double)(ctx->masses[1] / 1.6720e-27), (double)(ctx->num_species > 2 ? ctx->masses[2] / 1.6720e-27 : 0)));
1263     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "charges:       e=%10.3e; charges in elementary units: %10.3e %10.3e\n", (double)ctx->charges[0], (double)(-ctx->charges[1] / ctx->charges[0]), (double)(ctx->num_species > 2 ? -ctx->charges[2] / ctx->charges[0] : 0)));
1264     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "n:             e: %10.3e                           i: %10.3e %10.3e\n", (double)ctx->n[0], (double)ctx->n[1], (double)(ctx->num_species > 2 ? ctx->n[2] : 0)));
1265     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "thermal T (K): e=%10.3e i=%10.3e %10.3e. Normalization grid %d: v_0=%10.3e (%10.3ec) n_0=%10.3e t_0=%10.3e %" PetscInt_FMT " batched, view batch %" PetscInt_FMT "\n", (double)ctx->thermal_temps[0],
1266                           (double)ctx->thermal_temps[1], (double)((ctx->num_species > 2) ? ctx->thermal_temps[2] : 0), (int)non_dim_grid, (double)ctx->v_0, (double)(ctx->v_0 / SPEED_OF_LIGHT), (double)ctx->n_0, (double)ctx->t_0, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->batch_view_idx));
1267     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "Domain radius (AMR levels) grid %d: par=%10.3e perp=%10.3e (%" PetscInt_FMT ") ", 0, (double)ctx->radius_par[0], (double)ctx->radius_perp[0], ctx->numAMRRefine[0]));
1268     for (ii = 1; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, ", %" PetscInt_FMT ": par=%10.3e perp=%10.3e (%" PetscInt_FMT ") ", ii, (double)ctx->radius_par[ii], (double)ctx->radius_perp[ii], ctx->numAMRRefine[ii]));
1269     if (ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\nUse relativistic corrections\n"));
1270     else PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
1271   }
1272   PetscCall(DMDestroy(&dummy));
1273   {
1274     PetscMPIInt rank;
1275     PetscCallMPI(MPI_Comm_rank(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &rank));
1276     ctx->stage = 0;
1277     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Create", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[13]));   /* 13 */
1278     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" GPU ass. setup", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[2]));  /* 2 */
1279     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Build matrix", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[12]));   /* 12 */
1280     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Assembly maps", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[15]));  /* 15 */
1281     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Mass mat", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[14])); /* 14 */
1282     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Operator", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[11])); /* 11 */
1283     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Jacobian", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[0]));  /* 0 */
1284     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Mass", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[9]));      /* 9 */
1285     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Preamble", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[10]));       /* 10 */
1286     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" static IP Data", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[7]));  /* 7 */
1287     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" dynamic IP-Jac", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[1]));  /* 1 */
1288     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Kernel-init", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[3]));     /* 3 */
1289     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Jac-f-df (GPU)", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[8]));  /* 8 */
1290     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" J Kernel (GPU)", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[4]));  /* 4 */
1291     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" M Kernel (GPU)", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[16])); /* 16 */
1292     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Copy to CPU", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[5]));     /* 5 */
1293     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" CPU assemble", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[6]));    /* 6 */
1294 
1295     if (rank) { /* turn off output stuff for duplicate runs - do we need to add the prefix to all this? */
1296       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-snes_converged_reason"));
1297       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ksp_converged_reason"));
1298       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-snes_monitor"));
1299       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ksp_monitor"));
1300       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ts_monitor"));
1301       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ts_view"));
1302       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ts_adapt_monitor"));
1303       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_amr_dm_view"));
1304       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_amr_vec_view"));
1305       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_mass_dm_view"));
1306       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_mass_view"));
1307       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_jacobian_view"));
1308       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_mat_view"));
1309       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-pc_bjkokkos_ksp_converged_reason"));
1310       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-pc_bjkokkos_ksp_monitor"));
1311       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-"));
1312       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-info"));
1313     }
1314   }
1315   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1316 }
1317 
1318 static PetscErrorCode CreateStaticData(PetscInt dim, IS grid_batch_is_inv[], LandauCtx *ctx)
1319 {
1320   PetscSection     section[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], globsection[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
1321   PetscQuadrature  quad;
1322   const PetscReal *quadWeights;
1323   PetscReal        invMass[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], nu_alpha[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], nu_beta[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES];
1324   PetscInt         numCells[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], Nq, Nf[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], ncellsTot = 0, MAP_BF_SIZE = 64 * LANDAU_DIM * LANDAU_DIM * LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE * LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES;
1325   PetscTabulation *Tf;
1326   PetscDS          prob;
1327 
1328   PetscFunctionBegin;
1329   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1330     for (PetscInt ii = ctx->species_offset[grid]; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) {
1331       invMass[ii]  = ctx->m_0 / ctx->masses[ii];
1332       nu_alpha[ii] = PetscSqr(ctx->charges[ii] / ctx->m_0) * ctx->m_0 / ctx->masses[ii];
1333       nu_beta[ii]  = PetscSqr(ctx->charges[ii] / ctx->epsilon0) / (8 * PETSC_PI) * ctx->t_0 * ctx->n_0 / PetscPowReal(ctx->v_0, 3);
1334     }
1335   }
1336   if (ctx->verbose == 4) {
1337     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "nu_alpha: "));
1338     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1339       int iii = ctx->species_offset[grid];
1340       for (PetscInt ii = iii; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " %e", (double)nu_alpha[ii]));
1341     }
1342     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\nnu_beta: "));
1343     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1344       int iii = ctx->species_offset[grid];
1345       for (PetscInt ii = iii; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " %e", (double)nu_beta[ii]));
1346     }
1347     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\nnu_alpha[i]*nu_beta[j]*lambda[i][j]:\n"));
1348     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1349       int iii = ctx->species_offset[grid];
1350       for (PetscInt ii = iii; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) {
1351         for (PetscInt gridj = 0; gridj < ctx->num_grids; gridj++) {
1352           int jjj = ctx->species_offset[gridj];
1353           for (PetscInt jj = jjj; jj < ctx->species_offset[gridj + 1]; jj++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " %14.9e", (double)(nu_alpha[ii] * nu_beta[jj] * ctx->lambdas[grid][gridj])));
1354         }
1355         PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
1356       }
1357     }
1358     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "lambda[i][j]:\n"));
1359     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1360       int iii = ctx->species_offset[grid];
1361       for (PetscInt ii = iii; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) {
1362         for (PetscInt gridj = 0; gridj < ctx->num_grids; gridj++) {
1363           int jjj = ctx->species_offset[gridj];
1364           for (PetscInt jj = jjj; jj < ctx->species_offset[gridj + 1]; jj++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " %14.9e", (double)ctx->lambdas[grid][gridj]));
1365         }
1366         PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
1367       }
1368     }
1369   }
1370   PetscCall(DMGetDS(ctx->plex[0], &prob));    // same DS for all grids
1371   PetscCall(PetscDSGetTabulation(prob, &Tf)); // Bf, &Df same for all grids
1372   /* DS, Tab and quad is same on all grids */
1373   PetscCheck(ctx->plex[0], ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Plex not created");
1374   PetscCall(PetscFEGetQuadrature(ctx->fe[0], &quad));
1375   PetscCall(PetscQuadratureGetData(quad, NULL, NULL, &Nq, NULL, &quadWeights));
1376   PetscCheck(Nq <= LANDAU_MAX_NQ, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nq = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQ (%d)", Nq, LANDAU_MAX_NQ);
1377   /* setup each grid */
1378   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1379     PetscInt cStart, cEnd;
1380     PetscCheck(ctx->plex[grid] != NULL, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Plex not created");
1381     PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
1382     numCells[grid] = cEnd - cStart; // grids can have different topology
1383     PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &section[grid]));
1384     PetscCall(DMGetGlobalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &globsection[grid]));
1385     PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section[grid], &Nf[grid]));
1386     ncellsTot += numCells[grid];
1387   }
1388   /* create GPU assembly data */
1389   if (ctx->gpu_assembly) { /* we need GPU object with GPU assembly */
1390     PetscContainer container;
1391     PetscScalar   *elemMatrix, *elMat;
1392     pointInterpolationP4est(*pointMaps)[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE];
1393     P4estVertexMaps *maps;
1394     const PetscInt  *plex_batch = NULL, Nb = Nq, elMatSz = Nq * Nq * ctx->num_species * ctx->num_species; // tensor elements;
1395     LandauIdx       *coo_elem_offsets = NULL, *coo_elem_fullNb = NULL, (*coo_elem_point_offsets)[LANDAU_MAX_NQ + 1] = NULL;
1396     /* create GPU assembly data */
1397     PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[0], "Make GPU maps %d\n", 1));
1398     PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[2], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1399     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*maps) * ctx->num_grids, &maps));
1400     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*pointMaps) * MAP_BF_SIZE, &pointMaps));
1401     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*elemMatrix) * elMatSz, &elemMatrix));
1402 
1403     if (ctx->coo_assembly) {                                                                                                      // setup COO assembly -- put COO metadata directly in ctx->SData_d
1404       PetscCall(PetscMalloc3(ncellsTot + 1, &coo_elem_offsets, ncellsTot, &coo_elem_fullNb, ncellsTot, &coo_elem_point_offsets)); // array of integer pointers
1405       coo_elem_offsets[0] = 0;                                                                                                    // finish later
1406       PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[0], "COO initialization, %" PetscInt_FMT " cells\n", ncellsTot));
1407       ctx->SData_d.coo_n_cellsTot         = ncellsTot;
