xref: /petsc/src/ts/utils/dmplexlandau/plexland.c (revision f13dfd9ea68e0ddeee984e65c377a1819eab8a8a)
1 #include <../src/mat/impls/aij/seq/aij.h>
2 #include <petsc/private/dmpleximpl.h> /*I "petscdmplex.h" I*/
3 #include <petsclandau.h>              /*I "petsclandau.h"   I*/
4 #include <petscts.h>
5 #include <petscdmforest.h>
6 #include <petscdmcomposite.h>
7 
8 /* Landau collision operator */
9 
10 /* relativistic terms */
11 #if defined(PETSC_USE_REAL_SINGLE)
12   #define SPEED_OF_LIGHT 2.99792458e8F
13   #define C_0(v0)        (SPEED_OF_LIGHT / v0) /* needed for relativistic tensor on all architectures */
14 #else
15   #define SPEED_OF_LIGHT 2.99792458e8
16   #define C_0(v0)        (SPEED_OF_LIGHT / v0) /* needed for relativistic tensor on all architectures */
17 #endif
18 
19 #include "land_tensors.h"
20 
21 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_OPENMP)
22   #include <omp.h>
23 #endif
24 
25 static PetscErrorCode LandauGPUMapsDestroy(void *ptr)
26 {
27   P4estVertexMaps *maps = (P4estVertexMaps *)ptr;
28 
29   PetscFunctionBegin;
30   // free device data
31   if (maps[0].deviceType != LANDAU_CPU) {
32 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
33     if (maps[0].deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
34       PetscCall(LandauKokkosDestroyMatMaps(maps, maps[0].numgrids)); // implies Kokkos does
35     }
36 #endif
37   }
38   // free host data
39   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < maps[0].numgrids; grid++) {
40     PetscCall(PetscFree(maps[grid].c_maps));
41     PetscCall(PetscFree(maps[grid].gIdx));
42   }
43   PetscCall(PetscFree(maps));
44   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
45 }
46 static PetscErrorCode energy_f(PetscInt dim, PetscReal time, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt Nf_dummy, PetscScalar *u, void *actx)
47 {
48   PetscReal v2 = 0;
49 
50   PetscFunctionBegin;
51   /* compute v^2 / 2 */
52   for (int i = 0; i < dim; ++i) v2 += x[i] * x[i];
53   /* evaluate the Maxwellian */
54   u[0] = v2 / 2;
55   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
56 }
57 
58 /* needs double */
59 static PetscErrorCode gamma_m1_f(PetscInt dim, PetscReal time, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt Nf_dummy, PetscScalar *u, void *actx)
60 {
61   PetscReal *c2_0_arr = ((PetscReal *)actx);
62   double     u2 = 0, c02 = (double)*c2_0_arr, xx;
63 
64   PetscFunctionBegin;
65   /* compute u^2 / 2 */
66   for (int i = 0; i < dim; ++i) u2 += x[i] * x[i];
67   /* gamma - 1 = g_eps, for conditioning and we only take derivatives */
68   xx = u2 / c02;
69 #if defined(PETSC_USE_DEBUG)
70   u[0] = PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx);
71 #else
72   u[0] = xx / (PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx) + 1.) - 1.; // better conditioned. -1 might help condition and only used for derivative
73 #endif
74   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
75 }
76 
77 /*
78  LandauFormJacobian_Internal - Evaluates Jacobian matrix.
79 
80  Input Parameters:
81  .  globX - input vector
82  .  actx - optional user-defined context
83  .  dim - dimension
84 
85  Output Parameter:
86  .  J0acP - Jacobian matrix filled, not created
87  */
88 static PetscErrorCode LandauFormJacobian_Internal(Vec a_X, Mat JacP, const PetscInt dim, PetscReal shift, void *a_ctx)
89 {
90   LandauCtx         *ctx = (LandauCtx *)a_ctx;
91   PetscInt           numCells[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], Nq, Nb;
92   PetscQuadrature    quad;
93   PetscReal          Eq_m[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES]; // could be static data w/o quench (ex2)
94   PetscScalar       *cellClosure = NULL;
95   const PetscScalar *xdata       = NULL;
96   PetscDS            prob;
97   PetscContainer     container;
98   P4estVertexMaps   *maps;
99   Mat                subJ[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS * LANDAU_MAX_BATCH_SZ];
100 
101   PetscFunctionBegin;
102   PetscValidHeaderSpecific(a_X, VEC_CLASSID, 1);
103   PetscValidHeaderSpecific(JacP, MAT_CLASSID, 2);
104   PetscAssertPointer(ctx, 5);
105   /* check for matrix container for GPU assembly. Support CPU assembly for debugging */
106   PetscCheck(ctx->plex[0] != NULL, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Plex not created");
107   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[10], 0, 0, 0, 0));
108   PetscCall(DMGetDS(ctx->plex[0], &prob)); // same DS for all grids
109   PetscCall(PetscObjectQuery((PetscObject)JacP, "assembly_maps", (PetscObject *)&container));
110   if (container) {
111     PetscCheck(ctx->gpu_assembly, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "maps but no GPU assembly");
112     PetscCall(PetscContainerGetPointer(container, (void **)&maps));
113     PetscCheck(maps, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "empty GPU matrix container");
114     for (PetscInt i = 0; i < ctx->num_grids * ctx->batch_sz; i++) subJ[i] = NULL;
115   } else {
116     PetscCheck(!ctx->gpu_assembly, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "No maps but GPU assembly");
117     for (PetscInt tid = 0; tid < ctx->batch_sz; tid++) {
118       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(ctx->plex[grid], &subJ[LAND_PACK_IDX(tid, grid)]));
119     }
120     maps = NULL;
121   }
122   // get dynamic data (Eq is odd, for quench and Spitzer test) for CPU assembly and raw data for Jacobian GPU assembly. Get host numCells[], Nq (yuck)
123   PetscCall(PetscFEGetQuadrature(ctx->fe[0], &quad));
124   PetscCall(PetscQuadratureGetData(quad, NULL, NULL, &Nq, NULL, NULL));
125   PetscCall(PetscFEGetDimension(ctx->fe[0], &Nb));
126   PetscCheck(Nq <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nq = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nq, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
127   PetscCheck(Nb <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nb = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nb, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
128   // get metadata for collecting dynamic data
129   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
130     PetscInt cStart, cEnd;
131     PetscCheck(ctx->plex[grid] != NULL, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Plex not created");
132     PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
133     numCells[grid] = cEnd - cStart; // grids can have different topology
134   }
135   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[10], 0, 0, 0, 0));
136   if (shift == 0) { /* create dynamic point data: f_alpha for closure of each cell (cellClosure[nbatch,ngrids,ncells[g],f[Nb,ns[g]]]) or xdata */
137     DM pack;
138     PetscCall(VecGetDM(a_X, &pack));
139     PetscCheck(pack, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "pack has no DM");
140     PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[1], 0, 0, 0, 0));
141     for (PetscInt fieldA = 0; fieldA < ctx->num_species; fieldA++) {
142       Eq_m[fieldA] = ctx->Ez * ctx->t_0 * ctx->charges[fieldA] / (ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[fieldA]); /* normalize dimensionless */
143       if (dim == 2) Eq_m[fieldA] *= 2 * PETSC_PI;                                                  /* add the 2pi term that is not in Landau */
144     }
145     if (!ctx->gpu_assembly) {
146       Vec         *locXArray, *globXArray;
147       PetscScalar *cellClosure_it;
148       PetscInt     cellClosure_sz = 0, nDMs, Nf[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
149       PetscSection section[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], globsection[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
150       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
151         PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &section[grid]));
152         PetscCall(DMGetGlobalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &globsection[grid]));
153         PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section[grid], &Nf[grid]));
154       }
155       /* count cellClosure size */
156       PetscCall(DMCompositeGetNumberDM(pack, &nDMs));
157       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) cellClosure_sz += Nb * Nf[grid] * numCells[grid];
158       PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(cellClosure_sz * ctx->batch_sz, &cellClosure));
159       cellClosure_it = cellClosure;
160       PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*locXArray) * nDMs, &locXArray));
161       PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*globXArray) * nDMs, &globXArray));
162       PetscCall(DMCompositeGetLocalAccessArray(pack, a_X, nDMs, NULL, locXArray));
163       PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, a_X, nDMs, NULL, globXArray));
164       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // OpenMP (once)
165         for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
166           Vec      locX = locXArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(b_id, grid)], globX = globXArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(b_id, grid)], locX2;
167           PetscInt cStart, cEnd, ei;
168           PetscCall(VecDuplicate(locX, &locX2));
169           PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalBegin(ctx->plex[grid], globX, INSERT_VALUES, locX2));
170           PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalEnd(ctx->plex[grid], globX, INSERT_VALUES, locX2));
171           PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
172           for (ei = cStart; ei < cEnd; ++ei) {
173             PetscScalar *coef = NULL;
174             PetscCall(DMPlexVecGetClosure(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], locX2, ei, NULL, &coef));
175             PetscCall(PetscMemcpy(cellClosure_it, coef, Nb * Nf[grid] * sizeof(*cellClosure_it))); /* change if LandauIPReal != PetscScalar */
176             PetscCall(DMPlexVecRestoreClosure(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], locX2, ei, NULL, &coef));
177             cellClosure_it += Nb * Nf[grid];
178           }
179           PetscCall(VecDestroy(&locX2));
180         }
181       }
182       PetscCheck(cellClosure_it - cellClosure == cellClosure_sz * ctx->batch_sz, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "iteration wrong %" PetscCount_FMT " != cellClosure_sz = %" PetscInt_FMT, (PetscCount)(cellClosure_it - cellClosure),
183                  cellClosure_sz * ctx->batch_sz);
184       PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreLocalAccessArray(pack, a_X, nDMs, NULL, locXArray));
185       PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, a_X, nDMs, NULL, globXArray));
186       PetscCall(PetscFree(locXArray));
187       PetscCall(PetscFree(globXArray));
188       xdata = NULL;
189     } else {
190       PetscMemType mtype;
191       if (ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) { // get data in batch ordering
192         PetscCall(VecScatterBegin(ctx->plex_batch, a_X, ctx->work_vec, INSERT_VALUES, SCATTER_FORWARD));
193         PetscCall(VecScatterEnd(ctx->plex_batch, a_X, ctx->work_vec, INSERT_VALUES, SCATTER_FORWARD));
194         PetscCall(VecGetArrayReadAndMemType(ctx->work_vec, &xdata, &mtype));
195       } else {
196         PetscCall(VecGetArrayReadAndMemType(a_X, &xdata, &mtype));
197       }
198       PetscCheck(mtype == PETSC_MEMTYPE_HOST || ctx->deviceType != LANDAU_CPU, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "CPU run with device data: use -mat_type aij");
199       cellClosure = NULL;
200     }
201     PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[1], 0, 0, 0, 0));
202   } else xdata = cellClosure = NULL;
203 
204   /* do it */
205   if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
206 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
207     PetscCall(LandauKokkosJacobian(ctx->plex, Nq, Nb, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, numCells, Eq_m, cellClosure, xdata, &ctx->SData_d, shift, ctx->events, ctx->mat_offset, ctx->species_offset, subJ, JacP));
208 #else
209     SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-landau_device_type %s not built", "kokkos");
210 #endif
211   } else {               /* CPU version */
212     PetscTabulation *Tf; // used for CPU and print info. Same on all grids and all species
213     PetscInt         ip_offset[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS + 1], ipf_offset[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS + 1], elem_offset[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS + 1], IPf_sz_glb, IPf_sz_tot, num_grids = ctx->num_grids, Nf[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
214     PetscReal       *ff, *dudx, *dudy, *dudz, *invJ_a = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.invJ, *xx = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.x, *yy = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.y, *zz = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.z, *ww = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.w;
215     PetscReal       *nu_alpha = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.alpha, *nu_beta = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.beta, *invMass = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.invMass;
216     PetscReal(*lambdas)[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS][LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS] = (PetscReal(*)[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS][LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS])ctx->SData_d.lambdas;
217     PetscSection section[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], globsection[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
218     PetscScalar *coo_vals = NULL;
219     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
220       PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &section[grid]));
221       PetscCall(DMGetGlobalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &globsection[grid]));
222       PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section[grid], &Nf[grid]));
223     }
224     /* count IPf size, etc */
225     PetscCall(PetscDSGetTabulation(prob, &Tf)); // Bf, &Df same for all grids
226     const PetscReal *const BB = Tf[0]->T[0], *const DD = Tf[0]->T[1];
227     ip_offset[0] = ipf_offset[0] = elem_offset[0] = 0;
228     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < num_grids; grid++) {
229       PetscInt nfloc        = ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->species_offset[grid];
230       elem_offset[grid + 1] = elem_offset[grid] + numCells[grid];
231       ip_offset[grid + 1]   = ip_offset[grid] + numCells[grid] * Nq;
232       ipf_offset[grid + 1]  = ipf_offset[grid] + Nq * nfloc * numCells[grid];
233     }
234     IPf_sz_glb = ipf_offset[num_grids];
235     IPf_sz_tot = IPf_sz_glb * ctx->batch_sz;
236     // prep COO
237     PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(ctx->SData_d.coo_size, &coo_vals)); // allocate every time?
238     if (shift == 0.0) {                                        /* compute dynamic data f and df and init data for Jacobian */
239 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
240       double starttime, endtime;
241       starttime = MPI_Wtime();
242 #endif
243       PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[8], 0, 0, 0, 0));
244       PetscCall(PetscMalloc4(IPf_sz_tot, &ff, IPf_sz_tot, &dudx, IPf_sz_tot, &dudy, dim == 3 ? IPf_sz_tot : 0, &dudz));
245       // F df/dx
246       for (PetscInt tid = 0; tid < ctx->batch_sz * elem_offset[num_grids]; tid++) {                        // for each element
247         const PetscInt b_Nelem = elem_offset[num_grids], b_elem_idx = tid % b_Nelem, b_id = tid / b_Nelem; // b_id == OMP thd_id in batch
248         // find my grid:
249         PetscInt grid = 0;
250         while (b_elem_idx >= elem_offset[grid + 1]) grid++; // yuck search for grid
251         {
252           const PetscInt loc_nip = numCells[grid] * Nq, loc_Nf = ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->species_offset[grid], loc_elem = b_elem_idx - elem_offset[grid];
253           const PetscInt moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset); //b_id*b_N + ctx->mat_offset[grid];
254           PetscScalar   *coef, coef_buff[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES * LANDAU_MAX_NQND];
255           PetscReal     *invJe = &invJ_a[(ip_offset[grid] + loc_elem * Nq) * dim * dim]; // ingJ is static data on batch 0
256           PetscInt       b, f, q;
257           if (cellClosure) {
258             coef = &cellClosure[b_id * IPf_sz_glb + ipf_offset[grid] + loc_elem * Nb * loc_Nf]; // this is const
259           } else {
260             coef = coef_buff;
261             for (f = 0; f < loc_Nf; ++f) {
262               LandauIdx *const Idxs = &maps[grid].gIdx[loc_elem][f][0];
263               for (b = 0; b < Nb; ++b) {
264                 PetscInt idx = Idxs[b];
265                 if (idx >= 0) {
266                   coef[f * Nb + b] = xdata[idx + moffset];
267                 } else {
268                   idx              = -idx - 1;
269                   coef[f * Nb + b] = 0;
270                   for (q = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; q++) {
271                     PetscInt    id    = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
272                     PetscScalar scale = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].scale;
273                     coef[f * Nb + b] += scale * xdata[id + moffset];
274                   }
275                 }
276               }
277             }
278           }
279           /* get f and df */
280           for (PetscInt qi = 0; qi < Nq; qi++) {
281             const PetscReal *invJ = &invJe[qi * dim * dim];
282             const PetscReal *Bq   = &BB[qi * Nb];
283             const PetscReal *Dq   = &DD[qi * Nb * dim];
284             PetscReal        u_x[LANDAU_DIM];
285             /* get f & df */
286             for (f = 0; f < loc_Nf; ++f) {
287               const PetscInt idx = b_id * IPf_sz_glb + ipf_offset[grid] + f * loc_nip + loc_elem * Nq + qi;
288               PetscInt       b, e;
289               PetscReal      refSpaceDer[LANDAU_DIM];
290               ff[idx] = 0.0;
291               for (int d = 0; d < LANDAU_DIM; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] = 0.0;
292               for (b = 0; b < Nb; ++b) {
293                 const PetscInt cidx = b;
294                 ff[idx] += Bq[cidx] * PetscRealPart(coef[f * Nb + cidx]);
295                 for (int d = 0; d < dim; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] += Dq[cidx * dim + d] * PetscRealPart(coef[f * Nb + cidx]);
296               }
297               for (int d = 0; d < LANDAU_DIM; ++d) {
298                 for (e = 0, u_x[d] = 0.0; e < LANDAU_DIM; ++e) u_x[d] += invJ[e * dim + d] * refSpaceDer[e];
299               }
300               dudx[idx] = u_x[0];
301               dudy[idx] = u_x[1];
302 #if LANDAU_DIM == 3
303               dudz[idx] = u_x[2];
304 #endif
305             }
306           } // q
307         } // grid
308       } // grid*batch
309       PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[8], 0, 0, 0, 0));
310 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