1408       ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_offsets       = (void *)coo_elem_offsets;
1409       ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_fullNb        = (void *)coo_elem_fullNb;
1410       ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_point_offsets = (void *)coo_elem_point_offsets;
1411     } else {
1412       ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_offsets = ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_fullNb = NULL;
1413       ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_point_offsets                          = NULL;
1414       ctx->SData_d.coo_n_cellsTot                                  = 0;
1415     }
1416 
1417     ctx->SData_d.coo_max_fullnb = 0;
1418     for (PetscInt grid = 0, glb_elem_idx = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1419       PetscInt cStart, cEnd, Nfloc = Nf[grid], totDim = Nfloc * Nq;
1420       if (grid_batch_is_inv[grid]) PetscCall(ISGetIndices(grid_batch_is_inv[grid], &plex_batch));
1421       PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
1422       // make maps
1423       maps[grid].d_self       = NULL;
1424       maps[grid].num_elements = numCells[grid];
1425       maps[grid].num_face     = (PetscInt)(pow(Nq, 1. / ((double)dim)) + .001);                 // Q
1426       maps[grid].num_face     = (PetscInt)(pow(maps[grid].num_face, (double)(dim - 1)) + .001); // Q^2
1427       maps[grid].num_reduced  = 0;
1428       maps[grid].deviceType   = ctx->deviceType;
1429       maps[grid].numgrids     = ctx->num_grids;
1430       // count reduced and get
1431       PetscCall(PetscMalloc(maps[grid].num_elements * sizeof(*maps[grid].gIdx), &maps[grid].gIdx));
1432       for (int ej = cStart, eidx = 0; ej < cEnd; ++ej, ++eidx, glb_elem_idx++) {
1433         if (coo_elem_offsets) coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx + 1] = coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx]; // start with last one, then add
1434         for (int fieldA = 0; fieldA < Nf[grid]; fieldA++) {
1435           int fullNb = 0;
1436           for (int q = 0; q < Nb; ++q) {
1437             PetscInt     numindices, *indices;
1438             PetscScalar *valuesOrig = elMat = elemMatrix;
1439             PetscCall(PetscArrayzero(elMat, totDim * totDim));
1440             elMat[(fieldA * Nb + q) * totDim + fieldA * Nb + q] = 1;
1441             PetscCall(DMPlexGetClosureIndices(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], globsection[grid], ej, PETSC_TRUE, &numindices, &indices, NULL, (PetscScalar **)&elMat));
1442             for (PetscInt f = 0; f < numindices; ++f) { // look for a non-zero on the diagonal
1443               if (PetscAbs(PetscRealPart(elMat[f * numindices + f])) > PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON) {
1444                 // found it
1445                 if (PetscAbs(PetscRealPart(elMat[f * numindices + f] - 1.)) < PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON) { // normal vertex 1.0
1446                   if (plex_batch) {
1447                     maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][fieldA][q] = (LandauIdx)plex_batch[indices[f]];
1448                   } else {
1449                     maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][fieldA][q] = (LandauIdx)indices[f];
1450                   }
1451                   fullNb++;
1452                 } else { //found a constraint
1453                   int            jj                = 0;
1454                   PetscReal      sum               = 0;
1455                   const PetscInt ff                = f;
1456                   maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][fieldA][q] = -maps[grid].num_reduced - 1; // store (-)index: id = -(idx+1): idx = -id - 1
1457 
1458                   do {                                                                                              // constraints are continuous in Plex - exploit that here
1459                     int ii;                                                                                         // get 'scale'
1460                     for (ii = 0, pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale = 0; ii < maps[grid].num_face; ii++) { // sum row of outer product to recover vector value
1461                       if (ff + ii < numindices) {                                                                   // 3D has Q and Q^2 interps so might run off end. We could test that elMat[f*numindices + ff + ii] > 0, and break if not
1462                         pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale += PetscRealPart(elMat[f * numindices + ff + ii]);
1463                       }
1464                     }
1465                     sum += pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale; // diagnostic
1466                     // get 'gid'
1467                     if (pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale == 0) pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].gid = -1; // 3D has Q and Q^2 interps
1468                     else {
1469                       if (plex_batch) {
1470                         pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].gid = plex_batch[indices[f]];
1471                       } else {
1472                         pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].gid = indices[f];
1473                       }
1474                       fullNb++;
1475                     }
1476                   } while (++jj < maps[grid].num_face && ++f < numindices); // jj is incremented if we hit the end
1477                   while (jj < maps[grid].num_face) {
1478                     pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale = 0;
1479                     pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].gid   = -1;
1480                     jj++;
1481                   }
1482                   if (PetscAbs(sum - 1.0) > 10 * PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON) { // debug
1483                     int       d, f;
1484                     PetscReal tmp = 0;
1485                     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, "\t\t%d.%d.%d) ERROR total I = %22.16e (LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE=%d, #face=%d)\n", eidx, q, fieldA, (double)sum, LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE, maps[grid].num_face));
1486                     for (d = 0, tmp = 0; d < numindices; ++d) {
1487                       if (tmp != 0 && PetscAbs(tmp - 1.0) > 10 * PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "%3d) %3" PetscInt_FMT ": ", d, indices[d]));
1488                       for (f = 0; f < numindices; ++f) tmp += PetscRealPart(elMat[d * numindices + f]);
1489                       if (tmp != 0) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, " | %22.16e\n", (double)tmp));
1490                     }
1491                   }
1492                   maps[grid].num_reduced++;
1493                   PetscCheck(maps[grid].num_reduced < MAP_BF_SIZE, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "maps[grid].num_reduced %d > %" PetscInt_FMT, maps[grid].num_reduced, MAP_BF_SIZE);
1494                 }
1495                 break;
1496               }
1497             }
1498             // cleanup
1499             PetscCall(DMPlexRestoreClosureIndices(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], globsection[grid], ej, PETSC_TRUE, &numindices, &indices, NULL, (PetscScalar **)&elMat));
1500             if (elMat != valuesOrig) PetscCall(DMRestoreWorkArray(ctx->plex[grid], numindices * numindices, MPIU_SCALAR, &elMat));
1501           }
1502           if (ctx->coo_assembly) {                                 // setup COO assembly
1503             coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx + 1] += fullNb * fullNb; // one species block, adds a block for each species, on this element in this grid
1504             if (fieldA == 0) {                                     // cache full Nb for this element, on this grid per species
1505               coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx] = fullNb;
1506               if (fullNb > ctx->SData_d.coo_max_fullnb) ctx->SData_d.coo_max_fullnb = fullNb;
1507             } else PetscCheck(coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx] == fullNb, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "full element size change with species %d %d", coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx], fullNb);
1508           }
1509         } // field
1510       }   // cell
1511       // allocate and copy point data maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][field][q]
1512       PetscCall(PetscMalloc(maps[grid].num_reduced * sizeof(*maps[grid].c_maps), &maps[grid].c_maps));
1513       for (int ej = 0; ej < maps[grid].num_reduced; ++ej) {
1514         for (int q = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; ++q) {
1515           maps[grid].c_maps[ej][q].scale = pointMaps[ej][q].scale;
1516           maps[grid].c_maps[ej][q].gid   = pointMaps[ej][q].gid;
1517         }
1518       }
1519 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS_KERNELS)
1520       if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
1521         PetscCall(LandauKokkosCreateMatMaps(maps, pointMaps, Nf, Nq, grid)); // implies Kokkos does
1522       }                                                                      // else could be CUDA
1523 #endif
1524 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_CUDA)
1525       if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_CUDA) PetscCall(LandauCUDACreateMatMaps(maps, pointMaps, Nf, Nq, grid));
1526 #endif
1527       if (plex_batch) {
1528         PetscCall(ISRestoreIndices(grid_batch_is_inv[grid], &plex_batch));
1529         PetscCall(ISDestroy(&grid_batch_is_inv[grid])); // we are done with this
1530       }
1531     } /* grids */
1532     // finish COO
1533     if (ctx->coo_assembly) { // setup COO assembly
1534       PetscInt *oor, *ooc;
1535       ctx->SData_d.coo_size = coo_elem_offsets[ncellsTot] * ctx->batch_sz;
1536       PetscCall(PetscMalloc2(ctx->SData_d.coo_size, &oor, ctx->SData_d.coo_size, &ooc));
1537       for (int i = 0; i < ctx->SData_d.coo_size; i++) oor[i] = ooc[i] = -1;
1538       // get
1539       for (int grid = 0, glb_elem_idx = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1540         for (int ej = 0; ej < numCells[grid]; ++ej, glb_elem_idx++) {
1541           const int              fullNb           = coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx];
1542           const LandauIdx *const Idxs             = &maps[grid].gIdx[ej][0][0]; // just use field-0 maps, They should be the same but this is just for COO storage
1543           coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][0] = 0;
1544           for (int f = 0, cnt2 = 0; f < Nb; f++) {
1545             int idx                                     = Idxs[f];
1546             coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f + 1] = coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f]; // start at last
1547             if (idx >= 0) {
1548               cnt2++;
1549               coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f + 1]++; // inc
1550             } else {
1551               idx = -idx - 1;
1552               for (int q = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; q++) {
1553                 if (maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid < 0) break;
1554                 cnt2++;
1555                 coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f + 1]++; // inc
1556               }
1557             }
1558             PetscCheck(cnt2 <= fullNb, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "wrong count %d < %d", fullNb, cnt2);
1559           }
1560           PetscCheck(coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][Nb] == fullNb, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "coo_elem_point_offsets size %d != fullNb=%d", coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][Nb], fullNb);
1561         }
1562       }
1563       // set
1564       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
1565         for (int grid = 0, glb_elem_idx = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1566           const PetscInt moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
1567           for (int ej = 0; ej < numCells[grid]; ++ej, glb_elem_idx++) {
1568             const int fullNb = coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx], fullNb2 = fullNb * fullNb;
1569             // set (i,j)
1570             for (int fieldA = 0; fieldA < Nf[grid]; fieldA++) {
1571               const LandauIdx *const Idxs = &maps[grid].gIdx[ej][fieldA][0];
1572               int                    rows[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE], cols[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE];
1573               for (int f = 0; f < Nb; ++f) {
1574                 const int nr = coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f + 1] - coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f];
1575                 if (nr == 1) rows[0] = Idxs[f];
1576                 else {
1577                   const int idx = -Idxs[f] - 1;
1578                   for (int q = 0; q < nr; q++) rows[q] = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
1579                 }
1580                 for (int g = 0; g < Nb; ++g) {
1581                   const int nc = coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][g + 1] - coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][g];
1582                   if (nc == 1) cols[0] = Idxs[g];
1583                   else {
1584                     const int idx = -Idxs[g] - 1;
1585                     for (int q = 0; q < nc; q++) cols[q] = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
1586                   }
1587                   const int idx0 = b_id * coo_elem_offsets[ncellsTot] + coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx] + fieldA * fullNb2 + fullNb * coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f] + nr * coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][g];
1588                   for (int q = 0, idx = idx0; q < nr; q++) {
1589                     for (int d = 0; d < nc; d++, idx++) {
1590                       oor[idx] = rows[q] + moffset;
1591                       ooc[idx] = cols[d] + moffset;
1592                     }
1593                   }
1594                 }
1595               }
1596             }
1597           } // cell
1598         }   // grid
1599       }     // batch
1600       PetscCall(MatSetPreallocationCOO(ctx->J, ctx->SData_d.coo_size, oor, ooc));
1601       PetscCall(PetscFree2(oor, ooc));
1602     }
1603     PetscCall(PetscFree(pointMaps));
1604     PetscCall(PetscFree(elemMatrix));
1605     PetscCall(PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, &container));
1606     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetPointer(container, (void *)maps));
1607     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetUserDestroy(container, LandauGPUMapsDestroy));
1608     PetscCall(PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)ctx->J, "assembly_maps", (PetscObject)container));
1609     PetscCall(PetscContainerDestroy(&container));
1610     PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[2], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1611   } // end GPU assembly
1612   { /* create static point data, Jacobian called first, only one vertex copy */
1613     PetscReal     *invJe, *ww, *xx, *yy, *zz = NULL, *invJ_a;
1614     PetscInt       outer_ipidx, outer_ej, grid, nip_glb = 0;
1615     PetscFE        fe;
1616     const PetscInt Nb = Nq;
1617     PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[7], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1618     PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[0], "Initialize static data\n"));
1619     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) nip_glb += Nq * numCells[grid];
1620     /* collect f data, first time is for Jacobian, but make mass now */
1621     if (ctx->verbose != 0) {
1622       PetscInt ncells = 0, N;
1623       PetscCall(MatGetSize(ctx->J, &N, NULL));
1624       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) ncells += numCells[grid];
1625       PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "%d) %s %" PetscInt_FMT " IPs, %" PetscInt_FMT " cells total, Nb=%" PetscInt_FMT ", Nq=%" PetscInt_FMT ", dim=%" PetscInt_FMT ", Tab: Nb=%" PetscInt_FMT " Nf=%" PetscInt_FMT " Np=%" PetscInt_FMT " cdim=%" PetscInt_FMT " N=%" PetscInt_FMT "\n", 0, "FormLandau", nip_glb, ncells, Nb, Nq, dim, Nb,
1626                             ctx->num_species, Nb, dim, N));
1627     }
1628     PetscCall(PetscMalloc4(nip_glb, &ww, nip_glb, &xx, nip_glb, &yy, nip_glb * dim * dim, &invJ_a));
1629     if (dim == 3) PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(nip_glb, &zz));
1630     if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) {
1631       PetscCall(PetscFECreateDefault(PETSC_COMM_SELF, dim, 1, PETSC_FALSE, NULL, PETSC_DECIDE, &fe));
1632       PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)fe, "energy"));
1633     }
1634     /* init each grids static data - no batch */
1635     for (grid = 0, outer_ipidx = 0, outer_ej = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) { // OpenMP (once)
1636       Vec          v2_2 = NULL;                                                    // projected function: v^2/2 for non-relativistic, gamma... for relativistic
1637       PetscSection e_section;
1638       DM           dmEnergy;
1639       PetscInt     cStart, cEnd, ej;
1640 
1641       PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
1642       // prep energy trick, get v^2 / 2 vector
1643       if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) {
1644         PetscErrorCode (*energyf[1])(PetscInt, PetscReal, const PetscReal[], PetscInt, PetscScalar[], void *) = {ctx->use_relativistic_corrections ? gamma_m1_f : energy_f};
1645         Vec        glob_v2;
1646         PetscReal *c2_0[1], data[1] = {PetscSqr(C_0(ctx->v_0))};
1647 
1648         PetscCall(DMClone(ctx->plex[grid], &dmEnergy));
1649         PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)dmEnergy, "energy"));
1650         PetscCall(DMSetField(dmEnergy, 0, NULL, (PetscObject)fe));
1651         PetscCall(DMCreateDS(dmEnergy));
1652         PetscCall(DMGetSection(dmEnergy, &e_section));
1653         PetscCall(DMGetGlobalVector(dmEnergy, &glob_v2));
1654         PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)glob_v2, "trick"));
1655         c2_0[0] = &data[0];
1656         PetscCall(DMProjectFunction(dmEnergy, 0., energyf, (void **)c2_0, INSERT_ALL_VALUES, glob_v2));
1657         PetscCall(DMGetLocalVector(dmEnergy, &v2_2));
1658         PetscCall(VecZeroEntries(v2_2)); /* zero BCs so don't set */
1659         PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalBegin(dmEnergy, glob_v2, INSERT_VALUES, v2_2));
1660         PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalEnd(dmEnergy, glob_v2, INSERT_VALUES, v2_2));
1661         PetscCall(DMViewFromOptions(dmEnergy, NULL, "-energy_dm_view"));
1662         PetscCall(VecViewFromOptions(glob_v2, NULL, "-energy_vec_view"));
1663         PetscCall(DMRestoreGlobalVector(dmEnergy, &glob_v2));
1664       }
1665       /* append part of the IP data for each grid */
1666       for (ej = 0; ej < numCells[grid]; ++ej, ++outer_ej) {
1667         PetscScalar *coefs = NULL;
1668         PetscReal    vj[LANDAU_MAX_NQ * LANDAU_DIM], detJj[LANDAU_MAX_NQ], Jdummy[LANDAU_MAX_NQ * LANDAU_DIM * LANDAU_DIM], c0 = C_0(ctx->v_0), c02 = PetscSqr(c0);
1669         invJe = invJ_a + outer_ej * Nq * dim * dim;
1670         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeCellGeometryFEM(ctx->plex[grid], ej + cStart, quad, vj, Jdummy, invJe, detJj));
1671         if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) PetscCall(DMPlexVecGetClosure(dmEnergy, e_section, v2_2, ej + cStart, NULL, &coefs));
1672         /* create static point data */
1673         for (PetscInt qj = 0; qj < Nq; qj++, outer_ipidx++) {
1674           const PetscInt   gidx = outer_ipidx;
1675           const PetscReal *invJ = &invJe[qj * dim * dim];
1676           ww[gidx]              = detJj[qj] * quadWeights[qj];
1677           if (dim == 2) ww[gidx] *= vj[qj * dim + 0]; /* cylindrical coordinate, w/o 2pi */
1678           // get xx, yy, zz
1679           if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) {
1680             double                 refSpaceDer[3], eGradPhi[3];
1681             const PetscReal *const DD = Tf[0]->T[1];
1682             const PetscReal       *Dq = &DD[qj * Nb * dim];
1683             for (int d = 0; d < 3; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] = eGradPhi[d] = 0.0;
1684             for (int b = 0; b < Nb; ++b) {
1685               for (int d = 0; d < dim; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] += Dq[b * dim + d] * PetscRealPart(coefs[b]);
1686             }
1687             xx[gidx] = 1e10;
1688             if (ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) {
1689               double dg2_c2 = 0;
1690               //for (int d = 0; d < dim; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] *= c02;
1691               for (int d = 0; d < dim; ++d) dg2_c2 += PetscSqr(refSpaceDer[d]);
1692               dg2_c2 *= (double)c02;
1693               if (dg2_c2 >= .999) {
1694                 xx[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 0]; /* coordinate */
1695                 yy[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 1];
1696                 if (dim == 3) zz[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 2];
1697                 PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "Error: %12.5e %" PetscInt_FMT ".%" PetscInt_FMT ") dg2/c02 = %12.5e x= %12.5e %12.5e %12.5e\n", (double)PetscSqrtReal(xx[gidx] * xx[gidx] + yy[gidx] * yy[gidx] + zz[gidx] * zz[gidx]), ej, qj, dg2_c2, (double)xx[gidx], (double)yy[gidx], (double)zz[gidx]));
1698               } else {
1699                 PetscReal fact = c02 / PetscSqrtReal(1. - dg2_c2);
1700                 for (int d = 0; d < dim; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] *= fact;
1701                 // could test with other point u' that (grad - grad') * U (refSpaceDer, refSpaceDer') == 0
1702               }
1703             }
1704             if (xx[gidx] == 1e10) {
1705               for (int d = 0; d < dim; ++d) {
1706                 for (int e = 0; e < dim; ++e) eGradPhi[d] += invJ[e * dim + d] * refSpaceDer[e];
1707               }
1708               xx[gidx] = eGradPhi[0];
1709               yy[gidx] = eGradPhi[1];
1710               if (dim == 3) zz[gidx] = eGradPhi[2];
1711             }
1712           } else {
1713             xx[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 0]; /* coordinate */
1714             yy[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 1];
1715             if (dim == 3) zz[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 2];
1716           }
1717         } /* q */
1718         if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) PetscCall(DMPlexVecRestoreClosure(dmEnergy, e_section, v2_2, ej + cStart, NULL, &coefs));
1719       } /* ej */
1720       if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) {
1721         PetscCall(DMRestoreLocalVector(dmEnergy, &v2_2));
1722         PetscCall(DMDestroy(&dmEnergy));
1723       }
1724     } /* grid */
1725     if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) PetscCall(PetscFEDestroy(&fe));
1726     /* cache static data */
1727     if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_CUDA || ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
1728 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_CUDA) || defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS_KERNELS)
1729       if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_CUDA) {
1730   #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_CUDA)
1731         PetscCall(LandauCUDAStaticDataSet(ctx->plex[0], Nq, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, numCells, ctx->species_offset, ctx->mat_offset, nu_alpha, nu_beta, invMass, (PetscReal *)ctx->lambdas, invJ_a, xx, yy, zz, ww, &ctx->SData_d));
1732   #else
1733         SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-landau_device_type cuda not built");
1734   #endif
1735       } else if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
1736   #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS_KERNELS)
1737         PetscCall(LandauKokkosStaticDataSet(ctx->plex[0], Nq, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, numCells, ctx->species_offset, ctx->mat_offset, nu_alpha, nu_beta, invMass, (PetscReal *)ctx->lambdas, invJ_a, xx, yy, zz, ww, &ctx->SData_d));
1738   #else
1739         SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-landau_device_type kokkos not built");
1740   #endif
1741       }
1742 #endif
1743       /* free */
1744       PetscCall(PetscFree4(ww, xx, yy, invJ_a));
1745       if (dim == 3) PetscCall(PetscFree(zz));
1746     } else {                                                                                                                                                                   /* CPU version, just copy in, only use part */
1747       PetscReal *nu_alpha_p = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.alpha, *nu_beta_p = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.beta, *invMass_p = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.invMass, *lambdas_p = NULL; // why set these ?