311       endtime = MPI_Wtime();
312       if (ctx->stage) ctx->times[LANDAU_F_DF] += (endtime - starttime);
313 #endif
314     } // Jacobian setup
315     // assemble Jacobian (or mass)
316     for (PetscInt tid = 0; tid < ctx->batch_sz * elem_offset[num_grids]; tid++) { // for each element
317       const PetscInt b_Nelem      = elem_offset[num_grids];
318       const PetscInt glb_elem_idx = tid % b_Nelem, b_id = tid / b_Nelem;
319       PetscInt       grid = 0;
320 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
321       double starttime, endtime;
322       starttime = MPI_Wtime();
323 #endif
324       while (glb_elem_idx >= elem_offset[grid + 1]) grid++;
325       {
326         const PetscInt   loc_Nf = ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->species_offset[grid], loc_elem = glb_elem_idx - elem_offset[grid];
327         const PetscInt   moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset), totDim = loc_Nf * Nq, elemMatSize = totDim * totDim;
328         PetscScalar     *elemMat;
329         const PetscReal *invJe = &invJ_a[(ip_offset[grid] + loc_elem * Nq) * dim * dim];
330         PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(elemMatSize, &elemMat));
331         PetscCall(PetscMemzero(elemMat, elemMatSize * sizeof(*elemMat)));
332         if (shift == 0.0) { // Jacobian
333           PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[4], 0, 0, 0, 0));
334         } else { // mass
335           PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[16], 0, 0, 0, 0));
336         }
337         for (PetscInt qj = 0; qj < Nq; ++qj) {
338           const PetscInt jpidx_glb = ip_offset[grid] + qj + loc_elem * Nq;
339           PetscReal      g0[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], g2[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES][LANDAU_DIM], g3[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES][LANDAU_DIM][LANDAU_DIM]; // could make a LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES_GRID ~ number of ions - 1
340           PetscInt       d, d2, dp, d3, IPf_idx;
341           if (shift == 0.0) { // Jacobian
342             const PetscReal *const invJj = &invJe[qj * dim * dim];
343             PetscReal              gg2[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES][LANDAU_DIM], gg3[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES][LANDAU_DIM][LANDAU_DIM], gg2_temp[LANDAU_DIM], gg3_temp[LANDAU_DIM][LANDAU_DIM];
344             const PetscReal        vj[3] = {xx[jpidx_glb], yy[jpidx_glb], zz ? zz[jpidx_glb] : 0}, wj = ww[jpidx_glb];
345             // create g2 & g3
346             for (d = 0; d < LANDAU_DIM; d++) { // clear accumulation data D & K
347               gg2_temp[d] = 0;
348               for (d2 = 0; d2 < LANDAU_DIM; d2++) gg3_temp[d][d2] = 0;
349             }
350             /* inner beta reduction */
351             IPf_idx = 0;
352             for (PetscInt grid_r = 0, f_off = 0, ipidx = 0; grid_r < ctx->num_grids; grid_r++, f_off = ctx->species_offset[grid_r]) { // IPf_idx += nip_loc_r*Nfloc_r
353               PetscInt nip_loc_r = numCells[grid_r] * Nq, Nfloc_r = Nf[grid_r];
354               for (PetscInt ei_r = 0, loc_fdf_idx = 0; ei_r < numCells[grid_r]; ++ei_r) {
355                 for (PetscInt qi = 0; qi < Nq; qi++, ipidx++, loc_fdf_idx++) {
356                   const PetscReal wi = ww[ipidx], x = xx[ipidx], y = yy[ipidx];
357                   PetscReal       temp1[3] = {0, 0, 0}, temp2 = 0;
358 #if LANDAU_DIM == 2
359                   PetscReal Ud[2][2], Uk[2][2], mask = (PetscAbs(vj[0] - x) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON && PetscAbs(vj[1] - y) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON) ? 0. : 1.;
360                   LandauTensor2D(vj, x, y, Ud, Uk, mask);
361 #else
362                   PetscReal U[3][3], z = zz[ipidx], mask = (PetscAbs(vj[0] - x) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON && PetscAbs(vj[1] - y) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON && PetscAbs(vj[2] - z) < 100 * PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON) ? 0. : 1.;
363                   if (ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) {
364                     LandauTensor3DRelativistic(vj, x, y, z, U, mask, C_0(ctx->v_0));
365                   } else {
366                     LandauTensor3D(vj, x, y, z, U, mask);
367                   }
368 #endif
369                   for (int f = 0; f < Nfloc_r; ++f) {
370                     const PetscInt idx = b_id * IPf_sz_glb + ipf_offset[grid_r] + f * nip_loc_r + ei_r * Nq + qi; // IPf_idx + f*nip_loc_r + loc_fdf_idx;
371                     temp1[0] += dudx[idx] * nu_beta[f + f_off] * invMass[f + f_off] * (*lambdas)[grid][grid_r];
372                     temp1[1] += dudy[idx] * nu_beta[f + f_off] * invMass[f + f_off] * (*lambdas)[grid][grid_r];
373 #if LANDAU_DIM == 3
374                     temp1[2] += dudz[idx] * nu_beta[f + f_off] * invMass[f + f_off] * (*lambdas)[grid][grid_r];
375 #endif
376                     temp2 += ff[idx] * nu_beta[f + f_off] * (*lambdas)[grid][grid_r];
377                   }
378                   temp1[0] *= wi;
379                   temp1[1] *= wi;
380 #if LANDAU_DIM == 3
381                   temp1[2] *= wi;
382 #endif
383                   temp2 *= wi;
384 #if LANDAU_DIM == 2
385                   for (d2 = 0; d2 < 2; d2++) {
386                     for (d3 = 0; d3 < 2; ++d3) {
387                       /* K = U * grad(f): g2=e: i,A */
388                       gg2_temp[d2] += Uk[d2][d3] * temp1[d3];
389                       /* D = -U * (I \kron (fx)): g3=f: i,j,A */
390                       gg3_temp[d2][d3] += Ud[d2][d3] * temp2;
391                     }
392                   }
393 #else
394                   for (d2 = 0; d2 < 3; ++d2) {
395                     for (d3 = 0; d3 < 3; ++d3) {
396                       /* K = U * grad(f): g2 = e: i,A */
397                       gg2_temp[d2] += U[d2][d3] * temp1[d3];
398                       /* D = -U * (I \kron (fx)): g3 = f: i,j,A */
399                       gg3_temp[d2][d3] += U[d2][d3] * temp2;
400                     }
401                   }
402 #endif
403                 } // qi
404               } // ei_r
405               IPf_idx += nip_loc_r * Nfloc_r;
406             } /* grid_r - IPs */
407             PetscCheck(IPf_idx == IPf_sz_glb, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "IPf_idx != IPf_sz %" PetscInt_FMT " %" PetscInt_FMT, IPf_idx, IPf_sz_glb);
408             // add alpha and put in gg2/3
409             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0, f_off = ctx->species_offset[grid]; fieldA < loc_Nf; ++fieldA) {
410               for (d2 = 0; d2 < LANDAU_DIM; d2++) {
411                 gg2[fieldA][d2] = gg2_temp[d2] * nu_alpha[fieldA + f_off];
412                 for (d3 = 0; d3 < LANDAU_DIM; d3++) gg3[fieldA][d2][d3] = -gg3_temp[d2][d3] * nu_alpha[fieldA + f_off] * invMass[fieldA + f_off];
413               }
414             }
415             /* add electric field term once per IP */
416             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0, f_off = ctx->species_offset[grid]; fieldA < loc_Nf; ++fieldA) gg2[fieldA][LANDAU_DIM - 1] += Eq_m[fieldA + f_off];
417             /* Jacobian transform - g2, g3 */
418             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0; fieldA < loc_Nf; ++fieldA) {
419               for (d = 0; d < dim; ++d) {
420                 g2[fieldA][d] = 0.0;
421                 for (d2 = 0; d2 < dim; ++d2) {
422                   g2[fieldA][d] += invJj[d * dim + d2] * gg2[fieldA][d2];
423                   g3[fieldA][d][d2] = 0.0;
424                   for (d3 = 0; d3 < dim; ++d3) {
425                     for (dp = 0; dp < dim; ++dp) g3[fieldA][d][d2] += invJj[d * dim + d3] * gg3[fieldA][d3][dp] * invJj[d2 * dim + dp];
426                   }
427                   g3[fieldA][d][d2] *= wj;
428                 }
429                 g2[fieldA][d] *= wj;
430               }
431             }
432           } else { // mass
433             PetscReal wj = ww[jpidx_glb];
434             /* Jacobian transform - g0 */
435             for (PetscInt fieldA = 0; fieldA < loc_Nf; ++fieldA) {
436               if (dim == 2) {
437                 g0[fieldA] = wj * shift * 2. * PETSC_PI; // move this to below and remove g0
438               } else {
439                 g0[fieldA] = wj * shift; // move this to below and remove g0
440               }
441             }
442           }
443           /* FE matrix construction */
444           {
445             PetscInt         fieldA, d, f, d2, g;
446             const PetscReal *BJq = &BB[qj * Nb], *DIq = &DD[qj * Nb * dim];
447             /* assemble - on the diagonal (I,I) */
448             for (fieldA = 0; fieldA < loc_Nf; fieldA++) {
449               for (f = 0; f < Nb; f++) {
450                 const PetscInt i = fieldA * Nb + f; /* Element matrix row */
451                 for (g = 0; g < Nb; ++g) {
452                   const PetscInt j    = fieldA * Nb + g; /* Element matrix column */
453                   const PetscInt fOff = i * totDim + j;
454                   if (shift == 0.0) {
455                     for (d = 0; d < dim; ++d) {
456                       elemMat[fOff] += DIq[f * dim + d] * g2[fieldA][d] * BJq[g];
457                       for (d2 = 0; d2 < dim; ++d2) elemMat[fOff] += DIq[f * dim + d] * g3[fieldA][d][d2] * DIq[g * dim + d2];
458                     }
459                   } else { // mass
460                     elemMat[fOff] += BJq[f] * g0[fieldA] * BJq[g];
461                   }
462                 }
463               }
464             }
465           }
466         } /* qj loop */
467         if (shift == 0.0) { // Jacobian
468           PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[4], 0, 0, 0, 0));
469         } else {
470           PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[16], 0, 0, 0, 0));
471         }
472 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
473         endtime = MPI_Wtime();
474         if (ctx->stage) ctx->times[LANDAU_KERNEL] += (endtime - starttime);
475 #endif
476         /* assemble matrix */
477         if (!container) {
478           PetscInt cStart;
479           PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[6], 0, 0, 0, 0));
480           PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, NULL));
481           PetscCall(DMPlexMatSetClosure(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], globsection[grid], subJ[LAND_PACK_IDX(b_id, grid)], loc_elem + cStart, elemMat, ADD_VALUES));
482           PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[6], 0, 0, 0, 0));
483         } else { // GPU like assembly for debugging
484           PetscInt    fieldA, q, f, g, d, nr, nc, rows0[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0}, cols0[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0}, rows[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE], cols[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE];
485           PetscScalar vals[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE * LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0}, row_scale[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0}, col_scale[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE] = {0};
486           LandauIdx *coo_elem_offsets = (LandauIdx *)ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_offsets, *coo_elem_fullNb = (LandauIdx *)ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_fullNb, (*coo_elem_point_offsets)[LANDAU_MAX_NQND + 1] = (LandauIdx(*)[LANDAU_MAX_NQND + 1]) ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_point_offsets;
487           /* assemble - from the diagonal (I,I) in this format for DMPlexMatSetClosure */
488           for (fieldA = 0; fieldA < loc_Nf; fieldA++) {
489             LandauIdx *const Idxs = &maps[grid].gIdx[loc_elem][fieldA][0];
490             for (f = 0; f < Nb; f++) {
491               PetscInt idx = Idxs[f];
492               if (idx >= 0) {
493                 nr           = 1;
494                 rows0[0]     = idx;
495                 row_scale[0] = 1.;
496               } else {
497                 idx = -idx - 1;
498                 for (q = 0, nr = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; q++, nr++) {
499                   if (maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid < 0) break;
500                   rows0[q]     = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
501                   row_scale[q] = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].scale;
502                 }
503               }
504               for (g = 0; g < Nb; ++g) {
505                 idx = Idxs[g];
506                 if (idx >= 0) {
507                   nc           = 1;
508                   cols0[0]     = idx;
509                   col_scale[0] = 1.;
510                 } else {
511                   idx = -idx - 1;
512                   nc  = maps[grid].num_face;
513                   for (q = 0, nc = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; q++, nc++) {
514                     if (maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid < 0) break;
515                     cols0[q]     = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
516                     col_scale[q] = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].scale;
517                   }
518                 }
519                 const PetscInt    i   = fieldA * Nb + f; /* Element matrix row */
520                 const PetscInt    j   = fieldA * Nb + g; /* Element matrix column */
521                 const PetscScalar Aij = elemMat[i * totDim + j];
522                 if (coo_vals) { // mirror (i,j) in CreateStaticGPUData
523                   const int fullNb = coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx], fullNb2 = fullNb * fullNb;
524                   const int idx0 = b_id * coo_elem_offsets[elem_offset[num_grids]] + coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx] + fieldA * fullNb2 + fullNb * coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f] + nr * coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][g];
525                   for (int q = 0, idx2 = idx0; q < nr; q++) {
526                     for (int d = 0; d < nc; d++, idx2++) coo_vals[idx2] = row_scale[q] * col_scale[d] * Aij;
527                   }
528                 } else {
529                   for (q = 0; q < nr; q++) rows[q] = rows0[q] + moffset;
530                   for (d = 0; d < nc; d++) cols[d] = cols0[d] + moffset;
531                   for (q = 0; q < nr; q++) {
532                     for (d = 0; d < nc; d++) vals[q * nc + d] = row_scale[q] * col_scale[d] * Aij;
533                   }
534                   PetscCall(MatSetValues(JacP, nr, rows, nc, cols, vals, ADD_VALUES));
535                 }
536               }
537             }
538           }
539         }
540         if (loc_elem == -1) {
541           PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "CPU Element matrix\n"));
542           for (int d = 0; d < totDim; ++d) {
543             for (int f = 0; f < totDim; ++f) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, " %12.5e", (double)PetscRealPart(elemMat[d * totDim + f])));
544             PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "\n"));
545           }
546           exit(12);
547         }
548         PetscCall(PetscFree(elemMat));
549       } /* grid */
550     } /* outer element & batch loop */
551     if (shift == 0.0) { // mass
552       PetscCall(PetscFree4(ff, dudx, dudy, dudz));
553     }
554     if (!container) {                                         // 'CPU' assembly move nest matrix to global JacP
555       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // OpenMP
556         for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
557           const PetscInt     moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset); // b_id*b_N + ctx->mat_offset[grid];
558           PetscInt           nloc, nzl, colbuf[1024], row;
559           const PetscInt    *cols;
560           const PetscScalar *vals;
561           Mat                B = subJ[LAND_PACK_IDX(b_id, grid)];
562           PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(B, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
563           PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(B, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
564           PetscCall(MatGetSize(B, &nloc, NULL));
565           for (int i = 0; i < nloc; i++) {
566             PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
567             PetscCheck(nzl <= 1024, PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)B), PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Row too big: %" PetscInt_FMT, nzl);
568             for (int j = 0; j < nzl; j++) colbuf[j] = moffset + cols[j];
569             row = moffset + i;
570             PetscCall(MatSetValues(JacP, 1, &row, nzl, colbuf, vals, ADD_VALUES));
571             PetscCall(MatRestoreRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
572           }
573           PetscCall(MatDestroy(&B));
574         }
575       }
576     }
577     if (coo_vals) {
578       PetscCall(MatSetValuesCOO(JacP, coo_vals, ADD_VALUES));
579       PetscCall(PetscFree(coo_vals));
580     }
581   } /* CPU version */
582   PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(JacP, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
583   PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(JacP, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
584   /* clean up */
585   if (cellClosure) PetscCall(PetscFree(cellClosure));
586   if (xdata) PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayReadAndMemType(a_X, &xdata));
587   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
588 }
589 
590 static PetscErrorCode GeometryDMLandau(DM base, PetscInt point, PetscInt dim, const PetscReal abc[], PetscReal xyz[], void *a_ctx)
591 {
592   PetscReal r = abc[0], z = abc[1];
593 
594   PetscFunctionBegin;
595   xyz[0] = r;
596   xyz[1] = z;
597   if (dim == 3) xyz[2] = abc[2];
598   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
599 }
600 
601 /* create DMComposite of meshes for each species group */
602 static PetscErrorCode LandauDMCreateVMeshes(MPI_Comm comm_self, const PetscInt dim, const char prefix[], LandauCtx *ctx, DM pack)
603 {
604   PetscFunctionBegin;
605   { /* p4est, quads */
606     /* Create plex mesh of Landau domain */
607     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
608       PetscReal par_radius = ctx->radius_par[grid], perp_radius = ctx->radius_perp[grid];
609       if (!ctx->sphere && !ctx->simplex) { // 2 or 3D (only 3D option)
610         PetscReal      lo[] = {-perp_radius, -par_radius, -par_radius}, hi[] = {perp_radius, par_radius, par_radius};
611         DMBoundaryType periodicity[3] = {DM_BOUNDARY_NONE, dim == 2 ? DM_BOUNDARY_NONE : DM_BOUNDARY_NONE, DM_BOUNDARY_NONE};
612         if (dim == 2) lo[0] = 0;
613         else {
614           lo[1] = -perp_radius;
615           hi[1] = perp_radius; // 3D y is a perp
616         }
617         PetscCall(DMPlexCreateBoxMesh(comm_self, dim, PETSC_FALSE, ctx->cells0, lo, hi, periodicity, PETSC_TRUE, &ctx->plex[grid])); // todo: make composite and create dm[grid] here