1748       ctx->SData_d.w    = (void *)ww;
1749       ctx->SData_d.x    = (void *)xx;
1750       ctx->SData_d.y    = (void *)yy;
1751       ctx->SData_d.z    = (void *)zz;
1752       ctx->SData_d.invJ = (void *)invJ_a;
1753       PetscCall(PetscMalloc4(ctx->num_species, &nu_alpha_p, ctx->num_species, &nu_beta_p, ctx->num_species, &invMass_p, LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS * LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS, &lambdas_p));
1754       for (PetscInt ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_species; ii++) {
1755         nu_alpha_p[ii] = nu_alpha[ii];
1756         nu_beta_p[ii]  = nu_beta[ii];
1757         invMass_p[ii]  = invMass[ii];
1758       }
1759       ctx->SData_d.alpha   = (void *)nu_alpha_p;
1760       ctx->SData_d.beta    = (void *)nu_beta_p;
1761       ctx->SData_d.invMass = (void *)invMass_p;
1762       ctx->SData_d.lambdas = (void *)lambdas_p;
1763       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; grid++) {
1764         PetscReal(*lambdas)[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS][LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS] = (PetscReal(*)[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS][LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS])ctx->SData_d.lambdas;
1765         for (PetscInt gridj = 0; gridj < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; gridj++) { (*lambdas)[grid][gridj] = ctx->lambdas[grid][gridj]; }
1766       }
1767     }
1768     PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[7], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1769   } // initialize
1770   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1771 }
1772 
1773 /* < v, u > */
1774 static void g0_1(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, PetscReal u_tShift, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar g0[])
1775 {
1776   g0[0] = 1.;
1777 }
1778 
1779 /* < v, u > */
1780 static void g0_fake(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, PetscReal u_tShift, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar g0[])
1781 {
1782   static double ttt = 1e-12;
1783   g0[0]             = ttt++;
1784 }
1785 
1786 /* < v, u > */
1787 static void g0_r(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, PetscReal u_tShift, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar g0[])
1788 {
1789   g0[0] = 2. * PETSC_PI * x[0];
1790 }
1791 
1792 static PetscErrorCode MatrixNfDestroy(void *ptr)
1793 {
1794   PetscInt *nf = (PetscInt *)ptr;
1795   PetscFunctionBegin;
1796   PetscCall(PetscFree(nf));
1797   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1798 }
1799 
1800 /*
1801  LandauCreateJacobianMatrix - creates ctx->J with without real data. Hard to keep sparse.
1802   - Like DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix. Should remove one and combine
1803   - has old support for field major ordering
1804  */
1805 static PetscErrorCode LandauCreateJacobianMatrix(MPI_Comm comm, Vec X, IS grid_batch_is_inv[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], LandauCtx *ctx)
1806 {
1807   PetscInt *idxs = NULL;
1808   Mat       subM[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
1809 
1810   PetscFunctionBegin;
1811   if (!ctx->gpu_assembly) { /* we need GPU object with GPU assembly */
1812     PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1813   }
1814   // get the RCM for this grid to separate out species into blocks -- create 'idxs' & 'ctx->batch_is' -- not used
1815   if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(ctx->mat_offset[ctx->num_grids] * ctx->batch_sz, &idxs));
1816   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1817     const PetscInt *values, n = ctx->mat_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->mat_offset[grid];
1818     Mat             gMat;
1819     DM              massDM;
1820     PetscDS         prob;
1821     Vec             tvec;
1822     // get "mass" matrix for reordering
1823     PetscCall(DMClone(ctx->plex[grid], &massDM));
1824     PetscCall(DMCopyFields(ctx->plex[grid], massDM));
1825     PetscCall(DMCreateDS(massDM));
1826     PetscCall(DMGetDS(massDM, &prob));
1827     for (int ix = 0, ii = ctx->species_offset[grid]; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, ix++) PetscCall(PetscDSSetJacobian(prob, ix, ix, g0_fake, NULL, NULL, NULL));
1828     PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only")); // this trick is need to both sparsify the matrix and avoid runtime error
1829     PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(massDM, &gMat));
1830     PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only false"));
1831     PetscCall(MatSetOption(gMat, MAT_STRUCTURALLY_SYMMETRIC, PETSC_TRUE));
1832     PetscCall(MatSetOption(gMat, MAT_IGNORE_ZERO_ENTRIES, PETSC_TRUE));
1833     PetscCall(DMCreateLocalVector(ctx->plex[grid], &tvec));
1834     PetscCall(DMPlexSNESComputeJacobianFEM(massDM, tvec, gMat, gMat, ctx));
1835     PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(gMat, NULL, "-dm_landau_reorder_mat_view"));
1836     PetscCall(DMDestroy(&massDM));
1837     PetscCall(VecDestroy(&tvec));
1838     subM[grid] = gMat;
1839     if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) {
1840       MatOrderingType rtype = MATORDERINGRCM;
1841       IS              isrow, isicol;
1842       PetscCall(MatGetOrdering(gMat, rtype, &isrow, &isicol));
1843       PetscCall(ISInvertPermutation(isrow, PETSC_DECIDE, &grid_batch_is_inv[grid]));
1844       PetscCall(ISGetIndices(isrow, &values));
1845       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // add batch size DMs for this species grid
1846 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
1847         PetscInt N = ctx->mat_offset[ctx->num_grids], n0 = ctx->mat_offset[grid] + b_id * N;
1848         for (int ii = 0; ii < n; ++ii) idxs[n0 + ii] = values[ii] + n0;
1849 #else
1850         PetscInt n0 = ctx->mat_offset[grid] * ctx->batch_sz + b_id * n;
1851         for (int ii = 0; ii < n; ++ii) idxs[n0 + ii] = values[ii] + n0;
1852 #endif
1853       }
1854       PetscCall(ISRestoreIndices(isrow, &values));
1855       PetscCall(ISDestroy(&isrow));
1856       PetscCall(ISDestroy(&isicol));
1857     }
1858   }
1859   if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) PetscCall(ISCreateGeneral(comm, ctx->mat_offset[ctx->num_grids] * ctx->batch_sz, idxs, PETSC_OWN_POINTER, &ctx->batch_is));
1860   // get a block matrix
1861   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1862     Mat      B = subM[grid];
1863     PetscInt nloc, nzl, *colbuf, row, COL_BF_SIZE = 1024;
1864     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*colbuf) * COL_BF_SIZE, &colbuf));
1865     PetscCall(MatGetSize(B, &nloc, NULL));
1866     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
1867       const PetscInt     moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
1868       const PetscInt    *cols;
1869       const PetscScalar *vals;
1870       for (int i = 0; i < nloc; i++) {
1871         PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, NULL, NULL));
1872         if (nzl > COL_BF_SIZE) {
1873           PetscCall(PetscFree(colbuf));
1874           PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[grid], "Realloc buffer %" PetscInt_FMT " to %" PetscInt_FMT " (row size %" PetscInt_FMT ") \n", COL_BF_SIZE, 2 * COL_BF_SIZE, nzl));
1875           COL_BF_SIZE = nzl;
1876           PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*colbuf) * COL_BF_SIZE, &colbuf));
1877         }
1878         PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
1879         for (int j = 0; j < nzl; j++) colbuf[j] = cols[j] + moffset;
1880         row = i + moffset;
1881         PetscCall(MatSetValues(ctx->J, 1, &row, nzl, colbuf, vals, INSERT_VALUES));
1882         PetscCall(MatRestoreRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
1883       }
1884     }
1885     PetscCall(PetscFree(colbuf));
1886   }
1887   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(MatDestroy(&subM[grid]));
1888   PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(ctx->J, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
1889   PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(ctx->J, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
1890 
1891   // debug
1892   PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(ctx->J, NULL, "-dm_landau_mat_view"));
1893   if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) {
1894     Mat mat_block_order;
1895     PetscCall(MatCreateSubMatrix(ctx->J, ctx->batch_is, ctx->batch_is, MAT_INITIAL_MATRIX, &mat_block_order)); // use MatPermute
1896     PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(mat_block_order, NULL, "-dm_landau_mat_view"));
1897     PetscCall(MatDestroy(&mat_block_order));
1898     PetscCall(VecScatterCreate(X, ctx->batch_is, X, NULL, &ctx->plex_batch));
1899     PetscCall(VecDuplicate(X, &ctx->work_vec));
1900   }
1901 
1902   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1903 }
1904 
1905 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix(DM pack, Mat *Amat);
1906 /*@C
1907  DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace - Create a DMPlex velocity space mesh
1908 
1909  Collective
1910 
1911  Input Parameters:
1912  +   comm  - The MPI communicator
1913  .   dim - velocity space dimension (2 for axisymmetric, 3 for full 3X + 3V solver)
1914  -   prefix - prefix for options (not tested)
1915 
1916  Output Parameter:
1917  .   pack  - The DM object representing the mesh
1918  +   X - A vector (user destroys)
1919  -   J - Optional matrix (object destroys)
1920 
1921  Level: beginner
1922 
1923  .keywords: mesh
1924  .seealso: `DMPlexCreate()`, `DMPlexLandauDestroyVelocitySpace()`
1925  @*/
1926 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace(MPI_Comm comm, PetscInt dim, const char prefix[], Vec *X, Mat *J, DM *pack)
1927 {
1928   LandauCtx *ctx;
1929   Vec        Xsub[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
1930   IS         grid_batch_is_inv[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
1931 
1932   PetscFunctionBegin;
1933   PetscCheck(dim == 2 || dim == 3, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Only 2D and 3D supported");
1934   PetscCheck(LANDAU_DIM == dim, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "dim %" PetscInt_FMT " != LANDAU_DIM %d", dim, LANDAU_DIM);
1935   PetscCall(PetscNew(&ctx));
1936   ctx->comm = comm; /* used for diagnostics and global errors */
1937   /* process options */
1938   PetscCall(ProcessOptions(ctx, prefix));
1939   if (dim == 2) ctx->use_relativistic_corrections = PETSC_FALSE;
1940   /* Create Mesh */
1941   PetscCall(DMCompositeCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, pack));
1942   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[13], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1943   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[15], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1944   PetscCall(LandauDMCreateVMeshes(PETSC_COMM_SELF, dim, prefix, ctx, *pack)); // creates grids (Forest of AMR)
1945   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1946     /* create FEM */
1947     PetscCall(SetupDS(ctx->plex[grid], dim, grid, ctx));
1948     /* set initial state */
1949     PetscCall(DMCreateGlobalVector(ctx->plex[grid], &Xsub[grid]));
1950     PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)Xsub[grid], "u_orig"));
1951     /* initial static refinement, no solve */
1952     PetscCall(LandauSetInitialCondition(ctx->plex[grid], Xsub[grid], grid, 0, 1, ctx));
1953     /* forest refinement - forest goes in (if forest), plex comes out */
1954     if (ctx->use_p4est) {
1955       DM plex;
1956       PetscCall(adapt(grid, ctx, &Xsub[grid]));                                      // forest goes in, plex comes out
1957       PetscCall(DMViewFromOptions(ctx->plex[grid], NULL, "-dm_landau_amr_dm_view")); // need to differentiate - todo
1958       PetscCall(VecViewFromOptions(Xsub[grid], NULL, "-dm_landau_amr_vec_view"));
1959       // convert to plex, all done with this level
1960       PetscCall(DMConvert(ctx->plex[grid], DMPLEX, &plex));
1961       PetscCall(DMDestroy(&ctx->plex[grid]));
1962       ctx->plex[grid] = plex;
1963     }
1964 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
1965     PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(*pack, ctx->plex[grid]));
1966 #else
1967     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // add batch size DMs for this species grid
1968       PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(*pack, ctx->plex[grid]));
1969     }
1970 #endif
1971     PetscCall(DMSetApplicationContext(ctx->plex[grid], ctx));
1972   }
1973 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
1974   // stack the batched DMs, could do it all here!!! b_id=0
1975   for (PetscInt b_id = 1; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
1976     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(*pack, ctx->plex[grid]));
1977   }
1978 #endif
1979   // create ctx->mat_offset
1980   ctx->mat_offset[0] = 0;
1981   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1982     PetscInt n;
1983     PetscCall(VecGetLocalSize(Xsub[grid], &n));
1984     ctx->mat_offset[grid + 1] = ctx->mat_offset[grid] + n;
1985   }
1986   // creat DM & Jac
1987   PetscCall(DMSetApplicationContext(*pack, ctx));
1988   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only"));
1989   PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(*pack, &ctx->J));
1990   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only false"));
1991   PetscCall(MatSetOption(ctx->J, MAT_STRUCTURALLY_SYMMETRIC, PETSC_TRUE));
1992   PetscCall(MatSetOption(ctx->J, MAT_IGNORE_ZERO_ENTRIES, PETSC_TRUE));
1993   PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->J, "Jac"));
1994   // construct initial conditions in X
1995   PetscCall(DMCreateGlobalVector(*pack, X));
1996   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1997     PetscInt n;
1998     PetscCall(VecGetLocalSize(Xsub[grid], &n));
1999     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2000       PetscScalar const *values;
2001       const PetscInt     moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
2002       PetscCall(LandauSetInitialCondition(ctx->plex[grid], Xsub[grid], grid, b_id, ctx->batch_sz, ctx));
2003       PetscCall(VecGetArrayRead(Xsub[grid], &values)); // Drop whole grid in Plex ordering
2004       for (int i = 0, idx = moffset; i < n; i++, idx++) PetscCall(VecSetValue(*X, idx, values[i], INSERT_VALUES));
2005       PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayRead(Xsub[grid], &values));
2006     }
2007   }
2008   // cleanup
2009   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(VecDestroy(&Xsub[grid]));
2010   /* check for correct matrix type */
2011   if (ctx->gpu_assembly) { /* we need GPU object with GPU assembly */
2012     PetscBool flg;
2013     if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_CUDA) {
2014       PetscCall(PetscObjectTypeCompareAny((PetscObject)ctx->J, &flg, MATSEQAIJCUSPARSE, MATMPIAIJCUSPARSE, MATAIJCUSPARSE, ""));
2015       PetscCheck(flg, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "must use '-dm_mat_type aijcusparse -dm_vec_type cuda' for GPU assembly and Cuda or use '-dm_landau_device_type cpu'");
2016     } else if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
2017       PetscCall(PetscObjectTypeCompareAny((PetscObject)ctx->J, &flg, MATSEQAIJKOKKOS, MATMPIAIJKOKKOS, MATAIJKOKKOS, ""));
2018 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS_KERNELS)
2019       PetscCheck(flg, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "must use '-dm_mat_type aijkokkos -dm_vec_type kokkos' for GPU assembly and Kokkos or use '-dm_landau_device_type cpu'");
2020 #else
2021       PetscCheck(flg, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "must configure with '--download-kokkos-kernels' for GPU assembly and Kokkos or use '-dm_landau_device_type cpu'");
2022 #endif
2023     }
2024   }
2025   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[15], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2026 
2027   // create field major ordering
2028   ctx->work_vec   = NULL;
2029   ctx->plex_batch = NULL;
2030   ctx->batch_is   = NULL;
2031   for (int i = 0; i < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; i++) grid_batch_is_inv[i] = NULL;
2032   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[12], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2033   PetscCall(LandauCreateJacobianMatrix(comm, *X, grid_batch_is_inv, ctx));
2034   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[12], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2035 
2036   // create AMR GPU assembly maps and static GPU data
2037   PetscCall(CreateStaticData(dim, grid_batch_is_inv, ctx));
2038 
2039   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[13], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2040 
2041   // create mass matrix
2042   PetscCall(DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix(*pack, NULL));
2043 
2044   if (J) *J = ctx->J;
2045 
2046   if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) {
2047     PetscContainer container;
2048     // cache ctx for KSP with batch/field major Jacobian ordering -ksp_type gmres/etc -dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order
2049     PetscCall(PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, &container));
2050     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetPointer(container, (void *)ctx));
2051     PetscCall(PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)ctx->J, "LandauCtx", (PetscObject)container));
2052     PetscCall(PetscContainerDestroy(&container));
2053     // batch solvers need to map -- can batch solvers work
2054     PetscCall(PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, &container));
2055     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetPointer(container, (void *)ctx->plex_batch));
2056     PetscCall(PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)ctx->J, "plex_batch_is", (PetscObject)container));
2057     PetscCall(PetscContainerDestroy(&container));
2058   }
2059   // for batch solvers
2060   {
2061     PetscContainer container;
2062     PetscInt      *pNf;
2063     PetscCall(PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, &container));
2064     PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(sizeof(*pNf), &pNf));
2065     *pNf = ctx->batch_sz;