618         PetscCall(DMLocalizeCoordinates(ctx->plex[grid]));                                                                           /* needed for periodic */
619         if (dim == 3) PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->plex[grid], "cube"));
620         else PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->plex[grid], "half-plane"));
621       } else if (dim == 2) {
622         size_t len;
623         PetscCall(PetscStrlen(ctx->filename, &len));
624         if (len) {
625           Vec          coords;
626           PetscScalar *x;
627           PetscInt     N;
628           char         str[] = "-dm_landau_view_file_0";
629           str[21] += grid;
630           PetscCall(DMPlexCreateFromFile(comm_self, ctx->filename, "plexland.c", PETSC_TRUE, &ctx->plex[grid]));
631           PetscCall(DMPlexOrient(ctx->plex[grid]));
632           PetscCall(DMGetCoordinatesLocal(ctx->plex[grid], &coords));
633           PetscCall(VecGetSize(coords, &N));
634           PetscCall(VecGetArray(coords, &x));
635           /* scale by domain size */
636           for (PetscInt i = 0; i < N; i += 2) {
637             x[i + 0] *= ctx->radius_perp[grid];
638             x[i + 1] *= ctx->radius_par[grid];
639           }
640           PetscCall(VecRestoreArray(coords, &x));
641           PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->plex[grid], ctx->filename));
642           PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[grid], "%d) Read %s mesh file (%s)\n", (int)grid, ctx->filename, str));
643           PetscCall(DMViewFromOptions(ctx->plex[grid], NULL, str));
644         } else {
645           PetscInt       numCells = ctx->simplex ? 12 : 6, cell_size = ctx->simplex ? 3 : 4, j;
646           const PetscInt numVerts    = 11;
647           PetscInt       cellsT[][4] = {
648             {0,  1, 6, 5 },
649             {1,  2, 7, 6 },
650             {2,  3, 8, 7 },
651             {3,  4, 9, 8 },
652             {5,  6, 7, 10},
653             {10, 7, 8, 9 }
654           };
655           PetscInt cellsS[][3] = {
656             {0,  1, 6 },
657             {1,  2, 6 },
658             {6,  2, 7 },
659             {7,  2, 8 },
660             {8,  2, 3 },
661             {8,  3, 4 },
662             {0,  6, 5 },
663             {5,  6, 7 },
664             {5,  7, 10},
665             {10, 7, 9 },
666             {9,  7, 8 },
667             {9,  8, 4 }
668           };
669           const PetscInt *pcell = (const PetscInt *)(ctx->simplex ? &cellsS[0][0] : &cellsT[0][0]);
670           PetscReal       coords[11][2], *flatCoords = (PetscReal *)&coords[0][0];
671           PetscReal       rad = ctx->radius[grid];
672           for (j = 0; j < 5; j++) { // outside edge
673             PetscReal z, r, theta = -PETSC_PI / 2 + (j % 5) * PETSC_PI / 4;
674             r            = rad * PetscCosReal(theta);
675             coords[j][0] = r;
676             z            = rad * PetscSinReal(theta);
677             coords[j][1] = z;
678           }
679           coords[j][0]   = 0;
680           coords[j++][1] = -rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree;
681           coords[j][0]   = rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree;
682           coords[j++][1] = -rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree;
683           coords[j][0]   = rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree;
684           coords[j++][1] = 0;
685           coords[j][0]   = rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree;
686           coords[j++][1] = rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree;
687           coords[j][0]   = 0;
688           coords[j++][1] = rad * ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree;
689           coords[j][0]   = 0;
690           coords[j++][1] = 0;
691           PetscCall(DMPlexCreateFromCellListPetsc(comm_self, 2, numCells, numVerts, cell_size, ctx->interpolate, pcell, 2, flatCoords, &ctx->plex[grid]));
692           PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->plex[grid], "semi-circle"));
693           PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[grid], "\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Make circle %s mesh\n", grid, ctx->simplex ? "simplex" : "tensor"));
694         }
695       } else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Velocity space meshes does not support 3V cubed sphere or simplex");
696       PetscCall(DMSetFromOptions(ctx->plex[grid]));
697     } // grid loop
698     PetscCall(PetscObjectSetOptionsPrefix((PetscObject)pack, prefix));
699     { /* convert to p4est (or whatever), wait for discretization to create pack */
700       char      convType[256];
701       PetscBool flg;
702 
703       PetscOptionsBegin(ctx->comm, prefix, "Mesh conversion options", "DMPLEX");
704       PetscCall(PetscOptionsFList("-dm_landau_type", "Convert DMPlex to another format (p4est)", "plexland.c", DMList, DMPLEX, convType, 256, &flg));
705       PetscOptionsEnd();
706       if (flg) {
707         ctx->use_p4est = PETSC_TRUE; /* flag for Forest */
708         for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
709           DM dmforest;
710           PetscCall(DMConvert(ctx->plex[grid], convType, &dmforest));
711           if (dmforest) {
712             PetscBool isForest;
713             PetscCall(PetscObjectSetOptionsPrefix((PetscObject)dmforest, prefix));
714             PetscCall(DMIsForest(dmforest, &isForest));
715             if (isForest) {
716               if (ctx->sphere) PetscCall(DMForestSetBaseCoordinateMapping(dmforest, GeometryDMLandau, ctx));
717               PetscCall(DMDestroy(&ctx->plex[grid]));
718               ctx->plex[grid] = dmforest; // Forest for adaptivity
719             } else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Converted to non Forest?");
720           } else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Convert failed?");
721         }
722       } else ctx->use_p4est = PETSC_FALSE; /* flag for Forest */
723     }
724   } /* non-file */
725   PetscCall(DMSetDimension(pack, dim));
726   PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)pack, "Mesh"));
727   PetscCall(DMSetApplicationContext(pack, ctx));
728   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
729 }
730 
731 static PetscErrorCode SetupDS(DM pack, PetscInt dim, PetscInt grid, LandauCtx *ctx)
732 {
733   PetscInt     ii, i0;
734   char         buf[256];
735   PetscSection section;
736 
737   PetscFunctionBegin;
738   for (ii = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, i0++) {
739     if (ii == 0) PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "e"));
740     else PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "i%" PetscInt_FMT, ii));
741     /* Setup Discretization - FEM */
742     PetscCall(PetscFECreateDefault(PETSC_COMM_SELF, dim, 1, ctx->simplex, NULL, PETSC_DECIDE, &ctx->fe[ii]));
743     PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->fe[ii], buf));
744     PetscCall(DMSetField(ctx->plex[grid], i0, NULL, (PetscObject)ctx->fe[ii]));
745   }
746   PetscCall(DMCreateDS(ctx->plex[grid]));
747   PetscCall(DMGetSection(ctx->plex[grid], &section));
748   for (PetscInt ii = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, i0++) {
749     if (ii == 0) PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "se"));
750     else PetscCall(PetscSNPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "si%" PetscInt_FMT, ii));
751     PetscCall(PetscSectionSetComponentName(section, i0, 0, buf));
752   }
753   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
754 }
755 
756 /* Define a Maxwellian function for testing out the operator. */
757 
758 /* Using cartesian velocity space coordinates, the particle */
759 /* density, [1/m^3], is defined according to */
760 
761 /* $$ n=\int_{R^3} dv^3 \left(\frac{m}{2\pi T}\right)^{3/2}\exp [- mv^2/(2T)] $$ */
762 
763 /* Using some constant, c, we normalize the velocity vector into a */
764 /* dimensionless variable according to v=c*x. Thus the density, $n$, becomes */
765 
766 /* $$ n=\int_{R^3} dx^3 \left(\frac{mc^2}{2\pi T}\right)^{3/2}\exp [- mc^2/(2T)*x^2] $$ */
767 
768 /* Defining $\theta=2T/mc^2$, we thus find that the probability density */
769 /* for finding the particle within the interval in a box dx^3 around x is */
770 
771 /* f(x;\theta)=\left(\frac{1}{\pi\theta}\right)^{3/2} \exp [ -x^2/\theta ] */
772 
773 typedef struct {
774   PetscReal v_0;
775   PetscReal kT_m;
776   PetscReal n;
777   PetscReal shift;
778 } MaxwellianCtx;
779 
780 static PetscErrorCode maxwellian(PetscInt dim, PetscReal time, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt Nf_dummy, PetscScalar *u, void *actx)
781 {
782   MaxwellianCtx *mctx = (MaxwellianCtx *)actx;
783   PetscInt       i;
784   PetscReal      v2 = 0, theta = 2 * mctx->kT_m / (mctx->v_0 * mctx->v_0), shift; /* theta = 2kT/mc^2 */
785 
786   PetscFunctionBegin;
787   /* compute the exponents, v^2 */
788   for (i = 0; i < dim; ++i) v2 += x[i] * x[i];
789   /* evaluate the Maxwellian */
790   if (mctx->shift < 0) shift = -mctx->shift;
791   else {
792     u[0]  = mctx->n * PetscPowReal(PETSC_PI * theta, -1.5) * (PetscExpReal(-v2 / theta));
793     shift = mctx->shift;
794   }
795   if (shift != 0.) {
796     v2 = 0;
797     for (i = 0; i < dim - 1; ++i) v2 += x[i] * x[i];
798     v2 += (x[dim - 1] - shift) * (x[dim - 1] - shift);
799     /* evaluate the shifted Maxwellian */
800     u[0] += mctx->n * PetscPowReal(PETSC_PI * theta, -1.5) * (PetscExpReal(-v2 / theta));
801   }
802   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
803 }
804 
805 /*@
806   DMPlexLandauAddMaxwellians - Add a Maxwellian distribution to a state
807 
808   Collective
809 
810   Input Parameters:
811 + dm      - The mesh (local)
812 . time    - Current time
813 . temps   - Temperatures of each species (global)
814 . ns      - Number density of each species (global)
815 . grid    - index into current grid - just used for offset into `temp` and `ns`
816 . b_id    - batch index
817 . n_batch - number of batches
818 - actx    - Landau context
819 
820   Output Parameter:
821 . X - The state (local to this grid)
822 
823   Level: beginner
824 
825 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
826  @*/
827 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauAddMaxwellians(DM dm, Vec X, PetscReal time, PetscReal temps[], PetscReal ns[], PetscInt grid, PetscInt b_id, PetscInt n_batch, void *actx)
828 {
829   LandauCtx *ctx = (LandauCtx *)actx;
830   PetscErrorCode (*initu[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES])(PetscInt, PetscReal, const PetscReal[], PetscInt, PetscScalar[], void *);
831   PetscInt       dim;
832   MaxwellianCtx *mctxs[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], data[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES];
833 
834   PetscFunctionBegin;
835   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(dm, &dim));
836   if (!ctx) PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(dm, &ctx));
837   for (PetscInt ii = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, i0++) {
838     mctxs[i0]      = &data[i0];
839     data[i0].v_0   = ctx->v_0;                             // v_0 same for all grids
840     data[i0].kT_m  = ctx->k * temps[ii] / ctx->masses[ii]; /* kT/m */
841     data[i0].n     = ns[ii];
842     initu[i0]      = maxwellian;
843     data[i0].shift = 0;
844   }
845   data[0].shift = ctx->electronShift;
846   /* need to make ADD_ALL_VALUES work - TODO */
847   PetscCall(DMProjectFunction(dm, time, initu, (void **)mctxs, INSERT_ALL_VALUES, X));
848   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
849 }
850 
851 /*
852  LandauSetInitialCondition - Adds Maxwellians with context
853 
854  Collective
855 
856  Input Parameters:
857  .   dm - The mesh
858  -   grid - index into current grid - just used for offset into temp and ns
859  .   b_id - batch index
860  -   n_batch - number of batches
861  +   actx - Landau context with T and n
862 
863  Output Parameter:
864  .   X  - The state
865 
866  Level: beginner
867 
868 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`, `DMPlexLandauAddMaxwellians()`
869  */
870 static PetscErrorCode LandauSetInitialCondition(DM dm, Vec X, PetscInt grid, PetscInt b_id, PetscInt n_batch, void *actx)
871 {
872   LandauCtx *ctx = (LandauCtx *)actx;
873 
874   PetscFunctionBegin;
875   if (!ctx) PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(dm, &ctx));
876   PetscCall(VecZeroEntries(X));
877   PetscCall(DMPlexLandauAddMaxwellians(dm, X, 0.0, ctx->thermal_temps, ctx->n, grid, b_id, n_batch, ctx));
878   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
879 }
880 
881 // adapt a level once. Forest in/out
882 #if defined(PETSC_USE_INFO)
883 static const char *s_refine_names[] = {"RE", "Z1", "Origin", "Z2", "Uniform"};
884 #endif
885 static PetscErrorCode adaptToleranceFEM(PetscFE fem, Vec sol, PetscInt type, PetscInt grid, LandauCtx *ctx, DM *newForest)
886 {
887   DM              forest, plex, adaptedDM = NULL;
888   PetscDS         prob;
889   PetscBool       isForest;
890   PetscQuadrature quad;
891   PetscInt        Nq, Nb, *Nb2, cStart, cEnd, c, dim, qj, k;
892   DMLabel         adaptLabel = NULL;
893 
894   PetscFunctionBegin;
895   forest = ctx->plex[grid];
896   PetscCall(DMCreateDS(forest));
897   PetscCall(DMGetDS(forest, &prob));
898   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(forest, &dim));
899   PetscCall(DMIsForest(forest, &isForest));
900   PetscCheck(isForest, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "! Forest");
901   PetscCall(DMConvert(forest, DMPLEX, &plex));
902   PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(plex, 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
903   PetscCall(DMLabelCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, "adapt", &adaptLabel));
904   PetscCall(PetscFEGetQuadrature(fem, &quad));
905   PetscCall(PetscQuadratureGetData(quad, NULL, NULL, &Nq, NULL, NULL));
906   PetscCheck(Nq <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nq = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nq, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
907   PetscCall(PetscFEGetDimension(ctx->fe[0], &Nb));
908   PetscCall(PetscDSGetDimensions(prob, &Nb2));
909   PetscCheck(Nb2[0] == Nb, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, " Nb = %" PetscInt_FMT " != Nb (%d)", Nb, (int)Nb2[0]);
910   PetscCheck(Nb <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nb = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nb, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
911   PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "%" PetscInt_FMT ") Refine phase: %s\n", grid, s_refine_names[type]));
912   if (type == 4) {
913     for (c = cStart; c < cEnd; c++) PetscCall(DMLabelSetValue(adaptLabel, c, DM_ADAPT_REFINE));
914   } else if (type == 2) {
915     PetscInt  rCellIdx[8], nr = 0, nrmax = (dim == 3) ? 8 : 2;
916     PetscReal minRad = PETSC_INFINITY, r;
917     for (c = cStart; c < cEnd; c++) {
918       PetscReal tt, v0[LANDAU_MAX_NQND * 3], J[LANDAU_MAX_NQND * 9], invJ[LANDAU_MAX_NQND * 9], detJ[LANDAU_MAX_NQND];
919       PetscCall(DMPlexComputeCellGeometryFEM(plex, c, quad, v0, J, invJ, detJ));
920       (void)J;
921       (void)invJ;
922       for (qj = 0; qj < Nq; ++qj) {
923         tt = PetscSqr(v0[dim * qj + 0]) + PetscSqr(v0[dim * qj + 1]) + PetscSqr((dim == 3) ? v0[dim * qj + 2] : 0);
924         r  = PetscSqrtReal(tt);
925         if (r < minRad - PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON * 10.) {
926           minRad         = r;
927           nr             = 0;
928           rCellIdx[nr++] = c;
929           PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Found first inner r=%e, cell %" PetscInt_FMT ", qp %" PetscInt_FMT "/%" PetscInt_FMT "\n", grid, (double)r, c, qj + 1, Nq));
930         } else if ((r - minRad) < PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON * 100. && nr < nrmax) {
931           for (k = 0; k < nr; k++)
932             if (c == rCellIdx[k]) break;
933           if (k == nr) {
934             rCellIdx[nr++] = c;
935             PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Found another inner r=%e, cell %" PetscInt_FMT ", qp %" PetscInt_FMT "/%" PetscInt_FMT ", d=%e\n", grid, (double)r, c, qj + 1, Nq, (double)(r - minRad)));
936           }
937         }
938       }
939     }
940     for (k = 0; k < nr; k++) PetscCall(DMLabelSetValue(adaptLabel, rCellIdx[k], DM_ADAPT_REFINE));
941     PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Refined %" PetscInt_FMT " origin cells %" PetscInt_FMT ",%" PetscInt_FMT " r=%g\n", grid, nr, rCellIdx[0], rCellIdx[1], (double)minRad));
942   } else if (type == 0 || type == 1 || type == 3) { /* refine along r=0 axis */
943     PetscScalar *coef = NULL;
944     Vec          coords;
945     PetscInt     csize, Nv, d, nz, nrefined = 0;
946     DM           cdm;
947     PetscSection cs;
948     PetscCall(DMGetCoordinatesLocal(forest, &coords));
949     PetscCall(DMGetCoordinateDM(forest, &cdm));
950     PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(cdm, &cs));
951     for (c = cStart; c < cEnd; c++) {
952       PetscInt doit = 0, outside = 0;
953       PetscCall(DMPlexVecGetClosure(cdm, cs, coords, c, &csize, &coef));
954       Nv = csize / dim;
955       for (nz = d = 0; d < Nv; d++) {
956         PetscReal z = PetscRealPart(coef[d * dim + (dim - 1)]), x = PetscSqr(PetscRealPart(coef[d * dim + 0])) + ((dim == 3) ? PetscSqr(PetscRealPart(coef[d * dim + 1])) : 0);
957         x = PetscSqrtReal(x);
958         if (type == 0) {
959           if (ctx->re_radius > PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON && (z < -PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON * 10. || z > ctx->re_radius + PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON * 10.)) outside++; /* first pass don't refine bottom */
960         } else if (type == 1 && (z > ctx->vperp0_radius1 || z < -ctx->vperp0_radius1)) {
961           outside++; /* don't refine outside electron refine radius */
962           PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") (debug) found %s cells\n", grid, s_refine_names[type]));
963         } else if (type == 3 && (z > ctx->vperp0_radius2 || z < -ctx->vperp0_radius2)) {
964           outside++; /* refine r=0 cells on refinement front */
965           PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") (debug) found %s cells\n", grid, s_refine_names[type]));
966         }
967         if (x < PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON * 10. && (type != 0 || ctx->re_radius > PETSC_SQRT_MACHINE_EPSILON)) nz++;
968       }
969       PetscCall(DMPlexVecRestoreClosure(cdm, cs, coords, c, &csize, &coef));
970       if (doit || (outside < Nv && nz)) {
971         PetscCall(DMLabelSetValue(adaptLabel, c, DM_ADAPT_REFINE));
972         nrefined++;
973       }
974     }
975     PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") Refined %" PetscInt_FMT " cells\n", grid, nrefined));
976   }
977   PetscCall(DMDestroy(&plex));
978   PetscCall(DMAdaptLabel(forest, adaptLabel, &adaptedDM));
979   PetscCall(DMLabelDestroy(&adaptLabel));
980   *newForest = adaptedDM;
981   if (adaptedDM) {
982     if (isForest) {
983       PetscCall(DMForestSetAdaptivityForest(adaptedDM, NULL)); // ????
984     }
985     PetscCall(DMConvert(adaptedDM, DMPLEX, &plex));
986     PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(plex, 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
987     PetscCall(PetscInfo(sol, "\t\t\t\t%" PetscInt_FMT ") %" PetscInt_FMT " cells, %" PetscInt_FMT " total quadrature points\n", grid, cEnd - cStart, Nq * (cEnd - cStart)));
988     PetscCall(DMDestroy(&plex));
989   } else *newForest = NULL;
990   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
991 }
992 
993 // forest goes in (ctx->plex[grid]), plex comes out
994 static PetscErrorCode adapt(PetscInt grid, LandauCtx *ctx, Vec *uu)
995 {
996   PetscInt adaptIter;
997 
998   PetscFunctionBegin;
999   PetscInt type, limits[5] = {(grid == 0) ? ctx->numRERefine : 0, (grid == 0) ? ctx->nZRefine1 : 0, ctx->numAMRRefine[grid], (grid == 0) ? ctx->nZRefine2 : 0, ctx->postAMRRefine[grid]};
1000   for (type = 0; type < 5; type++) {
1001     for (adaptIter = 0; adaptIter < limits[type]; adaptIter++) {
1002       DM newForest = NULL;
1003       PetscCall(adaptToleranceFEM(ctx->fe[0], *uu, type, grid, ctx, &newForest));
1004       if (newForest) {
1005         PetscCall(DMDestroy(&ctx->plex[grid]));
1006         PetscCall(VecDestroy(uu));
1007         PetscCall(DMCreateGlobalVector(newForest, uu));
1008         PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)*uu, "uAMR"));
1009         PetscCall(LandauSetInitialCondition(newForest, *uu, grid, 0, 1, ctx));
1010         ctx->plex[grid] = newForest;
1011       } else {
1012         PetscCall(PetscInfo(*uu, "No refinement\n"));
1013       }
1014     }
1015   }
1016   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1017 }
1018 
1019 // make log(Lambdas) from NRL Plasma formulary
1020 static PetscErrorCode makeLambdas(LandauCtx *ctx)
1021 {
1022   PetscFunctionBegin;
1023   for (PetscInt gridi = 0; gridi < ctx->num_grids; gridi++) {
1024     int       iii   = ctx->species_offset[gridi];
1025     PetscReal Ti_ev = (ctx->thermal_temps[iii] / 1.1604525e7) * 1000; // convert (back) to eV
1026     PetscReal ni    = ctx->n[iii] * ctx->n_0;
1027     for (PetscInt gridj = gridi; gridj < ctx->num_grids; gridj++) {
1028       PetscInt  jjj = ctx->species_offset[gridj];
1029       PetscReal Zj  = ctx->charges[jjj] / 1.6022e-19;
1030       if (gridi == 0) {
1031         if (gridj == 0) { // lam_ee
1032           ctx->lambdas[gridi][gridj] = 23.5 - PetscLogReal(PetscSqrtReal(ni) * PetscPowReal(Ti_ev, -1.25)) - PetscSqrtReal(1e-5 + PetscSqr(PetscLogReal(Ti_ev) - 2) / 16);
1033         } else { // lam_ei == lam_ie
1034           if (10 * Zj * Zj > Ti_ev) {
1035             ctx->lambdas[gridi][gridj] = ctx->lambdas[gridj][gridi] = 23 - PetscLogReal(PetscSqrtReal(ni) * Zj * PetscPowReal(Ti_ev, -1.5));
1036           } else {
1037             ctx->lambdas[gridi][gridj] = ctx->lambdas[gridj][gridi] = 24 - PetscLogReal(PetscSqrtReal(ni) / Ti_ev);
1038           }
1039         }
1040       } else { // lam_ii'
1041         PetscReal mui = ctx->masses[iii] / 1.6720e-27, Zi = ctx->charges[iii] / 1.6022e-19;
1042         PetscReal Tj_ev            = (ctx->thermal_temps[jjj] / 1.1604525e7) * 1000; // convert (back) to eV
1043         PetscReal muj              = ctx->masses[jjj] / 1.6720e-27;
1044         PetscReal nj               = ctx->n[jjj] * ctx->n_0;
1045         ctx->lambdas[gridi][gridj] = ctx->lambdas[gridj][gridi] = 23 - PetscLogReal(Zi * Zj * (mui + muj) / (mui * Tj_ev + muj * Ti_ev) * PetscSqrtReal(ni * Zi * Zi / Ti_ev + nj * Zj * Zj / Tj_ev));
1046       }
1047     }
1048   }
1049   //PetscReal v0 = PetscSqrtReal(ctx->k * ctx->thermal_temps[iii] / ctx->masses[iii]); /* arbitrary units for non-dimensionalization: plasma formulary def */
1050   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1051 }
1052 
1053 static PetscErrorCode ProcessOptions(LandauCtx *ctx, const char prefix[])
1054 {
1055   PetscBool flg, fileflg;
1056   PetscInt  ii, nt, nm, nc, num_species_grid[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], non_dim_grid;
1057   PetscReal lnLam = 10;
1058   DM        dummy;
1059 
1060   PetscFunctionBegin;
1061   PetscCall(DMCreate(ctx->comm, &dummy));
1062   /* get options - initialize context */
1063   ctx->verbose        = 1; // should be 0 for silent compliance
1064   ctx->batch_sz       = 1;
1065   ctx->batch_view_idx = 0;
1066   ctx->interpolate    = PETSC_TRUE;
1067   ctx->gpu_assembly   = PETSC_TRUE;
1068   ctx->norm_state     = 0;
1069   ctx->electronShift  = 0;
1070   ctx->M              = NULL;
1071   ctx->J              = NULL;
1072   /* geometry and grids */
1073   ctx->sphere    = PETSC_FALSE;
1074   ctx->use_p4est = PETSC_FALSE;
1075   ctx->simplex   = PETSC_FALSE;
1076   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; grid++) {
1077     ctx->radius[grid]             = 5.; /* thermal radius (velocity) */
1078     ctx->radius_perp[grid]        = 5.; /* thermal radius (velocity) */
1079     ctx->radius_par[grid]         = 5.; /* thermal radius (velocity) */
1080     ctx->numAMRRefine[grid]       = 0;
1081     ctx->postAMRRefine[grid]      = 0;
1082     ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] = 1; // one species default
1083     num_species_grid[grid]        = 0;
1084     ctx->plex[grid]               = NULL; /* cache as expensive to Convert */
1085   }
1086   ctx->species_offset[0] = 0;
1087   ctx->re_radius         = 0.;
1088   ctx->vperp0_radius1    = 0;
1089   ctx->vperp0_radius2    = 0;
1090   ctx->nZRefine1         = 0;
1091   ctx->nZRefine2         = 0;
1092   ctx->numRERefine       = 0;
1093   num_species_grid[0]    = 1; // one species default
1094   /* species - [0] electrons, [1] one ion species eg, duetarium, [2] heavy impurity ion, ... */
1095   ctx->charges[0]       = -1;                       /* electron charge (MKS) */
1096   ctx->masses[0]        = 1 / 1835.469965278441013; /* temporary value in proton mass */
1097   ctx->n[0]             = 1;
1098   ctx->v_0              = 1; /* thermal velocity, we could start with a scale != 1 */
1099   ctx->thermal_temps[0] = 1;
1100   /* constants, etc. */
1101   ctx->epsilon0 = 8.8542e-12;     /* permittivity of free space (MKS) F/m */
1102   ctx->k        = 1.38064852e-23; /* Boltzmann constant (MKS) J/K */
1103   ctx->n_0      = 1.e20;          /* typical plasma n, but could set it to 1 */
1104   ctx->Ez       = 0;
1105   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < LANDAU_NUM_TIMERS; grid++) ctx->times[grid] = 0;
1106   for (PetscInt ii = 0; ii < LANDAU_DIM; ii++) ctx->cells0[ii] = 2;
1107   if (LANDAU_DIM == 2) ctx->cells0[0] = 1;
1108   ctx->use_matrix_mass                = PETSC_FALSE;
1109   ctx->use_relativistic_corrections   = PETSC_FALSE;
1110   ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick        = PETSC_FALSE; /* Use Eero's trick for energy conservation v --> grad(v^2/2) */
1111   ctx->SData_d.w                      = NULL;
1112   ctx->SData_d.x                      = NULL;
1113   ctx->SData_d.y                      = NULL;
1114   ctx->SData_d.z                      = NULL;
1115   ctx->SData_d.invJ                   = NULL;
1116   ctx->jacobian_field_major_order     = PETSC_FALSE;
1117   ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_offsets       = NULL;
1118   ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_point_offsets = NULL;
1119   ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_fullNb        = NULL;
1120   ctx->SData_d.coo_size               = 0;
1121   PetscOptionsBegin(ctx->comm, prefix, "Options for Fokker-Plank-Landau collision operator", "none");
1122 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
1123   ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_KOKKOS;
1124   PetscCall(PetscStrncpy(ctx->filename, "kokkos", sizeof(ctx->filename)));
1125 #else
1126   ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_CPU;
1127   PetscCall(PetscStrncpy(ctx->filename, "cpu", sizeof(ctx->filename)));
1128 #endif
1129   PetscCall(PetscOptionsString("-dm_landau_device_type", "Use kernels on 'cpu' 'kokkos'", "plexland.c", ctx->filename, ctx->filename, sizeof(ctx->filename), NULL));
1130   PetscCall(PetscStrcmp("cpu", ctx->filename, &flg));
1131   if (flg) {
1132     ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_CPU;
1133   } else {
1134     PetscCall(PetscStrcmp("kokkos", ctx->filename, &flg));
1135     if (flg) ctx->deviceType = LANDAU_KOKKOS;
1136     else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_device_type %s", ctx->filename);
1137   }
1138   ctx->filename[0] = '\0';
1139   PetscCall(PetscOptionsString("-dm_landau_filename", "file to read mesh from", "plexland.c", ctx->filename, ctx->filename, sizeof(ctx->filename), &fileflg));
1140   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_electron_shift", "Shift in thermal velocity of electrons", "none", ctx->electronShift, &ctx->electronShift, NULL));
1141   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_verbose", "Level of verbosity output", "plexland.c", ctx->verbose, &ctx->verbose, NULL));
1142   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_batch_size", "Number of 'vertices' to batch", "ex2.c", ctx->batch_sz, &ctx->batch_sz, NULL));
1143   PetscCheck(LANDAU_MAX_BATCH_SZ >= ctx->batch_sz, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "LANDAU_MAX_BATCH_SZ %" PetscInt_FMT " < ctx->batch_sz %" PetscInt_FMT, (PetscInt)LANDAU_MAX_BATCH_SZ, ctx->batch_sz);
1144   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_batch_view_idx", "Index of batch for diagnostics like plotting", "ex2.c", ctx->batch_view_idx, &ctx->batch_view_idx, NULL));
1145   PetscCheck(ctx->batch_view_idx < ctx->batch_sz, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-ctx->batch_view_idx %" PetscInt_FMT " > ctx->batch_sz %" PetscInt_FMT, ctx->batch_view_idx, ctx->batch_sz);
1146   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_Ez", "Initial parallel electric field in unites of Conner-Hastie critical field", "plexland.c", ctx->Ez, &ctx->Ez, NULL));
1147   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_n_0", "Normalization constant for number density", "plexland.c", ctx->n_0, &ctx->n_0, NULL));
1148   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_use_mataxpy_mass", "Use fast but slightly fragile MATAXPY to add mass term", "plexland.c", ctx->use_matrix_mass, &ctx->use_matrix_mass, NULL));
1149   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_use_relativistic_corrections", "Use relativistic corrections", "plexland.c", ctx->use_relativistic_corrections, &ctx->use_relativistic_corrections, NULL));
1150   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_simplex", "Use simplex elements", "plexland.c", ctx->simplex, &ctx->simplex, NULL));
1151   if (LANDAU_DIM == 2 && ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) ctx->use_relativistic_corrections = PETSC_FALSE; // should warn
1152   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_use_energy_tensor_trick", "Use Eero's trick of using grad(v^2/2) instead of v as args to Landau tensor to conserve energy with relativistic corrections and Q1 elements", "plexland.c", ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick,
1153                              &ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick, NULL));
1154 
1155   /* get num species with temperature, set defaults */
1156   for (ii = 1; ii < LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES; ii++) {
1157     ctx->thermal_temps[ii] = 1;
1158     ctx->charges[ii]       = 1;
1159     ctx->masses[ii]        = 1;
1160     ctx->n[ii]             = 1;
1161   }
1162   nt = LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES;
1163   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_thermal_temps", "Temperature of each species [e,i_0,i_1,...] in keV (must be set to set number of species)", "plexland.c", ctx->thermal_temps, &nt, &flg));
1164   if (flg) {
1165     PetscCall(PetscInfo(dummy, "num_species set to number of thermal temps provided (%" PetscInt_FMT ")\n", nt));
1166     ctx->num_species = nt;
1167   } else SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_thermal_temps ,t1,t2,.. must be provided to set the number of species");
1168   for (ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_species; ii++) ctx->thermal_temps[ii] *= 1.1604525e7; /* convert to Kelvin */
1169   nm = LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES - 1;
1170   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_ion_masses", "Mass of each species in units of proton mass [i_0=2,i_1=40...]", "plexland.c", &ctx->masses[1], &nm, &flg));
1171   PetscCheck(!flg || nm == ctx->num_species - 1, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "num ion masses %" PetscInt_FMT " != num species %" PetscInt_FMT, nm, ctx->num_species - 1);
1172   nm = LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES;
1173   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_n", "Number density of each species = n_s * n_0", "plexland.c", ctx->n, &nm, &flg));
1174   PetscCheck(!flg || nm == ctx->num_species, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "wrong num n: %" PetscInt_FMT " != num species %" PetscInt_FMT, nm, ctx->num_species);
1175   for (ii = 0; ii < LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES; ii++) ctx->masses[ii] *= 1.6720e-27; /* scale by proton mass kg */
1176   ctx->masses[0] = 9.10938356e-31;                                           /* electron mass kg (should be about right already) */
1177   nc             = LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES - 1;
1178   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_ion_charges", "Charge of each species in units of proton charge [i_0=2,i_1=18,...]", "plexland.c", &ctx->charges[1], &nc, &flg));
1179   if (flg) PetscCheck(nc == ctx->num_species - 1, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "num charges %" PetscInt_FMT " != num species %" PetscInt_FMT, nc, ctx->num_species - 1);
1180   for (ii = 0; ii < LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES; ii++) ctx->charges[ii] *= 1.6022e-19; /* electron/proton charge (MKS) */
1181   /* geometry and grids */
1182   nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1183   PetscCall(PetscOptionsIntArray("-dm_landau_num_species_grid", "Number of species on each grid: [ 1, ....] or [S, 0 ....] for single grid", "plexland.c", num_species_grid, &nt, &flg));
1184   if (flg) {
1185     ctx->num_grids = nt;
1186     for (ii = nt = 0; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) nt += num_species_grid[ii];
1187     PetscCheck(ctx->num_species == nt, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_num_species_grid: sum %" PetscInt_FMT " != num_species = %" PetscInt_FMT ". %" PetscInt_FMT " grids (check that number of grids <= LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS = %d)", nt, ctx->num_species,
1188                ctx->num_grids, LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS);
1189   } else {
1190     if (ctx->num_species > LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS) {
1191       num_species_grid[0] = 1;
1192       num_species_grid[1] = ctx->num_species - 1;
1193       ctx->num_grids      = 2;
1194     } else {
1195       ctx->num_grids = ctx->num_species;
1196       for (ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) num_species_grid[ii] = 1;
1197     }
1198   }
1199   for (ctx->species_offset[0] = ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) ctx->species_offset[ii + 1] = ctx->species_offset[ii] + num_species_grid[ii];
1200   PetscCheck(ctx->species_offset[ctx->num_grids] == ctx->num_species, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "ctx->species_offset[ctx->num_grids] %" PetscInt_FMT " != ctx->num_species = %" PetscInt_FMT " ???????????", ctx->species_offset[ctx->num_grids],
1201              ctx->num_species);
1202   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1203     int iii                  = ctx->species_offset[grid];                                          // normalize with first (arbitrary) species on grid
1204     ctx->thermal_speed[grid] = PetscSqrtReal(ctx->k * ctx->thermal_temps[iii] / ctx->masses[iii]); /* arbitrary units for non-dimensionalization: plasma formulary def */
1205   }
1206   // get lambdas here because we need them for t_0 etc
1207   PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_ln_lambda", "Universal cross section parameter. Default uses NRL formulas", "plexland.c", lnLam, &lnLam, &flg));
1208   if (flg) {
1209     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; grid++) {
1210       for (PetscInt gridj = 0; gridj < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; gridj++) ctx->lambdas[gridj][grid] = lnLam; /* cross section ratio large - small angle collisions */
1211     }
1212   } else {
1213     PetscCall(makeLambdas(ctx));
1214   }
1215   non_dim_grid = 0;
1216   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_normalization_grid", "Index of grid to use for setting v_0, m_0, t_0. (Not recommended)", "plexland.c", non_dim_grid, &non_dim_grid, &flg));
1217   if (non_dim_grid != 0) PetscCall(PetscInfo(dummy, "Normalization grid set to %" PetscInt_FMT ", but non-default not well verified\n", non_dim_grid));
1218   PetscCheck(non_dim_grid >= 0 && non_dim_grid < ctx->num_species, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Normalization grid wrong: %" PetscInt_FMT, non_dim_grid);
1219   ctx->v_0 = ctx->thermal_speed[non_dim_grid]; /* arbitrary units for non dimensionalization: global mean velocity in 1D of electrons */
1220   ctx->m_0 = ctx->masses[non_dim_grid];        /* arbitrary reference mass, electrons */
1221   ctx->t_0 = 8 * PETSC_PI * PetscSqr(ctx->epsilon0 * ctx->m_0 / PetscSqr(ctx->charges[non_dim_grid])) / ctx->lambdas[non_dim_grid][non_dim_grid] / ctx->n_0 * PetscPowReal(ctx->v_0, 3); /* note, this t_0 makes nu[non_dim_grid,non_dim_grid]=1 */
1222   /* domain */
1223   nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1224   PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_domain_radius", "Phase space size in units of thermal velocity of grid", "plexland.c", ctx->radius, &nt, &flg));
1225   if (flg) {
1226     PetscCheck(nt >= ctx->num_grids, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_domain_radius: given %" PetscInt_FMT " radius != number grids %" PetscInt_FMT, nt, ctx->num_grids);
1227     while (nt--) ctx->radius_par[nt] = ctx->radius_perp[nt] = ctx->radius[nt];
1228   } else {
1229     nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1230     PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_domain_max_par", "Parallel velocity domain size in units of thermal velocity of grid", "plexland.c", ctx->radius_par, &nt, &flg));
1231     if (flg) PetscCheck(nt >= ctx->num_grids, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_domain_max_par: given %" PetscInt_FMT " radius != number grids %" PetscInt_FMT, nt, ctx->num_grids);
1232     PetscCall(PetscOptionsRealArray("-dm_landau_domain_max_perp", "Perpendicular velocity domain size in units of thermal velocity of grid", "plexland.c", ctx->radius_perp, &nt, &flg));
1233     if (flg) PetscCheck(nt >= ctx->num_grids, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_domain_max_perp: given %" PetscInt_FMT " radius != number grids %" PetscInt_FMT, nt, ctx->num_grids);
1234   }
1235   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1236     if (flg && ctx->radius[grid] <= 0) { /* negative is ratio of c - need to set par and perp with this -- todo */
1237       if (ctx->radius[grid] == 0) ctx->radius[grid] = 0.75;
1238       else ctx->radius[grid] = -ctx->radius[grid];
1239       ctx->radius[grid] = ctx->radius[grid] * SPEED_OF_LIGHT / ctx->v_0; // use any species on grid to normalize (v_0 same for all on grid)
1240       PetscCall(PetscInfo(dummy, "Change domain radius to %g for grid %" PetscInt_FMT "\n", (double)ctx->radius[grid], grid));
1241     }
1242     ctx->radius[grid] *= ctx->thermal_speed[grid] / ctx->v_0;      // scale domain by thermal radius relative to v_0
1243     ctx->radius_perp[grid] *= ctx->thermal_speed[grid] / ctx->v_0; // scale domain by thermal radius relative to v_0
1244     ctx->radius_par[grid] *= ctx->thermal_speed[grid] / ctx->v_0;  // scale domain by thermal radius relative to v_0
1245   }
1246   /* amr parameters */
1247   if (!fileflg) {
1248     nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1249     PetscCall(PetscOptionsIntArray("-dm_landau_amr_levels_max", "Number of AMR levels of refinement around origin, after (RE) refinements along z", "plexland.c", ctx->numAMRRefine, &nt, &flg));
1250     PetscCheck(!flg || nt >= ctx->num_grids, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_amr_levels_max: given %" PetscInt_FMT " != number grids %" PetscInt_FMT, nt, ctx->num_grids);
1251     nt = LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS;
1252     PetscCall(PetscOptionsIntArray("-dm_landau_amr_post_refine", "Number of levels to uniformly refine after AMR", "plexland.c", ctx->postAMRRefine, &nt, &flg));
1253     for (ii = 1; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) ctx->postAMRRefine[ii] = ctx->postAMRRefine[0]; // all grids the same now
1254     PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_amr_re_levels", "Number of levels to refine along v_perp=0, z>0", "plexland.c", ctx->numRERefine, &ctx->numRERefine, &flg));
1255     PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_amr_z_refine_pre", "Number of levels to refine along v_perp=0 before origin refine", "plexland.c", ctx->nZRefine1, &ctx->nZRefine1, &flg));