2066     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetPointer(container, (void *)pNf));
2067     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetUserDestroy(container, MatrixNfDestroy));
2068     PetscCall(PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)ctx->J, "batch size", (PetscObject)container));
2069     PetscCall(PetscContainerDestroy(&container));
2070   }
2071 
2072   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2073 }
2074 
2075 /*@
2076  DMPlexLandauAccess - Access to the distribution function with user callback
2077 
2078  Collective
2079 
2080  Input Parameters:
2081  .   pack - the DMComposite
2082  +   func - call back function
2083  .   user_ctx - user context
2084 
2085  Input/Output Parameters:
2086  +   X - Vector to data to
2087 
2088  Level: advanced
2089 
2090  .keywords: mesh
2091  .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
2092  @*/
2093 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauAccess(DM pack, Vec X, PetscErrorCode (*func)(DM, Vec, PetscInt, PetscInt, PetscInt, void *), void *user_ctx)
2094 {
2095   LandauCtx *ctx;
2096   PetscFunctionBegin;
2097   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx)); // uses ctx->num_grids; ctx->plex[grid]; ctx->batch_sz; ctx->mat_offset
2098   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2099     PetscInt dim, n;
2100     PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2101     for (PetscInt sp = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; sp < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; sp++, i0++) {
2102       Vec      vec;
2103       PetscInt vf[1] = {i0};
2104       IS       vis;
2105       DM       vdm;
2106       PetscCall(DMCreateSubDM(ctx->plex[grid], 1, vf, &vis, &vdm));
2107       PetscCall(DMSetApplicationContext(vdm, ctx)); // the user might want this
2108       PetscCall(DMCreateGlobalVector(vdm, &vec));
2109       PetscCall(VecGetSize(vec, &n));
2110       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2111         const PetscInt moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
2112         PetscCall(VecZeroEntries(vec));
2113         /* Add your data with 'dm' for species 'sp' to 'vec' */
2114         PetscCall(func(vdm, vec, i0, grid, b_id, user_ctx));
2115         /* add to global */
2116         PetscScalar const *values;
2117         const PetscInt    *offsets;
2118         PetscCall(VecGetArrayRead(vec, &values));
2119         PetscCall(ISGetIndices(vis, &offsets));
2120         for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) PetscCall(VecSetValue(X, moffset + offsets[i], values[i], ADD_VALUES));
2121         PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayRead(vec, &values));
2122         PetscCall(ISRestoreIndices(vis, &offsets));
2123       } // batch
2124       PetscCall(VecDestroy(&vec));
2125       PetscCall(ISDestroy(&vis));
2126       PetscCall(DMDestroy(&vdm));
2127     }
2128   } // grid
2129   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2130 }
2131 
2132 /*@
2133  DMPlexLandauDestroyVelocitySpace - Destroy a DMPlex velocity space mesh
2134 
2135  Collective
2136 
2137  Input/Output Parameters:
2138  .   dm - the dm to destroy
2139 
2140  Level: beginner
2141 
2142  .keywords: mesh
2143  .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
2144  @*/
2145 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauDestroyVelocitySpace(DM *dm)
2146 {
2147   LandauCtx *ctx;
2148   PetscFunctionBegin;
2149   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(*dm, &ctx));
2150   PetscCall(MatDestroy(&ctx->M));
2151   PetscCall(MatDestroy(&ctx->J));
2152   for (PetscInt ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_species; ii++) PetscCall(PetscFEDestroy(&ctx->fe[ii]));
2153   PetscCall(ISDestroy(&ctx->batch_is));
2154   PetscCall(VecDestroy(&ctx->work_vec));
2155   PetscCall(VecScatterDestroy(&ctx->plex_batch));
2156   if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_CUDA) {
2157 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_CUDA)
2158     PetscCall(LandauCUDAStaticDataClear(&ctx->SData_d));
2159 #else
2160     SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-landau_device_type %s not built", "cuda");
2161 #endif
2162   } else if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
2163 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS_KERNELS)
2164     PetscCall(LandauKokkosStaticDataClear(&ctx->SData_d));
2165 #else
2166     SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-landau_device_type %s not built", "kokkos");
2167 #endif
2168   } else {
2169     if (ctx->SData_d.x) { /* in a CPU run */
2170       PetscReal *invJ = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.invJ, *xx = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.x, *yy = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.y, *zz = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.z, *ww = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.w;
2171       LandauIdx *coo_elem_offsets = (LandauIdx *)ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_offsets, *coo_elem_fullNb = (LandauIdx *)ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_fullNb, (*coo_elem_point_offsets)[LANDAU_MAX_NQ + 1] = (LandauIdx(*)[LANDAU_MAX_NQ + 1]) ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_point_offsets;
2172       PetscCall(PetscFree4(ww, xx, yy, invJ));
2173       if (zz) PetscCall(PetscFree(zz));
2174       if (coo_elem_offsets) {
2175         PetscCall(PetscFree3(coo_elem_offsets, coo_elem_fullNb, coo_elem_point_offsets)); // could be NULL
2176       }
2177       PetscCall(PetscFree4(ctx->SData_d.alpha, ctx->SData_d.beta, ctx->SData_d.invMass, ctx->SData_d.lambdas));
2178     }
2179   }
2180 
2181   if (ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL] > 0) { // OMP timings
2182     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "TSStep               N  1.0 %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_EX2_TSSOLVE]));
2183     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "2:           Solve:  %10.3e with %" PetscInt_FMT " threads\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_EX2_TSSOLVE] - ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL], ctx->batch_sz));
2184     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "3:          Landau:  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL]));
2185     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "Landau Jacobian       %" PetscInt_FMT " 1.0 %10.3e\n", (PetscInt)ctx->times[LANDAU_JACOBIAN_COUNT], ctx->times[LANDAU_JACOBIAN]));
2186     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "Landau Operator       N 1.0  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_OPERATOR]));
2187     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "Landau Mass           N 1.0  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_MASS]));
2188     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, " Jac-f-df (GPU)       N 1.0  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_F_DF]));
2189     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, " Kernel (GPU)         N 1.0  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_KERNEL]));
2190     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "MatLUFactorNum        X 1.0 %10.3e\n", ctx->times[KSP_FACTOR]));
2191     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "MatSolve              X 1.0 %10.3e\n", ctx->times[KSP_SOLVE]));
2192   }
2193   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(DMDestroy(&ctx->plex[grid]));
2194   PetscCall(PetscFree(ctx));
2195   PetscCall(DMDestroy(dm));
2196   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2197 }
2198 
2199 /* < v, ru > */
2200 static void f0_s_den(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2201 {
2202   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2203   f0[0]       = u[ii];
2204 }
2205 
2206 /* < v, ru > */
2207 static void f0_s_mom(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2208 {
2209   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]), jj = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[1]);
2210   f0[0] = x[jj] * u[ii]; /* x momentum */
2211 }
2212 
2213 static void f0_s_v2(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2214 {
2215   PetscInt i, ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2216   double   tmp1 = 0.;
2217   for (i = 0; i < dim; ++i) tmp1 += x[i] * x[i];
2218   f0[0] = tmp1 * u[ii];
2219 }
2220 
2221 static PetscErrorCode gamma_n_f(PetscInt dim, PetscReal time, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt Nf, PetscScalar *u, void *actx)
2222 {
2223   const PetscReal *c2_0_arr = ((PetscReal *)actx);
2224   const PetscReal  c02      = c2_0_arr[0];
2225 
2226   PetscFunctionBegin;
2227   for (int s = 0; s < Nf; s++) {
2228     PetscReal tmp1 = 0.;
2229     for (int i = 0; i < dim; ++i) tmp1 += x[i] * x[i];
2230 #if defined(PETSC_USE_DEBUG)
2231     u[s] = PetscSqrtReal(1. + tmp1 / c02); //  u[0] = PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx);
2232 #else
2233     {
2234       PetscReal xx = tmp1 / c02;
2235       u[s] = xx / (PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx) + 1.); // better conditioned = xx/(PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx) + 1.)