1256     PetscCall(PetscOptionsInt("-dm_landau_amr_z_refine_post", "Number of levels to refine along v_perp=0 after origin refine", "plexland.c", ctx->nZRefine2, &ctx->nZRefine2, &flg));
1257     PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_re_radius", "velocity range to refine on positive (z>0) r=0 axis for runaways", "plexland.c", ctx->re_radius, &ctx->re_radius, &flg));
1258     PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_z_radius_pre", "velocity range to refine r=0 axis (for electrons)", "plexland.c", ctx->vperp0_radius1, &ctx->vperp0_radius1, &flg));
1259     PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_z_radius_post", "velocity range to refine r=0 axis (for electrons) after origin AMR", "plexland.c", ctx->vperp0_radius2, &ctx->vperp0_radius2, &flg));
1260     /* spherical domain (not used) */
1261     PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_sphere", "use sphere/semi-circle domain instead of rectangle", "plexland.c", ctx->sphere, &ctx->sphere, NULL));
1262     if (ctx->sphere || ctx->simplex) {
1263       ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree = 0.40;
1264       ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree = 0.35;
1265       PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_sphere_inner_radius_90degree_scale", "Scaling of radius for inner circle on 90 degree grid", "plexland.c", ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree, &ctx->sphere_inner_radius_90degree, NULL));
1266       PetscCall(PetscOptionsReal("-dm_landau_sphere_inner_radius_45degree_scale", "Scaling of radius for inner circle on 45 degree grid", "plexland.c", ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree, &ctx->sphere_inner_radius_45degree, NULL));
1267     } else {
1268       nt = LANDAU_DIM;
1269       PetscCall(PetscOptionsIntArray("-dm_landau_num_cells", "Number of cells in each dimension of base grid", "plexland.c", ctx->cells0, &nt, &flg));
1270     }
1271   }
1272   /* processing options */
1273   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_gpu_assembly", "Assemble Jacobian on GPU", "plexland.c", ctx->gpu_assembly, &ctx->gpu_assembly, NULL));
1274   PetscCall(PetscOptionsBool("-dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order", "Reorder Jacobian for GPU assembly with field major, or block diagonal, ordering (DEPRECATED)", "plexland.c", ctx->jacobian_field_major_order, &ctx->jacobian_field_major_order, NULL));
1275   if (ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) PetscCheck(ctx->gpu_assembly, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order requires -dm_landau_gpu_assembly");
1276   PetscCheck(!ctx->jacobian_field_major_order, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order DEPRECATED");
1277   PetscOptionsEnd();
1278 
1279   for (ii = ctx->num_species; ii < LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES; ii++) ctx->masses[ii] = ctx->thermal_temps[ii] = ctx->charges[ii] = 0;
1280   if (ctx->verbose != 0) {
1281     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "masses:        e=%10.3e; ions in proton mass units:   %10.3e %10.3e ...\n", (double)ctx->masses[0], (double)(ctx->masses[1] / 1.6720e-27), (double)(ctx->num_species > 2 ? ctx->masses[2] / 1.6720e-27 : 0)));
1282     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "charges:       e=%10.3e; charges in elementary units: %10.3e %10.3e\n", (double)ctx->charges[0], (double)(-ctx->charges[1] / ctx->charges[0]), (double)(ctx->num_species > 2 ? -ctx->charges[2] / ctx->charges[0] : 0)));
1283     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "n:             e: %10.3e                           i: %10.3e %10.3e\n", (double)ctx->n[0], (double)ctx->n[1], (double)(ctx->num_species > 2 ? ctx->n[2] : 0)));
1284     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "thermal T (K): e=%10.3e i=%10.3e %10.3e. Normalization grid %d: v_0=%10.3e (%10.3ec) n_0=%10.3e t_0=%10.3e %" PetscInt_FMT " batched, view batch %" PetscInt_FMT "\n", (double)ctx->thermal_temps[0],
1285                           (double)ctx->thermal_temps[1], (double)((ctx->num_species > 2) ? ctx->thermal_temps[2] : 0), (int)non_dim_grid, (double)ctx->v_0, (double)(ctx->v_0 / SPEED_OF_LIGHT), (double)ctx->n_0, (double)ctx->t_0, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->batch_view_idx));
1286     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "Domain radius (AMR levels) grid %d: par=%10.3e perp=%10.3e (%" PetscInt_FMT ") ", 0, (double)ctx->radius_par[0], (double)ctx->radius_perp[0], ctx->numAMRRefine[0]));
1287     for (ii = 1; ii < ctx->num_grids; ii++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, ", %" PetscInt_FMT ": par=%10.3e perp=%10.3e (%" PetscInt_FMT ") ", ii, (double)ctx->radius_par[ii], (double)ctx->radius_perp[ii], ctx->numAMRRefine[ii]));
1288     if (ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\nUse relativistic corrections\n"));
1289     else PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
1290   }
1291   PetscCall(DMDestroy(&dummy));
1292   {
1293     PetscMPIInt rank;
1294     PetscCallMPI(MPI_Comm_rank(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &rank));
1295     ctx->stage = 0;
1296     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Create", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[13]));   /* 13 */
1297     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" GPU ass. setup", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[2]));  /* 2 */
1298     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Build matrix", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[12]));   /* 12 */
1299     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Assembly maps", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[15]));  /* 15 */
1300     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Mass mat", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[14])); /* 14 */
1301     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Operator", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[11])); /* 11 */
1302     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Jacobian", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[0]));  /* 0 */
1303     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister("Landau Mass", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[9]));      /* 9 */
1304     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Preamble", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[10]));       /* 10 */
1305     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" static IP Data", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[7]));  /* 7 */
1306     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" dynamic IP-Jac", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[1]));  /* 1 */
1307     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Kernel-init", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[3]));     /* 3 */
1308     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Jac-f-df (GPU)", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[8]));  /* 8 */
1309     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" J Kernel (GPU)", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[4]));  /* 4 */
1310     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" M Kernel (GPU)", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[16])); /* 16 */
1311     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" Copy to CPU", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[5]));     /* 5 */
1312     PetscCall(PetscLogEventRegister(" CPU assemble", DM_CLASSID, &ctx->events[6]));    /* 6 */
1313 
1314     if (rank) { /* turn off output stuff for duplicate runs - do we need to add the prefix to all this? */
1315       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-snes_converged_reason"));
1316       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ksp_converged_reason"));
1317       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-snes_monitor"));
1318       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ksp_monitor"));
1319       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ts_monitor"));
1320       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ts_view"));
1321       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-ts_adapt_monitor"));
1322       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_amr_dm_view"));
1323       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_amr_vec_view"));
1324       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_mass_dm_view"));
1325       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_mass_view"));
1326       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_jacobian_view"));
1327       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-dm_landau_mat_view"));
1328       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-pc_bjkokkos_ksp_converged_reason"));
1329       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-pc_bjkokkos_ksp_monitor"));
1330       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-"));
1331       PetscCall(PetscOptionsClearValue(NULL, "-info"));
1332     }
1333   }
1334   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1335 }
1336 
1337 static PetscErrorCode CreateStaticData(PetscInt dim, IS grid_batch_is_inv[], LandauCtx *ctx)
1338 {
1339   PetscSection     section[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], globsection[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
1340   PetscQuadrature  quad;
1341   const PetscReal *quadWeights;
1342   PetscReal        invMass[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], nu_alpha[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], nu_beta[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES];
1343   PetscInt         numCells[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], Nq, Nb, Nf[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], ncellsTot = 0, MAP_BF_SIZE = 64 * LANDAU_DIM * LANDAU_DIM * LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE * LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES;
1344   PetscTabulation *Tf;
1345   PetscDS          prob;
1346 
1347   PetscFunctionBegin;
1348   PetscCall(PetscFEGetDimension(ctx->fe[0], &Nb));
1349   PetscCheck(Nb <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nb = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nb, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
1350   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1351     for (PetscInt ii = ctx->species_offset[grid]; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) {
1352       invMass[ii]  = ctx->m_0 / ctx->masses[ii];
1353       nu_alpha[ii] = PetscSqr(ctx->charges[ii] / ctx->m_0) * ctx->m_0 / ctx->masses[ii];
1354       nu_beta[ii]  = PetscSqr(ctx->charges[ii] / ctx->epsilon0) / (8 * PETSC_PI) * ctx->t_0 * ctx->n_0 / PetscPowReal(ctx->v_0, 3);
1355     }
1356   }
1357   if (ctx->verbose == 4) {
1358     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "nu_alpha: "));
1359     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1360       int iii = ctx->species_offset[grid];
1361       for (PetscInt ii = iii; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " %e", (double)nu_alpha[ii]));
1362     }
1363     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\nnu_beta: "));
1364     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1365       int iii = ctx->species_offset[grid];
1366       for (PetscInt ii = iii; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " %e", (double)nu_beta[ii]));
1367     }
1368     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\nnu_alpha[i]*nu_beta[j]*lambda[i][j]:\n"));
1369     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1370       int iii = ctx->species_offset[grid];
1371       for (PetscInt ii = iii; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) {
1372         for (PetscInt gridj = 0; gridj < ctx->num_grids; gridj++) {
1373           int jjj = ctx->species_offset[gridj];
1374           for (PetscInt jj = jjj; jj < ctx->species_offset[gridj + 1]; jj++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " %14.9e", (double)(nu_alpha[ii] * nu_beta[jj] * ctx->lambdas[grid][gridj])));
1375         }
1376         PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
1377       }
1378     }
1379     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "lambda[i][j]:\n"));
1380     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1381       int iii = ctx->species_offset[grid];
1382       for (PetscInt ii = iii; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++) {
1383         for (PetscInt gridj = 0; gridj < ctx->num_grids; gridj++) {
1384           int jjj = ctx->species_offset[gridj];
1385           for (PetscInt jj = jjj; jj < ctx->species_offset[gridj + 1]; jj++) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " %14.9e", (double)ctx->lambdas[grid][gridj]));
1386         }
1387         PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
1388       }
1389     }
1390   }
1391   PetscCall(DMGetDS(ctx->plex[0], &prob));    // same DS for all grids
1392   PetscCall(PetscDSGetTabulation(prob, &Tf)); // Bf, &Df same for all grids
1393   /* DS, Tab and quad is same on all grids */
1394   PetscCheck(ctx->plex[0], ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Plex not created");
1395   PetscCall(PetscFEGetQuadrature(ctx->fe[0], &quad));
1396   PetscCall(PetscQuadratureGetData(quad, NULL, NULL, &Nq, NULL, &quadWeights));
1397   PetscCheck(Nq <= LANDAU_MAX_NQND, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Order too high. Nq = %" PetscInt_FMT " > LANDAU_MAX_NQND (%d)", Nq, LANDAU_MAX_NQND);
1398   /* setup each grid */
1399   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1400     PetscInt cStart, cEnd;
1401     PetscCheck(ctx->plex[grid] != NULL, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "Plex not created");
1402     PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
1403     numCells[grid] = cEnd - cStart; // grids can have different topology
1404     PetscCall(DMGetLocalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &section[grid]));
1405     PetscCall(DMGetGlobalSection(ctx->plex[grid], &globsection[grid]));
1406     PetscCall(PetscSectionGetNumFields(section[grid], &Nf[grid]));
1407     ncellsTot += numCells[grid];
1408   }
1409   /* create GPU assembly data */
1410   if (ctx->gpu_assembly) { /* we need GPU object with GPU assembly */
1411     PetscContainer container;
1412     PetscScalar   *elemMatrix, *elMat;
1413     pointInterpolationP4est(*pointMaps)[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE];
1414     P4estVertexMaps *maps;
1415     const PetscInt  *plex_batch = NULL, elMatSz = Nb * Nb * ctx->num_species * ctx->num_species;
1416     LandauIdx       *coo_elem_offsets = NULL, *coo_elem_fullNb = NULL, (*coo_elem_point_offsets)[LANDAU_MAX_NQND + 1] = NULL;
1417     /* create GPU assembly data */
1418     PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[0], "Make GPU maps %d\n", 1));
1419     PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[2], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1420     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*maps) * ctx->num_grids, &maps));
1421     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*pointMaps) * MAP_BF_SIZE, &pointMaps));
1422     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*elemMatrix) * elMatSz, &elemMatrix));
1423 
1424     {                                                                                                                             // setup COO assembly -- put COO metadata directly in ctx->SData_d
1425       PetscCall(PetscMalloc3(ncellsTot + 1, &coo_elem_offsets, ncellsTot, &coo_elem_fullNb, ncellsTot, &coo_elem_point_offsets)); // array of integer pointers
1426       coo_elem_offsets[0] = 0;                                                                                                    // finish later
1427       PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[0], "COO initialization, %" PetscInt_FMT " cells\n", ncellsTot));
1428       ctx->SData_d.coo_n_cellsTot         = ncellsTot;
1429       ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_offsets       = (void *)coo_elem_offsets;
1430       ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_fullNb        = (void *)coo_elem_fullNb;
1431       ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_point_offsets = (void *)coo_elem_point_offsets;
1432     }
1433 
1434     ctx->SData_d.coo_max_fullnb = 0;
1435     for (PetscInt grid = 0, glb_elem_idx = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1436       PetscInt cStart, cEnd, Nfloc = Nf[grid], totDim = Nfloc * Nb;
1437       if (grid_batch_is_inv[grid]) PetscCall(ISGetIndices(grid_batch_is_inv[grid], &plex_batch));
1438       PetscCheck(!plex_batch, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order DEPRECATED");
1439       PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
1440       // make maps
1441       maps[grid].d_self       = NULL;
1442       maps[grid].num_elements = numCells[grid];
1443       maps[grid].num_face     = (PetscInt)(pow(Nq, 1. / ((double)dim)) + .001);                 // Q
1444       maps[grid].num_face     = (PetscInt)(pow(maps[grid].num_face, (double)(dim - 1)) + .001); // Q^2
1445       maps[grid].num_reduced  = 0;
1446       maps[grid].deviceType   = ctx->deviceType;
1447       maps[grid].numgrids     = ctx->num_grids;
1448       // count reduced and get
1449       PetscCall(PetscMalloc(maps[grid].num_elements * sizeof(*maps[grid].gIdx), &maps[grid].gIdx));
1450       for (int ej = cStart, eidx = 0; ej < cEnd; ++ej, ++eidx, glb_elem_idx++) {
1451         if (coo_elem_offsets) coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx + 1] = coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx]; // start with last one, then add
1452         for (int fieldA = 0; fieldA < Nf[grid]; fieldA++) {
1453           int fullNb = 0;
1454           for (int q = 0; q < Nb; ++q) {
1455             PetscInt     numindices, *indices;
1456             PetscScalar *valuesOrig = elMat = elemMatrix;
1457             PetscCall(PetscArrayzero(elMat, totDim * totDim));
1458             elMat[(fieldA * Nb + q) * totDim + fieldA * Nb + q] = 1;
1459             PetscCall(DMPlexGetClosureIndices(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], globsection[grid], ej, PETSC_TRUE, &numindices, &indices, NULL, (PetscScalar **)&elMat));
1460             if (ctx->simplex) {
1461               PetscCheck(numindices == Nb, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "numindices != Nb numindices=%d Nb=%d", (int)numindices, (int)Nb);
1462               for (int q = 0; q < numindices; ++q) { maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][fieldA][q] = (LandauIdx)indices[q]; }
1463               fullNb++;
1464             } else {
1465               for (PetscInt f = 0; f < numindices; ++f) { // look for a non-zero on the diagonal (is this too complicated for simplices?)
1466                 if (PetscAbs(PetscRealPart(elMat[f * numindices + f])) > PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON) {
1467                   // found it
1468                   if (PetscAbs(PetscRealPart(elMat[f * numindices + f] - 1.)) < PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON) { // normal vertex 1.0
1469                     if (plex_batch) {
1470                       maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][fieldA][q] = (LandauIdx)plex_batch[indices[f]];
1471                     } else {
1472                       maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][fieldA][q] = (LandauIdx)indices[f];
1473                     }
1474                     fullNb++;
1475                   } else { //found a constraint
1476                     int            jj                = 0;
1477                     PetscReal      sum               = 0;
1478                     const PetscInt ff                = f;
1479                     maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][fieldA][q] = -maps[grid].num_reduced - 1; // store (-)index: id = -(idx+1): idx = -id - 1
1480                     PetscCheck(!ctx->simplex, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "No constraints with simplex");
1481                     do {                                                                                              // constraints are continuous in Plex - exploit that here
1482                       int ii;                                                                                         // get 'scale'
1483                       for (ii = 0, pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale = 0; ii < maps[grid].num_face; ii++) { // sum row of outer product to recover vector value
1484                         if (ff + ii < numindices) {                                                                   // 3D has Q and Q^2 interps so might run off end. We could test that elMat[f*numindices + ff + ii] > 0, and break if not
1485                           pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale += PetscRealPart(elMat[f * numindices + ff + ii]);
1486                         }
1487                       }
1488                       sum += pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale; // diagnostic
1489                       // get 'gid'
1490                       if (pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale == 0) pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].gid = -1; // 3D has Q and Q^2 interps
1491                       else {
1492                         if (plex_batch) {
1493                           pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].gid = plex_batch[indices[f]];
1494                         } else {
1495                           pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].gid = indices[f];
1496                         }
1497                         fullNb++;
1498                       }
1499                     } while (++jj < maps[grid].num_face && ++f < numindices); // jj is incremented if we hit the end
1500                     while (jj < maps[grid].num_face) {
1501                       pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].scale = 0;
1502                       pointMaps[maps[grid].num_reduced][jj].gid   = -1;
1503                       jj++;
1504                     }
1505                     if (PetscAbs(sum - 1.0) > 10 * PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON) { // debug
1506                       int       d, f;
1507                       PetscReal tmp = 0;
1508                       PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_SELF, "\t\t%d.%d.%d) ERROR total I = %22.16e (LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE=%d, #face=%d)\n", eidx, q, fieldA, (double)sum, LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE, maps[grid].num_face));
1509                       for (d = 0, tmp = 0; d < numindices; ++d) {
1510                         if (tmp != 0 && PetscAbs(tmp - 1.0) > 10 * PETSC_MACHINE_EPSILON) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "%3d) %3" PetscInt_FMT ": ", d, indices[d]));
1511                         for (f = 0; f < numindices; ++f) tmp += PetscRealPart(elMat[d * numindices + f]);
1512                         if (tmp != 0) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, " | %22.16e\n", (double)tmp));
1513                       }
1514                     }
1515                     maps[grid].num_reduced++;
1516                     PetscCheck(maps[grid].num_reduced < MAP_BF_SIZE, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "maps[grid].num_reduced %d > %" PetscInt_FMT, maps[grid].num_reduced, MAP_BF_SIZE);
1517                   }
1518                   break;
1519                 }
1520               }
1521             } // !simplex
1522             // cleanup
1523             PetscCall(DMPlexRestoreClosureIndices(ctx->plex[grid], section[grid], globsection[grid], ej, PETSC_TRUE, &numindices, &indices, NULL, (PetscScalar **)&elMat));
1524             if (elMat != valuesOrig) PetscCall(DMRestoreWorkArray(ctx->plex[grid], numindices * numindices, MPIU_SCALAR, &elMat));
1525           }
1526           {                                                        // setup COO assembly
1527             coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx + 1] += fullNb * fullNb; // one species block, adds a block for each species, on this element in this grid
1528             if (fieldA == 0) {                                     // cache full Nb for this element, on this grid per species
1529               coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx] = fullNb;
1530               if (fullNb > ctx->SData_d.coo_max_fullnb) ctx->SData_d.coo_max_fullnb = fullNb;
1531             } else PetscCheck(coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx] == fullNb, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "full element size change with species %d %d", coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx], fullNb);
1532           }
1533         } // field
1534       } // cell
1535       // allocate and copy point data maps[grid].gIdx[eidx][field][q]
1536       PetscCall(PetscMalloc(maps[grid].num_reduced * sizeof(*maps[grid].c_maps), &maps[grid].c_maps));
1537       for (int ej = 0; ej < maps[grid].num_reduced; ++ej) {
1538         for (int q = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; ++q) {
1539           maps[grid].c_maps[ej][q].scale = pointMaps[ej][q].scale;
1540           maps[grid].c_maps[ej][q].gid   = pointMaps[ej][q].gid;
1541         }
1542       }
1543 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
1544       if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
1545         PetscCall(LandauKokkosCreateMatMaps(maps, pointMaps, Nf, grid)); // implies Kokkos does
1546       }
1547 #endif
1548       if (plex_batch) {
1549         PetscCall(ISRestoreIndices(grid_batch_is_inv[grid], &plex_batch));
1550         PetscCall(ISDestroy(&grid_batch_is_inv[grid])); // we are done with this
1551       }
1552     } /* grids */
1553     // finish COO
1554     { // setup COO assembly
1555       PetscInt *oor, *ooc;
1556       ctx->SData_d.coo_size = coo_elem_offsets[ncellsTot] * ctx->batch_sz;
1557       PetscCall(PetscMalloc2(ctx->SData_d.coo_size, &oor, ctx->SData_d.coo_size, &ooc));
1558       for (int i = 0; i < ctx->SData_d.coo_size; i++) oor[i] = ooc[i] = -1;
1559       // get
1560       for (int grid = 0, glb_elem_idx = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1561         for (int ej = 0; ej < numCells[grid]; ++ej, glb_elem_idx++) {
1562           const int              fullNb           = coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx];
1563           const LandauIdx *const Idxs             = &maps[grid].gIdx[ej][0][0]; // just use field-0 maps, They should be the same but this is just for COO storage
1564           coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][0] = 0;
1565           for (int f = 0, cnt2 = 0; f < Nb; f++) {
1566             int idx                                     = Idxs[f];
1567             coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f + 1] = coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f]; // start at last
1568             if (idx >= 0) {
1569               cnt2++;
1570               coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f + 1]++; // inc
1571             } else {
1572               idx = -idx - 1;
1573               for (int q = 0; q < maps[grid].num_face; q++) {
1574                 if (maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid < 0) break;
1575                 cnt2++;
1576                 coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f + 1]++; // inc
1577               }
1578             }
1579             PetscCheck(cnt2 <= fullNb, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "wrong count %d < %d", fullNb, cnt2);
1580           }
1581           PetscCheck(coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][Nb] == fullNb, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "coo_elem_point_offsets size %d != fullNb=%d", coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][Nb], fullNb);
1582         }
1583       }
1584       // set
1585       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
1586         for (int grid = 0, glb_elem_idx = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1587           const PetscInt moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
1588           for (int ej = 0; ej < numCells[grid]; ++ej, glb_elem_idx++) {
1589             const int fullNb = coo_elem_fullNb[glb_elem_idx], fullNb2 = fullNb * fullNb;
1590             // set (i,j)
1591             for (int fieldA = 0; fieldA < Nf[grid]; fieldA++) {
1592               const LandauIdx *const Idxs = &maps[grid].gIdx[ej][fieldA][0];
1593               int                    rows[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE], cols[LANDAU_MAX_Q_FACE];
1594               for (int f = 0; f < Nb; ++f) {
1595                 const int nr = coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f + 1] - coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f];
1596                 if (nr == 1) rows[0] = Idxs[f];
1597                 else {
1598                   const int idx = -Idxs[f] - 1;
1599                   for (int q = 0; q < nr; q++) rows[q] = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
1600                 }
1601                 for (int g = 0; g < Nb; ++g) {
1602                   const int nc = coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][g + 1] - coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][g];
1603                   if (nc == 1) cols[0] = Idxs[g];
1604                   else {
1605                     const int idx = -Idxs[g] - 1;
1606                     for (int q = 0; q < nc; q++) cols[q] = maps[grid].c_maps[idx][q].gid;
1607                   }
1608                   const int idx0 = b_id * coo_elem_offsets[ncellsTot] + coo_elem_offsets[glb_elem_idx] + fieldA * fullNb2 + fullNb * coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][f] + nr * coo_elem_point_offsets[glb_elem_idx][g];
1609                   for (int q = 0, idx = idx0; q < nr; q++) {
1610                     for (int d = 0; d < nc; d++, idx++) {
1611                       oor[idx] = rows[q] + moffset;
1612                       ooc[idx] = cols[d] + moffset;
1613                     }
1614                   }
1615                 }
1616               }
1617             }
1618           } // cell
1619         } // grid
1620       } // batch
1621       PetscCall(MatSetPreallocationCOO(ctx->J, ctx->SData_d.coo_size, oor, ooc));
1622       PetscCall(PetscFree2(oor, ooc));
1623     }
1624     PetscCall(PetscFree(pointMaps));
1625     PetscCall(PetscFree(elemMatrix));
1626     PetscCall(PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, &container));
1627     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetPointer(container, (void *)maps));
1628     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetUserDestroy(container, LandauGPUMapsDestroy));
1629     PetscCall(PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)ctx->J, "assembly_maps", (PetscObject)container));
1630     PetscCall(PetscContainerDestroy(&container));
1631     PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[2], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1632   } // end GPU assembly
1633   { /* create static point data, Jacobian called first, only one vertex copy */
1634     PetscReal *invJe, *ww, *xx, *yy, *zz = NULL, *invJ_a;
1635     PetscInt   outer_ipidx, outer_ej, grid, nip_glb = 0;
1636     PetscFE    fe;
1637     PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[7], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1638     PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[0], "Initialize static data\n"));
1639     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) nip_glb += Nq * numCells[grid];
1640     /* collect f data, first time is for Jacobian, but make mass now */
1641     if (ctx->verbose != 0) {
1642       PetscInt ncells = 0, N;
1643       PetscCall(MatGetSize(ctx->J, &N, NULL));
1644       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) ncells += numCells[grid];
1645       PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "%d) %s %" PetscInt_FMT " IPs, %" PetscInt_FMT " cells total, Nb=%" PetscInt_FMT ", Nq=%" PetscInt_FMT ", dim=%" PetscInt_FMT ", Tab: Nb=%" PetscInt_FMT " Nf=%" PetscInt_FMT " Np=%" PetscInt_FMT " cdim=%" PetscInt_FMT " N=%" PetscInt_FMT "\n", 0, "FormLandau", nip_glb, ncells, Nb, Nq, dim, Nb,
1646                             ctx->num_species, Nb, dim, N));
1647     }
1648     PetscCall(PetscMalloc4(nip_glb, &ww, nip_glb, &xx, nip_glb, &yy, nip_glb * dim * dim, &invJ_a));
1649     if (dim == 3) PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(nip_glb, &zz));
1650     if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) {
1651       PetscCall(PetscFECreateDefault(PETSC_COMM_SELF, dim, 1, ctx->simplex, NULL, PETSC_DECIDE, &fe));
1652       PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)fe, "energy"));
1653     }
1654     /* init each grids static data - no batch */
1655     for (grid = 0, outer_ipidx = 0, outer_ej = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) { // OpenMP (once)
1656       Vec          v2_2 = NULL;                                                    // projected function: v^2/2 for non-relativistic, gamma... for relativistic
1657       PetscSection e_section;
1658       DM           dmEnergy;
1659       PetscInt     cStart, cEnd, ej;
1660 
1661       PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[grid], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
1662       // prep energy trick, get v^2 / 2 vector
1663       if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) {
1664         PetscErrorCode (*energyf[1])(PetscInt, PetscReal, const PetscReal[], PetscInt, PetscScalar[], void *) = {ctx->use_relativistic_corrections ? gamma_m1_f : energy_f};
1665         Vec        glob_v2;
1666         PetscReal *c2_0[1], data[1] = {PetscSqr(C_0(ctx->v_0))};
1667 
1668         PetscCall(DMClone(ctx->plex[grid], &dmEnergy));
1669         PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)dmEnergy, "energy"));
1670         PetscCall(DMSetField(dmEnergy, 0, NULL, (PetscObject)fe));
1671         PetscCall(DMCreateDS(dmEnergy));
1672         PetscCall(DMGetSection(dmEnergy, &e_section));
1673         PetscCall(DMGetGlobalVector(dmEnergy, &glob_v2));
1674         PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)glob_v2, "trick"));
1675         c2_0[0] = &data[0];
1676         PetscCall(DMProjectFunction(dmEnergy, 0., energyf, (void **)c2_0, INSERT_ALL_VALUES, glob_v2));
1677         PetscCall(DMGetLocalVector(dmEnergy, &v2_2));
1678         PetscCall(VecZeroEntries(v2_2)); /* zero BCs so don't set */
1679         PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalBegin(dmEnergy, glob_v2, INSERT_VALUES, v2_2));
1680         PetscCall(DMGlobalToLocalEnd(dmEnergy, glob_v2, INSERT_VALUES, v2_2));
1681         PetscCall(DMViewFromOptions(dmEnergy, NULL, "-energy_dm_view"));
1682         PetscCall(VecViewFromOptions(glob_v2, NULL, "-energy_vec_view"));
1683         PetscCall(DMRestoreGlobalVector(dmEnergy, &glob_v2));
1684       }
1685       /* append part of the IP data for each grid */
1686       for (ej = 0; ej < numCells[grid]; ++ej, ++outer_ej) {
1687         PetscScalar *coefs = NULL;
1688         PetscReal    vj[LANDAU_MAX_NQND * LANDAU_DIM], detJj[LANDAU_MAX_NQND], Jdummy[LANDAU_MAX_NQND * LANDAU_DIM * LANDAU_DIM], c0 = C_0(ctx->v_0), c02 = PetscSqr(c0);
1689         invJe = invJ_a + outer_ej * Nq * dim * dim;
1690         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeCellGeometryFEM(ctx->plex[grid], ej + cStart, quad, vj, Jdummy, invJe, detJj));
1691         if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) PetscCall(DMPlexVecGetClosure(dmEnergy, e_section, v2_2, ej + cStart, NULL, &coefs));
1692         /* create static point data */
1693         for (PetscInt qj = 0; qj < Nq; qj++, outer_ipidx++) {
1694           const PetscInt   gidx = outer_ipidx;
1695           const PetscReal *invJ = &invJe[qj * dim * dim];
1696           ww[gidx]              = detJj[qj] * quadWeights[qj];
1697           if (dim == 2) ww[gidx] *= vj[qj * dim + 0]; /* cylindrical coordinate, w/o 2pi */
1698           // get xx, yy, zz
1699           if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) {
1700             double                 refSpaceDer[3], eGradPhi[3];
1701             const PetscReal *const DD = Tf[0]->T[1];
1702             const PetscReal       *Dq = &DD[qj * Nb * dim];
1703             for (int d = 0; d < 3; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] = eGradPhi[d] = 0.0;
1704             for (int b = 0; b < Nb; ++b) {
1705               for (int d = 0; d < dim; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] += Dq[b * dim + d] * PetscRealPart(coefs[b]);
1706             }
1707             xx[gidx] = 1e10;
1708             if (ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) {
1709               double dg2_c2 = 0;
1710               //for (int d = 0; d < dim; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] *= c02;
1711               for (int d = 0; d < dim; ++d) dg2_c2 += PetscSqr(refSpaceDer[d]);
1712               dg2_c2 *= (double)c02;
1713               if (dg2_c2 >= .999) {
1714                 xx[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 0]; /* coordinate */
1715                 yy[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 1];
1716                 if (dim == 3) zz[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 2];
1717                 PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "Error: %12.5e %" PetscInt_FMT ".%" PetscInt_FMT ") dg2/c02 = %12.5e x= %12.5e %12.5e %12.5e\n", (double)PetscSqrtReal(xx[gidx] * xx[gidx] + yy[gidx] * yy[gidx] + zz[gidx] * zz[gidx]), ej, qj, dg2_c2, (double)xx[gidx], (double)yy[gidx], (double)zz[gidx]));
1718               } else {
1719                 PetscReal fact = c02 / PetscSqrtReal(1. - dg2_c2);
1720                 for (int d = 0; d < dim; ++d) refSpaceDer[d] *= fact;
1721                 // could test with other point u' that (grad - grad') * U (refSpaceDer, refSpaceDer') == 0
1722               }
1723             }
1724             if (xx[gidx] == 1e10) {
1725               for (int d = 0; d < dim; ++d) {
1726                 for (int e = 0; e < dim; ++e) eGradPhi[d] += invJ[e * dim + d] * refSpaceDer[e];
1727               }
1728               xx[gidx] = eGradPhi[0];
1729               yy[gidx] = eGradPhi[1];
1730               if (dim == 3) zz[gidx] = eGradPhi[2];
1731             }
1732           } else {
1733             xx[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 0]; /* coordinate */
1734             yy[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 1];
1735             if (dim == 3) zz[gidx] = vj[qj * dim + 2];
1736           }
1737         } /* q */
1738         if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) PetscCall(DMPlexVecRestoreClosure(dmEnergy, e_section, v2_2, ej + cStart, NULL, &coefs));
1739       } /* ej */
1740       if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) {
1741         PetscCall(DMRestoreLocalVector(dmEnergy, &v2_2));
1742         PetscCall(DMDestroy(&dmEnergy));
1743       }
1744     } /* grid */
1745     if (ctx->use_energy_tensor_trick) PetscCall(PetscFEDestroy(&fe));
1746     /* cache static data */
1747     if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
1748 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
1749       PetscCall(LandauKokkosStaticDataSet(ctx->plex[0], Nq, Nb, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, numCells, ctx->species_offset, ctx->mat_offset, nu_alpha, nu_beta, invMass, (PetscReal *)ctx->lambdas, invJ_a, xx, yy, zz, ww, &ctx->SData_d));
1750 #else
1751       SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-landau_device_type kokkos not built");
1752 #endif
1753       /* free */
1754       PetscCall(PetscFree4(ww, xx, yy, invJ_a));
1755       if (dim == 3) PetscCall(PetscFree(zz));
1756     } else {                                                                                                                                                                   /* CPU version, just copy in, only use part */
1757       PetscReal *nu_alpha_p = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.alpha, *nu_beta_p = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.beta, *invMass_p = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.invMass, *lambdas_p = NULL; // why set these ?
1758       ctx->SData_d.w    = (void *)ww;
1759       ctx->SData_d.x    = (void *)xx;
1760       ctx->SData_d.y    = (void *)yy;
1761       ctx->SData_d.z    = (void *)zz;
1762       ctx->SData_d.invJ = (void *)invJ_a;
1763       PetscCall(PetscMalloc4(ctx->num_species, &nu_alpha_p, ctx->num_species, &nu_beta_p, ctx->num_species, &invMass_p, LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS * LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS, &lambdas_p));
1764       for (PetscInt ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_species; ii++) {
1765         nu_alpha_p[ii] = nu_alpha[ii];
1766         nu_beta_p[ii]  = nu_beta[ii];
1767         invMass_p[ii]  = invMass[ii];
1768       }
1769       ctx->SData_d.alpha   = (void *)nu_alpha_p;
1770       ctx->SData_d.beta    = (void *)nu_beta_p;
1771       ctx->SData_d.invMass = (void *)invMass_p;
1772       ctx->SData_d.lambdas = (void *)lambdas_p;
1773       for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; grid++) {
1774         PetscReal(*lambdas)[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS][LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS] = (PetscReal(*)[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS][LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS])ctx->SData_d.lambdas;
1775         for (PetscInt gridj = 0; gridj < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; gridj++) { (*lambdas)[grid][gridj] = ctx->lambdas[grid][gridj]; }
1776       }
1777     }
1778     PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[7], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1779   } // initialize
1780   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1781 }
1782 
1783 /* < v, u > */
1784 static void g0_1(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, PetscReal u_tShift, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar g0[])
1785 {
1786   g0[0] = 1.;
1787 }
1788 
1789 /* < v, u > */
1790 static void g0_fake(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, PetscReal u_tShift, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar g0[])
1791 {
1792   static double ttt = 1e-12;
1793   g0[0]             = ttt++;
1794 }
1795 
1796 /* < v, u > */
1797 static void g0_r(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, PetscReal u_tShift, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar g0[])
1798 {
1799   g0[0] = 2. * PETSC_PI * x[0];
1800 }
1801 
1802 static PetscErrorCode MatrixNfDestroy(void *ptr)