2236     }
2237 #endif
2238   }
2239   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2240 }
2241 
2242 /* < v, ru > */
2243 static void f0_s_rden(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2244 {
2245   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2246   f0[0]       = 2. * PETSC_PI * x[0] * u[ii];
2247 }
2248 
2249 /* < v, ru > */
2250 static void f0_s_rmom(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2251 {
2252   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2253   f0[0]       = 2. * PETSC_PI * x[0] * x[1] * u[ii];
2254 }
2255 
2256 static void f0_s_rv2(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2257 {
2258   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2259   f0[0]       = 2. * PETSC_PI * x[0] * (x[0] * x[0] + x[1] * x[1]) * u[ii];
2260 }
2261 
2262 /*@
2263  DMPlexLandauPrintNorms - collects moments and prints them
2264 
2265  Collective
2266 
2267  Input Parameters:
2268  +   X  - the state
2269  -   stepi - current step to print
2270 
2271  Level: beginner
2272 
2273  .keywords: mesh
2274  .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
2275  @*/
2276 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauPrintNorms(Vec X, PetscInt stepi)
2277 {
2278   LandauCtx  *ctx;
2279   PetscDS     prob;
2280   DM          pack;
2281   PetscInt    cStart, cEnd, dim, ii, i0, nDMs;
2282   PetscScalar xmomentumtot = 0, ymomentumtot = 0, zmomentumtot = 0, energytot = 0, densitytot = 0, tt[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES];
2283   PetscScalar xmomentum[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], ymomentum[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], zmomentum[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], energy[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], density[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES];
2284   Vec        *globXArray;
2285 
2286   PetscFunctionBegin;
2287   PetscCall(VecGetDM(X, &pack));
2288   PetscCheck(pack, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Vector has no DM");
2289   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2290   PetscCheck(dim == 2 || dim == 3, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "dim %" PetscInt_FMT " not in [2,3]", dim);
2291   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx));
2292   PetscCheck(ctx, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "no context");
2293   /* print momentum and energy */
2294   PetscCall(DMCompositeGetNumberDM(pack, &nDMs));
2295   PetscCheck(nDMs == ctx->num_grids * ctx->batch_sz, PETSC_COMM_WORLD, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "#DM wrong %" PetscInt_FMT " %" PetscInt_FMT, nDMs, ctx->num_grids * ctx->batch_sz);
2296   PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*globXArray) * nDMs, &globXArray));
2297   PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, X, nDMs, NULL, globXArray));
2298   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2299     Vec Xloc = globXArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(ctx->batch_view_idx, grid)];
2300     PetscCall(DMGetDS(ctx->plex[grid], &prob));
2301     for (ii = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, i0++) {
2302       PetscScalar user[2] = {(PetscScalar)i0, (PetscScalar)ctx->charges[ii]};
2303       PetscCall(PetscDSSetConstants(prob, 2, user));
2304       if (dim == 2) { /* 2/3X + 3V (cylindrical coordinates) */
2305         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_rden));
2306         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2307         density[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->charges[ii];
2308         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_rmom));
2309         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2310         zmomentum[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2311         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_rv2));
2312         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2313         energy[ii] = tt[0] * 0.5 * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2314         zmomentumtot += zmomentum[ii];
2315         energytot += energy[ii];
2316         densitytot += density[ii];
2317         PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "%3" PetscInt_FMT ") species-%" PetscInt_FMT ": charge density= %20.13e z-momentum= %20.13e energy= %20.13e", stepi, ii, (double)PetscRealPart(density[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(zmomentum[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(energy[ii])));
2318       } else { /* 2/3Xloc + 3V */
2319         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_den));
2320         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2321         density[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->charges[ii];
2322         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_mom));
2323         user[1] = 0;
2324         PetscCall(PetscDSSetConstants(prob, 2, user));
2325         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2326         xmomentum[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2327         user[1]       = 1;
2328         PetscCall(PetscDSSetConstants(prob, 2, user));
2329         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2330         ymomentum[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2331         user[1]       = 2;
2332         PetscCall(PetscDSSetConstants(prob, 2, user));
2333         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2334         zmomentum[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2335         if (ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) {
2336           /* gamma * M * f */
2337           if (ii == 0 && grid == 0) { // do all at once
2338             Vec Mf, globGamma, *globMfArray, *globGammaArray;
2339             PetscErrorCode (*gammaf[1])(PetscInt, PetscReal, const PetscReal[], PetscInt, PetscScalar[], void *) = {gamma_n_f};
2340             PetscReal *c2_0[1], data[1];
2341 
2342             PetscCall(VecDuplicate(X, &globGamma));
2343             PetscCall(VecDuplicate(X, &Mf));
2344             PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*globMfArray) * nDMs, &globMfArray));
2345             PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*globMfArray) * nDMs, &globGammaArray));
2346             /* M * f */
2347             PetscCall(MatMult(ctx->M, X, Mf));
2348             /* gamma */
2349             PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, globGamma, nDMs, NULL, globGammaArray));
2350             for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) { // yes a grid loop in a grid loop to print nice, need to fix for batching
2351               Vec v1  = globGammaArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(ctx->batch_view_idx, grid)];
2352               data[0] = PetscSqr(C_0(ctx->v_0));
2353               c2_0[0] = &data[0];
2354               PetscCall(DMProjectFunction(ctx->plex[grid], 0., gammaf, (void **)c2_0, INSERT_ALL_VALUES, v1));
2355             }
2356             PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, globGamma, nDMs, NULL, globGammaArray));
2357             /* gamma * Mf */
2358             PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, globGamma, nDMs, NULL, globGammaArray));
2359             PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, Mf, nDMs, NULL, globMfArray));
2360             for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) { // yes a grid loop in a grid loop to print nice
2361               PetscInt Nf    = ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->species_offset[grid], N, bs;
2362               Vec      Mfsub = globMfArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(ctx->batch_view_idx, grid)], Gsub = globGammaArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(ctx->batch_view_idx, grid)], v1, v2;
2363               // get each component
2364               PetscCall(VecGetSize(Mfsub, &N));
2365               PetscCall(VecCreate(ctx->comm, &v1));
2366               PetscCall(VecSetSizes(v1, PETSC_DECIDE, N / Nf));
2367               PetscCall(VecCreate(ctx->comm, &v2));
2368               PetscCall(VecSetSizes(v2, PETSC_DECIDE, N / Nf));
2369               PetscCall(VecSetFromOptions(v1)); // ???
2370               PetscCall(VecSetFromOptions(v2));
2371               // get each component
2372               PetscCall(VecGetBlockSize(Gsub, &bs));
2373               PetscCheck(bs == Nf, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "bs %" PetscInt_FMT " != num_species %" PetscInt_FMT " in Gsub", bs, Nf);
2374               PetscCall(VecGetBlockSize(Mfsub, &bs));
2375               PetscCheck(bs == Nf, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "bs %" PetscInt_FMT " != num_species %" PetscInt_FMT, bs, Nf);
2376               for (int i = 0, ix = ctx->species_offset[grid]; i < Nf; i++, ix++) {
2377                 PetscScalar val;
2378                 PetscCall(VecStrideGather(Gsub, i, v1, INSERT_VALUES)); // this is not right -- TODO
2379                 PetscCall(VecStrideGather(Mfsub, i, v2, INSERT_VALUES));
2380                 PetscCall(VecDot(v1, v2, &val));
2381                 energy[ix] = PetscRealPart(val) * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ix];
2382               }
2383               PetscCall(VecDestroy(&v1));
2384               PetscCall(VecDestroy(&v2));
2385             } /* grids */
2386             PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, globGamma, nDMs, NULL, globGammaArray));
2387             PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, Mf, nDMs, NULL, globMfArray));
2388             PetscCall(PetscFree(globGammaArray));
2389             PetscCall(PetscFree(globMfArray));
2390             PetscCall(VecDestroy(&globGamma));
2391             PetscCall(VecDestroy(&Mf));
2392           }
2393         } else {
2394           PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_v2));
2395           PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2396           energy[ii] = 0.5 * tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2397         }
2398         PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "%3" PetscInt_FMT ") species %" PetscInt_FMT ": density=%20.13e, x-momentum=%20.13e, y-momentum=%20.13e, z-momentum=%20.13e, energy=%21.13e", stepi, ii, (double)PetscRealPart(density[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(xmomentum[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(ymomentum[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(zmomentum[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(energy[ii])));
2399         xmomentumtot += xmomentum[ii];
2400         ymomentumtot += ymomentum[ii];
2401         zmomentumtot += zmomentum[ii];
2402         energytot += energy[ii];
2403         densitytot += density[ii];
2404       }
2405       if (ctx->num_species > 1) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
2406     }
2407   }
2408   PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, X, nDMs, NULL, globXArray));
2409   PetscCall(PetscFree(globXArray));
2410   /* totals */
2411   PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[0], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
2412   if (ctx->num_species > 1) {
2413     if (dim == 2) {
2414       PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\t%3" PetscInt_FMT ") Total: charge density=%21.13e, momentum=%21.13e, energy=%21.13e (m_i[0]/m_e = %g, %" PetscInt_FMT " cells on electron grid)", stepi, (double)PetscRealPart(densitytot), (double)PetscRealPart(zmomentumtot), (double)PetscRealPart(energytot),
2415                             (double)(ctx->masses[1] / ctx->masses[0]), cEnd - cStart));
2416     } else {
2417       PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\t%3" PetscInt_FMT ") Total: charge density=%21.13e, x-momentum=%21.13e, y-momentum=%21.13e, z-momentum=%21.13e, energy=%21.13e (m_i[0]/m_e = %g, %" PetscInt_FMT " cells)", stepi, (double)PetscRealPart(densitytot), (double)PetscRealPart(xmomentumtot), (double)PetscRealPart(ymomentumtot), (double)PetscRealPart(zmomentumtot), (double)PetscRealPart(energytot),
2418                             (double)(ctx->masses[1] / ctx->masses[0]), cEnd - cStart));
2419     }
2420   } else PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " -- %" PetscInt_FMT " cells", cEnd - cStart));
2421   PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
2422   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2423 }
2424 
2425 /*@
2426  DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix - Create mass matrix for Landau in Plex space (not field major order of Jacobian)
2427   - puts mass matrix into ctx->M
2428 
2429  Collective
2430 
2431  Input/Output Parameters:
2432 . pack     - the DM object. Puts matrix in Landau context M field
2433 
2434  Output Parameters:
2435 . Amat - The mass matrix (optional), mass matrix is added to the DM context
2436 
2437  Level: beginner
2438 
2439  .keywords: mesh
2440  .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
2441  @*/
2442 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix(DM pack, Mat *Amat)
2443 {
2444   DM         mass_pack, massDM[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
2445   PetscDS    prob;
2446   PetscInt   ii, dim, N1 = 1, N2;
2447   LandauCtx *ctx;
2448   Mat        packM, subM[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
2449 
2450   PetscFunctionBegin;
2451   PetscValidHeaderSpecific(pack, DM_CLASSID, 1);
2452   if (Amat) PetscValidPointer(Amat, 2);
2453   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx));
2454   PetscCheck(ctx, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "no context");
2455   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[14], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2456   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2457   PetscCall(DMCompositeCreate(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pack), &mass_pack));
2458   /* create pack mass matrix */
2459   for (PetscInt grid = 0, ix = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2460     PetscCall(DMClone(ctx->plex[grid], &massDM[grid]));
2461     PetscCall(DMCopyFields(ctx->plex[grid], massDM[grid]));
2462     PetscCall(DMCreateDS(massDM[grid]));
2463     PetscCall(DMGetDS(massDM[grid], &prob));
2464     for (ix = 0, ii = ctx->species_offset[grid]; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, ix++) {
2465       if (dim == 3) PetscCall(PetscDSSetJacobian(prob, ix, ix, g0_1, NULL, NULL, NULL));
2466       else PetscCall(PetscDSSetJacobian(prob, ix, ix, g0_r, NULL, NULL, NULL));
2467     }
2468 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
2469     PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(mass_pack, massDM[grid]));
2470 #else
2471     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // add batch size DMs for this species grid
2472       PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(mass_pack, massDM[grid]));
2473     }
2474 #endif
2475     PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(massDM[grid], &subM[grid]));
2476   }
2477 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
2478   // stack the batched DMs
2479   for (PetscInt b_id = 1; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2480     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(mass_pack, massDM[grid]));
2481   }
2482 #endif
2483   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only"));
2484   PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(mass_pack, &packM));
2485   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only false"));
2486   PetscCall(MatSetOption(packM, MAT_STRUCTURALLY_SYMMETRIC, PETSC_TRUE));
2487   PetscCall(MatSetOption(packM, MAT_IGNORE_ZERO_ENTRIES, PETSC_TRUE));
2488   PetscCall(DMDestroy(&mass_pack));
2489   /* make mass matrix for each block */
2490   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2491     Vec locX;
2492     DM  plex = massDM[grid];
2493     PetscCall(DMGetLocalVector(plex, &locX));
2494     /* Mass matrix is independent of the input, so no need to fill locX */
2495     PetscCall(DMPlexSNESComputeJacobianFEM(plex, locX, subM[grid], subM[grid], ctx));
2496     PetscCall(DMRestoreLocalVector(plex, &locX));
2497     PetscCall(DMDestroy(&massDM[grid]));
2498   }
2499   PetscCall(MatGetSize(ctx->J, &N1, NULL));
2500   PetscCall(MatGetSize(packM, &N2, NULL));
2501   PetscCheck(N1 == N2, PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pack), PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Incorrect matrix sizes: |Jacobian| = %" PetscInt_FMT ", |Mass|=%" PetscInt_FMT, N1, N2);
2502   /* assemble block diagonals */
2503   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2504     Mat      B = subM[grid];
2505     PetscInt nloc, nzl, *colbuf, COL_BF_SIZE = 1024, row;
2506     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*colbuf) * COL_BF_SIZE, &colbuf));
2507     PetscCall(MatGetSize(B, &nloc, NULL));
2508     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2509       const PetscInt     moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
2510       const PetscInt    *cols;
2511       const PetscScalar *vals;
2512       for (int i = 0; i < nloc; i++) {
2513         PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, NULL, NULL));
2514         if (nzl > COL_BF_SIZE) {
2515           PetscCall(PetscFree(colbuf));
2516           PetscCall(PetscInfo(pack, "Realloc buffer %" PetscInt_FMT " to %" PetscInt_FMT " (row size %" PetscInt_FMT ") \n", COL_BF_SIZE, 2 * COL_BF_SIZE, nzl));
2517           COL_BF_SIZE = nzl;
2518           PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*colbuf) * COL_BF_SIZE, &colbuf));
2519         }
2520         PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
2521         for (int j = 0; j < nzl; j++) colbuf[j] = cols[j] + moffset;
2522         row = i + moffset;
2523         PetscCall(MatSetValues(packM, 1, &row, nzl, colbuf, vals, INSERT_VALUES));
2524         PetscCall(MatRestoreRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
2525       }
2526     }
2527     PetscCall(PetscFree(colbuf));
2528   }
2529   // cleanup
2530   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(MatDestroy(&subM[grid]));
2531   PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(packM, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
2532   PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(packM, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
2533   PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)packM, "mass"));
2534   PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(packM, NULL, "-dm_landau_mass_view"));
2535   ctx->M = packM;
2536   if (Amat) *Amat = packM;
2537   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[14], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2538   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2539 }
2540 
2541 /*@
2542  DMPlexLandauIFunction - TS residual calculation, confusingly this computes the Jacobian w/o mass
2543 
2544  Collective
2545 
2546  Input Parameters:
2547 +   TS  - The time stepping context
2548 .   time_dummy - current time (not used)
2549 .   X - Current state
2550 .   X_t - Time derivative of current state
2551 -   actx - Landau context
2552 
2553  Output Parameter:
2554 .   F  - The residual
2555 
2556  Level: beginner
2557 
2558  .keywords: mesh
2559  .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`, `DMPlexLandauIJacobian()`
2560  @*/
2561 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauIFunction(TS ts, PetscReal time_dummy, Vec X, Vec X_t, Vec F, void *actx)
2562 {
2563   LandauCtx *ctx = (LandauCtx *)actx;
2564   PetscInt   dim;
2565   DM         pack;
2566 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2567   double starttime, endtime;
2568 #endif
2569   PetscObjectState state;
2570 
2571   PetscFunctionBegin;
2572   PetscCall(TSGetDM(ts, &pack));
2573   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx));
2574   PetscCheck(ctx, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "no context");
2575   if (ctx->stage) PetscCall(PetscLogStagePush(ctx->stage));
2576   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[11], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2577   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[0], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2578 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2579   starttime = MPI_Wtime();
2580 #endif
2581   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2582   PetscCall(PetscObjectStateGet((PetscObject)ctx->J, &state));
2583   if (state != ctx->norm_state) {
2584     PetscCall(PetscInfo(ts, "Create Landau Jacobian t=%g J.state %" PetscInt64_FMT " --> %" PetscInt64_FMT "\n", (double)time_dummy, ctx->norm_state, state));
2585     PetscCall(MatZeroEntries(ctx->J));
2586     PetscCall(LandauFormJacobian_Internal(X, ctx->J, dim, 0.0, (void *)ctx));
2587     PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(ctx->J, NULL, "-dm_landau_jacobian_view"));
2588     PetscCall(PetscObjectStateGet((PetscObject)ctx->J, &state));
2589     ctx->norm_state = state;
2590   } else {
2591     PetscCall(PetscInfo(ts, "WARNING Skip forming Jacobian, has not changed %" PetscInt64_FMT "\n", state));
2592   }
2593   /* mat vec for op */
2594   PetscCall(MatMult(ctx->J, X, F)); /* C*f */
2595   /* add time term */
2596   if (X_t) PetscCall(MatMultAdd(ctx->M, X_t, F, F));
2597 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2598   if (ctx->stage) {
2599     endtime = MPI_Wtime();
2600     ctx->times[LANDAU_OPERATOR] += (endtime - starttime);
2601     ctx->times[LANDAU_JACOBIAN] += (endtime - starttime);
2602     ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL] += (endtime - starttime);
2603     ctx->times[LANDAU_JACOBIAN_COUNT] += 1;
2604   }
2605 #endif
2606   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[0], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2607   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[11], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2608   if (ctx->stage) PetscCall(PetscLogStagePop());
2609   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2610 }
2611 
2612 /*@
2613  DMPlexLandauIJacobian - TS Jacobian construction, confusingly this adds mass
2614 
2615  Collective
2616 
2617  Input Parameters:
2618 +   TS  - The time stepping context
2619 .   time_dummy - current time (not used)
2620 .   X - Current state
2621 .   U_tdummy - Time derivative of current state (not used)
2622 .   shift - shift for du/dt term
2623 -   actx - Landau context
2624 
2625  Output Parameters:
2626 +   Amat  - Jacobian
2627 -   Pmat  - same as Amat
2628 
2629  Level: beginner
2630 
2631  .keywords: mesh
2632  .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`, `DMPlexLandauIFunction()`
2633  @*/
2634 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauIJacobian(TS ts, PetscReal time_dummy, Vec X, Vec U_tdummy, PetscReal shift, Mat Amat, Mat Pmat, void *actx)
2635 {
2636   LandauCtx *ctx = NULL;
2637   PetscInt   dim;
2638   DM         pack;
2639 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2640   double starttime, endtime;
2641 #endif
2642   PetscObjectState state;
2643 
2644   PetscFunctionBegin;
2645   PetscCall(TSGetDM(ts, &pack));
2646   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx));
2647   PetscCheck(ctx, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "no context");
2648   PetscCheck(Amat == Pmat && Amat == ctx->J, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Amat!=Pmat || Amat!=ctx->J");
2649   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2650   /* get collision Jacobian into A */
2651   if (ctx->stage) PetscCall(PetscLogStagePush(ctx->stage));
2652   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[11], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2653   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[9], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2654 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2655   starttime = MPI_Wtime();
2656 #endif
2657   PetscCall(PetscInfo(ts, "Adding mass to Jacobian t=%g, shift=%g\n", (double)time_dummy, (double)shift));
2658   PetscCheck(shift != 0.0, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "zero shift");
2659   PetscCall(PetscObjectStateGet((PetscObject)ctx->J, &state));
2660   PetscCheck(state == ctx->norm_state, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "wrong state, %" PetscInt64_FMT " %" PetscInt64_FMT "", ctx->norm_state, state);
2661   if (!ctx->use_matrix_mass) {
2662     PetscCall(LandauFormJacobian_Internal(X, ctx->J, dim, shift, (void *)ctx));
2663   } else { /* add mass */
2664     PetscCall(MatAXPY(Pmat, shift, ctx->M, SAME_NONZERO_PATTERN));
2665   }
2666 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2667   if (ctx->stage) {
2668     endtime = MPI_Wtime();
2669     ctx->times[LANDAU_OPERATOR] += (endtime - starttime);
2670     ctx->times[LANDAU_MASS] += (endtime - starttime);
2671     ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL] += (endtime - starttime);
2672   }
2673 #endif
2674   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[9], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2675   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[11], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2676   if (ctx->stage) PetscCall(PetscLogStagePop());
2677   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2678 }
2679