1803 {
1804   PetscInt *nf = (PetscInt *)ptr;
1805 
1806   PetscFunctionBegin;
1807   PetscCall(PetscFree(nf));
1808   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1809 }
1810 
1811 /*
1812  LandauCreateJacobianMatrix - creates ctx->J with without real data. Hard to keep sparse.
1813   - Like DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix. Should remove one and combine
1814   - has old support for field major ordering
1815  */
1816 static PetscErrorCode LandauCreateJacobianMatrix(MPI_Comm comm, Vec X, IS grid_batch_is_inv[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS], LandauCtx *ctx)
1817 {
1818   PetscInt *idxs = NULL;
1819   Mat       subM[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
1820 
1821   PetscFunctionBegin;
1822   if (!ctx->gpu_assembly) { /* we need GPU object with GPU assembly */
1823     PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1824   }
1825   // get the RCM for this grid to separate out species into blocks -- create 'idxs' & 'ctx->batch_is' -- not used
1826   if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(ctx->mat_offset[ctx->num_grids] * ctx->batch_sz, &idxs));
1827   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1828     const PetscInt *values, n = ctx->mat_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->mat_offset[grid];
1829     Mat             gMat;
1830     DM              massDM;
1831     PetscDS         prob;
1832     Vec             tvec;
1833     // get "mass" matrix for reordering
1834     PetscCall(DMClone(ctx->plex[grid], &massDM));
1835     PetscCall(DMCopyFields(ctx->plex[grid], massDM));
1836     PetscCall(DMCreateDS(massDM));
1837     PetscCall(DMGetDS(massDM, &prob));
1838     for (int ix = 0, ii = ctx->species_offset[grid]; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, ix++) PetscCall(PetscDSSetJacobian(prob, ix, ix, g0_fake, NULL, NULL, NULL));
1839     PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only")); // this trick is need to both sparsify the matrix and avoid runtime error
1840     PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(massDM, &gMat));
1841     PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only false"));
1842     PetscCall(MatSetOption(gMat, MAT_STRUCTURALLY_SYMMETRIC, PETSC_TRUE));
1843     PetscCall(MatSetOption(gMat, MAT_IGNORE_ZERO_ENTRIES, PETSC_TRUE));
1844     PetscCall(DMCreateLocalVector(ctx->plex[grid], &tvec));
1845     PetscCall(DMPlexSNESComputeJacobianFEM(massDM, tvec, gMat, gMat, ctx));
1846     PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(gMat, NULL, "-dm_landau_reorder_mat_view"));
1847     PetscCall(DMDestroy(&massDM));
1848     PetscCall(VecDestroy(&tvec));
1849     subM[grid] = gMat;
1850     if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) {
1851       MatOrderingType rtype = MATORDERINGRCM;
1852       IS              isrow, isicol;
1853       PetscCall(MatGetOrdering(gMat, rtype, &isrow, &isicol));
1854       PetscCall(ISInvertPermutation(isrow, PETSC_DECIDE, &grid_batch_is_inv[grid]));
1855       PetscCall(ISGetIndices(isrow, &values));
1856       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // add batch size DMs for this species grid
1857 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
1858         PetscInt N = ctx->mat_offset[ctx->num_grids], n0 = ctx->mat_offset[grid] + b_id * N;
1859         for (int ii = 0; ii < n; ++ii) idxs[n0 + ii] = values[ii] + n0;
1860 #else
1861         PetscInt n0 = ctx->mat_offset[grid] * ctx->batch_sz + b_id * n;
1862         for (int ii = 0; ii < n; ++ii) idxs[n0 + ii] = values[ii] + n0;
1863 #endif
1864       }
1865       PetscCall(ISRestoreIndices(isrow, &values));
1866       PetscCall(ISDestroy(&isrow));
1867       PetscCall(ISDestroy(&isicol));
1868     }
1869   }
1870   if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) PetscCall(ISCreateGeneral(comm, ctx->mat_offset[ctx->num_grids] * ctx->batch_sz, idxs, PETSC_OWN_POINTER, &ctx->batch_is));
1871   // get a block matrix
1872   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1873     Mat      B = subM[grid];
1874     PetscInt nloc, nzl, *colbuf, row, COL_BF_SIZE = 1024;
1875     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*colbuf) * COL_BF_SIZE, &colbuf));
1876     PetscCall(MatGetSize(B, &nloc, NULL));
1877     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
1878       const PetscInt     moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
1879       const PetscInt    *cols;
1880       const PetscScalar *vals;
1881       for (int i = 0; i < nloc; i++) {
1882         PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, NULL, NULL));
1883         if (nzl > COL_BF_SIZE) {
1884           PetscCall(PetscFree(colbuf));
1885           PetscCall(PetscInfo(ctx->plex[grid], "Realloc buffer %" PetscInt_FMT " to %" PetscInt_FMT " (row size %" PetscInt_FMT ") \n", COL_BF_SIZE, 2 * COL_BF_SIZE, nzl));
1886           COL_BF_SIZE = nzl;
1887           PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*colbuf) * COL_BF_SIZE, &colbuf));
1888         }
1889         PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
1890         for (int j = 0; j < nzl; j++) colbuf[j] = cols[j] + moffset;
1891         row = i + moffset;
1892         PetscCall(MatSetValues(ctx->J, 1, &row, nzl, colbuf, vals, INSERT_VALUES));
1893         PetscCall(MatRestoreRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
1894       }
1895     }
1896     PetscCall(PetscFree(colbuf));
1897   }
1898   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(MatDestroy(&subM[grid]));
1899   PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(ctx->J, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
1900   PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(ctx->J, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
1901 
1902   // debug
1903   PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(ctx->J, NULL, "-dm_landau_mat_view"));
1904   if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) {
1905     Mat mat_block_order;
1906     PetscCall(MatCreateSubMatrix(ctx->J, ctx->batch_is, ctx->batch_is, MAT_INITIAL_MATRIX, &mat_block_order)); // use MatPermute
1907     PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(mat_block_order, NULL, "-dm_landau_mat_view"));
1908     PetscCall(MatDestroy(&mat_block_order));
1909     PetscCall(VecScatterCreate(X, ctx->batch_is, X, NULL, &ctx->plex_batch));
1910     PetscCall(VecDuplicate(X, &ctx->work_vec));
1911   }
1912   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
1913 }
1914 
1915 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix(DM pack, Mat *Amat);
1916 /*@C
1917   DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace - Create a `DMPLEX` velocity space mesh
1918 
1919   Collective
1920 
1921   Input Parameters:
1922 + comm   - The MPI communicator
1923 . dim    - velocity space dimension (2 for axisymmetric, 3 for full 3X + 3V solver)
1924 - prefix - prefix for options (not tested)
1925 
1926   Output Parameters:
1927 + pack - The `DM` object representing the mesh
1928 . X    - A vector (user destroys)
1929 - J    - Optional matrix (object destroys)
1930 
1931   Level: beginner
1932 
1933 .seealso: `DMPlexCreate()`, `DMPlexLandauDestroyVelocitySpace()`
1934  @*/
1935 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace(MPI_Comm comm, PetscInt dim, const char prefix[], Vec *X, Mat *J, DM *pack)
1936 {
1937   LandauCtx *ctx;
1938   Vec        Xsub[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
1939   IS         grid_batch_is_inv[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
1940 
1941   PetscFunctionBegin;
1942   PetscCheck(dim == 2 || dim == 3, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Only 2D and 3D supported");
1943   PetscCheck(LANDAU_DIM == dim, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "dim %" PetscInt_FMT " != LANDAU_DIM %d", dim, LANDAU_DIM);
1944   PetscCall(PetscNew(&ctx));
1945   ctx->comm = comm; /* used for diagnostics and global errors */
1946   /* process options */
1947   PetscCall(ProcessOptions(ctx, prefix));
1948   if (dim == 2) ctx->use_relativistic_corrections = PETSC_FALSE;
1949   /* Create Mesh */
1950   PetscCall(DMCompositeCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, pack));
1951   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[13], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1952   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[15], 0, 0, 0, 0));
1953   PetscCall(LandauDMCreateVMeshes(PETSC_COMM_SELF, dim, prefix, ctx, *pack)); // creates grids (Forest of AMR)
1954   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1955     /* create FEM */
1956     PetscCall(SetupDS(ctx->plex[grid], dim, grid, ctx));
1957     /* set initial state */
1958     PetscCall(DMCreateGlobalVector(ctx->plex[grid], &Xsub[grid]));
1959     PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)Xsub[grid], "u_orig"));
1960     /* initial static refinement, no solve */
1961     PetscCall(LandauSetInitialCondition(ctx->plex[grid], Xsub[grid], grid, 0, 1, ctx));
1962     /* forest refinement - forest goes in (if forest), plex comes out */
1963     if (ctx->use_p4est) {
1964       DM plex;
1965       PetscCall(adapt(grid, ctx, &Xsub[grid]));                                      // forest goes in, plex comes out
1966       PetscCall(DMViewFromOptions(ctx->plex[grid], NULL, "-dm_landau_amr_dm_view")); // need to differentiate - todo
1967       PetscCall(VecViewFromOptions(Xsub[grid], NULL, "-dm_landau_amr_vec_view"));
1968       // convert to plex, all done with this level
1969       PetscCall(DMConvert(ctx->plex[grid], DMPLEX, &plex));
1970       PetscCall(DMDestroy(&ctx->plex[grid]));
1971       ctx->plex[grid] = plex;
1972     }
1973 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
1974     PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(*pack, ctx->plex[grid]));
1975 #else
1976     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // add batch size DMs for this species grid
1977       PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(*pack, ctx->plex[grid]));
1978     }
1979 #endif
1980     PetscCall(DMSetApplicationContext(ctx->plex[grid], ctx));
1981   }
1982 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
1983   // stack the batched DMs, could do it all here!!! b_id=0
1984   for (PetscInt b_id = 1; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
1985     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(*pack, ctx->plex[grid]));
1986   }
1987 #endif
1988   // create ctx->mat_offset
1989   ctx->mat_offset[0] = 0;
1990   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
1991     PetscInt n;
1992     PetscCall(VecGetLocalSize(Xsub[grid], &n));
1993     ctx->mat_offset[grid + 1] = ctx->mat_offset[grid] + n;
1994   }
1995   // creat DM & Jac
1996   PetscCall(DMSetApplicationContext(*pack, ctx));
1997   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only"));
1998   PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(*pack, &ctx->J));
1999   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only false"));
2000   PetscCall(MatSetOption(ctx->J, MAT_STRUCTURALLY_SYMMETRIC, PETSC_TRUE));
2001   PetscCall(MatSetOption(ctx->J, MAT_IGNORE_ZERO_ENTRIES, PETSC_TRUE));
2002   PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)ctx->J, "Jac"));
2003   // construct initial conditions in X
2004   PetscCall(DMCreateGlobalVector(*pack, X));
2005   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2006     PetscInt n;
2007     PetscCall(VecGetLocalSize(Xsub[grid], &n));
2008     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2009       PetscScalar const *values;
2010       const PetscInt     moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
2011       PetscCall(LandauSetInitialCondition(ctx->plex[grid], Xsub[grid], grid, b_id, ctx->batch_sz, ctx));
2012       PetscCall(VecGetArrayRead(Xsub[grid], &values)); // Drop whole grid in Plex ordering
2013       for (int i = 0, idx = moffset; i < n; i++, idx++) PetscCall(VecSetValue(*X, idx, values[i], INSERT_VALUES));
2014       PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayRead(Xsub[grid], &values));
2015     }
2016   }
2017   // cleanup
2018   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(VecDestroy(&Xsub[grid]));
2019   /* check for correct matrix type */
2020   if (ctx->gpu_assembly) { /* we need GPU object with GPU assembly */
2021     PetscBool flg;
2022     if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
2023       PetscCall(PetscObjectTypeCompareAny((PetscObject)ctx->J, &flg, MATSEQAIJKOKKOS, MATMPIAIJKOKKOS, MATAIJKOKKOS, ""));
2024 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
2025       PetscCheck(flg, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "must use '-dm_mat_type aijkokkos -dm_vec_type kokkos' for GPU assembly and Kokkos or use '-dm_landau_device_type cpu'");
2026 #else
2027       PetscCheck(flg, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "must configure with '--download-kokkos-kernels' for GPU assembly and Kokkos or use '-dm_landau_device_type cpu'");
2028 #endif
2029     }
2030   }
2031   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[15], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2032 
2033   // create field major ordering
2034   ctx->work_vec   = NULL;
2035   ctx->plex_batch = NULL;
2036   ctx->batch_is   = NULL;
2037   for (int i = 0; i < LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS; i++) grid_batch_is_inv[i] = NULL;
2038   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[12], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2039   PetscCall(LandauCreateJacobianMatrix(comm, *X, grid_batch_is_inv, ctx));
2040   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[12], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2041 
2042   // create AMR GPU assembly maps and static GPU data
2043   PetscCall(CreateStaticData(dim, grid_batch_is_inv, ctx));
2044 
2045   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[13], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2046 
2047   // create mass matrix
2048   PetscCall(DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix(*pack, NULL));
2049 
2050   if (J) *J = ctx->J;
2051 
2052   if (ctx->gpu_assembly && ctx->jacobian_field_major_order) {
2053     PetscContainer container;
2054     // cache ctx for KSP with batch/field major Jacobian ordering -ksp_type gmres/etc -dm_landau_jacobian_field_major_order
2055     PetscCall(PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, &container));
2056     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetPointer(container, (void *)ctx));
2057     PetscCall(PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)ctx->J, "LandauCtx", (PetscObject)container));
2058     PetscCall(PetscContainerDestroy(&container));
2059     // batch solvers need to map -- can batch solvers work
2060     PetscCall(PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, &container));
2061     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetPointer(container, (void *)ctx->plex_batch));
2062     PetscCall(PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)ctx->J, "plex_batch_is", (PetscObject)container));
2063     PetscCall(PetscContainerDestroy(&container));
2064   }
2065   // for batch solvers
2066   {
2067     PetscContainer container;
2068     PetscInt      *pNf;
2069     PetscCall(PetscContainerCreate(PETSC_COMM_SELF, &container));
2070     PetscCall(PetscMalloc1(sizeof(*pNf), &pNf));
2071     *pNf = ctx->batch_sz;
2072     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetPointer(container, (void *)pNf));
2073     PetscCall(PetscContainerSetUserDestroy(container, MatrixNfDestroy));
2074     PetscCall(PetscObjectCompose((PetscObject)ctx->J, "batch size", (PetscObject)container));
2075     PetscCall(PetscContainerDestroy(&container));
2076   }
2077   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2078 }
2079 
2080 /*@C
2081   DMPlexLandauAccess - Access to the distribution function with user callback
2082 
2083   Collective
2084 
2085   Input Parameters:
2086 + pack     - the `DMCOMPOSITE`
2087 . func     - call back function
2088 - user_ctx - user context
2089 
2090   Input/Output Parameter:
2091 . X - Vector to data to
2092 
2093   Level: advanced
2094 
2095 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
2096  @*/
2097 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauAccess(DM pack, Vec X, PetscErrorCode (*func)(DM, Vec, PetscInt, PetscInt, PetscInt, void *), void *user_ctx)
2098 {
2099   LandauCtx *ctx;
2100 
2101   PetscFunctionBegin;
2102   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx)); // uses ctx->num_grids; ctx->plex[grid]; ctx->batch_sz; ctx->mat_offset
2103   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2104     PetscInt dim, n;
2105     PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2106     for (PetscInt sp = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; sp < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; sp++, i0++) {
2107       Vec      vec;
2108       PetscInt vf[1] = {i0};
2109       IS       vis;
2110       DM       vdm;
2111       PetscCall(DMCreateSubDM(ctx->plex[grid], 1, vf, &vis, &vdm));
2112       PetscCall(DMSetApplicationContext(vdm, ctx)); // the user might want this
2113       PetscCall(DMCreateGlobalVector(vdm, &vec));
2114       PetscCall(VecGetSize(vec, &n));
2115       for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2116         const PetscInt moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
2117         PetscCall(VecZeroEntries(vec));
2118         /* Add your data with 'dm' for species 'sp' to 'vec' */
2119         PetscCall(func(vdm, vec, i0, grid, b_id, user_ctx));
2120         /* add to global */
2121         PetscScalar const *values;
2122         const PetscInt    *offsets;
2123         PetscCall(VecGetArrayRead(vec, &values));
2124         PetscCall(ISGetIndices(vis, &offsets));
2125         for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) PetscCall(VecSetValue(X, moffset + offsets[i], values[i], ADD_VALUES));
2126         PetscCall(VecRestoreArrayRead(vec, &values));
2127         PetscCall(ISRestoreIndices(vis, &offsets));
2128       } // batch
2129       PetscCall(VecDestroy(&vec));
2130       PetscCall(ISDestroy(&vis));
2131       PetscCall(DMDestroy(&vdm));
2132     }
2133   } // grid
2134   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2135 }
2136 
2137 /*@
2138   DMPlexLandauDestroyVelocitySpace - Destroy a `DMPLEX` velocity space mesh
2139 
2140   Collective
2141 
2142   Input/Output Parameters:
2143 . dm - the `DM` to destroy
2144 
2145   Level: beginner
2146 
2147 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
2148  @*/
2149 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauDestroyVelocitySpace(DM *dm)
2150 {
2151   LandauCtx *ctx;
2152 
2153   PetscFunctionBegin;
2154   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(*dm, &ctx));
2155   PetscCall(MatDestroy(&ctx->M));
2156   PetscCall(MatDestroy(&ctx->J));
2157   for (PetscInt ii = 0; ii < ctx->num_species; ii++) PetscCall(PetscFEDestroy(&ctx->fe[ii]));
2158   PetscCall(ISDestroy(&ctx->batch_is));
2159   PetscCall(VecDestroy(&ctx->work_vec));
2160   PetscCall(VecScatterDestroy(&ctx->plex_batch));
2161   if (ctx->deviceType == LANDAU_KOKKOS) {
2162 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_KOKKOS)
2163     PetscCall(LandauKokkosStaticDataClear(&ctx->SData_d));
2164 #else
2165     SETERRQ(ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_ARG_WRONG, "-landau_device_type %s not built", "kokkos");
2166 #endif
2167   } else {
2168     if (ctx->SData_d.x) { /* in a CPU run */
2169       PetscReal *invJ = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.invJ, *xx = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.x, *yy = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.y, *zz = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.z, *ww = (PetscReal *)ctx->SData_d.w;
2170       LandauIdx *coo_elem_offsets = (LandauIdx *)ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_offsets, *coo_elem_fullNb = (LandauIdx *)ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_fullNb, (*coo_elem_point_offsets)[LANDAU_MAX_NQND + 1] = (LandauIdx(*)[LANDAU_MAX_NQND + 1]) ctx->SData_d.coo_elem_point_offsets;
2171       PetscCall(PetscFree4(ww, xx, yy, invJ));
2172       if (zz) PetscCall(PetscFree(zz));
2173       if (coo_elem_offsets) {
2174         PetscCall(PetscFree3(coo_elem_offsets, coo_elem_fullNb, coo_elem_point_offsets)); // could be NULL
2175       }
2176       PetscCall(PetscFree4(ctx->SData_d.alpha, ctx->SData_d.beta, ctx->SData_d.invMass, ctx->SData_d.lambdas));
2177     }
2178   }
2179 
2180   if (ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL] > 0) { // OMP timings
2181     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "TSStep               N  1.0 %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_EX2_TSSOLVE]));
2182     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "2:           Solve:  %10.3e with %" PetscInt_FMT " threads\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_EX2_TSSOLVE] - ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL], ctx->batch_sz));
2183     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "3:          Landau:  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL]));
2184     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "Landau Jacobian       %" PetscInt_FMT " 1.0 %10.3e\n", (PetscInt)ctx->times[LANDAU_JACOBIAN_COUNT], ctx->times[LANDAU_JACOBIAN]));
2185     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "Landau Operator       N 1.0  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_OPERATOR]));
2186     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "Landau Mass           N 1.0  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_MASS]));
2187     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, " Jac-f-df (GPU)       N 1.0  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_F_DF]));
2188     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, " Kernel (GPU)         N 1.0  %10.3e\n", ctx->times[LANDAU_KERNEL]));
2189     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "MatLUFactorNum        X 1.0 %10.3e\n", ctx->times[KSP_FACTOR]));
2190     PetscCall(PetscPrintf(ctx->comm, "MatSolve              X 1.0 %10.3e\n", ctx->times[KSP_SOLVE]));
2191   }
2192   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(DMDestroy(&ctx->plex[grid]));
2193   PetscCall(PetscFree(ctx));
2194   PetscCall(DMDestroy(dm));
2195   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2196 }
2197 
2198 /* < v, ru > */
2199 static void f0_s_den(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2200 {
2201   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2202   f0[0]       = u[ii];
2203 }
2204 
2205 /* < v, ru > */
2206 static void f0_s_mom(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2207 {
2208   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]), jj = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[1]);
2209   f0[0] = x[jj] * u[ii]; /* x momentum */
2210 }
2211 
2212 static void f0_s_v2(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2213 {
2214   PetscInt i, ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2215   double   tmp1 = 0.;
2216   for (i = 0; i < dim; ++i) tmp1 += x[i] * x[i];
2217   f0[0] = tmp1 * u[ii];
2218 }
2219 
2220 static PetscErrorCode gamma_n_f(PetscInt dim, PetscReal time, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt Nf, PetscScalar *u, void *actx)
2221 {
2222   const PetscReal *c2_0_arr = ((PetscReal *)actx);
2223   const PetscReal  c02      = c2_0_arr[0];
2224 
2225   PetscFunctionBegin;
2226   for (int s = 0; s < Nf; s++) {
2227     PetscReal tmp1 = 0.;
2228     for (int i = 0; i < dim; ++i) tmp1 += x[i] * x[i];
2229 #if defined(PETSC_USE_DEBUG)
2230     u[s] = PetscSqrtReal(1. + tmp1 / c02); //  u[0] = PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx);
2231 #else
2232     {
2233       PetscReal xx = tmp1 / c02;
2234       u[s]         = xx / (PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx) + 1.); // better conditioned = xx/(PetscSqrtReal(1. + xx) + 1.)
2235     }
2236 #endif
2237   }
2238   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2239 }
2240 
2241 /* < v, ru > */
2242 static void f0_s_rden(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2243 {
2244   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2245   f0[0]       = 2. * PETSC_PI * x[0] * u[ii];
2246 }
2247 
2248 /* < v, ru > */
2249 static void f0_s_rmom(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2250 {
2251   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2252   f0[0]       = 2. * PETSC_PI * x[0] * x[1] * u[ii];
2253 }
2254 
2255 static void f0_s_rv2(PetscInt dim, PetscInt Nf, PetscInt NfAux, const PetscInt uOff[], const PetscInt uOff_x[], const PetscScalar u[], const PetscScalar u_t[], const PetscScalar u_x[], const PetscInt aOff[], const PetscInt aOff_x[], const PetscScalar a[], const PetscScalar a_t[], const PetscScalar a_x[], PetscReal t, const PetscReal x[], PetscInt numConstants, const PetscScalar constants[], PetscScalar *f0)
2256 {
2257   PetscInt ii = (PetscInt)PetscRealPart(constants[0]);
2258   f0[0]       = 2. * PETSC_PI * x[0] * (x[0] * x[0] + x[1] * x[1]) * u[ii];
2259 }
2260 
2261 /*@
2262   DMPlexLandauPrintNorms - collects moments and prints them
2263 
2264   Collective
2265 
2266   Input Parameters:
2267 + X     - the state
2268 - stepi - current step to print
2269 
2270   Level: beginner
2271 
2272 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
2273  @*/
2274 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauPrintNorms(Vec X, PetscInt stepi)
2275 {
2276   LandauCtx  *ctx;
2277   PetscDS     prob;
2278   DM          pack;
2279   PetscInt    cStart, cEnd, dim, ii, i0, nDMs;
2280   PetscScalar xmomentumtot = 0, ymomentumtot = 0, zmomentumtot = 0, energytot = 0, densitytot = 0, tt[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES];
2281   PetscScalar xmomentum[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], ymomentum[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], zmomentum[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], energy[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES], density[LANDAU_MAX_SPECIES];
2282   Vec        *globXArray;
2283 
2284   PetscFunctionBegin;
2285   PetscCall(VecGetDM(X, &pack));
2286   PetscCheck(pack, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Vector has no DM");
2287   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2288   PetscCheck(dim == 2 || dim == 3, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "dim %" PetscInt_FMT " not in [2,3]", dim);
2289   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx));
2290   PetscCheck(ctx, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "no context");
2291   /* print momentum and energy */
2292   PetscCall(DMCompositeGetNumberDM(pack, &nDMs));
2293   PetscCheck(nDMs == ctx->num_grids * ctx->batch_sz, PETSC_COMM_WORLD, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "#DM wrong %" PetscInt_FMT " %" PetscInt_FMT, nDMs, ctx->num_grids * ctx->batch_sz);
2294   PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*globXArray) * nDMs, &globXArray));
2295   PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, X, nDMs, NULL, globXArray));
2296   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2297     Vec Xloc = globXArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(ctx->batch_view_idx, grid)];
2298     PetscCall(DMGetDS(ctx->plex[grid], &prob));
2299     for (ii = ctx->species_offset[grid], i0 = 0; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, i0++) {
2300       PetscScalar user[2] = {(PetscScalar)i0, (PetscScalar)ctx->charges[ii]};
2301       PetscCall(PetscDSSetConstants(prob, 2, user));
2302       if (dim == 2) { /* 2/3X + 3V (cylindrical coordinates) */
2303         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_rden));
2304         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2305         density[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->charges[ii];
2306         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_rmom));
2307         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2308         zmomentum[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2309         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_rv2));
2310         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2311         energy[ii] = tt[0] * 0.5 * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2312         zmomentumtot += zmomentum[ii];
2313         energytot += energy[ii];
2314         densitytot += density[ii];
2315         PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "%3" PetscInt_FMT ") species-%" PetscInt_FMT ": charge density= %20.13e z-momentum= %20.13e energy= %20.13e", stepi, ii, (double)PetscRealPart(density[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(zmomentum[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(energy[ii])));
2316       } else { /* 2/3Xloc + 3V */
2317         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_den));
2318         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2319         density[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->charges[ii];
2320         PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_mom));
2321         user[1] = 0;
2322         PetscCall(PetscDSSetConstants(prob, 2, user));
2323         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2324         xmomentum[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2325         user[1]       = 1;
2326         PetscCall(PetscDSSetConstants(prob, 2, user));
2327         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2328         ymomentum[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2329         user[1]       = 2;
2330         PetscCall(PetscDSSetConstants(prob, 2, user));
2331         PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2332         zmomentum[ii] = tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2333         if (ctx->use_relativistic_corrections) {
2334           /* gamma * M * f */
2335           if (ii == 0 && grid == 0) { // do all at once
2336             Vec Mf, globGamma, *globMfArray, *globGammaArray;
2337             PetscErrorCode (*gammaf[1])(PetscInt, PetscReal, const PetscReal[], PetscInt, PetscScalar[], void *) = {gamma_n_f};
2338             PetscReal *c2_0[1], data[1];
2339 
2340             PetscCall(VecDuplicate(X, &globGamma));
2341             PetscCall(VecDuplicate(X, &Mf));
2342             PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*globMfArray) * nDMs, &globMfArray));
2343             PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*globMfArray) * nDMs, &globGammaArray));
2344             /* M * f */
2345             PetscCall(MatMult(ctx->M, X, Mf));
2346             /* gamma */
2347             PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, globGamma, nDMs, NULL, globGammaArray));
2348             for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) { // yes a grid loop in a grid loop to print nice, need to fix for batching
2349               Vec v1  = globGammaArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(ctx->batch_view_idx, grid)];
2350               data[0] = PetscSqr(C_0(ctx->v_0));
2351               c2_0[0] = &data[0];
2352               PetscCall(DMProjectFunction(ctx->plex[grid], 0., gammaf, (void **)c2_0, INSERT_ALL_VALUES, v1));
2353             }
2354             PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, globGamma, nDMs, NULL, globGammaArray));
2355             /* gamma * Mf */
2356             PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, globGamma, nDMs, NULL, globGammaArray));
2357             PetscCall(DMCompositeGetAccessArray(pack, Mf, nDMs, NULL, globMfArray));
2358             for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) { // yes a grid loop in a grid loop to print nice
2359               PetscInt Nf    = ctx->species_offset[grid + 1] - ctx->species_offset[grid], N, bs;
2360               Vec      Mfsub = globMfArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(ctx->batch_view_idx, grid)], Gsub = globGammaArray[LAND_PACK_IDX(ctx->batch_view_idx, grid)], v1, v2;
2361               // get each component
2362               PetscCall(VecGetSize(Mfsub, &N));
2363               PetscCall(VecCreate(ctx->comm, &v1));
2364               PetscCall(VecSetSizes(v1, PETSC_DECIDE, N / Nf));
2365               PetscCall(VecCreate(ctx->comm, &v2));
2366               PetscCall(VecSetSizes(v2, PETSC_DECIDE, N / Nf));
2367               PetscCall(VecSetFromOptions(v1)); // ???
2368               PetscCall(VecSetFromOptions(v2));
2369               // get each component
2370               PetscCall(VecGetBlockSize(Gsub, &bs));
2371               PetscCheck(bs == Nf, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "bs %" PetscInt_FMT " != num_species %" PetscInt_FMT " in Gsub", bs, Nf);
2372               PetscCall(VecGetBlockSize(Mfsub, &bs));
2373               PetscCheck(bs == Nf, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "bs %" PetscInt_FMT " != num_species %" PetscInt_FMT, bs, Nf);
2374               for (int i = 0, ix = ctx->species_offset[grid]; i < Nf; i++, ix++) {
2375                 PetscScalar val;
2376                 PetscCall(VecStrideGather(Gsub, i, v1, INSERT_VALUES)); // this is not right -- TODO
2377                 PetscCall(VecStrideGather(Mfsub, i, v2, INSERT_VALUES));
2378                 PetscCall(VecDot(v1, v2, &val));
2379                 energy[ix] = PetscRealPart(val) * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ix];
2380               }
2381               PetscCall(VecDestroy(&v1));
2382               PetscCall(VecDestroy(&v2));
2383             } /* grids */
2384             PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, globGamma, nDMs, NULL, globGammaArray));
2385             PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, Mf, nDMs, NULL, globMfArray));
2386             PetscCall(PetscFree(globGammaArray));
2387             PetscCall(PetscFree(globMfArray));
2388             PetscCall(VecDestroy(&globGamma));
2389             PetscCall(VecDestroy(&Mf));
2390           }
2391         } else {
2392           PetscCall(PetscDSSetObjective(prob, 0, &f0_s_v2));
2393           PetscCall(DMPlexComputeIntegralFEM(ctx->plex[grid], Xloc, tt, ctx));
2394           energy[ii] = 0.5 * tt[0] * ctx->n_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->v_0 * ctx->masses[ii];
2395         }
2396         PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "%3" PetscInt_FMT ") species %" PetscInt_FMT ": density=%20.13e, x-momentum=%20.13e, y-momentum=%20.13e, z-momentum=%20.13e, energy=%21.13e", stepi, ii, (double)PetscRealPart(density[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(xmomentum[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(ymomentum[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(zmomentum[ii]), (double)PetscRealPart(energy[ii])));
2397         xmomentumtot += xmomentum[ii];
2398         ymomentumtot += ymomentum[ii];
2399         zmomentumtot += zmomentum[ii];
2400         energytot += energy[ii];
2401         densitytot += density[ii];
2402       }
2403       if (ctx->num_species > 1) PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
2404     }
2405   }
2406   PetscCall(DMCompositeRestoreAccessArray(pack, X, nDMs, NULL, globXArray));
2407   PetscCall(PetscFree(globXArray));
2408   /* totals */
2409   PetscCall(DMPlexGetHeightStratum(ctx->plex[0], 0, &cStart, &cEnd));
2410   if (ctx->num_species > 1) {
2411     if (dim == 2) {
2412       PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\t%3" PetscInt_FMT ") Total: charge density=%21.13e, momentum=%21.13e, energy=%21.13e (m_i[0]/m_e = %g, %" PetscInt_FMT " cells on electron grid)", stepi, (double)PetscRealPart(densitytot), (double)PetscRealPart(zmomentumtot), (double)PetscRealPart(energytot),
2413                             (double)(ctx->masses[1] / ctx->masses[0]), cEnd - cStart));
2414     } else {
2415       PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\t%3" PetscInt_FMT ") Total: charge density=%21.13e, x-momentum=%21.13e, y-momentum=%21.13e, z-momentum=%21.13e, energy=%21.13e (m_i[0]/m_e = %g, %" PetscInt_FMT " cells)", stepi, (double)PetscRealPart(densitytot), (double)PetscRealPart(xmomentumtot), (double)PetscRealPart(ymomentumtot), (double)PetscRealPart(zmomentumtot), (double)PetscRealPart(energytot),
2416                             (double)(ctx->masses[1] / ctx->masses[0]), cEnd - cStart));
2417     }
2418   } else PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, " -- %" PetscInt_FMT " cells", cEnd - cStart));
2419   PetscCall(PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, "\n"));
2420   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2421 }
2422 
2423 /*@
2424   DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix - Create mass matrix for Landau in Plex space (not field major order of Jacobian)
2425   - puts mass matrix into ctx->M
2426 
2427   Collective
2428 
2429   Input Parameter:
2430 . pack - the `DM` object. Puts matrix in Landau context M field
2431 
2432   Output Parameter:
2433 . Amat - The mass matrix (optional), mass matrix is added to the `DM` context
2434 
2435   Level: beginner
2436 
2437 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`
2438  @*/
2439 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauCreateMassMatrix(DM pack, Mat *Amat)
2440 {
2441   DM         mass_pack, massDM[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
2442   PetscDS    prob;
2443   PetscInt   ii, dim, N1 = 1, N2;
2444   LandauCtx *ctx;
2445   Mat        packM, subM[LANDAU_MAX_GRIDS];
2446 
2447   PetscFunctionBegin;
2448   PetscValidHeaderSpecific(pack, DM_CLASSID, 1);
2449   if (Amat) PetscAssertPointer(Amat, 2);
2450   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx));
2451   PetscCheck(ctx, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "no context");
2452   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[14], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2453   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2454   PetscCall(DMCompositeCreate(PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pack), &mass_pack));
2455   /* create pack mass matrix */
2456   for (PetscInt grid = 0, ix = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2457     PetscCall(DMClone(ctx->plex[grid], &massDM[grid]));
2458     PetscCall(DMCopyFields(ctx->plex[grid], massDM[grid]));
2459     PetscCall(DMCreateDS(massDM[grid]));
2460     PetscCall(DMGetDS(massDM[grid], &prob));
2461     for (ix = 0, ii = ctx->species_offset[grid]; ii < ctx->species_offset[grid + 1]; ii++, ix++) {
2462       if (dim == 3) PetscCall(PetscDSSetJacobian(prob, ix, ix, g0_1, NULL, NULL, NULL));
2463       else PetscCall(PetscDSSetJacobian(prob, ix, ix, g0_r, NULL, NULL, NULL));
2464     }
2465 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
2466     PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(mass_pack, massDM[grid]));
2467 #else
2468     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) { // add batch size DMs for this species grid
2469       PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(mass_pack, massDM[grid]));
2470     }
2471 #endif
2472     PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(massDM[grid], &subM[grid]));
2473   }
2474 #if !defined(LANDAU_SPECIES_MAJOR)
2475   // stack the batched DMs
2476   for (PetscInt b_id = 1; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2477     for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(DMCompositeAddDM(mass_pack, massDM[grid]));
2478   }
2479 #endif
2480   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only"));
2481   PetscCall(DMCreateMatrix(mass_pack, &packM));
2482   PetscCall(PetscOptionsInsertString(NULL, "-dm_preallocate_only false"));
2483   PetscCall(MatSetOption(packM, MAT_STRUCTURALLY_SYMMETRIC, PETSC_TRUE));
2484   PetscCall(MatSetOption(packM, MAT_IGNORE_ZERO_ENTRIES, PETSC_TRUE));
2485   PetscCall(DMDestroy(&mass_pack));
2486   /* make mass matrix for each block */
2487   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2488     Vec locX;
2489     DM  plex = massDM[grid];
2490     PetscCall(DMGetLocalVector(plex, &locX));
2491     /* Mass matrix is independent of the input, so no need to fill locX */
2492     PetscCall(DMPlexSNESComputeJacobianFEM(plex, locX, subM[grid], subM[grid], ctx));
2493     PetscCall(DMRestoreLocalVector(plex, &locX));
2494     PetscCall(DMDestroy(&massDM[grid]));
2495   }
2496   PetscCall(MatGetSize(ctx->J, &N1, NULL));
2497   PetscCall(MatGetSize(packM, &N2, NULL));
2498   PetscCheck(N1 == N2, PetscObjectComm((PetscObject)pack), PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Incorrect matrix sizes: |Jacobian| = %" PetscInt_FMT ", |Mass|=%" PetscInt_FMT, N1, N2);
2499   /* assemble block diagonals */
2500   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) {
2501     Mat      B = subM[grid];
2502     PetscInt nloc, nzl, *colbuf, COL_BF_SIZE = 1024, row;
2503     PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*colbuf) * COL_BF_SIZE, &colbuf));
2504     PetscCall(MatGetSize(B, &nloc, NULL));
2505     for (PetscInt b_id = 0; b_id < ctx->batch_sz; b_id++) {
2506       const PetscInt     moffset = LAND_MOFFSET(b_id, grid, ctx->batch_sz, ctx->num_grids, ctx->mat_offset);
2507       const PetscInt    *cols;
2508       const PetscScalar *vals;
2509       for (int i = 0; i < nloc; i++) {
2510         PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, NULL, NULL));
2511         if (nzl > COL_BF_SIZE) {
2512           PetscCall(PetscFree(colbuf));
2513           PetscCall(PetscInfo(pack, "Realloc buffer %" PetscInt_FMT " to %" PetscInt_FMT " (row size %" PetscInt_FMT ") \n", COL_BF_SIZE, 2 * COL_BF_SIZE, nzl));
2514           COL_BF_SIZE = nzl;
2515           PetscCall(PetscMalloc(sizeof(*colbuf) * COL_BF_SIZE, &colbuf));
2516         }
2517         PetscCall(MatGetRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
2518         for (int j = 0; j < nzl; j++) colbuf[j] = cols[j] + moffset;
2519         row = i + moffset;
2520         PetscCall(MatSetValues(packM, 1, &row, nzl, colbuf, vals, INSERT_VALUES));
2521         PetscCall(MatRestoreRow(B, i, &nzl, &cols, &vals));
2522       }
2523     }
2524     PetscCall(PetscFree(colbuf));
2525   }
2526   // cleanup
2527   for (PetscInt grid = 0; grid < ctx->num_grids; grid++) PetscCall(MatDestroy(&subM[grid]));
2528   PetscCall(MatAssemblyBegin(packM, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
2529   PetscCall(MatAssemblyEnd(packM, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY));
2530   PetscCall(PetscObjectSetName((PetscObject)packM, "mass"));
2531   PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(packM, NULL, "-dm_landau_mass_view"));
2532   ctx->M = packM;
2533   if (Amat) *Amat = packM;
2534   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[14], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2535   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2536 }
2537 
2538 /*@
2539   DMPlexLandauIFunction - `TS` residual calculation, confusingly this computes the Jacobian w/o mass
2540 
2541   Collective
2542 
2543   Input Parameters:
2544 + ts         - The time stepping context
2545 . time_dummy - current time (not used)
2546 . X          - Current state
2547 . X_t        - Time derivative of current state
2548 - actx       - Landau context
2549 
2550   Output Parameter:
2551 . F - The residual
2552 
2553   Level: beginner
2554 
2555 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`, `DMPlexLandauIJacobian()`
2556  @*/
2557 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauIFunction(TS ts, PetscReal time_dummy, Vec X, Vec X_t, Vec F, void *actx)
2558 {
2559   LandauCtx *ctx = (LandauCtx *)actx;
2560   PetscInt   dim;
2561   DM         pack;
2562 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2563   double starttime, endtime;
2564 #endif
2565   PetscObjectState state;
2566 
2567   PetscFunctionBegin;
2568   PetscCall(TSGetDM(ts, &pack));
2569   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx));
2570   PetscCheck(ctx, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "no context");
2571   if (ctx->stage) PetscCall(PetscLogStagePush(ctx->stage));
2572   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[11], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2573   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[0], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2574 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2575   starttime = MPI_Wtime();
2576 #endif
2577   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2578   PetscCall(PetscObjectStateGet((PetscObject)ctx->J, &state));
2579   if (state != ctx->norm_state) {
2580     PetscCall(MatZeroEntries(ctx->J));
2581     PetscCall(LandauFormJacobian_Internal(X, ctx->J, dim, 0.0, (void *)ctx));
2582     PetscCall(MatViewFromOptions(ctx->J, NULL, "-dm_landau_jacobian_view"));
2583     PetscCall(PetscObjectStateGet((PetscObject)ctx->J, &state));
2584     ctx->norm_state = state;
2585   } else {
2586     PetscCall(PetscInfo(ts, "WARNING Skip forming Jacobian, has not changed %" PetscInt64_FMT "\n", state));
2587   }
2588   /* mat vec for op */
2589   PetscCall(MatMult(ctx->J, X, F)); /* C*f */
2590   /* add time term */
2591   if (X_t) PetscCall(MatMultAdd(ctx->M, X_t, F, F));
2592 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2593   if (ctx->stage) {
2594     endtime = MPI_Wtime();
2595     ctx->times[LANDAU_OPERATOR] += (endtime - starttime);
2596     ctx->times[LANDAU_JACOBIAN] += (endtime - starttime);
2597     ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL] += (endtime - starttime);
2598     ctx->times[LANDAU_JACOBIAN_COUNT] += 1;
2599   }
2600 #endif
2601   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[0], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2602   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[11], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2603   if (ctx->stage) PetscCall(PetscLogStagePop());
2604   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2605 }
2606 
2607 /*@
2608   DMPlexLandauIJacobian - `TS` Jacobian construction, confusingly this adds mass
2609 
2610   Collective
2611 
2612   Input Parameters:
2613 + ts         - The time stepping context
2614 . time_dummy - current time (not used)
2615 . X          - Current state
2616 . U_tdummy   - Time derivative of current state (not used)
2617 . shift      - shift for du/dt term
2618 - actx       - Landau context
2619 
2620   Output Parameters:
2621 + Amat - Jacobian
2622 - Pmat - same as Amat
2623 
2624   Level: beginner
2625 
2626 .seealso: `DMPlexLandauCreateVelocitySpace()`, `DMPlexLandauIFunction()`
2627  @*/
2628 PetscErrorCode DMPlexLandauIJacobian(TS ts, PetscReal time_dummy, Vec X, Vec U_tdummy, PetscReal shift, Mat Amat, Mat Pmat, void *actx)
2629 {
2630   LandauCtx *ctx = NULL;
2631   PetscInt   dim;
2632   DM         pack;
2633 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2634   double starttime, endtime;
2635 #endif
2636   PetscObjectState state;
2637 
2638   PetscFunctionBegin;
2639   PetscCall(TSGetDM(ts, &pack));
2640   PetscCall(DMGetApplicationContext(pack, &ctx));
2641   PetscCheck(ctx, PETSC_COMM_SELF, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "no context");
2642   PetscCheck(Amat == Pmat && Amat == ctx->J, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "Amat!=Pmat || Amat!=ctx->J");
2643   PetscCall(DMGetDimension(pack, &dim));
2644   /* get collision Jacobian into A */
2645   if (ctx->stage) PetscCall(PetscLogStagePush(ctx->stage));
2646   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[11], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2647   PetscCall(PetscLogEventBegin(ctx->events[9], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2648 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2649   starttime = MPI_Wtime();
2650 #endif
2651   PetscCheck(shift != 0.0, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "zero shift");
2652   PetscCall(PetscObjectStateGet((PetscObject)ctx->J, &state));
2653   PetscCheck(state == ctx->norm_state, ctx->comm, PETSC_ERR_PLIB, "wrong state, %" PetscInt64_FMT " %" PetscInt64_FMT, ctx->norm_state, state);
2654   if (!ctx->use_matrix_mass) {
2655     PetscCall(LandauFormJacobian_Internal(X, ctx->J, dim, shift, (void *)ctx));
2656   } else { /* add mass */
2657     PetscCall(MatAXPY(Pmat, shift, ctx->M, SAME_NONZERO_PATTERN));
2658   }
2659 #if defined(PETSC_HAVE_THREADSAFETY)
2660   if (ctx->stage) {
2661     endtime = MPI_Wtime();
2662     ctx->times[LANDAU_OPERATOR] += (endtime - starttime);
2663     ctx->times[LANDAU_MASS] += (endtime - starttime);
2664     ctx->times[LANDAU_MATRIX_TOTAL] += (endtime - starttime);
2665   }
2666 #endif
2667   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[9], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2668   PetscCall(PetscLogEventEnd(ctx->events[11], 0, 0, 0, 0));
2669   if (ctx->stage) PetscCall(PetscLogStagePop());
2670   PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
2671 }
2672